Paper Two The Rise and Rule of Single Party States Revision Grid 1.

1. Origins of Single Party States/Rise to Power IB urri !ulu" The" e onditions whi!h produ!e single&party states Similarities The existence of a powervacuum e.g. there exists no recognised source of political authority o"parison #eature o""unist Russia 1$1%& '1 (itler)s Ger"any 1$**& '+ ,asser)s -gypt 1$+.&1$%/

Abdication of the Tsar March 1 1!. "ailure of the #rovisional $overnment to %olve &ussia's problems during 1 1!. The existence of the #etrograd %oviet to rival the #rovisional $overnment. The existence of a number of groups who desired political authority e.g. (olshevi)s and Menshevi)s. The brea)down of law and order e.g. stri)es in #etrograd in March 1 1!* attempted coup by the

+ncreasing use of #residential ,ecree -Article ./0 to ma)e laws from 1 12 onwards. 3ac) of ability for parties within the &eichstag to form functioning coalitions esp. the failure of the left -%#,* 4#,0 to wor) together. &ise of support for extreme groups who opposed the democratic system -e.g. 5%,A# and 4#, had 627 8 in 9uly 1 1: elections0. The brea)down of law and order e.g. the increasing clashes between the %A and armed ;ommunist

+ncreasing failure of parliamentary monarchy 1 ::-1 6: as 4ing and #arliament are seen as only representative of a narrow* wealthy* propertied elite e.g. 6/7 of cabinet ministers from the aristocracy 1 ::1 6:. $rowth of opposition groups who want change e.g. "ree <fficers and Muslim (rotherhood. ;ollapse of law and order e.g. (lac) %aturday riots in ;airo on :6th 9anuary 1 6:.

army in August 1 1! -4ornilov Affair0. IB urri !ulu" The" e onditions whi!h produ!e single&party states Similarities &ecent failure in war and conflict o"parison #eature o""unist Russia 1$1%& '1

groups.

(itler)s Ger"any 1$**& '+

,asser)s -gypt 1$+.&1$%/

The "irst =orld =ar went badly for &ussia between 1 1. and 1 1!. The army was poorly e>uipped* poorly led and was pushed bac) 122)m onto its own soil by the $ermans. (y 1 1? there were food shortages and mass desertions @ morale was collapsing. The "irst =orld =ar too) many peasants and livestoc) from the countryside and created problems of transport @ led to mass food shortages in the towns. Historical argument that the First World War created the

Although the "irst =orld =ar finished fifteen years before 1 16* all $ermans still felt its psychological effect. ,efeat in 1 1/ and the resulting Treaty of Aersailles created a sense of shame and a desire to change the terms of 1 1 . There was a popular perception that democratic government had been responsible for signing away victory and submitting to the di)tat of Aersailles.

+n 1 ./* Bgypt had suffered a humiliating and surprising defeat in the Arab-+sraeli =ar. ,efeat was blamed on the corrupt nature of Bgyptian government and led to the formation of the "ree <fficers movement within the army.

Revolution of 1917.

IB urri !ulu" The" e onditions whi!h produ!e single&party states

o"parison

#eature

o""unist Russia 1$1%& '1

(itler)s Ger"any 1$**& '+

,asser)s -gypt 1$+.&1$%/

Differences

+nfluence of external powers

There was no dire!t influence of external power.

There was no dire!t influence of an external power.

A lot of the grievances against the parliamentary monarchy of 1 ::-1 6: were based around the idea that although Bgypt was independent* the military presence and influence of $( had not been removed. A factor common to all opposition groups was this desire to remove this remnant of occupation and colonialism. #arliamentary Monarchy 1 ::-1 6: came to be viewed as a Csham' democracy* unrepresentative of the people.

"ailure of the democratic process

5ot fully evident @ &ussia lurched from absolute monarchy to in theory* ;ommunist $ovt. in six months.

The =eimar &epublic 1 1/-1 11 was viewed as wea) and failed to resolve problems such as the $reat ,epression of 1 : -1 11.

IB urri !ulu" The" e -"ergen!e of 0eader1 ai"s2 ideology2 support

o"parison

#eature

o""unist Russia 1$1%& '1

(itler)s Ger"any 1$**& '+

,asser)s -gypt 1$+.&1$%/

Similarities

(road unification of people within the society @ leaders aimed to remove causes of conflict.

3enin aimed to eliminate conflict within &ussia by uniting the proletariat -wor)ing class0 against the bourgeoisie -middle classes0. Bventually conflict would be eliminated and even government would wither away.

Ditler aimed to unite whom he viewed as pure $ermans against those who did not fit into his views of race. De believed that $ermany had only lost =orld =ar <ne because it was a divided nation.

5asser aimed to unite Bgyptians against the corrupt nature of the parliamentary monarchy and the continuing influence of $(. De broadly wanted to reduce the vast ine>ualities of wealth in Bgyptian society.

Enwilling to 3enin and the (olshevi)s share power were unwilling to share with others. power with other minority groups in &ussia e.g.

Ditler and the 5aFi #arty would not form a coalition government with any other party between 9uly 1 1:

The &;; was unwilling to share power with other groups who wanted to change Bgypt after 1 6:.

refusal to wor) with the %,'s -Menshevi)s0 and %&'s after <ctober 1 1! and allow them to have representation on the %<A5A4<M.

and 9anuary 1 11. Ditler also refused to accept the position of Aice;hancellor to von #apen in ,ecemberG9an 1 1:-1 11.

The Muslim (rotherhood was declared a political party and hence illegal in 9anuary 1 6. and its leadership purged from <ctober 1 6. after the assassination attempt on 5asser. ,asser)s -gypt 1$+.&1$%/

IB urri !ulu" The" e -"ergen!e of 0eader1 ai"s2 ideology2 support

o"parison

#eature

o""unist Russia 1$1%& '1

(itler)s Ger"any 1$**& '+

Differences

+deology of movement.

3enin and the (olshevi)s had a clear ideological Hustification for their movement @ MarxG3enin's theory of ;ommunism. 3enin and the (olshevi)s however had no clear plan for how they were going to create their communist society @ especially as they were applying Marx's principles to a country that didn't fit the modelI The (olshevi)s believed that

Ditler and the 5aFis had a clear ideological Hustification for their movement @ based on 1 th ;entury %ocial ,arwinist theories of natural competition applied to human society. "undamental difference between ;ommunism and 5aFism here @ the former based on !lass differences -economic differences0 and the other based on ra!ial

5asser and the "ree <fficers had no ideological Hustification for their movement @ their movement had been based on simply pushing the (ritish out of Bgypt and creating a less corrupt system of government.

government and the need for money would eventually fade away but simply didn't )now howI

differences. Ditler and the 5aFis had some ideas on how they would create their pure $ermanic society e.g. persecution of non$ermans and creation of a vol) communityGemphasis on re-armament and Hob creation schemes. (itler)s Ger"any 1$**& '+ ,asser)s -gypt 1$+.&1$%/

IB urri !ulu" The" e -"ergen!e of 0eader1 ai"s2 ideology2 support

o"parison

#eature

o""unist Russia 1$1%& '1

Differences

The nature of support for the movement.

The (olshevi)s were only one of a number of radical groups in &ussia who were vying for political authority during 1 1!. Their only base of support was the industrial wor)ing class* which only accounted for 12-167 of the population. +n the elections to the constituent assembly of 9anuary 1 1/* the

The 5aFi #arty was a catch-all organisation. The Twenty "ive #oint #rogramme of 1 :2 had clause that could be classed as racist* socialist and nationalist. ,uring the election campaigns of the 1 12's 5aFi propaganda crossed all groups. Distorical studies of who voted for the 5aFis show

The "ree <fficers movement was a minor political group that came from the army. As such* they did not operate as a public political organisation before 1 6: within the parliamentary monarchy. They simply used their position of power within the society given to them by being leaders of the army to

(olshevi)s received only 12 million -:.70 in contrast to the %ocial &evolutionaries -#opulist #arty0 who gained over :2 million votes -./70.

that by 1 1: they gathered support from a range of socio-economic groups e.g. unemployed* manual labourers* lower-middle class business owners* professionals and large industrialists. The 5aFi #arty was the largest political organisation in $ermany by 9uly 1 1: with 1!.!7 of the vote.

perform a military coup in 9uly 1 6:.

.. -sta3lish"ent of Single&Party States/ onsolidation of Power IB urri !ulu" The" e 4ethods1 for!e2 legal Similarities The use of violence to establish single party state o"parison #eature o""unist Russia 1$1%& '1 (itler)s Ger"any 1$**& '+ ,asser)s -gypt 1$+.&1$%/

The closing of the ;onstituent Assembly in 9anuary 1 1/ (olshevi)s could not command a maHority so used force to stop it meeting.

&eichstag "ire of "ebruary 1 11 @ 3ed to Bmergency ,ecree for the #rotection of #eople and the %tate and the arresting of hundreds of political opponents.

;rushing of large textile stri)e in August 1 6: @ leaders were imprisoned and some executed.

A period needed to consolidate

(etween 1 1! and 1 :1G:: the (olshevi)s were involved in a ;ivil =ar to establish their authority across all of &ussia.

(etween 9anuary 1 11 and August 1 1.* the 5aFis tuned $ermany from a parliamentary democracy into a one-party dictatorship.

(etween 9uly 1 6: and 9anuary 1 6? the &;; established its authority within Bgypt before drafting a new constitution.

IB urri !ulu" The" e 4ethods1 for!e2 legal

o"parison

#eature

o""unist Russia 1$1%& '1

(itler)s Ger"any 1$**& '+

,asser)s -gypt 1$+.&1$%/

Differences

;hanging the system from Cwithin'.

The (olshevi)s changed the system from the outside -A revolution from belowJ0. There were no established constitutional laws to wor) within due to &evolution of 1 1! -Tsarism-,ual Monarchy-

The 5aFis changed the system from within -A revolution from aboveJ0. They used the procedures of the =eimar &epublic e.g. such as manoeuvring the &eichstag into passing the Bnabling Act of march

The C"ree <fficers' changed the system from outside -A revolution fromJ0. They simply enacted a military coup using the army and the &;; simply Cdictated' policy to the cabinet* as it had existed under the

(olshevi) ta)eover0.

1 11 to destroy democracy.

parliamentary monarchy.

IB urri !ulu" The" e #or" of govt.2 ideology 5left and right wing6

o"parison

#eature

o""unist Russia 1$1%& '1

(itler)s Ger"any 1$**& '+

,asser)s -gypt 1$+.&1$%/

Similarities

%tate intervention by the government

$ovt. control of the economy was one of the pillars of ;ommunistG %ocialist ideology e.g. +ndustry and (an)ing were nationalised in 1 1!G1 1/*

$ovt. intervention in the economy was widespread between 1 11 and 1 .6 e.g. wor) creation schemes were established to put the unemployed bac) to wor)*

$ovt. intervention in the economy was necessary to rectify the huge income differences between the wealthy minority and poor maHority of Bgyptian people

$osplan -state planning commission0 was used to administer the ".K.#. under %talin.

while the "our Kear #lan -1 1?-.20 prioritised the need for heavy industry and re-armament at the expense of consumer goods. The 5aFis would try and create a state based on 5aFism. -DitlerismJ0

e.g. Agrarian &eform 3aw of %eptember 1 6:.

Differences

+deology the The (olshevi)s would try driving and create a state based on force behind Marxist Theory. the regime

The "ree <fficers would develop an ideology to suit the needs of Bgyptian society e.g. Arab %ocialism.

IB urri !ulu" The" e Totalitarian is"2 treat"ent of opposition

o"parison

#eature

o""unist Russia 1$1%& '1

(itler)s Ger"any 1$**& '+

,asser)s -gypt 1$+.&1$%/

Similarities

Ese of secret police and arbitrary Cterror'

;DB4A @ <$#E @ 54A,. ;reation of system of labour camps -$E3A$0 for opponents of the regime. #urging of threats

%A @ %% and $estapo terror complex. ;reation of concentration camps both within and out with $ermany for political

The Bgyptian police under 5asser greatly expanded their areas of Hurisdiction and became directly related to the Minister of the

bodies

to the regime and even those inside the party -reached its height in 1 1!1/0.

opponents and those targeted for persecution. (etween 1 11 and 1 1 approximately ::6*222 people arrested by the above. Ditler also enHoyed un>uestioned loyalty as leader e.g. he was always popular even when the 5aFi #arty - 27 approval ratings0 was not and loyalty to the "uhrer was a maHor reason why $ermany fought to the bitter end in 1 .6.

+nterior e.g. during the 1 ?2's many senior Hudges lu)ewarm to 5asser's regime were purged.

3oyalty to leader widespread

3enin and %talin both enHoyed un>uestioned loyalty as leader e.g. 3enin naturally emerged as leader of the #olitburo even though there was no actual leadership position.

5asser enHoyed un>uestioned loyalty as leader e.g. when he resigned after the %ix ,ay =ar in 1 ?! he was persuaded to change his mind after massive street demonstrations in his favour in ;airo.

IB urri !ulu" The" e Totalitarian is"2 treat"ent

o"parison

#eature

o""unist Russia 1$1%& '1

(itler)s Ger"any 1$**& '+

,asser)s -gypt 1$+.&1$%/

Differences

,egree of terror employed

Esed terror on a mass scale to enforce authority e.g. ;DB4A established in

Esed terror on a large scale* primarily against those who the 5aFis

Although 5asser turned Bgypt into a police state there was no systematic

of opposition

1 1! and used in the &ed Terror of 1 1/-:2 to remove all political opponents and terrify all hostile groups @ Tsar murdered in 9uly 1 1/. ,uring the 1 12's the degree of terror reached its climax with the $reat Terror of 1 1!-1/ where anybody -including members of the ;ommunist #arty could be purged0. Millions of &ussians died between 1 1!-1 .1 @ estimates vary.

viewed as non-Aryan and thus racially inferior. &eached its climax with the Dolocaust but other groups e.g. mentally handicapped* homosexuals* were also persecuted. Enli)e ;ommunist &ussia* the 5aFis did not target other 5aFis or those whom it viewed as fitting into Aryan society. -Bxception being the 5ight of the 3ong 4nives0.

purging of a particular group of people. +ndeed* 5asser even continued to allow political elections* even though all the candidates had to be from the 5ational Enion -later the Arab %ocialist Enion0.

*. Rule of Single Party States IB urri !ulu" The" e o"parison #eature o""unist Russia 1$1%& '1 (itler)s Ger"any 1$**& '+ ,asser)s -gypt 1$+.&1$%/

Politi!al2 e!ono"i! and so!ial poli!ies

Similarities

The importance of 5ationalism

Although ;ommunism was an internationalist ideology* nationalism was also important esp. under %talin's rule. %ocialism in one ;ountry became the accepted political policy* while the boundaries of the ;ommunist Bmpire were similar to those of the Tsarist Bmpire -e.g. minorities were not permitted independence esp. in the E)raine and $eorgia0. Ender 3enin and especially %talin -".K.#.0 the whole &ussian economy was centrally planned -$<%#3A5 1 :1 onwards0.

5ationalism was an essential part of 5ational %ocialism. <ne of the )ey beliefs and policies of the 5aFis was to restore $erman pride in the "atherland and $erman spea)ing territories that had been lost in 1 1 . The importance of the nation was emphasised as being important above everything else.

5ationalism was an important aspect of 5asser's Bgypt* firstly in removing the last presence of (ritish occupation and then as Hustifying policies implemented in the 1 ?2's to reduce ine>ualities within Bgyptian %ociety.

+mportance of #lanning in the Bconomy

Ditler and the 5aFis also favoured economic plans e.g. The "our Kear #lan -1 1?-1 .20 set targets for heavy industry lin)ed to the re-armament drive.

5asser eventually came round widespread planning in the Bgyptian economy. The ;harter for 5ational Action of 1 ?: stated that planning was the only way to assure development. ,asser)s -gypt 1$+.&1$%/

IB urri !ulu" The" e

o"parison

#eature

o""unist Russia 1$1%& '1

(itler)s Ger"any 1$**& '+

Politi!al2 e!ono"i! and so!ial poli!ies

Differences

Bconomic "ocus

&ussia primarily focussed on transforming a predominantly agrarian society into an industrialised one @ initial focus was collectivisation of agriculture.

$ermany was already highly industrialised and urbanised by 1 11. The 5aFis priority was firstly to lower unemployment and then to underta)e the organisation of industry for the rearmament drive. +ndeed* 5aFi theory idealised rural society as the ideal societyI -contradictionJ0 Although there was widespread interference in the economy* there was considerable partnership between the 5aFis and (ig (usiness. Many large-scale firms remained independent of 5aFi control and industrialists e.g. 4rupp* became very wealthy. (itler)s Ger"any 1$**& '+

Bgypt primarily focussed on reforming agriculture and improving the >uality of life for the mass maHority of Bgyptian people. After 1 6:* further agrarian reform laws limited ownership of land in 1 ?1 and 1 ? to try and redistribute national wealth.

Attitude towards capitalism

;ommunism was inherently anti-capitalist @ upon the (olshevi) seiFure of power all large capitalist enterprises and the ban)s were nationalised. Throughout most of &ussia under ;ommunism trading and owning your own business was not allowed e.g. forced collectivisation. o""unist Russia 1$1%& '1

Although 5asser reHected capitalism as an ideology in the 1 ?: ;harter for 5ational Action* capitalism on a small scale was still tolerated e.g. the Agrarian &eform 3aws created a large middle class strata of Bgyptian peasants who all owned a small amount of land. ,asser)s -gypt 1$+.&1$%/

IB urri !ulu"

o"parison

#eature

The" e Role of edu!ation2 the arts2 the "edia and propaganda Similarities $ovt. control of media =ithin a few days of the C<ctober &evolution'* all opposition press was banned - the ;ommunist #arty controlled all forms of media. To a limited degree under 3enin -as he disagreed with this0 to an extreme degree under %talin* a personality cult was created surrounding the leader. %talin was portrayed as the Chero of the revolution'* the worthy successor to 3enin and eventually portrayed as a god li)e figure. =ithin six wee)s of Ditler becoming ;hancellor* a new Ministry for #ublic Bnlightenment and #ropaganda was set up under $oebbels that had complete control of media. <ne of the ideological pillars of the 5aFi #arty was the C"uhrerprinFip' @ similarly when the 5aFis achieved power Ditler was elevated to a person who personified the nation and propaganda was continually used e.g. posters* pictures* film to reinforce this message. ,uring the 1 62's 5asser's regime attempted to curb criticism of their regime and eventually in 1 ?2 all newspapers were nationalised. <nce 5asser had established his authority over &;; in 1 6? and especially after the %ueF ;risis* a cult developed around 5asser that saw him as leader of the Arab world.

=idespread use of propaganda esp. in creation of a personality cult

IB

o"parison

#eature

o""unist Russia 1$1%&

(itler)s Ger"any 1$**&

,asser)s -gypt 1$+.&1$%/

urri !ulu" The" e Role of edu!ation2 the arts2 "edia2 propaganda Differences &ole of education

'1

'+

3enin believed that education was the essential building bloc) in creating a socialist society. "urthermore* youth groups were established to indoctrinate the young e.g. 4omsomol.

Ditler believed that from birth* $erman children needed to be brought up as loyal 5aFis @ the Ditler Kouth movements and the education system would try to fulfil this.

There was little emphasis on indoctrination in 5asser's Bgypt @ opening access was the )ey area of emphasis.

IB urri !ulu" The" e Status of wo"en2 treat"ent of "inorities and religious groups

o"parison

#eature

o""unist Russia 1$1%& '1

(itler)s Ger"any 1$**&'+

,asser)s -gypt 1$+.& 1$%/

Similarity

Attitude towards religion @ increasing secular nature of society

According to Marx* religion was the opium of the people. 5ot surprisingly therefore* in 1 1/* the %ovna)om issued the C,ecree on the %eparation of the ;hurch and %tate'* which banned religious teaching in schools and the ;hurch from owning property. +n the aftermath of ;ivil =ar many church buildings were confiscated by 3enin and clergy shot. This persecution continued under %talin for all religions e.g. by 1 1 * /27 of pre 1 1! village churches had been closed.

According to 5aFi ideology* there was no place for religion in the CAol)sgemeinschaft' -people's community0. ,uring the consolidation of power -1 11-1.0 there was cooperation between the new regime and the ;hurch* but the 5aFis soon tried to undermine religious influence e.g. #rotestant churches were merged to form the 5aFi controlled &eich ;hurch @ within which some groups tried to spread 5aFi racial ideas and "uhrer worship. +ntervention in the ;atholic ;hurch was similar* but the 5aFis failed to brea) ;hurch influence e.g. attendance remained the same and clergy acted with much independence from the state.

Ender 5asser* Bgypt went through a continuing process of secularisation that had been ta)ing place since the beginning of the 1 th ;entury e.g. after 1 6:* the government assumed responsibility for appointing officials to mos>ues and religious schools. The Culama' -religious scholars0* were increasingly portrayed by the media as members of an old fashioned priestly caste.

IB urri !ulu" The" e Status of wo"en2 treat"ent of "inorities and religious groups

o"parison

#eature

o""unist Russia 1$1%& '1

(itler)s Ger"any 1$**& '+

,asser)s -gypt 1$+.&1$%/

Difference

Treatment of minorities

3enin believed in allowing maHor national minorities to secede -E)raine* $eorgia0 and that others would be happy to part of a multi-national federation -only 667 of pre-1 1! Tsarist Bmpire ethnic &ussians0. Ender %talin however* all national aspirations were suppressed and tight control from the centre was imposed e.g. &ussian was the official language of the E%%& while during ;ollectivisation the worst hit areas of famine were often occupied by national minorities esp. E)raine.

Membership of the CAol)sgemeinschaft' was not open to Cnon-$ermans' -9ews* gypsies* homosexuals* mentally and physically handicapped0. These groups were seen as Casocial and thus had to be excluded from society. This began gradually e.g. boycott of 9ewish shops -April 1 110* gained pace e.g. C4ristallnacht' -5ovember 1 1/0 and reached its climax during ==: e.g. Buthanasia #rogramme 1 1 -.1 and the C"inal %olution to the 9ewish #roblem' 1 .:1 .6. Ditler blamed $erman defeat in ==1 on

Bgypt was a fairly homogenous society under 5asser e.g. only approx 167 classed as minorities. Although there was minor discrimination against some religious groups e.g. the #rotestant Anglican ;hurch was suspended in 1 6/* and tried to reform Bgypt's largest minority* (eduins who lived in the Bastern and =estern ,eserts* by persuading them to settle permanently* there was no persecution of minority groups. Apart from their relative small numbers within Bgypt* the lac) of an ideological base in origin for the single-party state helps

the racial divisions with $erman society pre-1 1..

explain this situation.

IB urri !ulu" The" e Status of wo"en2 treat"ent of "inorities and religious groups

o"

#eature

o""unist Russia 1$1%& '1

(itler)s Ger"any 1$**&'+

,asser)s -gypt 1$+.&1$%/

Diffe

%tatus of Marxist theory was based women on e>uality @ that applied to relations between men and women. (y the end of the civil war* laws had been passed to ma)e divorce available to all women* abortion was permitted and e>ual rights and e>ual pay for women had to be granted* although many traditional attitudes remained and some of these changes were reversed under %talin in the early 1 12's to bring some stability bac) to family life. 5evertheless* in the "K#'s many women were able to

5aFi ideology was completely opposed to social and economic e>uality for women @ nature had allocated women a separate function* that of staying in the home and raising the family -4inder* 4uche* 4irche @ ;hildren* )itchen and church0. (etween 1 11 and 1 1?* women were increasingly excluded from various Hobs e.g. medicine* law* teaching. 3aws against abortion were enforced* contraception restricted and family allowance increased. =omen were given rewards e.g. -medalsI 8 low interest loans0 for larger families. 5aFi success was mixed e.g. there was an increase in the birth rate to 1 1 and employment rates for

5asser wanted to increase opportunities for women e.g. women could hold public office from 1 6? onwards* socialist legislation passed mandated e>ual pay while mothers were guaranteed paid maternity leave from 1 6 . +n legal terms however* women continued to be discrminated against -perhaps not to encourage further religious opposition0 e.g. laws pertaining to marriage and divorce favoured the social position of men. Muslim husbands were traditionally allowed to have up to four wives at a time in accordance

find employment in offices and factories and the effective mobilisation of women was a maHor reason for %oviet victory in ==:.

women remained steady. Eltimately* $ermany's failure to mobilise women for the war effort until 1 .1 was a maHor reason for its defeat.

with +slamic religious custom* but a woman could have only one husband at a time.

'. Regional and Glo3al I"pa!t IB urri !ulu" The" e Regional and Glo3al i"pa!t #oreign Poli!y ;ommunism was an Cinternationalist' ideology through its conception and ".#. dominated until the end of the ;ivil =ar. =ith the failure of =orld &evolution however* domestic policy too) priority with %talin's policy of C%ocialism in one ;ountry'. Although admitted into the 3. of 5. in 1 1.* the E%%& remained primarily ostrocised by the international community between the wars. The E%%& shoc)ed the world Although 5aFism was a Cnationalist' ideology by inception* the very aim of creating a $ermanic nation entailed expanding the borders of $ermany. "urthermore* coupled with anti-%emitism* ".#. was the area of government that dominated Ditler's thin)ing. Ditler's popularity during the H1 12's can be attributed to $ermany's ".#. successes and early victories in ==:. After 1 1 * the 5aFis tried to implement their racial policies <ne of the maHor driving forces behind the C"ree <fficers' movement was to remove (ritish influence from Bgyptian life. This ".#. was important to the new regime. This was achieved by 1 6? and by this time* 5asser had also shown his preference for the non-aligned movement. Dis worsening relations with the E%A and +srael* coupled with Bgypt's arms deal with the ;Fechoslova)ia -E%%&0 led to the %ueF ;risis from which 5asser emerged as a popular hero. (etween 1 6? and o""unist Russia 1$1%&'1 (itler)s Ger"any 1$**&'+ ,asser)s -gypt 1$+.&1$%/

with the signing of the 5aFi%oviet #act but %talin was aware that the Cwar of ideologies' would eventually happen. After victory in the $reat #atriotic =ar* ".#. became very dominant as the E%%& extended its control into other countries e.g. B. Burope and engaged in an ideological struggle with the E%A.

throughout con>uered territories and this resulted in the huge persecution of minorities. $ermany's defeat led to the collapse of 5aFism and the >uestion of $ermany was one of the maHor reasons for the brea)down of the $rand Alliance and the beginning of the ;old =ar.

1 !2* 5asser tried to persuade other Arab states to adopt his policies of Arab %ocialism and to try to wor) together more effectively. +n this extent* his polices met with some failure* firstly with the collapse of the EA& in 1 ?1* failure to resolve ;ivil =ar in Kemen and defeat against +srael in 1 ?!. After 1 ?!* Bgypt was dependent on the E%%& to rebuild the Bgyptian military. 5asser however* was viewed as the champion of #an-Arabism between 1 6? and 1 !2.

7lti"ately for all single&party states2 war was the vital test for their regi"es o""unist Russia su!!eeded2 ,a8i Ger"any and ,asser)s -gypt failed.