Magnetic Force

A

vertical wire carries a current and is in a vertical magnetic field. What is the direction of the force on the wire?
(a)

left (b) right (c) zero (d) into the page (e) out of the page

I is parallel to B, so no magnetic force

PHY2054: Chapter 19

I
25

Torque on Current Loop

Consider

rectangular current loop

a b

Forces in left, right branches = 0 Forces in top/bottom branches cancel No net force! (true for any shape)
But

there is a net torque!

Bottom side up, top side down (RHR) Rotates around horizontal axis

= Fd = ( iBa ) b = iBab = iBA

a Plane normal is B here

= NiA magnetic moment (N turns)

True for any shape!! Direction of given by RHR Fingers curl around loop and thumb points in direction of

PHY2054: Chapter 19

26

General Treatment of Magnetic Moment, Torque

= NiA is magnetic moment (with N turns)

of given by RHR

Direction

Torque

depends on angle between and B

= B sin
PHY2054: Chapter 19 27

Torque Example
A

3-turn circular loop of radius 3 cm carries 5A current in a B field of 2.5 T. Loop is tilted 30 to B field. B 30

2 2 = NiA = 3i r = 3 5 3.14 ( 0.03 ) = 0.0339 A m 2

= B sin 30 = 0.0339 2.5 0.5 = 0.042 N m

Rotation

always in direction to align with B field

PHY2054: Chapter 19 28

Trajectory in a Constant Magnetic Field

A

charge q enters B field with velocity v perpendicular to B. What path will q follow?
is always velocity and B Path will be a circle. F is the centripetal force needed to keep the charge in its circular orbit. Lets calculate radius R
Force

x x x x x x x x x x x x x x B x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x v x x F F v R
PHY2054: Chapter 19 29

v F q

Circular Motion of Positive Particle

x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

B
F

v q

mv = qvB R

mv R= qB
PHY2054: Chapter 19 30

Cosmic Ray Example

Protons

with energy 1 MeV move earth B field of 0.5 Gauss or B = 5 10-5 T. Find radius & frequency of orbit.
K=
1 mv 2 2

2K v= m

K = 106 1.6 1019 =1.6 1013 J m = 1.67 1027 kg

( )(

mv 2mK R= = eB eB

R = 2900 m

1 v v eB f = = = = T 2 R 2 ( mv / eB ) 2 m Frequency is independent of v!
PHY2054: Chapter 19

f = 760 Hz

31

Helical Motion in B Field

Velocity
Only

of particle has 2 components v = v + v (parallel to B and perp. to B)

v = v sin contributes to circular motion v|| = v cos is unchanged

So

v|| v B

the particle moves in a helical path

v||

is the constant velocity along the B field v is the velocity around the circle

mv R= qB

PHY2054: Chapter 19

32

Helical Motion in Earths B Field

PHY2054: Chapter 19

33

Magnetic Field and Work

Magnetic

force is always perpendicular to velocity

Therefore

B field does no work! Why? Because K = F x = F ( v t ) = 0

Consequences
Kinetic

energy does not change Speed does not change Only direction changes Particle moves in a circle (if v

B)

PHY2054: Chapter 19

34

Magnetic Force
Two
A B Both

particles of the same charge enter a magnetic field with the same speed. Which one has the bigger mass?
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

masses are equal Cannot tell without more info

mv R= qB

Bigger mass means bigger radius

PHY2054: Chapter 19

35

Mass Spectrometer

PHY2054: Chapter 19

36

Mass Spectrometer Operation

Positive

ions first enter a velocity selector where E B and values are adjusted to allow only undeflected particles to enter mass spectrometer.
Balance

forces in selector select v

qE = qvB v= E/B
Spectrometer:

2 1

Determine mass from v and measured radius r

m1v r1 = qB m2v r2 = qB
PHY2054: Chapter 19 37

Mass Spectrometer Example

A

beam of deuterons travels right at v = 5 x 105 m/s

value of B would make deuterons go undeflected through a region where E = 100,000 V/m pointing up vertically?

What

eE = evB B = E / v = 105 / 5 105 = 0.2T

If

the electric field is suddenly turned off, what is the radius and frequency of the circular orbit of the deuterons?
2

mv mv = evB R = = R eB

3.34 1027 5 105

(1.6 10

19

)( ) = 5.2 10 ) ( 0.2)

v 1 5 105 f = = = = 1.5 106 Hz T 2 R ( 6.28 ) 5.2 102

PHY2054: Chapter 19

38

Quiz: Work and Energy

A

charged particle enters a uniform magnetic field. What happens to the kinetic energy of the particle?
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

it it it it it

increases decreases stays the same changes with the direction of the velocity depends on the direction of the magnetic field

Magnetic field does no work, so K is constant

PHY2054: Chapter 19

39

Magnetic Force
A

rectangular current loop is in a uniform magnetic field. What direction is the net force on the loop?
(a)

+x (b) +y (c) zero (d) x (e) y

Forces cancel on opposite sides of loop

y x
PHY2054: Chapter 19 40

Hall Effect: Do + or Charges Carry Current?

+ charges moving counterclockwise experience upward force Upper plate at higher potential

charges moving clockwise experience upward force Upper plate at lower potential

Equilibrium between magnetic (up) & electrostatic forces (down):

Fup = qvdrift B

Fdown = qEinduced

VH =q w

VH = vdrift Bw = "Hall voltage"

This type of experiment led to the discovery (E. Hall, 1879) that current in conductors is carried by negative charges 41
PHY2054: Chapter 19

Electromagnetic Flowmeter

Moving ions in the blood are deflected by magnetic force Positive ions deflected down, negative ions deflected up This separation of charge creates an electric field E pointing up E field creates potential difference V = Ed between the electrodes The velocity of blood flow is measured by v = E/B
PHY2054: Chapter 19 42

Creating Magnetic Fields

Sources
Spin

of magnetic fields

of elementary particles (mostly electrons) Atomic orbits (L > 0 only) Moving charges (electric current)
Currents Three

generate the most intense magnetic fields

by Oersted in 1819 (deflection of compass needle)

Discovered

examples studied here

Long

wire Wire loop Solenoid

PHY2054: Chapter 19

43

B Field Around Very Long Wire

Field

around wire is circular, intensity falls with distance

given by RHR (compass follows field lines)

Direction

0i B= 2 r 0 = 4 107

Right Hand Rule #2 0 = Permeability of free space

PHY2054: Chapter 19 44

Visual of B Field Around Wire

PHY2054: Chapter 19

45

B Field Example
I

= 500 A toward observer. Find B vs r

RHR

i ( 4 10 ) 500 10 B= = =
7

field is counterclockwise
0

2 r

2 r

r r r r r r r

= = = = = = =

0.001 m 0.005 m 0.01 m 0.05 m 0.10 m 0.50 m 1.0 m

B B B B B B B

= = = = = = =

0.10 T 0.02 T 0.010 T 0.002 T 0.001 T 0.0002 T 0.0001 T

= = = = = = =

1000 G 200 G 100 G 20 G 10 G 2G 1G

PHY2054: Chapter 19

46

Charged Particle Moving Near Wire

Wire

carries current of 400 A upwards

moving at v = 5 106 m/s downwards, 4 mm from wire Find magnitude and direction of force on proton
Proton

Solution

of force is to left, away from wire Magnitude of force at r = 0.004 m

Direction

0 I F = evB = ev 2 r
F = 1.6 1019

)(

7 2 10 400 6 5 10 0.004

F = 1.6 1014 N
PHY2054: Chapter 19

47

Amperes Law
Take

arbitrary path around set of currents

be total enclosed current (+ up, down) Let Bll be component of B along path Not included B s = 0ienc in ienc
Let ienc

Only
5

currents inside path contribute!

currents inside path (included) 1 outside path (not included)

PHY2054: Chapter 19

48

Amperes Law For Straight Wire

Lets

try this for long wire. Find B at distance at point P

Use

circular path passing through P (center at wire, radius r) From symmetry, B field must be circular

Bs = B ( 2 r ) = 0i
i

0i B= 2 r
An

easy derivation

PHY2054: Chapter 19

49

Useful Application of Amperes Law

Find

B field inside long wire, assuming uniform current

Wire

radius R, total current i Find B at radius r = R/2

Key

Bs = 0ienc
i

fact: enclosed current area

R r = R/2 r

ienc

r2 i Aenc = i = i = 2 Atot R 4

R i 2 = 0 i Bs =B 2 4 1 0i 0i B= B= On surface 2 2 R 2 R
PHY2054: Chapter 19 50

Amperes Law (cont)

Same

problems: use Amperes law to solve for B at any r Wire radius R, total current i Bs = 0ienc
i

ienc

r2 Aenc r2 = i = i =i 2 2 Atot R R =i

(r R) (r R)

R r

r2 or 0i i Bs =B ( 2 r ) = 0i R2 0i 0i r B= B= ( r R ) 2 r 2 R R
PHY2054: Chapter 19

rR
51

Force Between Two Parallel Currents

Force

on I2 from I1 0 I1I 2 0 I1 F2 = I 2 B1L = I 2 L= L 2 r 2 r

RHR

Force towards I1

Force

on I1 from I2 0 I1I 2 0 I 2 F1 = I1B2 L = I1 L= L 2 r 2 r

RHR

Force towards I2

I2

I1

Magnetic

forces attract two parallel currents I1

PHY2054: Chapter 19 52

I2

Force Between Two Anti-Parallel Currents

Force

on I2 from I1 0 I1I 2 0 I1 F2 = I 2 B1L = I 2 L= L 2 r 2 r

RHR

Force away from I1

Force

on I1 from I2 0 I1I 2 0 I 2 F1 = I1B2 L = I1 L= L 2 r 2 r

RHR

Force away from I2

I2

I1

Magnetic

forces repel two antiparallel currents I1

PHY2054: Chapter 19 53

I2

Parallel Currents (cont.)

Look

at them edge on to see B fields more clearly

B 2 1 F Antiparallel: repel 2 F 1

B 2 F 1 Parallel: attract 2 F 1

PHY2054: Chapter 19

54

B Field @ Center of Circular Current Loop

Radius

R and current i: find B field at center of loop

From calculus RHR #3 (see picture)

B=

0i
2R

Direction:

If

N turns close together N 0i B= 2R

PHY2054: Chapter 19

55

Current Loop Example

i

= 500 A, r = 5 cm, N=20

B=N

0i
2r

( 20 ) ( 4 107 ) 500
2 0.05

= 1.26T

PHY2054: Chapter 19

56

B Field of Solenoid
Formula

found from Amperes law

i = current n = turns / meter

B = 0in
B ~ constant inside solenoid B ~ zero outside solenoid Most accurate when L R

Example:

i = 100A, n = 10 turns/cm

n = 1000 turns / m

B = 4 107 (100 ) 103 = 0.13T

( )

PHY2054: Chapter 19

57