1.

ROOF PURLIN DESIGN

1. CONSTRUCTIVE SCHEME

d 3,00 m

* Case study:

D = 24,00m; d = 2,40m; h0 = 1,60m; H = 2,80m = atan (1,20/12,00) = 5,71 cos = 0,995

2. CALCULUS SCHEME

* Case study:

t = 9.00m

3. LOADS, LOAD FACTORS, LOAD COMBINATIONS Nominal Load [KN/m2] 0.150.35 0.100.15 0.100,20 Factor of Safety 1.35 1.35 1.35 Factored Load [KN/m2]

Loads Permanent Loads (P) (dead loads) Roof weight: ... (corrugated sheet) Purlin weight: ..... Technological load: Snow (CR 1-1-3-2005): sk = i Ce Ct s0,k where : * s0,k is the ground snow load (as is shown in ground snow load map) Zone on the map s0,k [KN/m2] A 1,50 B 2,00 C 2,50 * Ce is the exposure factor (to account for wind effects); the value of this coefficient is: Ce = 0.80 for full exposure. * Ct is the thermal factor (to account for snow melting effects due to the heat inside the building); the value of this coefficient is considered 1.00 in most cases. * i is the slope factor; 1 = 0.80 whenever 0 < 30

Variable Loads (V) (environmental loads)

sk

1.50

* Case study: Loads Permanent Loads (P) (dead loads) Variable Loads (V) (environmental loads) Roof weight: ... (corrugated sheet) Purlin weight: ..... Technological load: Snow (CR 1-1-3-2005): s0,k = 2,50 kN/m2 Ce = 0.80 for full exposure. Ct = 1.00. 1 = 0.80 Nominal Load [KN/m2] 0.15 0.15 0.10 Factor of Safety 1.35 1.35 1.35 Factored Load [KN/m2] 0.203 0.203 0.135

1.60

1.50

2.40

Load combinations: relevant load combinations for: a) Ultimate Limit States (U.L.S.) : q c = 1,35 Pj + 1,50 V1 + 1,50 0,i Vi [KN/m2]
j =1 i =2 n m

b) Serviceability Limit States (S.L.S.) : q n = Pj + V1 + 0,i Vi [KN/m2]

j =1 i=2

where: V1 is the dominant variable action 0,i = 0.70 (factor of simultaneity) * Case study: The horizontal distributed load on the roof is: U.L.S. Qc = 1,35 (0,15 x 1/cos + 0,15 + 0,10) + 1,50 ( 1.60 ) = 2.94 [KN/m2] S.L.S. Qn = 0,15 x 1/cos + 0,15 + 0,10 + 1.60 = 2.00 [KN/m2] Determine the vertical distributed load acting on the current purlin (d = 2,40 m): a) U.L.S. : qc = Qc d = 2.941 2.40 = 7.06 kN/m b) S.L.S. : qn = Qn d = 2.001 2.40 = 4.80 KN/m

The vertical load on the purlin must be decomposed into normal (qw) and parallel (qf) components; the parallel component (in the roof plane) qf is carried by the roof deck if this is made of corrugated steel. Consequently the purlin needs to be designed for the normal component (perpendicular to the roof plane) qw only. * Case study: - the parallel component: qfc = qc sin = 7.06 sin5.71 = 0.70 KN/ml qfn = qn sin = 4.80 sin5.71 = 0.48 KN/ml - the normal component (carried by the purlin): qwc = qc cos = 7.06 cos5.71 = 7.03 KN/ml qwn = qn cos = 4.80 cos5.71 = 4.78 KN/ml

4. CAL LCULUS OF BENDIN NG MOME ENT AND S SHEAR FO ORCE (in elastic e rang ge) timate Limi it States ver rification: - for Ult

- for Ser rviceability Limit State es verification (only no ominal bend ding momen nt diagram): :

OSS-SECTI ION SIZIN NG 5. CRO st (terminal) ) purlin port tion and cur rrent purlin portion are e to be calcu ulated; each of these The firs purlin portions p ha as two cross-sections for sizing: midspan section an nd support section. Consequ uently, ther re are four cross-sectio c ons to be siz zed, so that is necessar ry to have the t same depth an nd the same e thickness of flanges because the ey belong to o the same element, which w has only one e depth.

Choice of the cross-section shape: Double T - bisymmetric cross-section (most adequate shape for members in bending);

Choice of the material quality: For purlin design is possible to use one of the following steel grades: S355, S275 or S235; the steel grade is chosen such that the deflection requirement should be satisfied, with a minimum material consumption. For the beginning one should start with S355 grade and if the actual deflection is greater than the allowable deflection, the steel grade should be changed in S275 or further on, in S235. Steps: 1) Determination of the required section modulus:
W* =

M 0M *
fy

where:

M* is the ponderate moment on the purlin

M0 is a coefficient equal to 1,00

fy is the yield limit of the material

* Case study: 2 0,8t 44, 41 + 2 0, 4t 59, 79 + 2 0, 6t 18, 79 + 4 0, 4t 44,98 + 3 0, 6t 26, 20 = M* = 7t = 37,22 kNm W* = 37,22 x 106 /275 = 117164 mm3 = 117,16cm3 (S275) 2) Determination of the web dimensions : hw tw hw 1.15

Wnec tw

- propose tw (tw = 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12 mm). - calculate hw 100 to 100 mm for hw > 1000 mm; - round off result: 50 to 50 mm for 500 mm < hw 1000 mm; 10 to 10 for hw 500. h - Determine hw and check if w (70150); if not, change tw . tw * Case study: propose tw = 3 mm W* 117164 hw = 1,15 = 1,15 = 227,3 mm tw 3

hw = 230 mm

hw = 76,7 (as the result was obtained with the minimum tw it is not possible to change) tw
3) Determination of the flanges dimensions : bf tf Af
Wi - 0.16 hw tw = net area for one flange hw

where:

Wi =

M 0M i
fy

tf = ( 1.502.50 ) tw ; Af - calculate: bf = 60 mm tf - round up result 10 to 10 mm; - propose: 13 b' 14 tf 15 S355 S275 S235 if not change tf .

-check if:

4) Optimize the material consumption (if possible) b ( 1/31/5 ); -check if: hw 2 Af (0.500.60) A ; Ai (0.500.40) A . (A is the area for the whole cross-section)

* Case study: s 1. Propo ose tf = 6 mm m 2. Comp pute the stre ength modu ulus: - first sp pan and curr rent support ts: - first su upport: - curren nt spans: 3. Comp pute the flan nge areas:

W1 = 44,98 x 10 06 /275 = 16 63563,6 mm m3 6 W2 = 59,79 x 10 0 /275 = 21 17418,2 mm m3 W3 = 26,20 x 10 06 /275 = 95 5272,7 mm3 Af1 =163563,6 = / 230-0,16x3 3x230 = 600 0,7 mm Af2 =217418,2 = / 230-0,16x3 3x230 = 834 4,9 mm Af3 =95272,7 = / 230-0,16x3x 2 x230 = 303, ,8 mm

bf1 = bf2 = bf3 =

Af 1 tf Af 2 tf Af 3 tf

= 600,7/6 = 100,1 mm m = 834,9/ /6 = 139,2 mm m = 303,8/ /6 = 50,6 mm m

bf1 = 110 mm m bf2 = 140 mm m bf3 = 60 mm m

6. VER RIFICATIO ONS FOR THE T SIZED D CROSS-S SECTION a) D Draw the sk ketch of the section; b) C Calculate th he geometric cal characte eristics: are ea (A); centr roid location (C.G.) position n of neutral axis; mome ent of inertia a with respe ect to x-x ax xis (Ix).

6.1. VER ERIFICATI IONS OF ULTIMATE U E LIMIT ST TATES (with th factored loads) l a) CHE ECK FOR RESISTANC R CE

1. Esta ablish the se ection class according to t SREN 19 993-1-1-200 06 (table 5.2 2) Case e study for purlin p sectio on 2 1. F For the web b : hw / tw = 230/3 = 77 class 2 2. F For flanges : b / tf = 68,5/6 = 11,4 4 class 3 For the whole secti ion, the clas ss establishe ed will be 3

2. Ben nding mome ent capacity y of the sect tion, Mc,Rd : W f M c , Rd = el ,min y

M0

Case e study for purlin p sectio on 2 Wel,min = 218,4 cm3 Mc,R kNm Rd = 60,06 k

3. Shea ar capacity of the sectio on, Vc,Rd : Vc , Rd d =

AV f y

M0

Case e study for purlin p sectio on 2 90 mm2 AV = 3 x 230 = 69 Vc,,Rd = 109,6 kN

4.

Resistance check

VEd 1, 0 Vc , Rd M Ed 1, 0 M c , Rd x , Ed Ed + 3 1, 0 f f y M0 y M0 Case study for purlin section 2 : VEd = 38,27 kN (see diagram) MEd = 59,79 kNm (see diagram)
2 2

x , Rd =

M Ed hw 59, 79 106 230 = = 260, 0 N / mm 2 I x 2 26431000 2

Ed =

VEd 38, 27 103 = = 55, 47 N / mm 2 hw tw 230 3

VEd 38, 27 = = 0,35 1, 0 Vc , Rd 109, 6 M Ed 59, 79 = = 0,996 1, 0 M c , Rd 60, 06 x , Ed Ed 2 2 + 3 = 0,945 ) + 3 ( 0, 20 ) = 1, 0 1, 0 f f ( y M0 y M0

2 2

6.2. VERIFICATION OF SERVICIABILITY LIMIT STATE (with nominal loads)

Check for deflection: factual = t2 t ; M fallowable = 10 Ix 200

Input

t [m] ; Ix [cm4] ; M [KNm] ; ( from tables)

factual in [cm] ;

7. PURLIN CROSS-SECTION VARIATION ON THE LENGTH OF THE BEAM

It is necessary to determine the distances x on both sides of the supports, for which the midspan section resists to the bending moment; for purlin design we choose the greatest distance x. Assuming the loads discussed earlier and S275 for the purlin material, we obtain:

8. PURLIN (ERECTION) SPLICE DESIGN (with factored loads)

It is necessary to design two (erection) splices (connections which provide the purlin continuity): on the second support and on the current one.

- Design stress is: H=

M ; h

M10, (M20) which is resolved in a couple of forces h = hw + 2 tf (lever arm = overall depth of the beam)
H fy

- Cover plates sizing:

Ac.p.nec =

M0

a) top flange cover plate ( tc.p.t bc.p.t - lc.p.t ): - propose: - calculate : bc.p.t = b 20 ; tc.p.t =
nec A c.p. t b c.p.

(round off to a plate thickness which is manufactured) - check for cover plate resistance: = - fillet welds sizing: - propose weld size t
t c. p.

H bct . p.

fy/M0 ;

aw 0.70 tmin ; tmin = min (tf, tc.p.t) ; lw =

- weld length :

tct . p. bct . p. f y M 0

f vw,d
- verify if :

+ 2 aw (round off 5 to 5) 2 aw f vw,d fu 430 = = = 233, 65 N mm 2 ; 3 w M 2 3 0,85 1, 25

.

lw 60 aw

b) bottom flange cover plate ( tc.p.b bc.p.b - lc.p.b ): - propose : - calculate : tc.p.b = tf ; bc.p.b =
Acnec . p. t cb. p.

, round off 10 to 10;

- check for cover plate resistance : = t

b c. p.

H bcb. p.

fy/M0 ;

- fillet welds sizing: - propose weld size

aw 0.70 tmin ;

tmin = min (tf, tc.p.t) ; - weld length: lw =

tcb. p. bcb. p. f y M 0

2 aw f vw,d

+ 2 aw

(round off 5 to 5)

- verify if: * Case study: H=

lw 60 aw . 59, 79 M = 247,1 kN = 0, 242 h

H 247,1103 = = 898,4 mm2 275 R

Ac.p.nec =
a) top cover plate:

bc.p.t = b 20 = 140 20 = 120 mm tc.p. =

t
nec A c.p. t c.p.

898, 4 = 7,5 mm 120

tc.p.t = 8 mm

- check for strength: = - fillet weld sizing: - weld length : lw =

247,1103 H = = 257,4 N/mm2 fy/ M0 = 275 N/mm2 t t 120 8 t c. p. bc. p. aw = 4 mm

tct . p. bct . p. f y M 0

2 aw f vw,d

+ 2 aw =

8 120 275 + 2 x 4 = 149,3 mm 2 4 233, 65

lw = 150 mm 60 x 4 = 240 mm b) bottom cover plate: tc.p.b = tf = 6 mm bc.p.b = =

nec A c.p.

b c.p.

898, 4 = 149,7 mm 6

bc.p.b = 160 mm

- check for strength: - fillet weld sizing: - weld length : lw =

H 247,1103 = = 257, N/mm2 R = 275 N/mm2 b b tc. p. bc. p. 160 6

aw = 4 mm

tcb. p. bcb. p. f y M 0

2 aw f vw,d

+ 2 aw =

6 160 275 + 2 x 4 = 149,3 mm 2 4 233, 65

lw = 150 mm 60 x 4 = 240 mm

ROOF TRUSS DESIGN

1. STRUCTURAL CONFIGURATION

2. LOADS, LOAD FACTORS, LOAD COMBINATIONS

Loads are the same as fo the purlins, exept for Permanent Loads, which must take into account the truss weight as well. The nominal truss weight is assumed to be in between 0.100.15 KN/m2. The factor of safety for the truss weight is n = 1.35. Load Combinations: a) Ultimate Limit States (U.L.S.) : qc = ni Pi + ni Ci + ng ni Vi [KN/m2] b) Serviceability Limit States (S.L.S.) : qn = Pi + Ci + ng Vi [KN/m2] Determination of the panel point loads: a) U.L.S.: Qc = qc Aaff = qc d t [KN] b) S.L.S.: Qn = qn Aaff = qn d t [KN] where Aaff is the aferent area, detailed in the figure below

3. DETERMINATION OF THE STRESSES IN THE MEMBERS OF THE ROOF TRUSS USING THE METHOD OF SECTIONS OR THE METHOD OF JOINTS 3.1. Determination of the geometrical characteristics of the roof truss - angles made by the bars with horizontal direction; - lengths of the bars. For instance, for a truss with the dimensions below, the angles are computed as shown:

After the computation of all angles, the lengths of the bars are determined very easy as it follows: l01 = l13 = l35 = l57 = 3000 / cos ; l02 = 3000 / cos ; l12 = 2200 + 3000 / tg ; l23 = l34 = 3000 / cos ; l45 = 2200 + 3 x 3000 / tg ; l47 = 3000 / cos ; l67 = 2200 + 4 x 3000 / tg ;

3.2. Determination of the member forces For instance using the method of sections:

M3 = 0 Mi = 0 M4 = 0

B24 =

M3 ; l 33' M4 ; l 44 '

T35 =

Yi = 0 R - Qc /2- Qc - Qc - T35 sin - D34 sin = 0

R Qc Q c Q c T35 sin 2 sin

D34 =

T01 = T13 =

M2 ; l 22 '

-Qc + T01 sin - T13 sin + M12 = 0 M12 = Qc

3.3. Truss diagram (with force values resulted from computations)

The sign ? will be replaced by each student with the force values resulted from calculation.

4.

DESIGN OF THE TRUSS MEMBERS

4.1. Choice of the cross-section shape An adequate cross-section (concerning fabrication) for the truss elements (chords and web members) is built up of two angles back to back. The two angles are connected to each other by means of local filler plates spaced as follows:

- for compression members : l1 15 r1; no less than two filler plates along the members between two joints. - for tension members : l1 80 r1; no less than one filler plate along the members between two joints. In the equations above, r1 is the radius of gyration for one angle with respect to its 1-1 axis parallel to y-y axis contained in the y-y plane which passes between the two angles.
4.2. Choice of the material quality The steel grade used for the rolled sections is S235.

5. DESIGN OF TENSION MEMBERS - bottom chord; - some diagonal members. 5.1. Cross-section sizing

Areq = Lxx

N M 0 fy

from the tables with rolled angles, select angle:

to fulfill Aact = 2 A1L Areq - extract also from tables the values for: e; rx = ix; ry = iy; r1 = i1

5.2. Check for resistance 5.3. Check for slenderness

N Ed 1,00 Aact f y / M 0
max = max (x , y ) allowable = 400 ly l x = x ; y = rx ry

- bottom chord : lx = li = distance between two joints ly = L1 = distance between two latteral braced joints (between the diagonal links). - diagonal members in tension: lx = 0.80 li ly = li li = distance between the two joints of the member (length of the bar).

6. DESIGN OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS - top chord; - some diagonal members and the vertical members. 6.1. Cross-section sizing

Areq =

1,4 N Ed from the tables with rolled angles, select angle: Lxx f y M1

to fulfill Aact = 2 A1L Areq (M1 = 1,00) - extract also from tables the values for: e ; rx = ix; ry = iy; r1 = i1
6.2. Check for buckling

N Ed 1,00 Aact f y / M 1

= min ( x , y )
x( y) =
1 + 2 x( y)
2

2 1 1 + x ( y ) 0,2 + x ( y ) 2

]
235 fy

x=

l by lbx 1 1 ; y= ; = ry 93,9 rx 93,9

- for the top chord: lbx = li = distance between two joints lby = L = distance between two lateral braced joints = distance between two purlins - all other members in compression: lx = 0.80 li ly = li li = distance between the two joints of the member (length of the bar). The factor is equal to 0,49 (curve c)
7. DESIGN OF FILLET WELDS (for web members only)

N = min ( 1.30 NEd , NRd) NEd as it results from computation of the forces in the truss members ; (members in tension); NRd = Aact fy/M0 NRd = min Aact fy/M1 (members in compression). -propose weld size: a1 0.70 tg a1 0.85 tL a1

a2 0.70 tg a2 0.70 tL -calculate weld length:

be N b l1 = + 2 a1 2 a1 f uw,d

a2

rounding up 5 to 5.
e N b l2 = + 2 a2 2 a1 f uw,d

where fuw,d =

fu
3 w M 2 l1 40 mm l1 15 a1 l1 b l1 60 a1 l2 40 mm l2 15 a2 l2 b l2 60 a2

- verify if :

TRANSVERSE FRAME ANALISYS

1. STRUCTURAL LAYOUT - See the transverse section (cross-section of the building).

2. STRUCTURAL CONFIGURATION AND LOADING - Single storey sway frame

3. LOADS, LOAD FACTORS, LOAD COMBINATIONS

Loads
Roof weight: ... -hydro-insulation (tar roofing) -thermal insulation (mineral wool) -corrugated sheet Purlin weight: ..... Truss weight:... Industrial dust: Technological load:. Snow:

Nominal Load [KN/m2]

0.450.50

Factor of Safety 1.35

Factored Load [KN/m2]

Dead Loads (P) Permanent Loads (C)

0.100.15 0.15 0.25 0.20

1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35

sk = ce ct s0k where : s0k = ground snow load (as is shown in ground snow load map) ce = exposure factor (to account for wind effects); ce = 1.00 for normal conditions of exposure. ct = therml factor; ct = 1.00 1.50 .

..

Variable Loads (V) (environmental loads)

Wind
p w = c e c p g ref

- Pressure coefficients c p = + 0.8 wind pressure

c p = - 0.3

wind suction . 1.50 .

- Velocity pressure exposure coefficient c p = look in NP-082-04; - g w = the basic wind velocity pressure (to 10m above the ground), see the project data.

Earthquake (Normativ P100-92) Seismic Force :

S = cr G

G is the total weight of building as follows :

dead d loads perm manent load ds snow w ( e x pz) ;

e = 0.40
cr =

(n nominal load ds)

r ag
q

(global seismic fac ctor)

= 1.00 0 is the Imp portance fac ctor for norm mal buildin ngs;
he ground ac cceleration according to t seismic ri isk zones (o on the map); a g is th

75 (Tr Tc ) 1 if Tr > Tc r = 2.7 75 if Tr < Tc ; r = 2.7 (r is the Site Struc cture Resona ance Factor r); Tr is the e fundamen ntal elastic period p of vib bration of th he building; ;
Tc is the e Seismic Zone Z Dumpi ing Period (Dumping ( P Period Map) ); q = 3 fo or transverse e frame; q = 4 for longi itudinal bra aced bay. (the Duc ctility Facto or);

r = 1.0 00 is the Equ uivalency Factor betwe een effective e structure and a staticall ly indeterm minate
structure to the first degree. LOAD COMBINA ATIONS a) 1.3 35 Pi + 1.5 5 Vi + 0.7 1.5 Vj (V V = varable e loads) b) Pi + e Snow 0. w + Seism e =0.40

DETERMINATION OF THE LOADS AND MOMENT DISTRIBUTION

1. Permanent (P) :

Q(cP ) = P c Aaff . [KN]

Q(nP ) = P n Aaff . [KN] Aaff = t L / 2

2. Cvasipermanent (C) :

Q(cC ) = C c Aaff . Q
n (C )

[KN] [KN]

= C Aaff .
n

3. Snow (Z) : Z c = F p z Aaff .

[KN] [KN]

Z = e p z Aaff .
n

4. Wind (W) :

, pw = 1.60 0.40 c h ( z ) g w

p w = 1.60 0.80 c h ( z ) g w

[KN/ m 2 ] [KN/ m 2 ] [KN/m];

pressure suction

c pw = pw t pw = pw F

W = p w,average 1.35 t W c = W F [KN] W ' = p' w,average 1.35 t W 'c = W ' F [KN]

, , 'c , pw = pw t pw = pw F [KN/m];

This frame is indeterminate to the first degree; it is a sidesway frame (joint translation is possible).

Calculation of bending moment distribution

3 3 c R = W c + W 'c + p w h + p'c w h 8 8

h2 8 h2 M ' 2 = p' c w 8 R M '= h 2

c M '1 = p w

M 1 = M '1 + M ' and M 2 = M ' 2 + M '

5. Seismic Force (S) :

M =

S h 2

[KNm]

Results of calculation: After finishing all the calculations, the results will be centralized in the following table for both sections 1 1 and 2 2 of the column.

Column sketch 0 1

Section 1

Efforts

2 M (kNm) 1 N 1-1 (kN) T (kN) M (kNm) 2 N 2-2 (kN) T (kN) (The nominal load for snow is considered for the earthquake combination 0.30 x pz) Wind (W) Eartquake (S)

Quasipermanent Snow Permanent Loads Loads (Ci) (Pi) (Z) Factored Nominal Factored Nominal Factored Nominal 3 4 5 6 7 8

Factored 9

S = cr G
10

Relevant Load Combinations ni Pi + ni Ci + ng ni Vi Pi + Ci + e x Z + S 3 5 7+9 4 6 8 10 Mmax Nmax Mmax Nmax Mmax Mmax Ncor Mcor Nmin Ncor Mcor Nmin 11 12 13 14 15 16

COLUMN DESIGN
1. CONSTRUCTION DETAILS (Fig. 32) 2. CALCULUS SCHEME

The bracing (of the longitudinal frame) prevents sway in the longitudinal plane of the hall, or members connecting stanchions to a braced bay; Effective lengths of stanchion (buckling length) theoretical is the distance between two points of contraflexure: - transverse plane of the hall = plane of the diagram; l fx = 2 L ; if we consider that in the plane of diagram the stanchions act as cantilevers tied together by the roof trusses (but in this plane the tops of the stanchions are not otherwise held in position or restrained in direction), than for two or more spans : l fx = 1.50 L . longitudinal plane of the hall = perpendicular to the plane of the diagram;
l fy = L ; 2

3. LOADING

N= M= T= For (maximum) values of axial compression , bending moment and shear force , see frame analysis.

4. CROSS-SECTION SIZING

cross-section shape: double T bisymmetric section; material quality: steel grade OL 37; sizing: by successive tests (propose an initial section and verify it; the proper section satisfies, in all economical manners, all formulae of verification); for instance:

5. VERIFICATIONS FOR CROSS-SECTION 5.1. Check for resistance (local capacity check):

N M + R A W
N M + y* A W

* =

e =

( )

* 2

+ 3 2 1.10 R

T Rf hw t w

5.2. Overall buckling check

N + min A

cx M x R N g Wx 1 N Ex

min = min ( x , y ) is the minimum buckling factor; l fx x = from buckling curve A x rx

y =

l fy ry l fy ryf

from buckling curve B y

rx , ry are the radius of gyration with respect to x-x axis and y-y axis respectively.

yf =

from buckling curve B y

ryf is the radius of gyration for maximum compressed flange with respect to y-y axis;

c x =0.85 is the equivalent uniform moment factor;

N Ex =

2E A is the elastic buckling Euler force. x 2

5.3 Check for slenderness

max = max ( x , y ) < allowable = 120

5.4.Check for local buckling

- verify the width-to- thickness ratio (plate slenderness)

for maximum compressed flange:

b' f tf

15

(for OL 37)

for web:

hw 20 k 3 100 tw 2 + 2 + 4 2

N M y* A Ix
=

' table 35 STAS k 3 ;

= 0.07

k3

N M '= + y* A Ix

, ' with their signs;

=
5.5. Anchorage bolts check (Fig. 37)

T hw t w

Loading: M max , N min,corr .

Rib gr.4.6. R = 150 Rib gr.5.6. R = 180 Rib gr.6.6. R = 210

T Rib n An

[N/ mm 2 ]

T is the tensile force in bolts (2 bolts); l 0 b Rb T= N 2 3 = 1.50 2.25 2 r0

r0

l b Rb = 0 2 Ma
2

l M a = M + N l0 2 Rb is the strength (compression stress) of the concrete;

Rb N / mm

B100 5

B150 7

B200 9

An

d02
4

, is the net area of the bolt in the threaded zone;

d 0 0.89 d ; d = the nominal diameter of the bolt; n = the number of bolts in tension.

Base Plate : Loading: M max , N max,corr .

b =

N M + Rb b, l bl bl2 6 2 l M1 = b 2
l2 table l1

M 2 = b l
t 6 M max ROL37

rounded off to 20, 25, 30.

RO OOF BR RACING G DESI IGN

A. HOR RIZONTA AL TRANSVERSE BR RACINGS

1. L LOADING G: a) Win nd pressure on the trans sverse cladd ding (accord ding to Tra ansverse fra ame anal lysis): [KN/ / m2 ] p w = ce c p g w
c pw = 1,50 p w

[KN/ / m2 ] [KN N] [KN N] [KN N]

c A1p The e factored lo oads: W1 p = p w , aff f

W = p A
p 2 p c w c w

p 2 , aff f

W3 = p A

p 3, aff f

b) Wind friction on the roof: p w, f = c f c e g w = 0,01 c e g w

c f = 0.01

[KN/ m 2 ] [KN/ m 2 ] [KN] [KN] [KN]

wind friction factor;

c w, f

= 1,50 p w, f

c f The factored loads: W1 f = p w , f A1, aff

W2 = p
f

c w, f

f 2, aff

c f W3 f = p w , f A3, aff

c) Stabilizing force corresponding to restraint the compression top chord of the afferent trusses to the bracing; total force S for one truss: S 2% Tmax ; Tmax is the maximum compression force in the top chord of the truss (factored load); n is the number of joints to be laterally restrained (we consider it equal to the number of central loaded joints in a simplifying assumption: n = 3); for a maximum of three trusses (considering the load is acting in the same sense): S1 = 0 [KN] 3 S S 2 = S3 = 3 Bracing loading for diagonal members design (check in wind pressure):

H 1 = W1 p + W1 f H 2 = W2p + W2f + S 2 H 3 = W3p + W3 f + S 3 -

[KN] [KN] [KN]

where: W1 p , W2p ,W3p are from wind pressure ( c p = 0.80 ).

Bracing loading for bracing chord design (check in tension for wind pressure and for compresion in wind suction ): H 1 = W1s + W1 f H 2 = W2s + W2f + S 2 H 3 = W3s + W3 f + S 3 [KN] [KN] [KN]

where: W1s , W2s , W3s are from wind suction ( c p = 0.40 ).

c W1s = p w A1p , aff

[KN] [KN] [KN]

W = p A
s 2 c w

p 2 , aff

W = p A
s 3 c w

p 3, aff

A1pressure = A1suction , aff , aff A2pressure = A2suction , aff , aff A3pressure = A3suction , aff , aff

2. DETERMINATION OF THE STRESSES IN THE MEMBERS OF THE TRANSVERSE BRACING

Stresses in the bracing chord : from bracing truss calculation N max = ..... (tension/compression) Stress in the diagonal members: from bracing truss calculation D = .... (compression)

3. DESIGN OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS OF THE BRACING (BRACING CHORD AND DIAGONALS)

Choice of the cross-section shape : square hollow section (rx = ry ) ; Material quality : Steel grade S235 ; Cross-section sizing: propose a section and verify it; repeat this operation until the verifications for buckling and slenderness are satisfied.

Example: Bracing chord:

Sizing for resistance

in tension

N Ed 1,00 Aact f y / M 0

Check for buckling in compression

N Ed 1,00 Aact f y / M 1

= min ( x , y )
x( y) =
1 + 2 x( y)
2

2 1 1 + x ( y ) 0,2 + x ( y ) 2

]
235 fy

x=

l by lbx 1 1 ; y= ; = ry 93,9 rx 93,9

The factor is equal to 0,21 (curve a)

lbx x rx l by y = y ry

x =

l bx = l by = distance between two joints (between two purlins)

Check for slenderness: max = max ( x , y ) a = 250.

Example: Diagonal members:

Check for buckling: same as for the bracing chord

x =
y =

0.50 l d x rx
0.70 l d y ry

Check for slenderness: max = max ( x , y ) a = 250.

4. DESIGN OF FILLET WELDS (for all members)

N = min ( 1.30 NEd , NRd) NEd as it results from computation of the forces in the truss members ; (members in tension); NRd = Aact fy/M0 NRd = min Aact fy/M1 (members in compression). -propose weld size: a1 0.70 tg a1 0.70 t a2 0.70 tg a2 0.70 t a1

a2

-calculate weld length: l1 =

0,50 N + 2 a1 2 a1 f uw,d

0,50 N l2 = + 2 a2 2 a1 f uw,d

rounding up 5 to 5.

where fuw,d =

fu 3 w M 2 l1 40 mm l1 15 a1 l1 b l1 60 a1

fu 3 w 1,25 l2 40 mm l2 15 a2 l2 b l2 60 a2

- verify if :