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International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET),

ISSN 0976 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online), Special Issue (November, 2013), IAEME
International Conference on Communication Systems (ICCS-2013) October 18-20, 2013
B K Birla Institute of Engineering & Technology (BKBIET), Pilani, India Page 269










Improved HVDC Generation

Rajendra Bhamu

Electrical Engineering, BKBIET, Pilani, INDIA

rajendrabhamu045@gmail.com

ABSTRACT: This paper focuses on the design and implementation of a HVDC GENERATOR to
utilize the renewable energy sources like wind & hydro at remote areas & to transmit power
through hvdc lines to urban areas at low transmission losses. The system consist specific
winding arrangement for forward & reverse conduction of individually connected coils emf
through diode string in series on stator. The generator works on variable mechanical rotating
power of renewable sources. By the direct hvdc generation the generating units can easily
connected in series to build up voltage to hvdc level. The generator winding comprises of
technology that have a smooth D.C. output with a very less ripple content & a very simple
connection & low cost component.

KEYWORDS: Distributed generation, HVDC generation, Renewable sources, HVDC transmission

I. INTRODUCTION

To overcome the increasing demand of electric power and to conserve the conventional
sources for long time to upcoming generations, use of renewable sources is an alternative. The
increasing power demand, advancement in technology, and environmental concerns are
leading to increased interconnection of renewable energy source (RES) -based distributed
generators to the utility grid [1]. Distributed generation (DG) is an alternative that is gathering
momentum, and alter native energy sources such as photovoltaic, wind, fuel cells, etc., are
likely to play an increasing role in ever-increasing power demands [2,3]. Therefore, to utilize
the renewable sources of remote areas and feed power to the urban areas at long distance the
hvdc transmission system is required. In the direct hvdc generation system it generates
smooth dc power with very low ripple content at generator terminal. Therefore, the units can
easily connected in series to build the voltage up to hvdc level to efficient transmission. There
are many advantage of hvdc transmission over hvac transmission.

A. Advantage of DC Transmission

More power can be transmitted per conductor per circuit and Use of Ground Return
Possible
Smaller Tower Size and Higher Capacity available for cables
No skin effect and Less corona and radio interference
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRONICS AND
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ISSN 0976 6464(Print)
ISSN 0976 6472(Online)
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IJECET
I A E M E
International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET),
ISSN 0976 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online), Special Issue (November, 2013), IAEME
International Conference on Communication Systems (ICCS-2013) October 18-20, 2013
B K Birla Institute of Engineering & Technology (BKBIET), Pilani, India Page 270

No Stability Problem and Asynchronous interconnection possible
Lower short circuit fault levels and Tie line power is easily controlled

There are many advantages of hvdc transmission but some Inherent problems associated with
hvdc generation & transmission given below.

Expensive convertors and Reactive power requirement
Difficulty of voltage transformation and Difficulty of high power generation
Generation of harmonics
Absence of overload capacity

B. Advantage of hvdc generation

The direct hvdc generation technique can solve some of inherent problems associated with
hvdc transmission system. In direct hvdc generation, smooth dc power with very low ripple
content is generated. Therefore, the units can easily connected in series to build the voltage up
to hvdc level. It is useful for distributed generation.

Only one end converter required so reduced convertors cost: By direct generation of
hvdc no requirement of Convertor Stations at generating end of a D.C. transmission link,
only distribution end converter is required. Therefore, converter cost will reduce.
Less Reactive power requirement:- By direct generation of hvdc rectification required
no reactive power but only in inversion reactive power is required.
Very less harmonics at generation end
Difficulty of high power generation:- In direct hvdc generation no such problem of
commutation therefore, voltage speed and size are large. Thus, high D.C. power can be
generated.

II. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

The main parts of direct hvdc generating machine

A. Stator

The stator core is made of insulated steel laminations. The thickness of the laminations and the
type of steel are chosen to minimize eddy current and hysteresis losses. The magnetic path,
which comprises a set of slotted steel laminations called stator core pressed into the cylindrical
space inside the outer frame. The magnetic path is laminated to reduce eddy currents, reducing
losses and heating. CRGO laminations of 0.5 mm thickness are used to reduce the iron losses.
[4] The stator frame is used to hold the armature windings. A set of insulated electrical
windings are placed inside the slots of the laminated stator. The coils are connected in series
with a diode string for the forward & reverse conduction. The output is collected at the
terminals of the string at stator. No. of slots is twice of no. of coils.

A.1 Diodes required for Forward conduction & reverse conduction of coils

The diodes are required for forward and reverse conduction of coils. So diodes have a very less
reverse recovery time. The rating of the diodes depends on peak voltage in coil. Calculation for
peak inverse voltage of various diodes is obtained by the waveform of Individual coils shown in
fig.3 the peak inverse voltage across forward diode string.
International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET),
ISSN 0976 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online), Special Issue (November, 2013), IAEME
International Conference on Communication Systems (ICCS-2013) October 18-20, 2013
B K Birla Institute of Engineering & Technology (BKBIET), Pilani, India Page 271

NOTE: The winding may have any number of coil but for explaining the working principle only
12 coil 2 poles(1 pole pair) 3000 rpm or frequency of 50 HZ, the angle o=180(electrical
degrees)/ N=15 electrical degrees=0.8333(milli second) and Vm=200V is considered. Where
(Vm=peak voltage in coil, o =phase split of coils, N=no of coils per pole pair)

D1 =Vm sin( 6o) =Vm
D2 =Vm sin(5 o)+Vm sin(6 o)=1.9659 Vm
D3,D4,D5,D6,D7,D8,D9,D10,D11,D12,D13 =Vm sin(5 o)+Vm sin(6 o)=1.9659 Vm

Because all the coils C2,C3,C4,C5,C6,C7,C8,C9,C10,C11,C12 attain the peak negative voltage as in fig3.
And PIV across reverse diode string for diode

D14 =Vm sin(6 o)=Vm
D15= Vm sin(5 o)+Vm sin(6 o)=1.9659 Vm
D16,D17,D18,D19, D20, D21, D22,D23,D24.D25,D26 =Vm sin(5 o)+Vm sin(6 o)=1.9659 Vm

Because all the coils C1, C2,C3,C4,C5,C6,C7, C8 C9, C10, C11,C12 attain the peak positive voltage as in
fig.3.

So PIV across forward diode string and reverse diode string is given in table.

FORWARD STRING REVERSE STRING
DIODE PIV DIODE PIV
D1 Vm D14 Vm
D2 1.9659 Vm D15 1.9659 Vm
D3 1.9659 Vm D16 1.9659 Vm
D4 to D13 1.9659 Vm D17 to D26 1.9659 Vm
Table 1: Peak inverse voltage of various diodes

A.2 Stator Winding (Armature Winding)

The coil side of coils are placed 180 electric degrees apart as shown in fig.2. The connection of
coils is in series with the diodes for forward and reverse conduction shown in fig.1. The coils
are connected in series to build up the voltage. The coils are connected sequencely according to
phase angle between coils. The positive and negative output terminals are taken out at two
ends of coil connection. The connection is shown in fig. 1.


Fig. 1: Stator winding (connection of stator (armature) coils)
International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET),
ISSN 0976 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online), Special Issue (November, 2013), IAEME
International Conference on Communication Systems (ICCS-2013) October 18-20, 2013
B K Birla Institute of Engineering & Technology (BKBIET), Pilani, India Page 272

Forward diode string:
D1,D2,D3,D4,D5,D6,D7,D8,D9,D10,D11,D12, D13


Reverse diode string:
D14,D15,D16,D17,D18,D19,D20,D21,D22,D23,D24, D25, D26

The coil C1 terminals 1 1,coil C2 terminals 2 2,coil C3 terminals 3 3,and so on all coil sides
placed 180 electric degree apart and connected through forward and reverse diode string for
conduction of positive induced and negative induced respectively.

A.3 Winding for multipole machine

The winding of a multipole machine be divided in sub section equal to number of pole pairs. All
the subsections have winding in above explained manner fig. 1. And all the subsection be
connected in series and two terminals are taken out for output.

B. Rotor

The rotor may salient pole rotor or cylindrical rotor. Poles are built with thin silicon steel
laminations of 0.5mm to 0.8 mm thickness to reduce eddy current laminations. In case of high
speed the rotors are manufactured form solid steel forging. The rotor is slotted to
accommodate the field winding. Normally two third of the rotor periphery is slotted to
accommodate the winding and the remaining one third unslotted portion acts as the pole.

Generally rectangular aluminum or copper strips are employed for filed windings. The rotor is
excited by direct current supply with slip ring to create magnetic field flux [4].

B.1 Rotor Windings

In hvdc generator the rotor winding producing the magnetic field is made of a number of coils
circuit equal no of pole pairs is energized with D.C. power fed through slip ring riding on the
shaft. The field excitation is provided by a suitable fraction of output power using filter and
chopper circuit because of D.C. output nature.

Fig. 2: Physical construction of direct D.C. generating machine
International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET),
ISSN 0976 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online), Special Issue (November, 2013), IAEME
International Conference on Communication Systems (ICCS-2013) October 18-20, 2013
B K Birla Institute of Engineering & Technology (BKBIET), Pilani, India Page 273

III. WORKING

The working of the machine is mainly based on the nature of induced emf in coil will be
sinusoidal according to Faraday`s law of emf induction & will be phase displaced by an
angle o.The conduction of coil for the negative induced emf will take place through the reverse
diode String and as the coil induced emf changes to positive conduction take place through
forward diode string .So the induced emf equation in the coils is given below.

V1=Vmsint (1)
V2=Vm sin (t- o) (2)
V3=Vm sin (t- 2o) (3)
V4=Vm sin (t- 3o) (4)
V5=Vm sin (t- 4o) (5)
V6=Vm sin (t-5 o) (6)
V7 =Vm sin (t- 6o) (7)
V8=Vm sin (t-7o) (8)
V9=Vm sin (t-8 o) (9)
V10=Vm sin (t- 9o) (10)
V11=Vm sin (t- 10o) (11)
V12=Vm sin (t- 11o) (12)

The waveforms are shown in fig.3 for the induced emf in coils. The nature of induced emf in the
Coils for 360 (20 ms) electrical degrees is repeated again & again for rest of time. The change
of polarity of induced emf form negative to positive and positive to negative will take place
twice for each coil in a cycle of 360 electrical degrees in a sequence of phase angle after
angle o.


Fig. 3: Waveforms of induced emf in coil for one cycle

The emf induced in various coils will add up in output for different time Intervals. The voltage
in all coils will not add up in output for a very less time because as the emf in coils changes
International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET),
ISSN 0976 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online), Special Issue (November, 2013), IAEME
International Conference on Communication Systems (ICCS-2013) October 18-20, 2013
B K Birla Institute of Engineering & Technology (BKBIET), Pilani, India Page 274

from negative to positive the diode connected to that coil in reverse string will in reverse bias
and not conduct for little time. Then again the diode connected in forward string will conduct
and coil voltage adds up in output.
The voltage of coil 1 will not add in output for 0>t>/2 and add in output for /2 >t> and
again in negative cycle will not add in output for >t>+/2 and add in output for +/2>
t>2 and voltage of Coil 2 will add in output for 0>t>/ 2 and will not add in output for
time from /2>t>3/2 and then again add for time3/2>t> and again in negative cycle
will add in output for >t>+/2 and will not add in output for time from +/2>
t>+3 /2 and then again add for time +3 /2> t>2. So the voltage in coils will not add
up in output in Sequence and each coil voltage will not add for a time period of 2 . The last coil
voltage will not add for angle . So the voltage equation for the different coils voltages add in
output is given below.

V1 = _
0 0> t >o/ 2, n > t >n +o/ 2
Imsint o/ 2> t >n, n +o/ 2> t >2n
(13)

V2 = _
Imsin(t o ) 0> t >o / 2, n > t >n +o / 2
0 o / 2> t >3o / 2, n +o/ 2> t >n +3o / 2
Imsin(t o ) 3o/ 2> t >n, n +3o / 2> t >2n
(14)

V3 = _
Imsin(t 2o) 0> t >3o / 2, n > t >n +3o / 2
0 3o / 2 > t >5o / 2, n +3o/ 2 > t >n +5o / 2
Imsin(t 2o) 5o/ 2> t >n, n +5o / 2> t >2n
(15)

V4 = _
Imsin(t 3o) 0> t >5o / 2, n > t >n +5o / 2
0 5o / 2 > t >7o / 2, n +5o/ 2 > t >n +7o / 2
Imsin(t 3o) 7o/ 2> t >n, n +7o / 2> t >2n
(16)

V5 = _
Imsin(t 4o) 0> t >7o / 2, n > t >n +7o / 2
0 7o / 2 > t >9o / 2, n +7o/ 2 > t >n +9o / 2
Imsin(t 4o) 9o/ 2> t >n, n +9o / 2> t >2n
(17)

V6 =_
Imsin(t 5o) 0 > t >9o / 2, n > t >n +9o / 2
0 9o / 2 > t >11o / 2, n +9o/ 2> t >n +11o / 2
Imsin(t 5o) 11o/ 2 > t >n, n +11o / 2 > t >2n
(18)

V7= _
Imsin(t 6o) 0 > t >11o / 2, n+> t >n +11o / 2
0 11o / 2> t >13o / 2, n +11o/ 2 > t >n +13o / 2
Imsin(t 6o) 13o/ 2> t >n, n +13o / 2> t >2n
(19)

V8 = _
Imsin(t 7o) 0 > t >13o / 2, n > t >n +13o / 2
0 13o / 2> t >15o / 2, n +13o/ 2> t >n +15o / 2
Imsin(t 7o) 15o/ 2> t >n, n +15o / 2> t >2n
(20)

V9 = _
Imsin(t 8o) 0 > t >15o / 2, n > t >n +15o / 2
0 15o / 2> t >17o / 2, n +15o/ 2 > t >n +17o / 2
Imsin(t 8o) 17o/ 2> t >n, n +17o / 2> t >2n
(21)

International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET),
ISSN 0976 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online), Special Issue (November, 2013), IAEME
International Conference on Communication Systems (ICCS-2013) October 18-20, 2013
B K Birla Institute of Engineering & Technology (BKBIET), Pilani, India Page 275

V10 =_
Imsin(t 9o) 0> t >17o / 2, n > t >n +17o / 2
0 17o / 2> t >19o / 2, n +17o/ 2> t >n +19o / 2
Imsin(t 9o) 19o/ 2> t >n, n +19o / 2 > t >2n
(22)

V11 =_
Imsin(t 10o) 0> t >19o / 2, n > t >n +19o / 2
0 19o / 2> t >21o / 2, n +19o/ 2> t >n +21o / 2
Imsin(t 10o) 21o/ 2> t >n, n +21o / 2 > t >2n
(23)

V12 =_
Imsin(t 11o) 0 > t >21o / 2, n > t >n +21o / 2
0 21o / 2> t >22o/ 2, n +21o/ 2> t >n +22o/ 2
Imsin(t 11o) 22o/ 2> t >n, n +22o / 2> t >2n
(24)

The conduction of the coils is repeats after each half cycle. The conduction of different coil for
half cycle is shown in fig 4. This will repeats in next half cycle and so on. The fig.4 Represent
a=/2, b= 3/2, c= 5/2, d= 7/2, e= 9/2, f= 11/2, g= 13/2, h= 15/2, i= 17/2,j=19/2,k=
21/2, l= 22/2 from point o to a voltage V1 will not add in output and from point a to b
voltage V2 will not add in output and from point b to c voltage V3 will not add in output and
this sequence be continue for further upcoming coils.


Fig. 4: Waveform for conduction of various coils points

IV. OUTPUT

The output response of the system is analyzed by simulation with LTSPICE or MATLAB
software taking voltage sources according to emf induced in coils of stator winding for 360
electrical degrees because of repetitive nature of same waveform after 360(1 cycle (20 ms))
electrical degrees and then Fourier series is used to find out d.c. component by conduction
equations. The simulated output is shown in fig.7 Parameters of the Fourier series like the dc
component is given by

International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET),
ISSN 0976 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online), Special Issue (November, 2013), IAEME
International Conference on Communication Systems (ICCS-2013) October 18-20, 2013
B K Birla Institute of Engineering & Technology (BKBIET), Pilani, India Page 276

V dc=2Vm (1+(N-1) cos (/2)/ (25)
Where Vdc =D.C. component of output

Fig. 5: Circuit for 12 coil machine simulated by LTSPICE software

If the peak voltage in a coil is 200V (Vm=200V). The output fig. 7 consists 1.507kV+13V
(voltage drop across diodes) =1.520kV. The peak voltage is 1.507kV with a ripple fig. 6 of
(1.496kV to 1.508kV) =12V. So a very smooth output response is obtained.

Fourier series analysis of D.C. component is finding in output response. The D.C. component by
above formula for N=12, Vm=200V and =15 degree is

Vdc=2200(1+(12-1) cos7.5)/ =1.515kV- 13 V =1.502kV

The dc component of the system is near to peak value.


Fig. 6: Output ripple wave ripple content of 12V
International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET),
ISSN 0976 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online), Special Issue (November, 2013), IAEME
International Conference on Communication Systems (ICCS-2013) October 18-20, 2013
B K Birla Institute of Engineering & Technology (BKBIET), Pilani, India Page 277


Fig. 7: Output wave form for 180 (20 ms) electric degrees

A. Hvdc Output

So for a machine have a peak voltage in coil is Vm=300V, 6 pole (3 pole pair) and no of coils is
N=72 then no. of coil per pole pair equal to 24 so as the no. of coil increase 0 then cos /2
1 and the output is like as commutated output of D.C. generator and the value of output D.C.
voltage is given by

Vdc =(2NVm)/ (output of coils per pole pair in fig. 8)

So the output voltage Vo =3output of coils per pole pair

VO =34.555kV =13.665kV

So hvdc voltage is obtained by a machine having large no. of coil and pole and connecting 15 to
20 units in series. And hvdc power transmitted to urban areas at low transmission loss.


Fig. 8: Output of one pole pair of 6 pole machine simulated by LTSPICE
International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET),
ISSN 0976 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online), Special Issue (November, 2013), IAEME
International Conference on Communication Systems (ICCS-2013) October 18-20, 2013
B K Birla Institute of Engineering & Technology (BKBIET), Pilani, India Page 278

V. CONCLUSION

In hvdc generation technique it is very useful for utilization renewable sources like wind and
hydro which are in abundance at remote areas. The solar cell can also be connected with this.
The system also deals with some inherent problems of hvdc converter station. So some
advantages of hvdc generation system

Series connection of units easy because of very smooth D.C. output.
No synchronization problem in different units.
High output power than rectification.
Very useful for renewable sources
Better for distributed generation.

The system can be implemented for generation of electrical power by conventational energy
sources like coal, gas diesel and nuclear but it is very useful renewable energy sources like
wind and hydro turbine. There is some complicacy in winding connection and maintenance is
quite high due to large no of connection.
The hvdc motor can be constructed by replacing diodes with power mosfet,s and controlling
the gate pulse through microcontroller and providing dc input at terminals.

VI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to convey my sincere thanks to Mr. R K ALARIA (Assistant Professor, Electrical
engineering Department), for your kind support and guideline for the project. I would also like
to offer my sincere thanks to Mr. SATISH RAI (Assistant Professor, Electronics engineering
Department) & Mr. SANDEEP SONI (Assistant Professor, Electrical engineering Department)
for their support and help at various levels.

REFERENCE

[1] Power Quality Improvement Through Grid-interfacing RES Mehta G and Singh SP IETE
JOURNAL OF RESEARCH | VOL 59 | ISSUE 3 | MAY-JUN 2013
[2] F Blaabjerg, Z Chen, and S B Kjaer,Power electronics as efficient interface in dispersed
power generation systems, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 19, no. 5, pp.1184 94,
2004.
[3] W Kramer, S Chakraborty, B Kroposki, and H Thomas, Advanced Power Electronic
Interfaces for Distributed Energy Systems, Part 1, Systems and Topologies, Technical Report
NREL/ TP-581-42672, 2008.
[4] www.sjbit.edu.in_app_course-material_eee_vi_electrical machine
design%5b10ee63%5d_eee-vi-electricalmachinedesign %5b10ee63%5d-notes

BIOGRAPHY

Rajendra Bhamu was born in Sujangarh, Rajasthan, India in 1993. He is
pursuing his B.Tech degree in Electrical Engineering from BKBIET Pilani
(Rajasthan), India. His research interests focus on reliable & efficient power
system through electronics & automation and utilization of renewable energy
sources.

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