Tunnel usage Transportation, Services, storage & plant Cross Section Type Circular, - mechanical excavation via boring

oring machine Egg Shaped, - Sewer & Load carried above Horse Shoe & Vertical Malls with arch roof, - arching and traffic Rectangular cut & fill for Highway tunnel

Soft ground tunneling Short stand up time, less costly Soft soil, water content and water movement o Granular soil Slip at friction angle, support needed, seepage control to prevent movement o Silt Small PI, discharge water or absorb water, * compressed air may needed o Clay Instability problem, low permeability o Soil within water table- inflow problem, pressure on lining, need compressed air or grouting Excavation Method o Manual Excavation Sequence of excavation - English method (top to down), Austrian Method (down to top, then top to down) o Shield Tunneling, cylindrical steel to accommodate the crew and equipment (using jack pushing system) Close face shield soft clays and silt Open Face shield short or small tunnel with hard and non-collapsing soil. Semi mechanized Shield similar with OFS but with back hoe or boom cutter. Problematic with soft, loose and running ground Compressed air shield o Compressed Air Tunneling below water table, to overcome infiltration, for fine silt of soft clay. Pressures vary from 200kPa to 300 kPa. Reducing the collapse of the soil. o Tunneling boring machine cut tunnel by driven forward, stabilize the excavated area, transport the muck away Mechanized TBM Slurry Face TBM bentonite slurry to balance ground water and soil pressure, Silt and sand with fine gravels, sandy soils (best) Earth Pressure Balance TBM Use local soil slurry to balance ground water and soil pressure Clay and clayey and silty sand soils below water table, sandy soils (best) o Cut and Cover Bottom up Temp wall > tunnel floor > tunnel wall & roof > Back filling Top Down Temp/ structural wall > tunnel roof & slab > Backfill > Excavate> braicing > Floor Slab o Pipe Jacking two pits at both end, trust wall to provide jacking reaction and jack the pipe segment into the wall. Shallow tunneling.

Rock Tunneling longer stand up time, strength > 100 MPa Hydraulic Impact Hammer weak / soft, fissured, jointed and well layered rock mass o Excavated from bottom to side then top. o Muck handling by the excavator o Scaling and handling the scaled muck o Support the tunner Roadheader cut up to 60-100 MPa but best for < 30 MPa o Left right cutting, circular cutting, center > left > right cutting o Water spray to suppress dust and heat o Support installation Drill and Blast o face drilling > withdrawal of drilling equipment > charging explosive in the holes > blasting tunnel face > fume clearance and ventilation > muck handling & removal of loose rock > immediate support > transportation of loose rock > Permanent Support (if needed) Advancing rail, ventilation and utilities > Repeat again o Parallel cut or v cut o Sequential Blasting Tunnel Boring Machine o Boring system, gripped system, muck removal system Advance tunneling o Full face not suitable for unstable rock Tunnel with section < 100m2 Hard rock, no discontinuity or joint rock Feasible without temporary support and permanent support can be installed o Heading Bottom Heading bottom portion work first then top portion Top heading quality is not satisfactory, then tunnel at top and bottom then top. Centre heading t- tunnel centre portion then side portion Pilot/drift heading (Top, bottom and centre) tunnel face subdivided into several stage. Pilot tunnel from end to another end, then enlargement begin. For 50m2 cross section. Advance information on the type of the rock Slow rate of driving. New Austrian Tunneling Method o Using surrounding rock mass to stabilize and support, optimal section can be obtain o Heading or drift excavation with no shield or tbm o Blasting or roadheader o Ground support shortcrete and rock bolt o monitoring

Tunnel Support Lining Immediate support, Deferred support, Support back up equipment Longitudinal support Protect Water inflows Type Bolted cast iron lining high compressive strength, standing up to rough handling in difficult conditions but costly

Precast segmental lining Steel Rib Lining Cast in-situ Concrete lining o Invert concrete and arch concrete o 1 layer reinforcement crack control, 2 layer reinforcement crack , shear and flexural resistance Shortcrete/sprayed concrete o Temporary 30-50mm final 100-250mm thk o Wet mix o Dry mix Rock Bolts o Mechanical Anchored (Plain bar), one end anchored another end nut o Grouted Bars, Friction Dowels (Deformed bar) grouted into the rock o