Cirdsdscuit Analysis DC Circuits

Circuit analysis: DC Circuits (3 cr)
Fall 2009 / Class AS09 Vesa Linja-aho

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Circuit analysis: DC Circuits (3 cr) Vesa Linja-aho ( etro!olia) "cto#er $% 20&0 & / &2/
'a#le o0 Contents
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Vesa Linja-aho ( etro!olia) DC Circuits (3 cr) &2/
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A#out the Course
Lecturer:
+Sc+ Vesa Linja-aho on &&:00-&3:00 an( 'hu &3:00-&4:30% roo- 5&&3
Lectures on
'o !ass the course: 6o-e assi.n-ents an( nal e7a-+ 'he e7a- is on on(ay &2th "cto#er 2009 at &&:00-&3:00+ All chan.es to the sche(ule are announce( in the 'uu#i-!ortal+
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Circuit analysis: DC Circuits
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'he Course Sche(ule

11 'he #asic =uantities an( units+ Volta.e source an(
resistance+ >irchho ?s la)s an( "h-?s la)+ @o(e+ Aroun(+
12Con(uctance+ 8lectric !o)er+ Series an( !arallel circuits+ 13Current source+ A!!lyin. the >irchho ?s la)s to sol,e the
circuit+ @o(e-,olta.e analysis+ 87ercises on no(e-,olta.e analysis+ Source trans0or-ation+ 'he,enin e=ui,alent an( @orton e=ui,alent+ Su!er!osition !rinci!le+ Volta.e (i,i(er an( current (i,i(er+ 9n(uctance an( ca!acitance in DC circuits+
3 /
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10 Controlle( sources+ 11 Beca!+ 12 Beca!+

Vesa Linja-aho ( etro!olia) Circuit analysis: DC Circuits (3 cr) "cto#er $% 20&0 4 / &2/
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Dhat is @ot Co,ere( on 'his Course
'he #asic !hysical characteristics o0 electricity is not co,ere( on this course+ Euestions li1e FDhat is electricityGF are co,ere( on the course
Botational -otion an( electro-a.netis-+
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Stu(yin. in "ur School

Hou ha,e an o!!ortunity to learn on the lectures+ 9 can not 0orce you to learn+ Hou ha,e -ore res!onsi#ility on your learnin. than you ha( in ,ocational school or senior hi.h school+ & cr 24%2 hours o0 )or1+ 3 cr < $0 hours o0 )or1+ Hou )ill s!en( 39 hours on the lectures+ Dhich -eans that you shoul( use a#out 30 hours o0 your o)n ti-e 0or stu(yin.C 90 9 !rocee( too 0ast or too slo)% !lease interject -e (or tell -e #y e-ail)+ Do not hesitate to as1+ As1 also the Fstu!i( =uestionsF+
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Dhat 9s 8asy an( Dhat 9s 6ar(G
Di erent thin.s are har( 0or (i erent !eo!le+ *ut -y o)n e7!erience sho)s that DC analysis is easy% #ecause the -ath in,ol,e( is ,ery #asic+ DC analysis is har(% #ecause the circuits are not as intuiti,e as% 0or e7a-!le% -echanical syste-s are+ Stu(yin. your -ath courses )ell is i-!ortant 0or the u!co-in. courses on circuit analysis+ For e7a-!le% in AC circuits analysis you ha,e to use co-!le7 arith-etics+
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8lectric Current
8lectric current is a o) o0 electric char.e+ 'he unit 0or electric current is the a-!ere (A)+ 'he a##re,iation 0or the =uantity is 9 + "ne -ay co-!are the electric current )ith )ater o)in. in a !i!e (so calle( hy(raulic analo.y)+ 'he current al)ays circulates in a loo!: current (oes not co-!ress nor ,anish+ 'he current in a )ire is (enote( li1e this:
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Volta.e
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Circuit analysis: DC Circuits cr)
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"h-?s la)
Besistance is a -easure o0 the (e.ree to )hich an o#ject o!!oses an electric current throu.h it+ 'he lar.er the current% the lar.er the ,olta.e K an( ,ice ,ersa+ 'he a##re,iation o0 the =uantity is B an( the unit is ( ) (oh-)+
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A si-!le DC circuit
A li.ht #ul# is )ire( to a #attery+ 'he resistance o0 the la-ent is &0 + ; 9 <G &2 V L
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A si-!le DC circuit
A li.ht #ul# is )ire( to a #attery+ 'he resistance o0 the la-ent is &0 + ; 9 <G &2 V &0
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A si-!le DC circuit
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Con(uctance
Besistance is a -easure o0 the (e.ree to )hich an o#ject o!!oses an electric current throu.h it+ 'he in,erse o0 resistance is con(uctance+ 'he sy-#ol 0or con(uctance is A an( the unit is Sie-ens (S)+ Con(uctance -easures ho) easily electricity o)s alon. certain ele-ent+ For e7a-!le% i0 resistance B < &0 then con(uctance A < 0:& S+ A<B
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8lectric 5o)er
9n !hysics% !o)er is the rate at )hich )or1 is !er0or-e(+
'he sy-#ol 0or !o)er is 5 an( the unit is the Datt (D)+
'he DC !o)er consu-e( #y an electric ele-ent is 5 < I9 -
9 90 the 0or-ula out!uts a !ositi,e !o)er% the ele-ent is consu-in. !o)er 0rothe circuit+ 90 the 0or-ula
the ele-ent is (eli,erin. !o)er to the circuit+
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Besistors in series an( in !arallel
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Volta.e Sources in Series
'he ,olta.es can #e su--e( li1e resistances% #ut #e care0ul )ith correct si.ns+ Volta.e sources in !arallel are ina(-issi#le in circuit theory+ 'here can not #e t)o (i erent ,olta.es #et)een t)o no(es at the sa-e ti-e+
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'er-inal an( Aate
A !oint )hich !ro,i(es a !oint o0 connection to e7ternal circuits is calle( a ter-inal (or !ole)+ ')o ter-inals 0or- a .ate+ An easy e7a-!le: a car #attery )ith internal resistance+ ; BS
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@o(e
A no(e -eans an area in the circuit )here there are no !otential (i erences% or alternati,ely a !lace )here t)o or -ore circuit ele-ents -eet+
A F0or (u--iesF K)ay to n( no(es in the circuit: !ut your !en on a )ire in the circuit+ Start colorin. the )ire% an( #ac1trac1 )hen your !en -eets a circuit ele-ent+ 'he area you colore( is one no(e+
6o) -any no(es are there in the circuit #elo)G

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B3
B
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Aroun(
"ne o0 the no(es in the circuit can #e a!!ointe( the .roun( no(e+ *y selectin. one o0 the no(es to #e the .roun( no(e% the circuit (ia.ra- usually a!!ear cleaner+ 'he car #attery is connecte( to the chassis o0 the car+ 'here0ore it is con,enient to han(le the chassis as the .roun( no(e+ Dhen )e say Fthe ,olta.e o0 this no(e is &2 ,oltsF it -eans that the ,olta.e #et)een that no(e an( the .roun( no(e is &2 ,olts+
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B&
B3
B/
B2
B3
B4
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Aroun(
'he .roun( no(e can #e connecte( to the chassis o0 the (e,ice or it can #e lea,e not connecte( to the chassis+ 'here0ore% the e7istence o0 the .roun( no(e (oes not -ean that the (e,ice is F.roun(e(F+ 'he circuit on the !re,ious sli(e can #e !resente( also li1e this:
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B&
2
B3
B
3
B/
B
4
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Solution continues
B3 is in series )ith the !arallel circuit calculate( on the !re,ious 2 / sli(e+ 'he resistance 0or this circuit is B3 ; 3 < 3 + An( the serial connection is in !arallel )ith B2+ 'he resistance 0or the + & </ !arallel circuit is
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Lastly% B& is in series )ith the resistance co-!ute( in the !re,ious / $
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2 2
'he current 9 is co-!ute( 0ro- "h-?s la) 9 <
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A /:/ A+
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'he Current Source
'he current source is a circuit ele-ent )hich (eli,ers a certain current throu.ht it% just li1e the ,olta.e source 1ee!s a certain ,olta.e #et)een its no(es+ 'he current can #e constant or it can ,ary #y so-e rule+
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'he Current Source
90 there is a current source in a )ire% you 1no) the current o0 that )ire+
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A!!lyin. >irchho ?s La)s Syste-atically to the Circuit

Dhen sol,in. a circuit% it is hi.hly reco--en(e( to use a syste-atic -ehto( to n( the ,olta.es an(/or currents+ "ther)ise it is easy to en( u! )ith )ritin. a #unch o0 e=uations )hich can not #e sol,e(+ "ne syste-atic -etho( is calle( the no(al analysis: & @a-e each current in the circuit+
12Select one no(e as the .roun( no(e+ Assi.n a ,aria#le 0or

each ,olta.e #et)een each no(e an( .roun( no(e+ no(e (e7ce!t the .roun( no(e)+
13Drite an e=uation #ase( on >irchho ?s current la) 0or each 14State the ,olta.e o0 each resistor #y usin. the no(e ,olta.e ,aria#les in
ste! 2+ Dra) the ,olta.e arro)s at the sa-e (irection you use( 0or the current arro)s (this -a1es it easier to a,oi( si.n -ista1es)+
15State e,ery current #y usin. the ,olta.es an( su#stitute theinto the current e=uations in ste! 2+
Sol,e the set o0 e=uations to n( the ,olta.e(s) as1e(+ 90 (esire(% sol,e the currents #y usin. the ,olta.es you sol,e(+
Circuit analysis: DC Circuits (3 cr) "cto#er $% 20&0 3& / &2/
3+ lecture
8 7 a B& ; ! B2 l ; e 8&B3 82
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3+ lecture
Another 87a-!le
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Circuit anal
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3+ lecture
So-e Be-ar1s
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Fi an( >irchho ?s la)s+ n ( cu rr e nt 9
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2
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3+ lecture
*y su#stitutin. the co-!onent ,alues% )e .et
I3 < 3 V
'here0ore the current 9 is 3 V & S < 3 A+ Fro- the ,olta.e e=uation I2 ; 8 < I3 )e can sol,e I2 < / V% there0ore the current throu.h B2 is / A u!)ar(s+ 'he current 9 is there0ore & A ; / A < 4 A% o0 )hich 3 A .oes throu.h B3:n an( the re-ainin. 2 A .oes throu.h B3 ja B/+ 'here is no contra(iction )ith >irchho ?s la)s an( there0ore )e can #e certain that our solution is correct+
3+ lecture
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3+ lecture
8 7 a ! l e &
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9
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B2
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3+ lecture
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6o) 'o Aet 87tra 87erciseG
'here are !lenty o0 !ro#le-s )ith solutions a,aila#le at htt!://users+t11+0i/N 1sil,one/Lisa-ateriaali/ lisa-ateriaali+htFor e7a-!le% you can n( &2/ DC circuit !ro#le-s at htt!: //users+t11+0i/N 1sil,one/Lisa-ateriaali/teht&00+!(0 At the en( o0 the !(0 le you can n( the -o(el solutions% so you can chec1 your solution+ 90 you are enthusiastic% you can install an( learn to use a circuit si-ulator: htt!://)))+linear+co-/(esi.ntools/so0t)are/lts!ice+js!
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3+ lecture
8 7 a ! l e 3
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3+ lecture
8 7 a ; ! 8 l e 3
Fi n ( (8 I2)A& < I
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3+ lecture
( 6& o 0t -h eS )e o !% r to 1# 3e (r re e tu l rn ee a( s& e 3t
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B2
M < I&A& ; (I& I2)A2 A3(I2 I3) ; 9 I2 I3

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Solution
M < I&A& ; (I& I2)A2 < 8A3 ; (I& I2)A2 A38 ; 9 I2 I3 9 < < IA
3 3
9 is sol,e( 0ro- the thir( e=uation an( su#stitute( into the secon( e=uation% then I3 is sol,e( 0ro- the e=uation an( su#stitute(+
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0:2I& & < 0:&I& 0:&I2 <

0:&I2 0:&I2 &

"cto#er $% 20&0// / &2/
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Solution
0:2I& & < 0:&I& 0:&I2 < Dhich is sol,e( I& < &0 I2 < &0 'here0ore the ,olta.e I& is &0 Volts+ 'his is easy to ,eri0y )ith a circuit si-ulator+ 0:&I2 0:&I2 &
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Circuit 'rans0or-ation
11 An o!eration )hich trans0or-s a !art o0 the circuit into an
internally (i erent% #ut e7ternally e=ually actin. circuit% is calle( a circuit trans0or-ation+
12For e7a-!le% co-#inin. series resistors or !arallel resistors into

one resistor% is a circuit trans0or-ation+ Co-#inin. series ,olta.e sources into one ,olta.e source is a circuit trans0or-ation too+
13"n this lecture% )e learn (ealin. )ith !arallel current sources an( the
source trans0or-ation% )ith )hich )e can trans0or- a ,olta.e source )ith series resistance into a current source )ith !arallel resistance+
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Besistors in !arallel
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Current Sources in 5arallel

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Current sources in !arallel

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'he Source 'rans0or-ation
A ,olta.e source )ith series resistance acts just li1e current source )ith !arallel resistance+
'he source trans0or-ation

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4
()
B
#
8< BM
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9-!ortant
@ote that an i(eal ,olta.e or current source can not #e trans0or-e( li1e in !re,ious sli(e+ 'he ,olta.e source to #e trans0or-e( -ust ha,e series resistance an( the current source -ust ha,e !arallel resistance+
'he resistance re-ains the sa-e% an( the ,alue 0or the source is 0oun( 0ro- 0or-ula 8 < BM% )hich is #ase( on "h-?s la)+
'he source trans0or- is not just a curiosity+ 9t can sa,e 0ro-any lines o0 -anual calculations% 0or e7a-!le )hen analyJin. a transistor a-!li er+
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87a-!le
Sol,e I+ ; B& B2 ;
8&
G
B3
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'he circuit is trans0or-e(

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2
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3
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An( )e .et the result:

M& ; M2
I<
A& ; A2 ; A3
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A Very 9-!ortant @oticeC
'he ,alue o0 the resistance re-ains the sa-e% #ut the resistor is not the sa-e resistorC For instance% in the !re,ious e7a-!le the current throu.h the ori.inal resistor is not sa-e as current throu.h the trans0or-e( resistorC
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4+ lecture
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Circuit analysis: DC Circui
4+ lecture
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4+ lecture
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4+ lecture
Calculatin. the 'he,enin 8=ui,alent

#
; 8
B2
&
; ()
#
B'
8'
'he ,olta.e 8' in the 'he,enin e=ui,alent is sol,e( si-!ly #y calculatin. the ,olta.e #et)een the ter-inals+ For sol,in. B '% there are t)o )ays:
*y turnin. o all in(e!en(ent (< non-controlle() sources in the circuit% an( calculatin. the resistance #et)een the ter-inals+
*y calculatin. the short circuit current o0 the !ort an( a!!lyin. "h-?s la)+
9n(e!en(ent source is a source% )hose ,alue (oes not (e!en( on any other ,olta.e or current in the circuit+ All sources )e ha,e (ealt )ith 0or no)% ha,e
#een in(e!en(ent+ Controlle( sources co,ere( later in this course+

4+ lecture

#
; 8
B2
B&
; ()
#
B'
8'
'he ,olta.e at the !ort is 0oun( #y calculatin. the current throu.h the resistors an( -ulti!lyin. it )ith B2+ 'he ,olta.e at the !ort% calle( also the i(le ,olta.e o0 the !ort% is e=ual to 8'+ 8
8 <
'
B& ; B2
"cto#er $% 20&0
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4+ lecture

'here are t)o )ays to sol,e B'+ Day &: turn o all the (in(e!en(ent) sources% an( calculate the ,olta.e at the !ort+ A turne(-o ,olta.e source is a ,olta.e source% )hose ,olta.e is Jero% )hich is sa-e as just a )ire:
B
#
'
&
B
2
()
# #
@o) it is easy to sol,e the resistance #et)een the no(es o0 the !ort: B& ja B2 are in !arallel% an( there0ore the resistance is & B' < <
BB
& 2
B& ; B2 & 2 'his -etho( is usually si-!ler than the other )ay )ith short circuit currentC
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4+ lecture
Sol,in. B' #y Isin. the Short-circuit Current

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; 8
B2
B&
#
G
;
8'
B'
9>
()
>
'he ,alue 0or the short-circuit current is 8
9 <
>
B&
an( the resistance B' is (#y a!!lyin. "h-?s la) to the .ure on the ri.ht):
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B'
8
<
' B
&
BB
8
B&;B
2
2
8
& 2
>
<
B
&
'
8
<
B
&
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M @ B
4+ lecture
@orton 8=ui,alent
'he @orton e=ui,alent is si-!ly a 'he,enin e=ui,alent% )hich has #een source trans0or-e( into a current source an( !arallel resistance (or ,ice ,ersa)+ 'he resistance has the sa-e ,alue in #oth e=ui,alents+ 'he ,alue o0 the current current o0 the !ort+
4
source is the sa-e as the# short-circuit
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M & B
&
4+ lecture
87a-!le &
Calculate the ,alues# < &+
'he,enin e=ui,alent+ All co-!onent

4
B2
#
"cto#er $% 20&0
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4+ lecture
87a-!le 2
Calculate the 'he,enin e=ui,alent+ All co-!onent ,alues < &+

#
;
B2
B B&
3
"cto#er $% 20&0
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M & B
&
4+ lecture
rele 6 ase o ( &2t e h ) Se! o % to r #e 1 retu rne 4 (
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'he, h
enin e=ui ,ale S nt+ e All the ! )co!one nt ,alu es are &+ (8,e ry resis tanc e is & an( the curre nt sour ce is
M
&
< & A + ) #
B
2
#
B
3
M & B
&
2+ lecture
4 6-
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6, o e n -i e n ) e or = 1 u 4 i
Ca , lcu a lat l e e th n t
+ t All h th e e co c - u !o r ne r nt e ,al n ue t s ar s e o &+ u (8 r ,e c ry e re sis i ta s nc e M is & & an < (
& s o A+) u # e
t r a Bn s B 0 o r # a t i o n Fir : st )e sol ,e th e ,ol ta .e 8 + 'h is ca n #e (o ne #y usi n. a! !ly in. r c
; M&B&
&
B
3
2+ lecture
Solution
@e7t )e sol,e the resistance B' o0 the 'he,enin e=ui,alent+ 'he easiest )ay to (o it is to turn o all the sources an( calculate the resistance #et)een the out!ut !ort+ ('he other )ay is to n( out the short-circuit current+) 'he resistance can #e sol,er either 0ro- the ori.inal or the trans0or-e( circuit+ Let?s use the trans0or-e( circuit an( turn o the ,olta.e source:
#
&
2
&
B
3
B' <
&
&
<
3
B
3
#&
;B
@o) the resistors B& ja B2 are in series% an( the series circuit is in
!arallel )ith B3+ @o) )e 1no) #oth 8' ja B' an( )e can (ra) the 'he,enin e=ui,alent (on the ne7t sli(e)+
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2+ lecture
'he Final Circuit
8' < 3 V
&
B' <
3
2
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2+ lecture
Su!er!osition 5rinci!le
A circuit consistin. o0 resistances an( constant-,alue( current an( ,olta.e sources is linear+
90 a circuit is linear% all the ,olta.es an( currents can #e sol,e( #y calculatin. the e ect o0 each source one at the ti-e+
'his !rinci!le is calle( the -etho( o0 su!er!osition+
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2+ lecture
Su!er!osition 5rinci!le
'he -etho( o0 su!er!osition is a!!lie( as 0ollo)s 'he current(s) an(/or ,olta.e(s) cause( #y each source is calculate( one at a ti-e so that all other sources are turne( o + A turne(-o ,olta.e source < short circuit (a )ire)% a turne(-o current source < o!en circuit (no )ire)+ Finally% all results are su--e( to.ether+
"cto#er $% 20&0
$& / &2/
2+ lecture
Su!er!osition 5rinci!le: an 87a-!le

Fin( current 93 #y usin. the su!er!osition !rinci!le+ ; B& B2 ;
8& B3
82
G
93 First% )e turn o the ri.ht-ost ,olta.e source:
; 8 B3
B&
B2
3 &
8
&
&
&
A ; A
<
&
B
&
;
2
A 2; A3
@e7t% )e turn o the le0t-ost 93 ,olta.e source:
B
&
&
B
2
9
3 2
<
2
&
B 8
&
A ; A
A&;A3
G
9
3 &
"cto#er $% 20&0$2 / &2/
2+ lecture
Su!er!osition 5rinci!le: an 87a-!le
'he current 93 is o#taine( #y su--in. the !artial currents 93& an( 932+ 8 93 < 93& ; 932 <
&
&
; B A
3 2
A3 ;
8
2
A &
;
A
B
&
A
3
;
A
2
& ; A
3
&
&
; A
&
; A
3
"cto#er $% 20&0
$3 / &2/
2+ lecture
Dhen 9s 9t 6an(y to Ise the Su!er!osition 5rinci!leG
90 one (oesn?t li1e sol,in. e=uations #ut li1es ((lin. )ith the circuit+ 90 there are -any sources an( 0e) resistors% the -etho( o0 su!er!osition is usually 0ast+ 90 there are sources )ith (i erent 0re=uencies (as )e learn on the AC Circuits course)% the analysis o0 such a circuit is #ase( on the su!er!osition !rinci!le+
"cto#er $% 20&0
$3 / &2/
2+ lecture
Linearity an( the Musti cation 0or the Su!er!osition 5rinci!le

'he -etho( o0 su!er!osition is #ase( on the linearity o0 the circuit% )hich -eans that e,ery source a ects e,ery ,olta.e an( current )ith a constant 0actor+ 'his -eans that i0 there are sources 8&% 82% 83% M&% M2 in the circuit% then e,ery ,olta.e an( current is o0 0or1&8& ; 1282 ; 1383 ; 13M& ; 1/M2% )here constants 1n are real nu-#ers+ 90 all the sources are turne( o (< 0)% then all currents an( ,olta.es in the circuit are Jero+ 'here0ore% #y nulli0yin. all sources e7ce!t one% )e can n( out the -ulti!lier 0or the source in =uestion+
"cto#er $% 20&0
$/ / &2/
2+ lecture
( 62 o& -st eS )e o !% r to 1# 2e (r re e tu l rn ee a( s2 e 3t
h n( cu S rr e en t ! 92 )
#y us in . 6 th o e su - !e e r! ) os iti or on 1 !ri 2 nc i!l Fi e+
M B < 20 < 30 </V
$+ lecture
( 6el oS -ol e ut
)io on r 1 26 - o o
e )
or !ri 1 nc i!l 2 e+
Fi n ( cu rr e nt 9 #y us in . th e su ! er ! os iti o n
M&
M& < &A B& < &0 B2 < 20 B3 < 30 8& </V
-
9
2
4
B2
B&
$+ lecture
Bat1aisu
First% )e n( the e ect o0 the current source:
-
2 &
4
B M& B&
3
'he ,olta.e o,er B& an( B2 is the sa-e (they are in !arallel) an( B2 is t)ice as lar.e as B& an( there0ore the current throu.h B2 is hal0 o0 the current o0 B&+ *ecause the total current throu.h the resistors is M& < & A% the current throu.h B&:n is 2<3 A an( the current throu.h B2 is92& < &<3 A+
"cto#er $% 20&0
$$ / &2/
$+ lecture
Bat1aisu
@e7t% )e n( out the e ect o0 the ,olta.e source:
-
2 2 B&
;
8
&
B
3
'he resistors B& an( B2 are no) in series an( the total ,olta.e o,er the- is 8 < / V% an( there0ore 8 /V < & B& ; V 922 < B2 &0 ; 20 < : 'he -inus si.n co-es 0ro- the 0act that the (irection o0 the current 922 is u!)ar(s an( the (irection o0 the ,olta.e 8 is (o)n)ar(s+
Finally% )e su- the !artial results: 92 < 92& ; 922 <

& 3A
A <
A:
"cto#er $% 20&0$9 / &2/
$+ lecture
Volta.e Di,i(er
I
&-
B& I B2
G
B2 B&; B2
I2
1?
B&
I& < I
B&; B2
ja I2 < I
9t is =uite co--on in electronic circuit (esi.n% that )e nee( a re0erence ,olta.e 0or-e( 0ro- another ,olta.e in the circuit+
'he 0or-ula is ,ali( also 0or -ulti!le resistors in series+ 'he (eno-inator is 0or-e( #y su--in. all the resistances an( the resistor )hose ,olta.e is to #e sol,e( is in the nu-erator+
"cto#er $% 20&0
90 / &2/
$+ lecture
Current Di,i(er
G
9
&
B
&
B
2
9& < 9
&
A&;A
2
ja 92 < 9A&;A
2
'he 0or-ula is ,ali( also 0or -ulti!le resistors in !arallel+

'he 0or-ula 0or current (i,i(er is not use( as 0re=uently as the ,olta.e (i,i(er% #ut it is natural to (iscuss it in this conce!t+
"cto#er $% 20&0
9& / &2/
$+ lecture
87a-!le &
G
9
&
9
2
9
3
4 3
B
&
B
2
B
3
"cto#er $% 20&0
92 / &2/
$+ lecture
87a-!le &
G
9
&
9
2
9
3
4 3
B
&
B
2
B
3
A&
9& < M
A&;A2; A3
"cto#er $% 20&0
92 / &2/
$+ lecture
87a-!le &
9
&
G
9
2
9
3
M 9
A
&
B
&
B
2
B
3
9
2 A
&
& A
A2
< M
&
; A
2
; A
2
<
A
3
A
3
"cto#er $% 20&0
92 / &2/
$+ lecture
8 7 a 9& < M ! l e &
&
A& A&;A2;A
3
92 <M
A2 A&;A2;A
3
93 < M
$+ lecture
8 7 a ! l e 2
$+ lecture
8 7 a ! l e I& < 8 2
&
B& B&;B2;B3; B3
$+ lecture
8 7 a ! l e I& < 8 2
&
B B& B&;B2;B3; B3
I2 < 8
B&;B2;B3; B3
$+ lecture
8 7 a ! l e I& < 8 2
&
B B& B&;B2;B3; B3
I2 < 8
B&;B2;B3; B3
$+ lecture
8 7 a ! l I& < 8 e 2
I3 < 8
&
B B&
B&;B2;B3;B3 B3
I2 < 8
2
B&;B2;B3;B3
B&;B2;B3; B3
$+ lecture
( 62 o 3t -h eS )e o !% r to 1# $e (r re e tu l rn ee a( s2 e $t
h n( S th e e ,o ! lta ) .e
I #y a! 6 !l o yi - n. e th )e or ,o 1 lta $ .e Fi (i ,i
( er 0o r ul a+
9+ lecture
( 6el oS -ol e ut
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Fi .e n (i ( ,i th (e e r ,o 0o lta r . e ul I a+ #y a ! !l yi n . th e ,o
8& < &0 V B& < &0B2 < 2 B3 < 30B/ < /082 <
I-
; B& 8& B 2
I2
B3
I3 < 82
B3;B3;B/
< &/ V
30 30 ;30 ;/0
< 3:2
I < I2 I3 < 2 &2

&&
V 2:92 V+
9+ lecture
9n(uctors an( Ca!acitors
u
-
Di B u< Bi
L
i C u<L
( t
(i
i< C
( u (t
"cto#er $% 20&0
94 / &2/
9+ lecture
9n(uctors an( Ca!acitors in DC Circuit

u
D
u
Di B u< Bi
L
i C u<L
(i
( t
i< C
( u (t
DC ,olta.e an( current re-ain constant as 0unction o0 ti-e or the ti-e (eri,ati,es o0 the ,olta.e an( current is Jero+ 'here0ore the ,olta.e o0 an in(uctor an( the current o0 a ca!acitor is Jero in a DC circuit+
"cto#er $% 20&0
92 / &2/
9+ lecture
87ce!tion &
'he ca!acitor is 0e( )ith DC current so that the current has no other route+
4
i < C ( t ) M < C ( t ) ( t < C + 'he ,olta.e o0 the ca!acitor rises at constant s!ee(+
( u
( u
( u
"cto#er $% 20&0
9$ / &2/
9+ lecture
87ce!tion 2
A constant ,olta.e source is connecte( to the ter-inals o0 an in(uctor+ ;

8
u < L ( t ) 8 < L ( t ) ( t < L + 'he current o0 the in(uctor rises at constant s!ee(+
(i
(i
(i
"cto#er $% 20&0
99 / &2/
9+ lecture
Dealin. )ith all other cases in,ol,in. in(uctors an( ca!acitors in DC circuits
9n(uctors are re!lace( )ith short circuits an( ca!acitors are re!lace( )ith o!en circuits+
"cto#er $% 20&0
&00 / &2/
9+ lecture
e 6( o2 -$t eh )S oe r !% 1 to 9# (r e e re l tu e rn ae s(
&S s ol ,e t th "e c ,o lta t)
.e I 0r 6 o o - thi e s )D or C 1 cir 9 cu
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el 6So o lut -io
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9
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B3 < 30L < /00 -6
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8&
B&
B B2
3
Circuit analysis: DC Circuits (3
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6o-e)or1 9 -
o(el Solution
*ecause there are no !arallel connections o0 in(uctors an( ,olta.e sources an( no serial connections o0 ca!acitors an( current sources an( the circuit
is a DC circuit (< constant ,olta.es an( currents)% )e can re!lace the in(uctors )ith short circuits an( the ca!acitors )ith o!en circuits+
;
8& B2
&
;
8
2
B
3
I
9
in )hich case )e o#tain I easily #y a!!lyin. the ,olta.e (i,i(er 0or-ula:
B
I< 82
3 < 4
4:3 V
B3 ; B3
"cto#er $% 20&0&03 / &2/
&0+ lecture
Controlle( Sources
So 0ar% all o0 our sources ha,e #een constant ,alue(+ 90 the ,alue o0 a source (oes not (e!en( on any o0 the ,olta.es or currents in the circuit% the source is an in(e!en(ent source+ For e7a-!le% constant ,alue( sources an( sources ,aryin. as 0unction o0 ti-e (only) are in(e!en(ent sources+ 90 the ,alue o0 a source is a 0unction o0 a ,olta.e an(/or current in the circuit% the source is a controlle( source+
"cto#er $% 20&0
&03 / &2/
&0+ lecture
Volta.e Controlle( Volta.e Source (VCVS)
; e < Au
u
G r
'he ,olta.e e o0 VCVS is (e!en(ent o0 so-e ,olta.e u+ 'he -ulti!lier A is calle( ,olta.e .ain+ A real-)orl( e7a-!le: an au(io a-!li er+
"cto#er $% 20&0
&0/ / &2/
&0+ lecture
Current Controlle( Volta.e Source (CCVS)

r
;
1r
e < ri i
G
'he ,olta.e e o0 CCVS is (e!en(ent o0 so-e current i+ 'he -ulti!lier r is calle( transresistance+ 'here is no .oo( e,ery(ay e7a-!le o0 this source a,aila#le (o0 course )e can construct this 1in( o0 source #y usin. an o!erational a-!li er)+
"cto#er $% 20&0
&04 / &2/
&0+ lecture
Volta.e Controlle( Current Source (VCCS)
4 r
u
G r
j< .u
'he current j o0 VCCS is (e!en(ent o0 so-e ,olta.e u+ 'he -ulti!lier . is calle( transcon(uctance+ A real-)orl( e7a-!le: a el(-e ect transistor (MF8' or "SF8')+
"cto#er $% 20&0
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Current Controlle( Current Source (CCCS)
4 r
Gi
j< i
'he current j o0 CCCS is (e!en(ent o0 so-e current i+ 'he -ulti!lier is calle( current .ain+ A real-)orl( e7a-!le: a (#i!olar junction) transistor+
"cto#er $% 20&0
&0$ / &2/
&0+ lecture
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ta. e 6 I+
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8
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Circuit analysis: DC Circuits (3 &&+ lecture
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8&
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u n 1 n o ) n s i n t h e c i r c u i t
a n ( t h e r e 0 o r e ) e n e e ( a
n o t h e r e = u a t i o n ) i t h t h e
s a e u n 1 n o ) n s : i < (8& I)A&2 'h en )e su# stit
ute i to the rst e= uati on: 8&A&2 IA&2 ; rA3A&

28&
rA3A&
2I
IA3 < IA3
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8&A&2 IA&2 ; rA3A&28& rA3A&2I IA3 < IA3 0ro- )hich )e .et A&28&(& ; rA3) < I(A3 ; A&2 ; A3 ; rA3A&2): 'hen )e su#stitute the co-!onent ,alues an( sol,e I:
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Beca!itulation
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Circuit analysis: DC Circuits (3 cr)

Fall 2009 / Class AS09 Vesa Linja-aho

lecture lecture lecture lecture

2 lectu + re $ lectu + re 9 lectu + re

& 0 + & & + & 2 +

lectu re lectu re lectu re

Vesa Linja-aho ( etro!olia) DC Circuits (3 cr) &2/

A#out the Course

+Sc+ Vesa Linja-aho on &&:00-&3:00 an( 'hu &3:00-&4:30% roo- 5&&3

Vesa Linja-aho ( etro!olia)

Circuit analysis: DC Circuits (3 cr)

nt 's h e ' 6 h o e - r e e A a s r e s i & . 2 n h - o e -

6s e s .e ts t &3 h !o e int s e 0r 7 o a -th % e e7 # a e -+ c 6 a e u )i s ll e !a

or o e n is e ($ 3) . e 0: t / s ; &3 $ < &/ o !o 0 int s+ & 2

Vesa Linja-aho ( etro!olia)

Circuit analysis: DC Circuits

, 'e hs e C o u Fr r o s th ee " cu rri # cu j lu e -: c ti

A C na o ly si ur s s o0 e (ir ec c t o cu nt rr en e t nt (D s C) cir * cu a its s +

Vesa Linja-aho ( etro!olia)

Circuit analysis: DC Circuits

'he Course Sche(ule

10 Controlle( sources+ 11 Beca!+ 12 Beca!+

o A t C- i 'h , eo e ry% 8 ea l su e rin c . t 'e r ch o no n lo i .y c % s A ut & o % -

A L ut a o # -s oti % ,e 8l : ec tri : ca l : 8 9 n. in ee ! rin or . ta

ll e # e , e i as t ie a rC l ' h 0 e o # r as ic a s u o0 t Do Ccir o cu t its i ar , e

Vesa Linja-aho ( etro!olia)

Circuit analysis: DC Circuits

Dhat is @ot Co,ere( on 'his Course

Botational -otion an( electro-a.netis-+

Vesa Linja-aho ( etro!olia)

Circuit analysis: DC Circuits (3 cr)

Stu(yin. in "ur School

Vesa Linja-aho ( etro!olia)

Circuit analysis: DC Circuits (3 cr)

Dhat 9s 8asy an( Dhat 9s 6ar(G

Vesa Linja-aho ( etro!olia)

Circuit analysis: DC Circuits (3 cr)

@o)% Let?s Aet into *usiness

Any =uestions on the !ractical arran.e-ents o0 the courseG

Vesa Linja-aho ( etro!olia)

Circuit analysis: DC Circuits (3 cr)

Vesa Linja-aho ( etro!olia)

Circuit analysis: DC Circuits (3 cr)

o el ec t tri h ca a l t cir cu a it% r th e e a su -i o0 s cu rr e e = nt u s a o l )i n t . o int

th e su 93 < & -A - 4 o0 1cu 9 < 3 -A 9 < 2 -A & 2 rr 9 e nt 0 s o y )i o n u . o ( ut r o0 a th ) at ar e a a+ c i

rcl t e h in a a t ny !l t ac h e e in r th e e cir i cu s it% yo a u s ca n t o h #s e er ,e s

Vesa Linja-aho ( etro!olia)

Circuit analysis: DC Circuits

*e Care0ul )ith Si.ns

9& < 3 -A 92 < 2 -A

9a < 3 -A9# < 2 -A

Vesa Linja-aho ( etro!olia)

Circuit analysis: DC Circuits (3 cr)

"cto#er $% 20&0&3 / &2/

Vesa Linja-aho ( etro!olia)

Circuit analysis: DC Circuits (3 cr)

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. it es is ar Je o ro u + n ( a ny cl os e ( cir cu Vesa Linja-aho (

Circuit analysis: DC Circuits cr)

Vesa Linja-aho ( etro!olia)

Circuit analysis: DC Circuits (3 cr)

ts ) % in ' )h h e er e e el l e e ct c ri t c r c i ur c re a nt l o )= s+ u a Direct current n ( t Di Ct

Vesa Linja-aho ( etro!olia)