Neighbourhood Health Committee Manual

A manual for use by Neighbourhood Health Committees in Southern Province, Zambia

Updated: August 2012

Author: Aaron Harris, Peace Corps Zambia Volunteer 2011 201! Publisher: Ministr" o# Health o# Zambia

$able o# Contents
Number 1 2 ! * . 0 1 2 10 11 12 1! 1* 1. 110 11 12 20 21 22 2! 2* 2. 220 21 22 Section %ntroduction &esponsibilities o# an NHC Ministr" '# Health (ecentrali)ation NHC (e+elopment ,adder /ocial Mobili)ation Village %nspections Constitutions 3udgeting %ncome 4enerating Acti+ities Pro5ect C"cle &eporting to the &HC and the (istrict %n#ormation 4athering Non 6ormal 7ducation 3eha+iour Change Malaria H%V8A%(/ Nutrition 9ater and /anitation %ntegrated &eproducti+e Health $uberculosis :$3; Positi+e ,i+ing Child Health and Nutrition ,i#e /<ills Conducting a Health $al< Health $al< $opics Appropriate $echnolog" Pro5ects Con#identialit" Possible %nter+entions $emplates Starting Page 1 2 * 0 1 2 10 12 1! 10 11 22 2. 21 !0 !1 .0 .* .. ..0 -0 -2 00 01 00 01 02

Neighbourhood Health committee Manual Section:Introduction. anguage: !nglish. "opic: Introduction Page: 1 #elcome$ Thank you for using this manual. The ur ose of this manual is to rovide the information vital to all Neighbourhood Health Committee in Zambia, including the !ob of a CH", #ays to teach and the community, key facts about the core health thrusts, and a fe# sam le #ays to use local materials to im rove health. This is the $nglish Section of the manual. There is also a Citonga section follo#ing the com lete manual in $nglish. This is meant to aid those #ho are unable to fully utili%e this manual in $nglish. This manual is a result of collaboration #ith the &inistry of Health and Peace Cor s Zambia. 't has been authored by Aaron Harris, Peace Cor s Zambia volunteer in the Community Health 'm rovement Pro!ect (CH'P) *+,,, stationed from *+,, to *+,- in .imb#e, /alomo .istrict. "opics %o&ered &oles and &esponsibilities o# a CH9 Ministr" o# Health (ecentrali)ation and the CH9 Non 6ormal 7ducation techni=ues %n#ormation 4athering Possible Pro5ects /olar (r"ing Ad+anced pro5ects Health education Malaria H%V and A%(/ Nutrition Child Health and Nutrition 9ater and /anitation, including >ater treatment methods $uberculosis Positi+e ,i+ing 6amil" Planning and /a#e Motherhood 3eha+iour change Conducting a Health $al< Con#identialit" /amples ,i#e /<ills: 4oal setting (ecision ma<ing Peer pressure Communication /el# esteem Peer educators $"pes o# &elationships

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section:'esponsibilities o( an NH%. anguage: !nglish. "opic: 'esponsibilities and the ) *e+ ,obs Page: 2 "he ) -obs o( the Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Hold regular (#eekly) meetings These are to lan, im lement and evaluate village ins ections, interventions and health education initiatives The secretary takes meeting minutes for the records These minutes then go into the 0uarterly re ort for the .istrict Health 1ffice Conduct village ins ections At least once a year, the NHC must go to $2$34 household and collect demogra hic data and health information in $2$34 village in its health ost This information is then given to the $HT at the clinic to analyse The NHC should also use this data to determine #hat the most critical health issue is in the community Conduct community education in health issues The NHC must conduct sessions targeted at the community The sessions are on critical health issues in the community The information #ill hel individuals and families take better care of their health Conduct interventions to romote health These are small ro!ects aimed at romoting health They can include a variety of things5 6uilding cimbu%i .istributing Chlorine Submit a 0uarterly re ort to the .istrict Health 1ffice $very - months (&arch, 7une, Se tember, .ecember) the NHC must submit a re ort to the district This re ort includes &eeting minutes Activities 1utcomes 2illage ins ection information Action lans for the ne8t 0uarter And other ertinent information

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section:'esponsibilities o( an NH%. anguage: !nglish. "opic: .escriptions o( eadership 'oles Page: / Membership in the NH% $ach NHC has bet#een ,+ and ,9 members There are several leadershi ositions critical for the o eration of the NHC Chairman :eads the meetings Calls meetings 1rgani%es the activities and re orts them to the 3HC &onitors activities, makes sure they are done on time and done #ell 'nforms the community about NHC activities 's available to ans#er 0uestions regarding health and the NHC &akes sure matters are dealt #ith according to the constitution Takes note of attendance, making sure 0uorum is met &ust be at the ma!ority of NHC meetings and events 2ice Chairman Assists the Chairman in his duties 'n the absence of the Chairman, the 2ice Chairman acts as the Chairman Secretary /ee s inventory 's res onsible for meeting minutes 3ecords lans of the NHC 3ecords results of initiatives 's res onsible for all records 's res onsible for submitting and finali%ing the 0uarterly re orts that go to the district Treasurer 's res onsible for all funds held by the NHC 's res onsible for all monetary issues Pre ares 0uarterly financial re orts for the 3HC * HCC re resentatives These * re resentatives are elected to re resent the NHC in the Health Center Committee They must also attend the HCC meetings They bring back information and ro!ects to the NHC They are a link to the clinic and the entire community The leadershi is elected by the entire NHC membershi The terms and election rotocol are to be included in the NHC constitution The leadershi must take its duties very seriously. "ithout them, the NHC cannot function 't is recommended that the NHC elect committed and com etent eo le to leadershi ositions

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section:'esponsibilities o( an NH%. anguage: !nglish. "opic: 'ole in Ministr+ o( Health .ecentrali0ation Page: 1 #hat is the Ministr+ o( Health .ecentrali0ation To ermit the &inistry of Health to better address the needs of a diverse o ulation, it has shared res onsibility #ith several levels National level Provincial level .istrict level 3ural Health Center level (multi le villages) Health Post;Zone level (about ,+++ to ,9++ eo le) 2illage level Household level 'nformation goes from the bottom u < from local to national olicy 'deally, #ill allocate resources to #here they are needed most and #ill benefit the nation and the individual communities much more than a centrali%ed system Caused by the need to reduce health care costs at the national level due to the economic do#nturn of the ,=>+s Also caused by the government #anting communities and individuals to be more active in their health care "he Neighbourhood Health %ommittee in .ecentrali0ation Neighbourhood Health Committees o erate on the village and %one level They #ork #ith the 3ural health centre (3HC) to romote health There are 9 main !obs of the NHC. Hold #eekly meetings $ducate the community in health issues Conduct village ins ections Perform interventions in the community to romote health Submit 0uarterly re orts to the .istrict Health 1ffice. They hel #ith ?nder 9 Clinics They hel #ith the o eration of the 3HC They are volunteers 6ut the 3HC and community members should hel rovide lunches and #ater;cib#antu for them #hen they #ork at the clinic They should be res ected by the community, as they are trained in roviding health advice and basic treatment 1ften they have !obs that rovide income. As such, their time is limited de ending on the !obs and the seasons There is one er health ost, one for every ,+++@,9++ eo le

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section:'esponsibilities o( a %H#. anguage: !nglish. "opic: 'ole in Ministr+ o( Health .ecentrali0ation Page: )

Ministr+ o( Health .ecentrali0ation adder Ministr" o# Health

Pro+incial Health '##ice

(istrict Health Management $eam

&ural Health Centre

Health Centre Committee Neighbourhood Health Committee Villages and Households

%n#ormation and resource re=uests go up %n#ormation, polic" and resources go do>n

Neighbourhood Health committee Manual Section:NH%. anguage: !nglish. .e&elopment adder Page: 2 "he NH% .e&elopment adder $ach NHC goes through a series of stages in its develo ment into a fully functioning Neighbourhood Health Committee There are a total of > ste s5 ,) Social &obili%ation This is #here the initial idea of forming the NHC is brought to the community Peo le learn about the benefits and res onsibilities of the NHC Peo le then volunteer to artici ate in the NHC *) NHC Aormation This is the formation of the NHC Community meeting ,+@,9 eo le selected for every ,+++@*+++ eo le $lection of leadershi Selection of * members to serve on the HCC Aormation of the NHC constitution -) Strengthening Package This is the training of the NHC members Training in the B ma!or health issues in Zambia The res onsibilities of the NHC The role of the NHC in the romotion of health in the community C) Partici atory :earning and Action (P:A) This is #here the NHC assesses the health issues and needs #ithin the community 3aise a#areness of the role and benefits of the NHC &obili%e community su ort 2illage ins ection Action lanning 9) 6asic 'nterventions This is #here the NHC does basic interventions Health education 1ther small ro!ects using local resources $ncourage community to artici ate for sustainability B) 3esource &obili%ation The NHC lans large ro!ects that involve outside su ort "rite and submit ro osals, #ell monitored ro!ects, significant transfer of sustainable skills D) Centre of :earning The NHC #orks effectively #ith the 3HC and the HCC to educate and assist the community and fully utili%e all funding sources 't serves as a model for other NHCs #ho are not at this stage >) Transfer of $ffective Community Action The NHC is fully self@sustaining and is able to train others

Neighbourhood Health committee Manual Section:%ommunit+ Mobili0ation anguage: !nglish. "opic: Mobili0ation Page: 3 #hat is %ommunit+ Mobili0ation4 't is the rocess of getting the community involved 't includes 'nforming the community of the im ortance and need for NHCs as #ell as the roles of the NHC 'nvolvement of institutions such as Churches Schools :ocal leaders Community grou s 1rgani%ing the community to take action for a common cause 3es ect for the community and the communities needs Creation of coalitions and teams Coalitions are action oriented grou s of organi%ations #orking together in a coordinated action to achieve a common goal Action oriented grou s are grou s that are focussed on getting things done &obili%ers are the eo le #ho can affect change through #hat they do, #hat they decide, #hat they say or #hom they can influence The mobili%ed are the eo le being mobili%ed &ulti le meetings #ith all active stakeholders in the community, as #ell as the community itself These meetings are to make sure the members of the community understands the roles of the NHC They are also to make sure the community a reciates the need to form and su ort NHC This is erha s the most im ortant ste in the entire rocess 'f its done #ell, the community #ill su ort the NHC and elect the right eo le to be members on the NHC 'f it is done oorly, the community may elect incom etent or uninterested members of the community and #ill robably do little to su ort the NHC

"opics to .iscuss at the %ommunit+ Meetings &inistry of Health decentrali%ation 3oles and res onsibilities of the NHC "ho should be a art of the NHC $lections of NHC members The need for community su ort Ho# the community #ill benefit Ho# the community can hel the NHC

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section:5illage Inspections. anguage: !nglish. "opic: 5illage Inspections Page: 6 #hat are 5illage Inspections 2illage ins ections are yearly collections of key demogra hic and health related data to be analysed by the NHC and the 3HC This information is needed to determine the key health issues facing the community 't involves intervie#ing A:: households in the community The &inistry of Health has rovided a list of re0uired 0uestions . Currently (as of &arch *+,*) the &inistry of Health does not have a village ins ection form. 't is in the rocess of develo ing and distributing a form The 0uestions include5 The number of men and #omen, children under 9 and children over 9 Number of cases over the ast year of malaria, tuberculosis, other health roblems and the number of visits to the clinic Also includes the number of deaths over the ast year 'ncludes the number of eo le sus ected of having H'2;A'.S The ty e and distance to the nearest #ater source and #hether it is rotected "hether the household stores #ater in a safe #ay at home and #hether they treat it or not The number of usable latrines, bathing shelters, rubbish its, hand@ #ashing stations close to each latrine and dish racks, as #ell as #hether there are latrine covers "hether the house is in good re air "hether the household kee s a garden "hether there are fruit trees near by The number of eo le #ho have gone for 2oluntary Counselling and Testing for H'2 These take a lot of time and effort. As such every NHC member needs to be involved The NHC needs to determine the best time for village ins ections The rainy season is not the best time, as eo le are in the fields for long hours and thus are unlikely to be available The intervie#s should be more conversational than a list of 0uestions &ake sure the eo le kno# #hy this information is being collected Aor sensitive to ics, be indirect This #ill hel roduce more accurate information

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section:%onstitutions. anguage: !nglish. "opic: %onstitutions Page: 7 #hat are %onstitutions4 Constitutions are #ritten documents that determine ho# an organi%ation #ill o erate They are decided on by the grou and must be a roved by the entire grou 6ecause constitutions are binding, everyone must agree to it, other#ise arts of the grou may not follo# it They can be amended (changed or added onto) They include the follo#ing5 A statement of ur ose for the organi%ation A brief descri tion of the organi%ation A descri tion of ho# to elect members and leadershi A descri tion of each leadershi osition "ho #ill do #hat A descri tion of ho# the grou #ill deal #ith roblems "ill it have mediators A descri tion of membershi re0uirements Ho# many meetings do members have to attend to maintain membershi Ho# does the grou kee track of attendance and artici ation Ho# #ill the grou deal #ith inactive members or members #ho do not fulfil the membershi re0uirements A descri tion of ho# the grou #ill raise funds and kee track of them "ill there be membershi dues Ho# #ill the grou use the funds A descri tion of ho# to amend the constitution A descri tion of ho# the grou #ill attain its stated goals "hat &?ST the grou do A descri tion of regular meetings and events "hen #ill meetings take lace A descri tion of ho# the grou #ill make and im lement rules that govern itself These rules are more s ecific and #ill change over time much more than the constitution They deal #ith s ecific issues

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section:8udgeting. anguage: !nglish. "opic: 8udgeting Page: 10

#hat are 8udgets4 6udgets are tools used to lan #here money #ill go 6udgets hel to kee track of funds They hel make sure funds are #here they need to be They include a descri tion of both income (money coming in) and e8 enditures (money going out) Ho9 to 8udget .etermine ho# much money you e8 ect to earn .etermine the riority of rograms and activities .etermine the e8 ected costs of each Plan to do 1N:4 the ro!ects and activities that you can fund &ake sure you add a small bit of money for une8 ected events that need immediate attention /ee a detailed budgeting and accounting book of all transactions As money comes in, #rite it do#n in the budgeting and accounting book for the grou . Add this amount to the current balance (ho# much you either have or o#e) As money is s ent, #rite it do#n in the budgeting and accounting book. Subtract this amount from the current balance $ach transaction, #hether money coming in or going out, must have a descri tion of #here the money is going or #hat it is from &ake sure the treasurer is res onsible and accurately records all transactions Periodically, have the grou audit (revie# thoroughly) the treasurers records &ake sure the amount recorded is the actual amount in the account :imit the access to the account to only a fe# eo le 'f someone is taking money out for ersonal uses, make sure to unish that erson severely. Aor grou s that have yearly or 0uarterly dues, make sure everyone ays on time

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section:8udgeting. anguage: !nglish. "opic: Sample 8udget Page: 11

Total income: 1,000,000 Z<>

Item Mealie Meal &elish $ra+el /aladi Charcoal Chlorine Print outs SA5IN:S 6ood 6ood 9or< 6ood Coo<ing 9ater 9or< /a+ings Type

For: Ma", 2012

Amount 100,000 *00,000 100,000 100,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 200,000 1,000,000 10 *0 10 10 1 1 1 20 100 % of Total

"otal

(ate ! ! 2012

%tem Monthl" Chec< Mealie Meal &elish

(escription Monthl" %ncome 6ood

Credit :?; 1,000,000

(ebt : ;

3alance ?1,000,000

1,000,000
100,000 100,000

* ! 2012

200,000
6ood *00,000 *00,000

* ! 2012

.00,000
. ! 2012 $ra+el 9or< 100,000 100,000

*00,000
1. ! 2012 /aladi 6ood 100,000 100,000

!00,000
2. ! 2012 Print outs 9or< 10,000 10,000

220,000

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section:Income :enerating Acti&ities. anguage: !nglish. "opic: I:As Page: 12 Income :enerating Acti&ities

'ncome generating activities are activities that eo le can to do increase the &ost are very easy and doable They reduce your need for other eo les money, such as from NE1s There are - ty es of activities

amount of money you have

&oney $arned

&oney you make by selling something or doing a service 4ou can make small things #ith the resources you have 4ou can hel others in the field Eenerally this is ho# eo le usually obtain money This is the money you get by reusing things

&oney Saved

Planting cro s in a #ay that reduces your need for fertili%er This reduces #hat you need to buy or use 6ecause of this, you have to s end less ?sing less saladi ?sing less alcohol lying for grants

This is the money you get by doing things more effectively

This is the money that you get by using less

&oney Aound

This is money you get by a

This is the money you get from government funds This is money you get from organi%ations

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section:"he Pro-ect %+cle. anguage: !nglish. "opic: "he Pro-ect %+cle Page: 1/

"he Pro-ect %+cle is the 9a+ e((ecti&e pro-ects and inter&entions are conducted in the communit+. "he NH% is HI:H ; encouraged to use this method (or all pro-ects

Gather Information Village %nspection

Monitor Pro ress 9hat is >or<ing@

Determine Need Needs Assessment

Implement Projects (o >hat "ou planned

Think of Projects $hat address the %ssues determined

Plan Projects Action Planning

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section:"he Pro-ect %+cle. anguage: !nglish. "opic: "he Pro-ect %+cle Page: 11

1<Step 1: 2illage ins ections to gather information on the health status in the community. Also do an asset listing to determine #hat resources are able to be used 2<Step 2: Asses the information to determine need. /<Step /: Think of and design ossible ro!ects using the information rovided by and the analysis from revious ste s 1<Step 1: Choose a ro!ect and lan ho# you #ill im lement it through action lanning )<Step ): 'm lement the ro!ect itself 2<Step 2: &onitor and evaluate the rogress of the ro!ect "hat #orkedF "hyF "hat did not #orkF "hyF "hat hindered the ro!ectF "hat hel ed the ro!ectF "hat #as learned from the e8 erienceF "as it ade0uateF .id it make enough of a change to be #orth the effortF "as it effective .id it achieve the goals of the ro!ect "as it a ro riate .id it fit #ith the situation or roblemF "as it cost effective .id the benefits !ustify the costs "as it timely "as the timing a ro riate 's it sustainable "ill the community continue the changeF

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section:"he Pro-ect %+cle. anguage: !nglish. "opic: Monitoring and !&aluation Sample Page: 1)

Pro#lem: Malaria Goal: &educe Malaria incidents b" .0B b" 201! Action: 7ducation Indicator of $uccess: Can ade=uatel" eCplain >hat malaria is, ho> to pre+ent it and ho> it is contracted :10B on a post test or better
Task 7ducate $eachers 7ducate Clinic /ta## 7ducate Villagers 7ducate /tudents Goal 2. teachers - sta## 200 +illagers 200 students Due Date Aul" 2012 August 2012 /eptember 2012 'ctober 2012 /tatus /uccess Achie!ed 2* 1!0 *00 "omments success#ul success#ul Not success#ul Ver" success#ul

4oal 7ducate 2. teachers in malaria and malaria pre+ention 7ducate - sta## members on malaria and malaria pre+ention 7ducate 200 +illagers on malaria and malaria pre+ention 7ducate 200 students on malaria and malaria pre+ention

&eason #or success or #ailure $eachers are >ell educated and could understand the handouts gi+en to them /ta## members at the clinic are dedicated to pre+enting malaria Villagers did not understand the lectures >ellD Perhaps tr" other teaching methods@ %t >as eas" gathering students together #or meetingsD Multiple teaching methods >ere used

success

Not success#ul Ver" success#ul

Make your oals $MA%T: $peci#ic Measurable Achie+able %ealistic Timel"

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section:Samples. anguage: !nglish. "opic: Sample Action Plan Page: 12

Sample Action Plan Goal: %ncrease peoples <no>ledge o# H%V Action: /ensiti)e people on H%V Due #y: Aul" 2012 Action
$each CH9s $each 3asic /chool $eachers $each NHCs

$arget
$each 1 CH9s 21 teachers

&esponsible Person
PCV Headmaster o# the basic school NHC Chairman

$ime
1 month 1 >ee<

Materials
6lip charts, time, mar<ers 6lip charts, mar<ers, snac<s 6lip charts, mar<ers, noteboo<s, pens, #ood #or lunch 6lip charts, time, mar<ers 6lip charts, time, mar<ers 6lip charts, time, mar<ers 6lip charts, time, mar<ers 6lip charts, time, mar<ers 6lip charts, time, mar<ers

21 NHC members

* months

$each +illagers in ,imbu>a $each Villagers in /ingandu $each +illagers in /iantebe $each +illagers in Moomba $each +illagers in /il>iindi $each +illagers in /i"oo>i

!0 +illagers

Headman o# ,imbu>a Headman o# /ingandu Headman o# /iantebe Headman o# Moomba Headman o# /il>iindi Headman o# /i"oo>i

- months

!0 +illagers

1 month

!0 +illagers

1 month

!0 Villagers

1 month

!0 +illagers

1 month

!0 +illagers

1 month

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section:'eporting. anguage: !nglish. "opic: 'eporting Page: 13

#hat needs to be reported to the 'H% and the .istrict

&eeting minutes Planned activities Action lans 3esults of activities 4early budget 3esults of village ins ections Analysis of information gathered &embershi status 'nvolvement in the HCC "hese items need to be gi&en to the 'H% and .istrict Health

=((ice !5!'; >UA'"!'$ "he sooner the reports are in? the sooner the 'H% and the .istrict Health =((ice can pro&ide support

*eep a cop+ o( each report organi0ed in a binder or another I( there are no (orms to (ill out? hand dra9 (orms that ha&e

container

all o( the needed in(ormation

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section:In(ormation :athering. anguage: !nglish. "opic: In(ormation :athering "ools Page: 16

#a+s to gather in(ormation

1bserve the community 'ntervie# individuals Conduct a village ins ection An in@de th intervie# of all of the households in the village This information is then used by the 3HC, the .istrict, all the #ay u to the &inistry of Health to determine health interventions and rograms &a out the village .ra# a ma of the key features Households 3oads and aths Health osts "ater sources T6As Traditional healers &eeting laces Schools Churches &arkets Headmen CH"s Skilled #orkers :ist the assets of the village .etermine #hat resources are in the community Physical resources such as buildings Peo le resources such as skills 1rgani%ational resources, such as organi%ations already in the community Asses needs Analyse the information to determine #hat the needs are Prioriti%e needs .etermine #hich needs have the greatest im act on the community .etermine #hich needs are interrelated Analyse the causes and effects of roblems .o a roblem tree The roblem is the trunk The causes are the roots, #ith each cause of those branching out like a root system #ould The causes are the branches, #ith the effects of those branching out

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section:Samples. anguage: !nglish. "opic: Sample Asset ist Page: 17

Sample Asset ist: imbu9a 5illage

Asset
Clinic Carpenters Mechanic Charcoal ma<ers school

Eno>ledge
'n Health Carpentr" Ho> Machines >or< Ma<ing charcoal $eaching others
Health, the communit" $he communit" 6arming, >eather

/<ills
$reating patients Carpentr" 6iCing things Ma<ing charcoal $eaching students
$eaching about health leadership 6arming

Attitudes
9illing to help communit" 9or< 7thic %n=uisiti+eness

&esources
Medicine, >ards 9ood, $ools $ools Charcoal

9illingness to teach
9illingness to help the communit" 9anting to maintain order

3oo<s, pens, noteboo<s, classrooms

Medicine, health boo<s /tatus, respect Crops, seeds, land

Neighbourhood Health Committee headman 6armers

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section:Samples. anguage: !nglish. "opic: Sample Problem "ree Page: 20

Sample Problem "ree: Malaria ,o>er income People >orr"

,ess #ood 6e>er >or<ers

People not as health"

People get sic<

People die

Malaria

Mos=uitoes Nets not Fsed

/tanding 9ater

No %$Ns

Not enough distributed

Fsed as 6ish nets

$oo 7Cpensi+e

,ac< o# Eno>ledge

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section:Samples. anguage: !nglish. "opic: Sample %ommunit+ Map Page: 21

CH9

Headman

&HC $3A

/hops Church

3orehole

3orehole

/chool

3orehole

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section:Non @ormal !ducation. anguage: !nglish. "opic: earning St+les Page: 22 Ho9 do people learn4 Peo le learn in different #ays Some learn best by listening Some learn best by doing Some learn best by seeing Some learn best by e8 eriencing something Some learn best by reflecting on #hat they e8 erienced Some learn best by analysing #hat they e8 erienced Some learn best by e8 erimenting As a result? to best teach others? +ou must in&ol&e a &ariet+ o( teaching methods 9hen +ou gi&e health talAs. "hat 9a+ e&er+one has a chance to learn in the 9a+ the+ learn best "he %+cle o( earning:

7Cperience

7Cperimentation

&e#lection

Anal"sis

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section:Non @ormal !ducation. anguage: !nglish. "opic:Principles o( adult education Page: 2/

Principles o( Adult !ducation

Adults e8 ect to be treated #ith res ect and recognition Adults #ant ractical solutions to real life roblems Adults can reflect on and analyse their o#n e8 eriences Adults can be motivated by the ros ect of fulfilling ersonal needs As #ith everyone else, different adults learn in different #ays Adults need su ort from their eers ro riate #ays

Adults need to communicate their feelings in culturally a Adults are ca able of making their o#n decisions

Adults are ca able of taking charge of their o#n develo ment 6ehaviour change can be a challenge for them They need to be taught the same thing re eatedly for it to stick in memory They e8 ect and #ant the resenter to be, or at least seem, authoritative on

the sub!ect at hand

Adults should be involved in the resentation Adults have a lot of time commitments, so kee resentations and trainings

as short as ossible

&ake the resentation fun and en!oyable

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section:Non @ormal !ducation. anguage: !nglish. "opic:Non @ormal !ducation "ools Page: 21

Some eBamples o( teaching methods

2isual learners (learn by seeing) Pictures Charts Era hs .emonstrations Skits ( erformed by others) &eta hors Analogies Auditory learners (learn by listening) :ectures .iscussions 6rainstorming /inaesthetic learners (learn by doing) Hands on activities Skits .ramati%ations .emonstrations Creating charts Eames Pu%%les 6oard games .emonstration games Such as games that sho# ho# H'2 affects the body

To be most effective, use at least one method from each grou (auditory, visual, and kinaesthetic) er session. 4ou should have the message re eat in each method. That #ay, everyone #ill learn the same material in the #ay that best suits them. 4ou need to change u #hat you are doing at regular intervals to kee the audience attentive 4ou need to get the audience to artici ate often. That #ay they are actively involved, making the learning e8 erience more memorable Start #ith a #arm@u 'ntroduce the key conce ts and information $ngage the audience .o an activity that reinforces the information After the activity, discuss the activity and revie# #hat ha ened "ra u the session #ith a revie# and a fun activity

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section:8eha&iour %hange. anguage: !nglish. "opic: 8eha&iour %hange Page: 2) #hat is 8eha&iour change4 The rocess by #hich one goes from one behaviour or habit to another ?sually one goes from a habit that is not conducive to a healthy life to one that is conducive to a healthy life 't usually takes a long time. 6ehaviour change doesnGt ha en over night Aor successful behaviour change to occur, the erson must have5 $ncouragement from friends 3ecognition of the benefit of the ne# behaviour &ust find #ays to co e #ith the stresses of the change "ays to revent a rela se (returning to the old habit) Persistence "ant to change &ake the effort to change Eood reasons to change "he Stages o( 8eha&iour %hange: ,.Pre@a#areness5 not reali%ing that there is a need for change *.A#areness5 recogni%ing the need for change -.Planning the change5 determining #hat needs to change and ho# to go about the change C.6eginning to change5 starting to actively change by follo#ing through on the lan made in stage -. 9.&aintaining the change5 continuing to do the behaviour B.'nternali%ing the change5 the change has become art of everyday life "hings that can pre&ent success(ul beha&iour change: Aear Thinking that Hit doesnGt matterH Peer ressure "ork Stress Aamily and friends :ack of self #orth .ifficulty of the change :ack of resolve Arustration :ack of a su ort net#ork Criticism from the community

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section:8eha&iour %hange. anguage: !nglish. "opic: .esigning (or 8eha&iour %hange Page: 22 "he 8eha&iour %hange @rame9orA A #ay to design interventions that #ill romote behaviour change Some *e+ "erms: 8eha&iour: An action that someone does regularly A habit 1ften done #ithout thinking 8eha&iour Statement: A statement of #hat you #ant eo le to do at the end of your ro!ect 't is a s ecific behaviour you #ant to romote 't s ecifies a goal 't is measurable 't contains a date #hen you #ant to com lete your task 't e8 lains the benefit of the ne# behaviour 't details #ho you are targeting Priorit+ :roup: "ho you are targeting 't is a s ecific grou of eo le, such as children under 9 years of age 4ou should think about #hat this grou #ants Sometimes, if you are targeting eo le #ho are unable to make their o#n decisions (such as infants younger than ,* months), your riority grou #ill be the grou most res onsible for the grou you are targeting In(luence :roups: These are the grou s that have a big influence on the riority grou s behaviour and decisions These can include eers, arents, elders, teachers, co@#orkers, etc 4ou should think about #hat this grou #ants for the riority grou .eterminants: These are the key factors that greatly influence the success of the behaviour change These are general things Some e8am les Social norms Perce tion of ro!ect efficacy Access etc Actions: "hat you #ill do to encourage behaviour change The actions should address the determinants The actions should be directed to#ards the influence grou s and riority grou s

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section:8eha&iour %hange. anguage: !nglish. "opic: Sample .8% Page: 23

Desi nin for &eha!iour "han e $ample

&eha!iour $tatement: $o promote health through proper sanitation, .0B o# children in ,imbu>a +illage >ill use the pit latrine eCclusi+el" :not the bush; b" Aul" 2012 Priority Group Children in ,imbu>a +illage $he" >ant to be health" so the" can pla" Influencin Groups Parents Peers 'lder children $eachers 4rand parents 6riends Determinants /ocial norms Access Ver" #e> latrines in the entire +illage Man" arenGt e+en in good repair Actions: 4o around to each school to educate students 4o to +isit parents to educate on proper sanitation &epair old latrines 3uild ne> latrines

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section:Malaria. anguage: !nglish. "opic: Malaria Page: 26 #hat is Malaria4 &alaria is a arasite that attacks the blood 't re roduces in the blood, causing blood cells to burst This bursting of blood cells causes the sym toms 't is transferred from erson to erson through the female Ano heles S+mptoms High #e+er Chills />eats 3od" aches #atigue 4eneral malaise Nausea Vomiting Aching in the #ront o# the head (iarrhoea

Note that these symptoms may not appear all the time' (nly fe!er is a sure indication of a potential malaria infection' Pre&enting Malaria: /leep under a mos=uito net e+er" night /pra" "our house seasonall" Eeep the area surrounding "our house clear Co+er "our cimbu)i Pre+ent standing >ater /tanding >ater is the ideal place #or mos=uitoGs to breed At night >ear long slee+es (onHt lea+e #ood unco+ered

"reating Malaria: %# "ou thin< "ou ha+e malaria, go to the clinic immediatel" 4et a malaria test done Chec< the status o# the test %# the test is positi+e, ta<e an antimalarial medicine such as Coartem as directed Complete the entire course o# the medicine 4et treated #or an" other health issues

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section:Malaria. anguage: !nglish. "opic: Malaria Page: 27

"he Malaria i(e %+cle: A erson #ith malaria is bitten by a female ano heles mos0uito The mos0uito then carries malaria 't can transmit malaria, but it is unaffected by it The malaria arasite enters the liver #here it matures "hen it matures, it e8its the liver and enters the blood The malaria arasite then invades blood cells 'n the blood cell, the arasite re roduces The blood cell bursts, releasing the ne# arasites These then enter the liver to mature The rocess continues until the malaria is treated or causes death A mos0uito then bites the infected erson, starting the cycle over again

;ou are most liAel+ to get bitten b+ an anopheles mosCuito at night (rom about 22 hours to 2 hours. Malaria is most pre&alent during the rain+ season? since the rain produces an ideal en&ironment (or mosCuitoes to multipl+ Antimalarial medicine destro+s the malaria parasite in the li&er An added measure o( protection is to taAe proph+laBis (or malaria. "his pre&ents the parasite (rom eBiting the li&er and entering the blood. Note that I did not put this method under the Dpre&enting malariaE section? as this is not an ineBpensi&e nor an a&ailable method (or people in Fambia. !&en in America? proph+laBis is eBpensi&e.

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section:HI5. anguage: !nglish. "opic: HI5 Page: /0 #hat is HI54 %t stands #or )uman Immunodeficiency *irus %t is a +irus that onl" a##ects humans %t attac<s the bod"Gs immune s"stem $his ma<es it easier #or other diseases, called opportunistic infections+ to in+ade the bod" and cause sic<ness '+er time, the immune s"stem becomes so >ea< that e+en a simple disease such as a cold >ill se+erel" a##ect the bod" %t is the opportunistic in#ections that <ill, N'$ H%V @luids that "ransmit HI5 6lood Semen 6reast milk 2aginal fluids

Ports o( !ntr+ Gho9 HI5 can enter the bod+< &ucus membranes and soft tissues Ti of the enis 2agina Anus Nose &outh eyes Cuts and #ounds Tattooing Piercing Shaving Cuts from knives, etc. Sores This is #hy ST's greatly increase the transmission of H'2. &any ST's cause sores. %ommon 9a+s o( getting HI5: Sharing needles (for tattooing, drugs, etc.) 6reastfeeding At birth from the mother $8change of blood (e.g. a doctor treating a atient #ith H'2 #ho has a cut) ?n rotected Se8 Anal 1ral vaginal

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section:HI5. anguage: !nglish. "opic: HI5 Page: /1

)I* Pro ression

1200

C( * Count H%V H%V Antibodies

1000

100

-00

*00

200

0 9indo> Period 3e#ore in#ection - months Hone"moon Period :latenc"; 2 2*? "ears A%(/ 7nd

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section:HI5. anguage: !nglish. "opic: HI5 Page: /2 "he Stages o( HI5 "indo# Period :asts u to - months after e8 osure The body has not had time to make antibodies yet 6ecause of this, the standard H'2 test #ill sho# a false negative (it #ill say that you are negative #hen you actually have H'2) H'2 is multi lying ra idly in your body 4our C.C cells are 0uickly dying At this stage, you are e8tremely infectious Honeymoon Period (Asym tomatic Period) 4ou begin to roduce antibodies H'2 is controlled by the immune system 4ou are not very infectious This can last from B months to over ,+ years The stronger your immune system, the longer it #ill last 'f you engage in healthy behaviour, such as sanitation and a ro er diet, you can e8tend this eriod 4ou do not have any ma!or sym toms An H'2 test #ill be ositive 1ver time, though, H'2 degrades the immune system A'.S 1nce your C.C Count dro s belo# -9+, you have A'.S 4ou e8 erience o ortunistic infections 4our immune system is com romised To e8tend your life and hel you live better, you #ill need to take Antiretroviral medication (A32s) They hel su ress H'2 to allo# your immune system to recover They can have serious sym toms, but over time they revent the side effects of H'2 1nce you start, you take them for the rest of your life 4ou need to take your medication at the same time every day as er the doctors instructions. 'f you donGt, it #ill not #ork and #ill make H'2 resistant to the medicine 't is critical that you engage in habits that strengthen the immune system 1ver time, if you are on A32s, you may reduce H'2 to the oint #here you donGt have any sym toms and your C.C count returns to normal This is the stage #here you are most likely to succumb to an o ortunistic infection 4ou are very infectious at this stage

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section:HI5. anguage: !nglish. "opic: HI5 Page: // "he immune S+stem

The immune system rotects the body by targeting the bacteria, viruses and arasites that cause sickness There are several s ecific cells that o erate in the immune system5

C.C cells5 these are the coordinators of the other cells. They identify the disease, call T> cells that roduce antibodies. These are also your "hite blood cells T> cells5 these are the factories that roduce antibodies. These have to be called by C.C cells and told #hat antibodies to roduce. Cytoto8ic cells5 these are the first to res ond to the disease. They kill everything in and around the oint of infection. As a result, they destroy arts of the body as #ell as the disease. They hel revent the s read of the disease #hile antibodies are roduced Antibodies5 these are cells that are made s ecifically to counteract a articular disease. They only attack that disease and they stay in the body for a long time.

2accines trick the body into creating antibodies, hel ing to revent that disease Ne# born children do not have any antibodies. As a result they are articularly vulnerable. This is #hy a mother must breastfeed soon after birth so that she can give her child some of her antibodies. This initial defence allo#s the childHs immune system to gro# stronger.

"hen your C.C count dro s belo# *++ cells er millilitre of blood, you have develo ed A'.S 'f the immune system is not able to find things to defend the body against for a #hile, it may start to attack the body or to treat more common things like ground nuts like a disease.

This only occurs if the individual sterili%es everything ossible. This is not a roblem in Zambia, but in develo ed nations such as America, this is becoming a concern

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section:HI5. anguage: !nglish. "opic: HI5 Page: /1 HI5 in the 8od+: '.H'2 enters the body ''.H'2 enters C.C cells '''.C.C cells are forced to make ne# H'2 '2.After a time, the ne# H'2 burst out, killing the C.C cell 2.Then the H'2 enter ne# C.C cells 2'.1ver time, H'2 s reads faster than the C.C cells can roduce antibodies. This is because the fe#er C.C cells, the fe#er antibodies and thus more H'2 is roduced. A'5s "hen you develo A'.S, you need Antiretroviral medication to hel your body su ress H'2 and to strengthen the immune system. A32s su ress the roduction of H'2 in a variety of #ays They &?ST be taken at the SA&$ T'&$ $2$34.A4 for the rest of your life 'f you donGt take them regularly, H'2 may become resistant. There are - tiers of A32 Thera y. Tier , is the most mild, and tier - is the harshest on your body They have otent side effects, #hich is #hy doctors #ill not rescribe them to one #ho has a C.C count above C++ or for one #ho has no sym toms. Note that A32s .1 N1T C?3$ H'2I Pre&enting HI5 The A6Cs Abstain from se8 6e faithful to your artner ?se a Condom correctly every time you have se8 'f you #ant children, then you donGt need a condom Also: .onGt share needles /no# your H'2 status /no# your artners H'2 status .onGt engage in risky behaviour &en and 6oys5 get circumcised This can reduce the risk of infection by u to 9+J H'2 ositive &others #ho are breastfeeding5 breastfeed e8clusively for the first B months then give only other foods. &i8ing breastfeeding and other foods can create tiny tears in the oeso hagus (throat) and thus greatly increases the risk of mother to child transmission H'2 ositive &others delivering a baby5 deliver your child in a clinic and have it delivered 1N:4 by trained staff They are most e0ui ed to revent com lications that can transfer H'2 into the child during birth

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section:HI5. anguage: !nglish. "opic: HI5 Page: /) #h+ are 9omen and girls more at risA4 Social reasons "omen and girls have less access to information and education "omen and girls have less o#er in their relationshi s To say no to se8 To insist on the use of a condom Poverty, many feel that they need to e8change se8 for money or things such as food Cultural reasons .ry se8 ractices This creates friction #hich causes tears in the vaginal #all, thus increasing the risk Se8ual cleansing This can s read H'2 if the one doing the KcleansingL is H'2 ositive 4oung girls marry too young and thus have their first se8ual encounter too early The AA:S$ idea that one can be cured of H'2 by having se8 #ith a virgin. This has caused many #omen to be ra ed by an H'2 ositive male 6iological reasons The vagina has much, much more mucus membrane, greatly increasing the o ortunity for the virus to enter the body Aemales receive more fluids during se8 't is harder to see sores from ST's in the vagina, thus making it more difficult to recogni%e #hen the #oman is more vulnerable to infection 5oluntar+ %ounselling and "esting G5%"< 2CT is voluntary 6efore you are tested for H'2, you are given information on H'2 and the test itself 4ou are given advice as to co ing #ith a ositive result Then you take the test. 't is often done in as little as ,9 minutes 'f you are negative, you are done 'f it is ositive, another test is taken to check the result 'f that is ositive, you have H'2 'f that is negative, a third Htie breakerH test is done 'f that is ositive, you have H'2, if not you are H'2 negative After the test, if you are ositive, they #ill counsel you on #hat to do from here They #ill also rovide assistance in co ing #ith the result They #ill instruct you on ho# to live ositively

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section:HI5. anguage: !nglish. "opic: S"Is Page: /2 #hat are S"Is Se8ually Transmitted 'nfections Transmitted through se8ual intercourse and other forms of se8ual acts Can be caused by bacteria, fungus, viruses and the like Can greatly increase your risk of getting H'2 'f the ST' causes sores, the risk of getting H'2 greatly increases Some are mild and mostly frustrating, others can be deadly Some can be cured, others can only be treated %ommon S"Is Cancroids (6ola 6ola) Sym toms develo C@D days after infection Causes small boils #ith a lot of uss 6oils are very ainful No cure Eonorrhoea Sym toms develo *@D days after infection in males and -+ days in females Sym toms in men 4ello#ish discharge from enis Pain #hen urinating S#elling of the scrotum Sym toms in #omen5 4ello#ish discharge from the vagina Pain #hen urinating Pain during intercourse Pain in the abdomen Can lead to Pelvic 'nflammatory .isease, #hich causes sterility Can be treated and cured Sy hilis An ulcer #ill a ear at the site of infection. This #ill heal #ithin a fe# #eeks. 't is clean and #ithout uss After =@,, #eeks a rash on the body and gro#ths on dam areas of the body (such as the groin or arm its) After years if untreated #ill affect the brain, heart and kidneys. Can lead to insanity and death Causes ma!or birth defects in children of infected mothers Can be treated and cured

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section:HI5. anguage: !nglish. "opic: S"Is Page: /3 %ommon S"Is %ontinued

Her es 2ery contagious Sym toms a ear *@*+ days after infection Sym toms occur in outbreaks of u to * #eeks each The first outbreak is the most severe Skin on the infected area #ill become red and sensitive Then blisters and bum s #ill a ear 6listers may burst o en 'nfection is usually ainful, and may burn, itch or tingle 1ther sym toms that may or may not a ear S#ollen lym h glands Headache &uscle ache Aever .ischarge from the vagina or enis 6urning during urination 6urning feeling in the genitals :o#er back ain ? to B+J of eo le #ith her es have no sym toms and are thus una#are that they are unaffected, but they can still infect others No cure

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section:Nutrition. anguage: !nglish. "opic: Nutrition Page: /6 #hat maAes a meal nutritious4 't includes Protein to build and rebuild the body 't includes carbohydrates, for short term and long term energy 't includes fats, for long term energy and to rovide a #ay to use certain nutrients 't includes nutrients, such as vitamin A and iron, to romote ro er gro#th and to hel the body fight disease 't includes fibre, to aid in digestion 't includes #ater, #hich is vital to all bodily functions 1ur bodies are D9J #ater 't cleans the body of to8ins 't hel s the body to function

!Bamples o( (ood 9ith 5ital nutrients

Protein
6ish meat 3eans so"a

6at
ground nuts so"a saladi mil< mabisi eggs li+er seeds #ish 3eans

Carboh"drates Nutrients
nsima so"a mil< mabisi grains mai)e #lo>er s>eets biscuits #ruits sugar #ruits +egetables so"a ground nuts eggs li+er mil< mabisi #ish meat 6orti#ied #oods

6ibre
#ruits +egetables so"a mai)e 9hole grains &oller meal

9ater
$reated >ater #ruits +egetables mil< 5uices tea

ground nuts mil< mabisi eggs

%emem#er:
4': the #oods that gi+e "ou energ" 4&'9: the #oods that help "ou gro> and rebuild "our bod" 4,'9: the #oods that help <eep "our bod" >or<ing >ell and pre+ent disease

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section:Nutrition. anguage: !nglish. "opic: 5itamin A Page: /7 5itamin A

All children need 2itamin A for ro er gro#th and good health Hel s fight disease Can be found in5

6reast milk 1range and yello# fruits S#eet otatoes Ereen vegetables $ggs :iver Aish &ilk

1ver cooking destroys 2itamin A 1ur bodies donGt roduce 2itamin A< #e need to get it through our food &others need to receive a vitamin A su lement #ithin , month of giving

birth

Children B months to B years should get vitamin A su Children need e8tra vitamin A if they have5

lements t#ice a year

.iarrhoea &easles $ye diseases or infections &alnutrition

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section:Nutrition. anguage: !nglish. "opic: 5itamin 8 Page: 10 5itamin 8

$veryone needs 2itamin 6 for ro er gro#th and good health Hel s fight disease Needed for good skin, hair and muscle Needed for metabolism (turning food into energy) Hel s #ith brain develo ment and maintenance

Too little for too long can result in brain roblems

Hel s revent Pancreatic Cancer Can be found in5

:iver &eats, es ecially5

Turkey Tuna

"hole grains 6eans 6ananas :entils

1ver cooking destroys 2itamin 6

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section:Nutrition. anguage: !nglish. "opic: 5itamin % Page: 11 5itamin % $veryone needs 2itamin C for ro er gro#th and good health Hel s fight disease 't is an antio8idant (hel s revent the body from breaking do#n) Needed for many vital bodily functions 't is crucial to many chemical reactions in the body Needed for metabolism (turning food into energy) Hel s #ith brain develo ment and maintenance Too little for too long can result in brain roblems Hel s revent lung diseases Prevents scurvy Can be found in5 :iver &eats, es ecially5 Turkey Tuna &any vegetables &any fruits 't is found in high 0uantities in5 Euavas Chilli e ers ( iri iri) 1ranges :emons &angos :imes 1ver cooking destroys 2itamin C

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section:Nutrition. anguage: !nglish. "opic: 5itamin . Page: 12 5itamin . $veryone needs 2itamin . for ro er gro#th and good health Hel s maintain bones 't is vital in young children because it is vital for good bone gro#th The body is able to roduce 2itamin . 't is roduced in the skin "hen you are out in the sun, the body uses the suns energy and light to make 2itamin . 'f you are outside for several hours a day, your body makes enough 'n laces #here the sun is very strong, including Africa, 'ndia, arts of Asia and South America, the body roduces more than enough. Peo le #ith darker skin need more sunlight to roduce the same amount of 2itamin .. This is because darker skin rotects the body from ?2 radiation from the sun. 1ver time, eo le living in areas of stronger sun develo ed darker skin, since their bodies could roduce enough 2itamin . and because they needed more rotection from the ?2 radiation. Peo le living in areas of #eaker sun (such as Northern $uro e and 3ussia) over time develo ed lighter skin, since they needed less rotection from ?2 radiation, but also needed more sunlight to roduce enough 2itamin . 4oung children and older #omen need more 2itamin . 2itamin . is needed for good heart health A lack of it can lead to breathing roblems such as asthma A lack can lead to &ulti le Sclerosis 't hel s the immune system 't is needed for good hair health 't is needed to romote good brain health Can be found in5 :iver Aish Some ty es of lants 1ver cooking destroys 2itamin .

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section:Nutrition. anguage: !nglish. "opic: 5itamin ! Page: 1/ 5itamin !

$veryone needs 2itamin $ for ro er gro#th and good health Hel s fight disease Needed for good skin, hair and muscle Needed for the body to re air itself Needed in many vital chemical rocesses in the body Hel s #ith brain develo ment and maintenance

Too little for too long can result in brain roblems

Can be found in5

:iver Aish Pa aya &ango Tomatoes Nuts Sunflo#er oil Palm oil Avocados Pum kin

1ver cooking destroys 2itamin $

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section:Nutrition. anguage: !nglish. "opic: Iodine Page: 11 Iodine

$veryone needs 'odine for ro er gro#th and good health 't is vital in ro er gro#th of children Needed for good brain develo ment Needed to revent fatigue Too little of it causes develo mental retardation Too little of it can result in de ression Too little of it can lead to cancer Too little of it can lead to obesity (dangerously high body #eight and fat)

1besity can cause heart disease, lung disease and other diseases 1besity increases mortality 1besity reduces #hat the body can do (ie it cant farm, lift much, move much, #alk long distances, etc)

Too much of it is also dangerous

Too much of it can damage the thyroid, #hich is vital for metabolism and gro#th and develo ment.

This is #hy it is not good to use iodine tablets to treat #ater for longer than * #eeks every B months

Aor most eo le in Zambia, this is not a roblem

Can be found in iodi%ed salt (all salt manufactured in Zambia for the general ublic, ie not coarse salt)

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section:Nutrition. anguage: !nglish. "opic: Iron Page: 1) Iron

$veryone needs 'ron for ro er gro#th and good health 't is vital in ro er gro#th of children Needed for healthy blood Too little of it results in anaemia (lo# blood) 't is vital in many chemical reactions in the body Too much of it is also dangerous

'ron is a heavy metal 6ecause of this, it stays in the body for long eriods of time Too much of it can damage organs in the body Ho#ever, it is very difficult for a ty ical Zambian to consume too much iron. 'ron deficiency is a much greater concern in Zambia.

Can be found in

.ark green vegetables &eat Aish 2ery good sources include

S inach 3a e :iver 6eef

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section:Nutrition. anguage: !nglish. "opic: %alcium Page: 12 %alcium

$veryone needs Calcium for ro er gro#th and good health 't is vital in ro er gro#th of children Needed for bone formation and re air Needed to build arts of the body, such as cartilage and tendons Needed for healthy finger and toe nails Too little of it can result in bone deformations Too little of it can lead to brittle bones Children and older #omen need more calcium

ChildrenHs bones are gro#ing very 0uickly 1lder #omen need more to maintain the bones they have

'f they do not, they #ill have brittle bones and #ill shrink over time

Can be found in

.ark green vegetables 3a e S inach .airy roducts

&ilk &abisi Cheese 4oghurt

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section:Nutrition. anguage: !nglish. "opic: Phosphorus Page: 13 Phosphorus

$veryone needs Phos horus for ro er gro#th and good health 't is vital in ro er gro#th of children Needed for good gro#th of all body arts

6ones Teeth Skin &uscle $verythingI

Needed to revent fatigue Too little of it causes develo mental retardation 't is vital in metabolism (turning food into energy) Can be found in many things

&eats Aish Nuts Aruits and vegetables &ilk "hole grains

Eenerally, if you are getting enough rotein and calcium in your daily diet, 't is very difficult to consume too much

you are getting enough hos horus

't is needed in most rocesses in the body $8cess is gotten rid of through the urine

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section:Nutrition. anguage: !nglish. "opic: So+a Page: 16 So+a

Soya is a very rotein rich and healthy food 't has a very good ratio of rotein to fat to carbohydrates 't is high in all vital nutrients, including fibre and vitamins 't is chea and easy to gro#, es ecially in Zambia 't can be turned into a large variety of foods As a bean, gro#ing it hel s im rove the soil Pre aring soya5

Se arate the soya from dirt, etc 6?T .1 N1T "ASH 4$T 6oil #ater and ut the soya into it (C cu s #ater to , cu soya) 6oil for -+ minutes 3emove beans from the #ater .um the #ater "ash the soya in cold #ater No# you can mash the soya, ound to o#der, and do many other things 4ou can add it to mealie meal #hen making nshima

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section:Nutrition. anguage: !nglish. "opic: @ood Securit+ Page: 17 #hat is (ood securit+ Having enough food to last the entire year and be healthy (not malnourished) Providing a regular su ly of nutritious food for your family Having food even #hen there is a drought or frost or other things that cause cro loss

Ho9 it 9orAs .uring times of lenty, reserve and store e8tra food for the hungry season Ainding #ays to use seasonal resources to get nutritious food Ero#ing a garden 3otating cro s to romote fertile soil Creating irrigation systems to #ater cro s during dry seasons Ero#ing cro s that are best suited to the #eather and environment Planning ahead to the rest of the year Not eating or drinking all of the food at harvest time Not drinking your income after you sell your cro s

#a+s to preser&e (ood Canning food .rying food 1n the roof 'n a solar dryer 1ver a fire Putting foods like meats in a brine (salt #ater solution) to reserve it Store food in a cool dry lace that cant be broken into by rodents or other animals

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section:#ater and Sanitation. anguage: !nglish. "opic: .iarrhoea Page: )0 .iarrhoea 9hen a person passes a +er" >ater" stool %# there is blood, this ma" be d"senter" and the person must go to the clinic immediatel" ,eads to deh"dration and a loss o# salts and other +ital nutrients Can cause massi+e >eight loss %# untreated, can cause death %auses /ome diseases Contaminated >ater Contaminated #ood Fndercoo<ed #ood /poilt #ood 7Ctreme stress A drastic change in diet

Pre&ention 9ash "our hands be#ore eating 9ash "our hands a#ter using the cimbu)i 9ash "our hands be#ore and a#ter coo<ing or preparing #ood $reat >ater that "ou drin< Coo< #ood thoroughl" 4et rid o# spoilt #ood 6ind >a"s to reduce stress i# needed $reat the diseases causing diarrhoea Pre+ent diseases that cause diarrhoea (rin< plent" o# >ater that has been treated

"reatment Consume 1ral 3ehydration Salts (13S), available at the clinic 'f it ersists for more than a day, go to the clinic immediately 3est .rink lenty of #ater $at normally MaAe +our o9n ='S 1D3oil or treat >ater 2D9hen the >ater is cooled, miC together >ell:: 1D 1 litter o# the treated and cooled >ater >ith 2D I spoon o# salt >ith !D - spoons o# sugar !DHa+e the person >ith diarrhoea drin< as much as the" can slo>l" 1D $his ma<es it easier to absorb *D(ispose o# an" le#t o+er '&/ at the end o# the da"

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section:#ater and Sanitation. anguage: !nglish. "opic: 8asic Sanitation Page: )1 #h+ proper sanitation is important: 't revents diseases Cholera .ysentery .iarrhoea Aood oisoning $ye infections $.coli 2arious bacterial and fungal diseases Some arasites 6ilhar%ia 't revents the s read of disease to others #hat is needed (or proper sanitation in the &illage: Cimbu%i in good re air at least 9+ meters from the house Hand #ashing station ne8t to the cimbu%i 6athing shelter .ish rack Protected #ater sources (sources that are rotected from contamination) Trash it (at least * meters dee , 9+ meters from the closest #ater source) #hat +ou need to do (or proper sanitation in the &illage ?se the cimbu%i only to ass a stool or to ass #ater Cover the cimbu%i Put ashes in the cimbu%i eriodically This hel s sterili%e the cimbu%i and greatly reduces the smell "ash your hands before and after cooking #ith soa .ry your dishes on a dish rack Treat your #ater before you drink it "ash your hands before and after you eat #ith soa "ash your hands before and after using the cimbu%i #ith soa Cook your food thoroughly "he =ral @aecal c+cle

Fin ers Faeces Fluids flies Fields Food Ne, )ost -you.

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section:#ater and Sanitation. anguage: !nglish. "opic: .iseases related to #ater Page: )2

%elationship &et,een /ater Pro#lems and Disease 9hat

9ater 3orne ,ac< o# >ater 9ater based 9ater related &elation to 9ater Carried b" >ater Not ha+ing enough >ater #or proper h"giene Part o# the li#e c"cle o# a parasite is in >ater %nsects that carr" disease breed in >ater $ources of "ontamination:
6aeces, #ertili)ers or agricultural chemicals entering the >ater source Fsing dirt" containers to store >ater 3athing, urinating, de#ecating in >ater sources Fsing dirt" or communal cups to drin< >ater /toring >ater #or a long time Protection of ,ater sources: pre!entin contamination #y minimi0in human and animal contact ,ith sources of drinkin ,ater /ells: 1. meters #rom latrines (eep enough to not dr" up &aised concrete slab and plat#orm 3uc<et and co+er Clear surroundings %i!ers and streams: Collect >ater #rom upstream, >ash and bathe do>nstream, and animals drin< at #arthest part o# the ri+er Ne+er urinate or de#ecate in or near the ri+er 1atrines 1. meters #rom >ater sources, . - meters deep, >ell +entilated ,ine >ell >ith bric< and cement 6loor is a raised concrete slab &oo# and >alls made o# durable materials Has a co+er #or the hole Ash put in periodicall" %u##ish Pits 20 meters #rom the house -0 meters #rom >ater sources 1 or more meters deep

7Camples (iarrhoea, d"senter", cholera, giardia 7"e in#ection, rashes, scabies 3ilhar)ia, schistosomiasis Malaria, "ello> #e+er

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section:#ater and Sanitation. anguage: !nglish. "opic: #ater "reatment Page: )/ "he importance o( #ater "reatment 't kills disease causing bacteria and arasites 't makes the #ater taste better The #ater is clearer Cooking #ith treated #ater is less damaging to your ots and ans Aood cooked #ith treated #ater tastes better 't revents diarrhoea and many other diseases #ater treatment methods 6oiling #ater No chemicals need to be added Sterili%es the #ater if boiled for - minutes or more 3e0uires time to cool 3e0uires fuel for the fire "ater should be filtered through a citenge if there is a lot of dirt in the #ater first Putting chlorine in the #ater A little goes a long #ay No need to cool the #ater Need to kee the chlorine in a cool, dark lace Need to shake #ell Need to #ait -+ minutes before use 'f you use too much the #ater #ill not taste good "ater should be filtered through a citenge first if there is a lot of dirt in the #ater Purifying the #ater #ith the sun "orks best in the dry seasons Aill clear lastic bottles #ith #ater Put the bottles in the sun for ,* hours (full sun) or * days ( artly cloudy) Time consuming "ater needs to cool before use Putting in iodine tablets Can only be used for * #eeks every B months to avoid thyroid damage &akes the #ater murky Has a metallic after taste Hard to find iodine tablets 3e0uire -+ minutes before use

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section:@amil+ Planning. anguage: !nglish. "opic: @amil+ Planning Page: )1 #hat is @amil+ Planning4 Planning #hen you have children (if any) Planning ho# many children to have (if any) Planning #hen to start having children (if any) #h+ is this important4 't hel s the mother heal bet#een births 't em o#ers the mother to decide #hen she has children 't hel s the child live a healthier life 't allo#s the father to #orry less about roviding for his family %hild spacing S acing the time bet#een consecutive births A family should #ait at least - years after the birth of their latest child before conceiving another This allo#s the mothers body to com letely heal 't makes it easier for the family to rovide for the child during the crucial first * years 't gives the mother and father time and energy to ade0uately raise the child #omen should not concei&e a child 8!@='! age 16 nor A@"!' age /) 6efore age ,>, a #omanHs body is not fully develo ed. As a result, the stress of regnancy and birth can do serious damage to her body, and conse0uently harm to the child as #ell After age -9, a #omanHs body becomes more vulnerable to the stress of child birth. 'f a #oman starts having children at age ,> and s aces her children - years a art, by age -9 she can have as many as D children @amil+ PlanningHcontracepti&e methods 3hythm;natural method5 timing #hen to have se8 based on a #omanHs menstruation cycle so as to revent conce tion Abstinence5 not engaging in se8ual intercourse. ,++J effective Condom use5 using a condom correctly #hen you donGt #ant to conceive a child. ==J effective 1ral contrace tive5 a ill taken every day that alters a #omanHs hormonal balance, reventing menstruation and thus eliminating the ossibility of conceiving a child 'n!ection5 a medicine in!ected under the skin that acts like the oral contrace tive, but each in!ection lasts about B months :actation method5 #hen a #oman is breastfeeding a child, she is much less able to conceive 2oluntary sterili%ation5 an o eration that renders the individual sterile. &en have a 2asectomy and #omen have a Tubular :igation

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section:tuberculosis G"8<. anguage: !nglish. "opic: "8 Page: )) #hat is "uberculosis4 A bacterial airborne disease that affects the lungs 't is highly contagious Peo le #ith H'2 are more susce tible to contracting it S+mptoms Night s#eats Significant #eight loss Cough lasting over * #eeks Sometimes blood may be coughed u :oss of a etite Aatigue "eakness Aever Chest ains

"reatment Pills that must be taken for B@,* months Treatment must be com leted to #ork Aollo# the directions given to you by the doctor rescribing the treatment 'f one erson in a household is diagnosed #ith tuberculosis, everyone must be treated for tuberculosis To revent infecting others, the erson undergoing treatment should be 0uarantined from others during the course of the treatment

Pre&ention &ake sure your home is #ell ventilated 'dentify atients as early as ossible Treat atients as early as ossible Muarantine those #ith tuberculosis from others to revent infecting others Treat atients com letely and ro erly Train tuberculosis su orters Train tuberculosis atient caretakers

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section:Positi&e i&ing. anguage: !nglish. "opic: Positi&e i&ing Page: )2 #hat is Positi&e i&ing4 .evelo ing and maintaining habits that romote a healthy life Positive living hel s eo le living #ith H'2;A'.S to live longer and live better by increasing the bodyHs immune system as much as ossible naturally Positive living incor orates #ays to revent H'2 It includes: A Positi&e Attitude$ Eood nutrition Eetting enough energy Eetting enough rotein Eetting enough vitamins and minerals Peo le #ith H'2 need more energy and nutrients to stay healthy 3egular e8ercise $8ercise that is challenging but not stressful on the body Try for -+ to B+ minutes C@B times a #eek 'ncludes #alking, biking, s#imming, etc. Pro er sanitation Su ort net#ork of family and friends A grou of eo le #ho are there to su ort and encourage you A grou that makes sure you adhere to ositive behaviours, such as taking your A32s on time Peo le #ho can advocate for you to reduce stigma Habits that revent and reduce the risk of H'2;A'.S 'f the erson must take Antiretroviral Thera y (A32s) they must take their medication on time every day consistently 'f you have H'2, going to get your C.C count (the number of C.C cells er millilitre of blood, usually from >++ to ,+++) measured eriodically This number #ill determine #hen (if) you need to go on A32s and #hat stage of the disease you are in Eoing to the clinic on a regular basis for a check u Eoing to the clinic to treat any disease that you feel you have Treating all diseases Preventing diseases from rogressing to a stage that can be difficult to treat Acce ting your status Ainding #ays to co e #ith stress, an8iety and de ression Eoing for 2oluntary Counselling and Testing to determine your status Having your artner(s) go for testing as #ell 'nforming your artners of your status /no#ing your artners status 'f you are une8 ectedly e8 osed to H'2 (through ra e, etc.), going to get Post $8 osure Pro hyla8is #ithin D* hours to revent H'2

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section:%hild Health and Nutrition. anguage: !nglish. "opic: %hild Health and Nutrition Page: )3 %auses o( Malnutrition in %hildren .isease Not enough 2itamin A Not enough 'ron Not enough 'odine Not enough rotein Not enough energy

#a+s to pre&ent malnutrition Arom birth to B months, breastfeed only. Aeed the child #henever he;she is hungry (during the first B months, this #ill be about ,+ times a day) After B months, breastfeed and give other soft foods 9 or more times a day u to * years After * years, feed only regular food, still 9 times a day 'f the mother is H'2 ositive, donGt mi8 breastfeeding and other foods as this increases the chance of infecting the child The breast milk that the mother roduces right after birth, called Colostrum, is vital in boosting the childHs immune system immediately. .1NT E$T 3'. 1A 'TI 't is rich in antibodies that revent disease and also rich in the nutrients that the child needs right after birth Eet all immuni%ations and su lements s ecified in your childHs Child Health Card #hen s ecified "eigh your child regularly at the ?nder 9 clinics to make sure they are not under#eight Malnutrition .iseases &arasmus5caused by a lack of all nutrients (not enough energy, rotein, vitamins etc.) Hold ersonH face 2ery lo# birth #eight 2ery under#eight $8treme #aisting 'rritable Aretfulness Hunger Pot belly /#ashiorkor5 Not enough rotein S#ollen legs, arms and belly Hmoon faceH Thin hair &isery A athy Peeling skin :o# #eight

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section:%hild Health and Nutrition. anguage: !nglish. "opic: %hild Health and Nutrition Page: )6 Malnutrition %ontinued 2itamin A .eficiency5 not enough vitamin A Causes night blindness Stunted gro#th "eak immune system Anaemia5 not enough 'ron Hlo# bloodH "eak Tired Pale gums "hite fingernails Sometimes light headedness =ther ma-or childhood diseases .iarrhoea .ehydration is a ma!or concern "eight loss 'f it ersists for over *C hours, go to the clinic 'f breastfeeding, encourage the child to breastfeed more often .uring the first B months, the child should not be given #ater to revent dehydration. 6reast milk is all they need Aeed them as usual, but also encourage them to eat more Caused by5 Tainted #ater ?ndercooked food Not breastfeeding e8clusively the first B months Aood contamination :ack of ade0uate sanitation Acute res iratory infections Aast breathing .ifficulty breathing Chest goes in #hen the child breathes ?nable to drink Caused by5 Poor ventilation $8 osure to dust $8 osure to cold &alnutrition Not being breastfed enough TA/$ 41?3 CH':. T1 TH$ C:'N'C '&&$.'AT$:4

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section:%hild Health and Nutrition. anguage: !nglish. "opic: Promoting %hild Health Page: )7

/ays to Promote Good "hild )ealth

&reastfeedin 6reast milk is the best food for a baby Nothing else is needed to feed children u to B months of age The first milk, called colostrum, is 2'TA: for the health of a ne# born infant. Advantages Aree and al#ays available Clean and safe Contains antibodies #hich hel s rotect against disease 6rings mother and child closer together Successful breastfeeding 6egin immediately after birth "ean babies slo#ly from breastfeeding Need to kee their breasts and hands clean #ith soa Aeed fre0uently es ecially #hen the child is hungry Continue until the second year or later 2nder 3 "linics -2"I. All children should go to Fnder . Clinics e+er" month #or immuni)ation and #or gro>th monitoring %mmuni)ations: All children need +accinations against: Polio, Measles, (iphtheria, tetanus, $uberculosis :$3;, 9hooping Cough %t is sa#e to immuni)e a sic< child %mmuni)ations should be completed >ithin the #irst "ear Children >ho has not recei+ed all +accinations are more li<el" to become sic<, malnourished, disabled, and ma" e+en die 6or the #irst . "ears o# birth, children need to be >eighed e+er" month $his allo>s the clinic sta## to 5udge i# "our child is gro>ing >ell or not 9hether a child is under>eight or not is the most important indicator o# the health o# the child %# a child does not gain >eight #or 2 months, the parents need to be instructed ho> to e##ecti+el" #eed the child %# a child has >orms, "ou need to gi+e the proper medicine to the child

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section: i(e SAills. anguage: !nglish. "opic:Peer !ducators Page: 20 Peer !ducators are role models (or good and bene(icial beha&iour selected b+ teachers (or their leadership potential. "he+ help to train and in(luence positi&el+ their peers in schools and in the communit+. #h+ use peer educators4 A erson is more likely to ado t a behaviour if they see their eers doing it A erson is more likely to listen to #hat a eer has to say They can hel solve roblems in grou s 't builds self esteem in the eer educators 't teaches them valuable skill 't eases the burden on the teachers to instruct students >ualities o( good peer educators 'nfluential Eood listeners .e endable .iverse Concerned about others Have self confidence "ell liked Sometimes those #ho have learned from making risky decisions themselves Potential problems: $8tra time commitment .ifficulty maintaining motivation Potential for !ealousy amongst eers Can themselves become engaged in risky behaviour Not necessarily the most informed They leave the rogram "ips (or selecting peer educators 'nvolve community leaders Survey the community Ask students #ho they go to #ith roblems Ask for eers to nominate or choose eer educators &i8 u the grou Select from a variety of interests and backgrounds Select both boys and girls Select from different grade levels

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section: i(e SAills. anguage: !nglish. "opic:Peer Pressure Page: 21 #hat is peer pressure "hen a grou of your eers encourage you to do or to not do something Can be done in many #ays $ncouragement Threats 1stracising those #ho donGt com ly Po ularity %an peer pressure be good4 ;!S 't is beneficial #hen it encourages one to ado t beneficial habits Eoing to school 3es ecting others Hel ing others "orking hard etc. 'f it is done in a res ectful #ay 'f it does not threaten or harm others %an peer pressure be bad4 ;!S "hen it encourages one to ado t risky or harmful habits .oing drugs Having un rotected se8 Ski ing school .rinking 6ully others "hen it threatens or is harmful to others "hen it is done in a disres ectful #ay #a+s people pressure others Put you do#n Argue Threaten 3easoning Changing the to ic Saying that there is no roblem $ncouragement Po ularity

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section: i(e SAills. anguage: !nglish. "opic:Peer Pressure Page: 22

#hen do +ou listen to peer pressure4 4ou must make your o#n decisions :isten to the eo le #ho are trust#orthy and res ected Ask someone you trust and #hose o inion you value for advice .o things that are good .o things that are good for you .onHt do things !ust because someone said to .ealing 9ith peer pressure Avoid those ressuring you Talk to someone for advice Eet hel from others Ask the erson ( eo le) to sto 6e assertive 6e u front #ith your concerns 6e res ectful, but direct $8 ress your feelings $8 ress #hy you feel that #ay #a+s to stop being pressured 3efuse .elay 6argain Stay on the to ic if someone tries to change it Ask for #hat the other erson feels about your res onse 6e res ectful

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section: i(e SAills. anguage: !nglish. "opic:%ommunication Page: 2/

#a+s people communicate 2erbally 6ody language .emonstrations Ask 0uestions Ans#er 0uestions :istening to others Eive and receive feedback Passi&e %ommunication Eiving in A ologi%e often Putting others first at the e8 ense of yourself Avoiding roblems Not e8 ressing your feelings Taking it out on the #rong erson Talking behind someoneHs back Sulking in silence Trying to forget the roblem Not #anting to hurt others Aggressi&e communication Aorceful Nagging Shouting 'nterru ting $8 loding in anger Persistent 3evengeful 'ssue #arnings Putting yourself ahead of others 3eaching your goals at the e8 ense of others 1ver o#ering others 6eing belligerent Threatening others

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section: i(e SAills. anguage: !nglish. "opic:%ommunication Page: 21 A better 9a+ o( communication is being Asserti&e $8 ressing yourself in a res ectful #ay 'nforming other of your needs and #ants in a res ectful #ay Standing u for yourself Not utting others do#n Confident but not ushy Staying balanced $8 ressing ositive and negative feelings Pro er self #orth :istening and talking Staying calm 6eing rational Not being confrontational, but also not allo#ing others to take advantage of you Ho9 to be asserti&e:

7Cplain "our #eelings $he person tries to distract "ou Ma<e "our re=uest 4et bac< on topic Ma<e "our re=uest As< them about their opinions and #eelings $he" accept $han< them &e#use $he" re#use

(ela"

3argain

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section: i(e SAills. anguage: !nglish. "opic:.ecision MaAing Page: 2)

#hat are good decisions .ecisions that #ill benefit you .ecisions that hel you to achieve your goals .ecisions that you #ill feel good about later .ecisions that hel solve roblems .ecisions that others #ill res ect .ecisions that make your friends and family roud .ecisions that are moral .ecisions that are !ust .ecisions that adhere to the la#s and customs of #here you live .ecisions that #ill remain good in the long term MaAing good decisions Take a break from the situation .efine the roblem Think about the roblem Seek advice from others :isten and think about the advice given Consider ersonal and family values Consider all the ossible solutions Think about the otential outcomes for each otential solution Consider ho# the decision #ill im act others Choose the best alternative

Act on the decision Take the conse0uences of the decision you made Acce t res onsibility for your actions and decisions :earn from the conse0uences of the decision

MaAe the decision

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section: i(e SAills. anguage: !nglish. "opic::oal Setting Page: 22

MaAing good goals &ake your goals s ecific &ake your goals doable &ake your goals timely &ake your goals measurable .etermine #hat you #ant to achieve in the future Think about ho# to accom lish that Plan ho# you #ill accom lish your goal Act on the lan .etermine ho# successful you #ere .etermine #hat #orked 3evise your goals and actions To make big goals, break them into smaller goals5

P r o g r e s s

!N.

1e end:
/maller goals:

S"A'"
"ime

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section: i(e SAills. anguage: !nglish. "opic:Sel( !steem Page: 23

#hat is sel( esteem4 "hen you kno# #hat you can and cant do "hen you feel like you can accom lish your goals A sense of ur ose A sense of belonging A sense of self #orth "he importance o( sel( esteem 't is vital to ones mental health 't is vital to ones emotional #ell being 't is a key motivator to try things 't is a key motivator to ersist through difficulty 'f you believe that you can do something, you are more likely to accom lish it 8uilding sel( esteem 6eing recogni%ed for your successes Accom lishing things Self kno#ledge Eetting encouragement from others Acce ting failure, but not letting it control you %+cles o( esteem building

8uilding up 7steem

8reaAing .o9n ,o> esteem

&ecognition

Positi+e (isappointment attitude

Negati+e attitude

7ncouragement /uccess

(iscouragement 6ailure

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section: i(e SAills. anguage: !nglish. "opic:'elationships Page: 26 "+pes o( 'elationships Aaithful &onogamy5 1ne artner for your entire life This is the safest relationshi in terms of ST's and H'2 Serial &onogamy5 1ne artner at a time, but multi le relationshi s across ones lifetime. This can s read H'2, but not as rolifically as in &ulti le Concurrent Partnershi s or as se8 #orkers relationshi s &ulti le Concurrent Partners (&CP)5 &ulti le artners at the same time, #hether or not one is married. Can 0uickly s read H'2 Polygamy5 Having multi le #ives Polyandry5 Having multi le husbands Erou se85 Se8ual encounters #ith many eo le of a mi8 of male and female Polyamory5 :oving multi le eo le at one time Se8 "orkers5 Those #ho serve as rostitutes, escorts or as actors;actresses in ornogra hy Percieved as the most risky, but because it is ercieved as risky, condom use is common Homose8ual relationshi s5 6oth artners are of the same se8 Heterose8ual 3elationshi s5 Partners of both se8es (one male and one female) NonseBual 'elationships: Parent@Child5 The relationshi bet#een ones arents and onself &utual love, arents nurture children, children es ect and honor arents Sibling5 The relationshi bet#een brothers and sisters Can be antagonistic, but often very close Ariendshi 5 The relationshi bet#een friends &utual res ect and love amoung e0uals Erand arent@Erandchild5 The relationshi bet#een ones grand arents and oneself Collegues;Co#orkers5 The relationshi bet#een those #ho #ork #ith you &utual res ect bet#een e0uals 6oss@Subordinate5 The relationshi bet#een ones boss and oneself Heirarchical relationshi Chief@Sub!ect5 The relationshi bet#een a chief and a sub!ect Heirarchical relationshi

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section:%onducting a health talA. anguage: !nglish. "opic:%onducting a Health "alA Page: 27 %onducting a health talA 4ou need to lan a health talk by ans#ering the follo#ing 0uestions "ho #ill you be s eaking to. .ifferent audiences need different ty es of health talks. Aor instance, you #ould not give the same health talk to a Erade = class as you #ould to a grou of mothers #ith children under 9 years of age "here #ill you conduct it "hen #ill you conduct it Ho# #ill you conduct it. "ill it !ust be a lecture or #ill you involve some other teaching methods. Also ho# #ill you resent the information. &ake sure you kno# #hat information you #ill resent "hy are you conducting the talkF "hat are you ho ing to achieve by teaching it. 4ou need to have a s ecific goal or set of ob!ectives Aor #hat reason are you conducting the health talkF "hat is the roblem you seek to solve in the community by conducting the health talk "hat #ill you be teachingF 4ou need to have a s ecific to ic in mind "hen conducting a health talking, you need to kee the talk to the length of time of your audiences attention s an. This is often around , hour to =+ minutes. 6egin #ith a #arm u and an introduction of the to ic and the ob!ectives Set ground rules. Aor instance, if one #ants to talk they need to raise their hands and be called u on first. 'f you are giving a talk that lasts * or more hours, you need to have a break every B+ to =+ minutes. 'deally this #ould be ,+@*+ minutes and #ould include some drink like tea and a small snack like biscuits. At the end, #ra u #ith a revie# of #hat #as taught 'f able, rovide handouts, note ads and ens to make it easier for artici ants to take and kee notes 'f you are making fli charts, make them ahead of time so that you are not al#ays #riting. &ake it clear that you e8 ect eo le to arrive on time. This #ay you donGt have to #aist your time and your audiences time #aiting for others Aor gender s ecific to ics, it is often a good idea to se arate the audience into men and #omen Periodically 0ui% your audience to make sure they remember and kno# the information you have been teaching them.

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section:%onducting a health talA. anguage: !nglish. "opic:Health "alA "opics Page: 30 Health "alA "opics

"hat is it Preventing it :iving #ith it &alaria "hat is it Preventing it Nutrition Aood grou s Nutrients Eood meals Child Health Nutrition Antenatal Pro er gro#th 2accinations "hat are they Aor children Aor everyone Aamily lanning "hat is it &ethods 6enefits "ater and sanitation 'm ortance of sanitation "ater treatment "ater borne diseases Ho# to live in a sanitary #ay :atrines .ish racks Trash its Hand #ashing Tuberculosis "hat it is Ho# to revent it Treating it Positive living :ife skills Eoals Healthy behaviour Peer ressure communication

H'2

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section:Appropriate "echnolog+. anguage: !nglish. "opic: Introduction Page: 31

/hat is Appropriate Technolo y4

Appropriate technolog" re#ers to eas" to build and use technologies to ma<e $hese technologies are made #rom readil" a+ailable materials in the +illage $he" are o#ten lo> cost or e+en #ree $he" ma<e li#e much better $here are se+eral pro5ects >hich can be used in the +illage that >ill impro+e Chlorine generator /olar dr"ing /olar >ater puri#ication $ipp" tap /oap creation

li#e in the +illage better and easier

health:

%# "ou use a little bit o# imagination and ingenuit", "ou can design "our o>n

appropriate technologies

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section:Appropriate "echnolog+. anguage: !nglish. "opic: "ipp+I"aps Page: 32 3ranch Cap

&ope ., /aladi Container Hole /tic<

/tep on the stic< that is connected to the rope $he container >ill tip $his causes >ater to come out o# the hole As the >ater drips do>n, "ou can >ash "our hands $his allo>s "ou to >ash "our hands >ithout touching an"thing $his ma<es it much cleaner, and thus pre+ents disease MAE7 /F&7 J'F F/7 /'AP A/ 97,,K

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section:Appropriate "echnolog+. anguage: !nglish. "opic: "ipp+I"aps Page: 3/

MaAing the "ipp+ "ap Mar< the location #or the hole on the container, around 12 cm belo> the cap Hold the nail >ith pliers, and heat it >ith a lighter8open #lame 9ith the hot nail, ma<e the hole in the container, and a second hole in the cap Put the rope, >hich is attached to the stic<, through the hole in the capD Ma<e a <not in the rope >hich cannot pass through the hole /cre> the cap bac< on the containerD $he stic< is no> connected to the container >ith the ropeD Fsing a scre>dri+er, ma<e a hole through the soap b" slo>l" rotating and pushing the scre>dri+er through the soap Put the second piece o# rope through the hole in the soap, and tie a piece o# >ood to itD 6ill the container >ith >ater, up to the le+el o# the holeD Fsing a sho+el8hoe8spear, put the poles in the ground to a depth o# .0cmD $he distance should be about 00 cmD Put the stic< through the handle o# the container, and put the stic< bet>een the polesD Ad5ust the length o# the rope such that the end o# the stic< is about 1.cm abo+e the ground $ie the rope >ith the soap to the stic<D 3et>een the t>o poles, belo> the container, dig a hole o# *0 C *0 cm, and 10 cm deepD 6ill the hole >ith gra+elD $he >ater soa<s a>a" in the hole, and pre+ents a mud hole #rom #ormingD $he gra+el also <eeps mos=uitoes #rom breedingD Push the stic< do>n >ith "our #ootD $his tips the container, >hich ma<es >ater run out o# the holeD 9et "our hands and release the stic<D Appl" soap to "our handsD Push the stic< do>n again and clean "our handsD

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section:Appropriate "echnolog+. anguage: !nglish. "opic: Solar #ater Puri(ication Page: 31

2sin the sun you can treat your ,ater

FV &adiation sterili)es the >ater $he >ater must be le#t out #or 12 hours in the sun on a clear da" 'n a cloud" da", it must be le#t out #or 2 or more da"s consecuti+el" $o set it up

$a<e empt" clear bottles and >ash them $a<e the label o## the bottle 6ill the bottles >ith >ater Put the bottles in direct sunlight A#ter 12 hours :sunn" da";, it is done 'n cloud" da"s, "ou need to lea+e it in the sun #or 2 or more da"s consecuti+el" ,et the >ater cool $rans#er the >ater to a clean and secure container #or storage

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section:Alternati&e "echnolog+. anguage: !nglish. "opic: Solar .r+ing Page: 3)

#hat is Solar .r+ing4 A #ay to reserve food by drying it in the sun This is good for fruits, vegetables, and even meats This is a #ay to store food from times of lenty, such as mango season, for use later #hen the food is scarce

Ho9 it 9orAs Slice the food into thin slices Put the slices ne8t to each other 6?T N1T T1?CH'NE $ACH1TH$3 on a flat surface that is elevated and in the sun :eave the food out in the sun till the food is com letely dry 1n cloudy days, you may have to take the food back inside for the night and return it in the morning Preferably, the surface is dark $levate the surface and make sure it is clean to revent food contamination 'f ossible, build a solar dryer A shelter that rotects the food from contamination #hile allo#ing the sun to dry the food Eenerally a solar dryer contains5 A #ooden base that elevates it 6lack lastic on the back and sides of it .oors and clear lastic on the front Clear lastic on the to A fine netting or #ire mesh on the bottom They are easy to make They are the most sanitary #ay to dry foods They can easily be customi%ed to suit your need 't can have multi le levels 't can be of any length, de th and height They are not e8 ensive if local materials are used

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section:Alternati&e "echnolog+. anguage: !nglish. "opic: %hlorine :enerator Page: 32 Procedure Put a teaspoon o# salt in 2.0ml >ater in a 5ar, stir until salt dissol+esD %ntroduce the t>o batter" electrode rods into the solution, the electrode rods are the core o# the so#t cell Ltiger brandM batteries >idel" a+ailable across ZambiaD Clean them >ell be#ore useD Connect the rods to . +olt current :+ia the cables and batteries or cell phone charger plugged into the >all; 9ait #or ten to #i#teen minutes Pour the resulting solution into 20 , o# >ater, stir and >ait #or !0 minutes be#ore drin<ingD $he desired concentration o# chlorine a#ter a container o# >ater has been treated is bet>een 0D2 and ! parts per millionD $he recommended amount o# chlorine solution #or >ater treatment is based on a >ide range o# >ater =ualities, 5ust as doses are determined #or commercial ChlorinD $hese =uantities are not set in stone ho>e+er, and i# a particular >ater source seems especiall" contaminated, consider ac=uiring chlorine testing strips and8or per#orming additional testsD

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section:%on(identialit+. anguage: !nglish. "opic: %on(identialit+ Page: 33

#hat is con(identialit+
Not letting others kno# about something "hen asking about a ersonal health issue, you may not let anyone else kno# This makes your atients more #illing to tell you ersonal 0uestions regarding health 1ften you #ill need these rivate details to effectively treat them All health care rofessionals are re0uired to adhere to this .ocumentation of a ersons health history is only to be used for diagnosing a roblem, obtaining demogra hic data, it is N$2$3 to leave the clinic #ithout the atients e8 licit consent "hen conducting e8ams, the results of those e8ams are never to be disclosed to anyone other than that atients health care roviders .isclosure of test results must be a roved by the atient

#hat is the purpose o( con(identialit+ Confidentiality revents eo le #ho do not need to kno# ersonal information from obtaining ersonal information 't hel s to reassure atients that any 0uestions you need to ask are for medical use only 't hel s encourage eo le to go to the clinic 't encourages eo le to go for H'2 and ST' testing, since they understand that the result #ill not be kno#n by friends and family 'n some countries, confidentiality is a legal mandate 'f you break it, you #ill suffer criminal charges and ossibly even a !ail sentence. 't builds trust bet#een a health care rovider and a atient

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section:Possible Inter&entions. anguage: !nglish. "opic: Possible Inter&entions Page: 36

ist o( 8asic and Ad&anced Inter&entions Pro-ects Community gardens 6uilding latrines 6uilding fuel efficient stoves "ater source im rovements 'mmuni%ation cam aigns 2itamin A cam aigns Aund@raisers for ro!ects needing funds 'ncome generating activities Selling soa in the community Community #orksho s Training teachers .evelo ing a health curriculum for schools Starting literacy classes by teaching health to ics ?sing available resources, design and make technology that hel s the community Health !ducation Health talks Health fairs 3ole lays .ramas Pu et sho#s Eames that teach about health Story telling 2illage theatre Poster cam aigns .oor@to@door cam aigns .emonstrations Co@facilitating teaching in schools

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section:"emplates. anguage: !nglish. "opic:"emplates Page: 37

Using the "emplates $he #ollo>ing pages include templates #or se+eral +ital #orms /impl" photo cop" the page:s; as needed (o not be limited b" these templates %# needed, ma<e a ne> #orm or use another #orm

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section:"emplates. anguage: !nglish. "opic: 8udget "emplate Page: 60

Total income:
Item Type

For:
Amount % of Total

SA5IN:S

/a+ings

"otal

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section:"emplates. anguage: !nglish. "opic: 5illage Inspection "emplate Page: 61

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section:8udgeting. anguage: !nglish. "opic: Account 8ooA "emplate Page: 62

(ate

%tem

(escription

(ebt

Credit

3alance

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section:"emplates. anguage: !nglish. "opic: Monitoring and !&aluation "emplate Page: 6/

Pro#lem: Goal: Action: Indicator of $uccess:

Task Goal Due Date Achie!ed "omments

4oal

/tatus

&eason #or success or #ailure

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section:"emplates. anguage: !nglish. "opic: Sample Action Plan Page: 61

Action Plan "emplate Goal: Action: Due Date: Action $arget &esponsible Person $ime Materials

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section:"emplates. anguage: !nglish. "opic: Asset ist "emplate Page: 6)

Asset ist "emplate Asset Eno>ledge /<ills Attitudes &esources

Neighbourhood Health %ommittee Manual Section:"emplates. anguage: !nglish. "opic: .8% "emplate Page: 62

Desi nin for &eha!iour "han e Template

&eha!iour $tatement:

Priority Group

Influencin Groups

Determinants

Actions: