Lecture 7 Composite Steel Beams

Steel beams are usually used to carry a metal deck-supported concrete slab. In non-composite construction, the beam does NOT interact structurally with the slab the slab is simply dead weight. This is because the slab is not adequately bonded to the beam.

Non-Composite Construction The word composite means 2 or more different materials. In composite construction, the slab is adequately bonded to the steel beam by means of headed shear studs resulting in a composite beam. The concrete acts like a large flange in compression, while a much greater portion of the steel beam acts in tension. The result is a VERY efficient beam as much as 40% to 60% lighter weight steel than non-composite. Headed shear studs welded thru metal deck to beam flange

Composite Construction

Lecture 7 - Page 1 of 10

Comp.

Comp.

N.A

N.A

Ten.

Ten. Non-Composite Section Composite Section

Notice that the neutral axis (N.A.) in the non-composite beam is located in the middle of the section. This indicates that half of the beam section is in tension and half is in compression. In the composite section, the compression is carried ENTIRELY by the concrete, while the tension is carried by the beam. Composite Design per LRFD AISC Spec Ch. I3 (p. 16.1-83) AISC Part 3 Table 3-19 (p. 3-156 thru 189) AISC Part 3 Table 3-21 (p. 3-207)

From a side view, a composite beam looks like the following: Concrete Shear stud Ycon

Metal Deck

Beam

Lecture 7 - Page 2 of 10

For LRFD composite design, the following terms are used: b = Effective slab width

a Y2

Ycon

where: b = Effective slab width (from AISC Spec. p. 16.1-83)

BeamSpan 8
= smaller of

BeamSpacing 2
Distance to edge of slab

a = Effective concrete thickness 2 for initial trial size = As Fy

0.85 f ' c b
As = Cross-sectional area of beam = from properties fc = Specified concrete compressive strength = 4 KSI (usually)

Y2 = Ycon -

a 2

Lecture 7 - Page 3 of 10

The best way to see how the design of a composite beam is accomplished is thru an example problem: Example 1 (LRFD) GIVEN: A floor structure using A992 steel beams and the following superimposed SERVICE loads: Service live load = 75 PSF Service dead load (not incl. beam weight) = 63 PSF

In addition, use diameter shear studs, 4 concrete over 1 metal deck and normal weight concrete fc = 4000 PSI. REQUIRED: Design the lightest weight W14 beam A using composite construction. 30-0

Beam A

Step 1 Determine factored maximum moment Mu: wu = 1.2D + 1.6L = 1.2[8(63 PSF + 30 PLF)] + 1.6[8(75 PSF)] = 1601 PLF = 1.6 KLF Mu = wu L2 8
Assumed beam weight

1.6 KLF (30' ) 2 8

= 180 KIP-FT

Lecture 7 - Page 4 of 10

3@8-0 = 24-0

Step 2 Determine Trial approx. beam weight:

M u (12" / ft ) Approx. Beam weight = 3.4 a d + Ycon 0.85Fy 2 2

Assume d = 14 (since using W14) a = 2 Ycon = 4

180 KIP FT (12" / ft ) Approx. Beam weight = 3.4 2" 14" + 4" 0.85(50 KSI ) 2 2
= 17.28 PLF From AISC Table 3-19 p. 3-184 TRY W14x22 Step 3 Determine concrete flange force, Qn:

Qn = AsFy
where: As = Area of beam = 6.49 in2 (from properties for W14x22)

Qn = (6.49 in2)(50 KSI) = 324.5 KIPS

(NOTE: From AISC Table 3-19 p. 3-184 the value of Qn can be found looking at Y1 = 0.000 Qn = 325 KIPS)

Lecture 7 - Page 5 of 10

Step 4 Determine effective concrete slab width, b:

BeamSpan 30' (12" / ft ) = = 45 USE 8 8

b = smaller of

BeamSpacing 8' (12" / ft ) = = 48 2 2

Distance to edge of slab = N/A

Step 5 Determine Y2 for usage in AISC Table 3-19 p. 3-184: Y2 = Ycon -

a 2 As Fy 0.85 f ' c b 325KIPS 0.85(4 KSI )(45" )

where a =

= 2.12 Y2 = 4 -

2.12" 2

= 2.94 Use Y2 = 3 Step 6 Determine required beam size from AISC Table 3-19: W14x22 Y2 = 3 Qn = 325 KIPS

Design strength in flexure = 240 KIP-FT > 180 KIP-FT

See Table 3-19 Below

Lecture 7 - Page 6 of 10

Page 3-184
Lecture 7 - Page 7 of 10

Step 7 Determine number of shear studs required: Number of studs required =

2Qn Qn ( stud )

where: Qn = AsFy = 325 KIPS Qn(stud) = Nominal horz. shear strength of stud = From AISC Table 3-21 p. 3-207
Normal wt. conc. fc = 4 KSI Deck perpendicular 1 weak stud per rib

= 17.2 KIPS

Number of studs required =

2(325KIPS ) 17.2 KIPS _ per _ stud

= 37.8 studs Use 38 dia. studs Step 8 Check beam shear at coped end: Assume beam is coped 1 1

13.7

W14x22 beam Girder Factored beam end reaction =

1.6 KLF (30' ) 2

= 24 KIPS

Lecture 7 - Page 8 of 10

Set up a ratio of vVn for the full W14x22 beam section to the reduced beam section:

vV n
Full _ depth

vV n
Re duced _ depth

From AISC p. 3-67 vVn = 94.8 KIPS for full depth

vV n 94.8KIPS = 13.7" (13.7"1.5" )

vVn = 84.4 KIPS > 24 KIPS for reduced section OK
Step 9 Draw summary sketch: 38 Dia. shear studs welded thru metal deck along center of beam spaced evenly along length of beam

W14x22 A992 beam 30-0 span

Lecture 7 - Page 9 of 10

Example 2 GIVEN: The beam from Example 1. All loads and other conditions are the same. REQUIRED: Design lightest weight W14 Beam A using NONCOMPOSITE construction. Step 1 Determine Mu: Mu = 180 KIP-FT Step 2 Design lightest weight W14 beam: From AISC Zx Table p. 3-18: Use W14x34 bMpx = 205 KIP-FT > 180 KIP-FT (Note: The W14x34 non-composite beam is 55% heavier than a W14x22 beam that is used as a composite beam.)

Lecture 7 - Page 10 of 10