Structural Idealization and Loading

Structural Idealisation
This generally means breaking the complete structure down into single elements that can be easily analyse and design. It is rarely possible to consider the threedimensional structure in its entirety. Consider a concrete beam carrying a water tank as shown below. For analysis purpose we can neglect the thickness of the members and assume the beam is simply supported. The idealized structure is as shown below represented by line drawing for the beam and arrow for the forces that acted on the beam. By applying the principle of structural analysis, if F is known than we can calculate the reaction ! " and !#$ at the support and the ma%imum shear force and bending moment in the beam. &'entually we can design the suitable size of the beam that can safely carry the water tank.

!" (a) Actual structure (b) Idealised structure Idealised Structure

!#

Example
A reinforced concrete flat roof with a parapet wall at the end is as shown below. Draw the idealised beam and name the forces that acts on the beam .

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Sectional and Plan View of a structure

Solution

(niformly distributed load from li'e load ) dead load

Concentrated *oad from parapet +upport reaction #., m -., m

slab ) beam$

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Loads on Individual Structural Elements

A structural element is a portion of a structure that can be usefully considered as a separate entity. At an appropriate time in the design process a slab, a beam, a wall or a column can be visualised as isolated from the rest of the structure and calculations can be performed on that element to determine a suitable choice of size or section. EXAMPLE !imber beams spanning ".# m and spaced at $.# m centres, as shown in %igure .&'a( , supported timber floor comprising )oists and boards with a plaster ceiling. *ther design data+ ,elf-weight of boards and fl oor )oists #.&$ ./0m & ,elf-weight of ceiling #.&& ./0m& 1mposed load on floor .2# ./0m& ,elf-weight of timber beam #.3 ./ 'assumed( A weight for the beam is assumed because at this stage in the design process the size of the beam is not .nown.

Floor plan

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SOLUTION To determine the uniformly distributed load (UDL ! visualise a single beam removed from the structure as sho"n belo"# The load on one s$uare metre of floor is multi%lied by the area su%%orted! &'( m ) *'( m!(tributary area to give the total UD load on the beam as follo"s#

Isolated timber floor beam

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Loads on timber beam Joists and boards Ceiling Timber beam Imposed load Totals

Dead loads (selfweight) kN

Imposed loads kN

#.&$ 4 ".# 4 $.# #.&& 4 ".# 4 $.# .2 4 ".# 4 $.#

&.53 &.3" #.3# + 6!

+ + + 6.# "# !

Total UD load for serviceability limit states# , -'( ).'(( / .0'( ) .'(( , 1&'( 2N Total UD load for ultimate limit states , -'( ) .'*3 / .0'( ) .'3( , *3'. 2N E4567LE 1 Steel floor beams arranged as sho"n belo" su%%ort a reinforced concrete slab "hich carries a screed' 8alculate the total Uniformly Distributed load on each beam using this design data# slab thic2ness ,.3( mm 9 screed "eight ,.'1 2N:m1 9 im%osed load on slabs ,3'( 2N:m1 9 mass of steel beams ,-( 2g:m' ;

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SOLUTION Unit "eight of reinforced concrete , 13 2N:m1 8oncrete slab self+"eight , ('.3 ) 13 , *'<3 2N:m1 Steel beam self+"eight , -( ) ('((=0 , ('3= 2N:m

Loads on steel beam ,creed 7oncrete slab ,teel beam 1mposed load Totals

Dead loads (selfweight) kN

Imposed loads kN

.& 4 3.# 4 ".# $.52 4 3.# 4 ".# ('3= ) -'( 2.# 4 3.# 4".#

&6.6 8#.# $.2 + "$$ %

+ + + &#.# "$! !

Total UD load for serviceability limit states , .11'* ) .'(( / .1('( ) .'(( , 1&1'* 2N Total UD load for ultimate limit states
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, .11'* ) .'*3 / .1('( ) .'3( , *&3'. 2N E4567LE * >ind the beam loads and the reactions transmitted to the "alls for the steel"or2 arrangement sho"n belo" using this design data# 9 reinforced concrete (?8 slab thic2ness .(( mm 9 screed "eight .'( 2N:m1 9 im%osed load on slabs *'( 2N:m1 9 mass of steel beams 0( 2g:m'

>loor %lan SOLUTION 8oncrete slab self "eight , ('.( ) 13 , 1'3( 2N:m1 Steel beam self "eight , 0( ) ='0.:.((( , ('<0 2N:m

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&D loads on beam ' ,creed 7oncrete slab ,teel beam 1mposed load Totals

Dead loads (selfweight) kN

Imposed loads kN

.# 4 2.# 4 &.2 &.2 4 2.# 4 &.2 ('<0 ) 3'( $.# 4 2.# 4 &.2

&.2 $ .$ $.8 + () )

+ + + $5.2 %) *

Total UD load for serviceability limit states , &<'< ) .'(( / *<'3 ) .'(( , 03'1 2N Total UD load for ultimate limit states , &<'< ) .'*3 / *<'3 ) .'3( , .1('- 2N 5s beam 5 is loaded symmetrically each end reaction is half the total load Loads and reactions are sho"n in diagram belo"#

@eam 5 isolated

@eam @

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UD loads on beam @

Dead loads (self-weight) kN

Im%osed loads 2N

Steel beam Total

('<0 ) 3'(

*'= *'=

+ +

Total UD load for serviceability limit states , *'= ) .'(( , *'= 2N Total UD load for ultimate limit states , *'= ) .'*3 ,A 3'* 2N The diagram belo" sho"s the loads on beam @ and the reactions transmitted to the "alls#

@eam @ isolated

E4567LE & 5 reinforced concrete mezzanine floor slab is sim%ly su%%orted on steel beams and columns as sho"n in the >igure belo"' 8alculate the beam and column loads using this design data# 9 slab thic2ness 1(( mm 9 "eight of screed .'3 2N:m1
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 mass of steel beams .1( 2g:m 9 mass of steel columns .(( 2g:m 9 im%osed load on slab &'3 2N:m1

5rrangement of mezzanine floor

SOLUTION 8oncrete slab self+"eight , ('1( ) 13 , 3'( 2N:m1 Total self+"eight of slab / screed , 3'( / .'3 , -'3 2N:m1 Steel beam self+"eight , .1( ) ='0.:.((( , .'.0 2N:m Steel column self+"eight , .(( ) ='0.:.((( , ('=0 2N:m
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@eam 5
&D loads on beam ' 7oncrete slab 9 screed ,teel beam 1mposed load Dead loads (selfweight) kN Imposed loads kN

3.2 4 6.# 4 &.2 . 6 4 6.# &'3 ) 0'( ) 1'3

$#.# 8." "%+ (

+ + =('( +! !

Totals

Total UD load for serviceability limit states , .*='& ) .'(( / =('( ) .'(( , 11='& 2N Total UD load for ultimate limit states , .*='& ) .'*3 / =('( ) .'3( , *1*'1 2N ?eactions for beam 5

@eam 5 isolated

@eam @
&D loads on beam , 7oncrete slab 9 screed ,teel beam 1mposed load Dead loads (selfweight) kN Imposed loads kN

3.2 4 6.# 4 2.# . 6 4 6.# &'3 ) 0'( ) 3'(

&3#.# 8." -

+ + .0('(

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Totals

$6+ (

"#! !

Total UD load for serviceability limit states , 1-='& ) .'(( / .0('( ) .'(( , &&='& 2N Total UD load for ultimate limit states , 1-='& ) .'*3 / .0('( ) .'3( , -**'< 2N Loads and reactions for beam @

@eam @ isolated @eam 8

UD loads on beam 8 Dead loads (self-weight) kN Im%osed loads 2N

Steel beam Total

.'.0 ) .('(

..'0 ..'0

+ nil

Total UD load for servicea ilit! li"it states # $$%& ' $%(( # $$%& )N Total UD load for *lti"ate li"it states # $$%& ' $%+, # $,%- )N

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Loads a.d reactio.s for ea" /

@eam 8 isolated 8olumns Self01ei23t of o.e col*". SLS # (%-& ' 4%5 # 4%5 )N Self01ei23t of o.e col*". ULS # $%+, ' 4%5 # +%4 )N 8olumn One

Total col*". load for SLS# $$&%+ 6 $$5%7 6 4%5 # 4+,%5 )N Total col*". load for ULS# $88%5 6 $8$%8 6 +%4 # ++$%4 )N 8olumn T"o

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Total col*". load for SLS# 4 ' $$&%+ 6 445%7 6 4%5 # 58+%7 )N Total col*". load for ULS# 4 ' $88%5 6 +$8%- 6 +%4 # 8,4%- )N TUTO?I5L . A series of rei.forced co.crete ea"s at ,%(0" ce.tres s9a. 7%, " o.to rei.forced co.crete col*".s +%, " 3i23: as s3o1. i. ;i2*re elo1 % T3e ea"s: 13ic3 are ,7, "" dee9 ! 4,( "" 1ide: carr! a $7,0""0t3ic) rei.forced co.crete sla : 13ic3 ca. e co.sidered as si"9l! s*99orted% T3e col*".s are 4,( "" ! 4,( "" i. cross0sectio.% T3e sla carries a screed 1ei23i.2 $%5 )N<"4 a.d a. i"9osed load of +%( )N<"4 % ;i.d t3e total UD load o. o.e ea": t3e reactio. to o.e col*". a.d t3e loads fro" o.e col*". to its fo*.datio.%

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T T!"IA# $
The floor plan of a composite structure (concrete slab plus steel beam) is below. The reinforced concrete slab has an o%erall thic&ness of $'' mm and is to be desi(ned to carr) an imposed load of * &+,m $ includin( floor finishes and ceilin( loads of - &+,m$. .alculate the desi(n load actin( on steel beam A$ / 0$. Assume wei(ht of steel beam is 1' &(,m.

+ +" 4 +" $ 8"

8" A B 2loor Plan

+" /

Solution
.ssume the shaded region as the tributar) area to be supported by beam A$ / 0$. #oadin( /ead *oad k01m$ +lab2 #3 % ,.# % 4 Floor finishes and ceiling2 " % 4 Beam2 6, % 7.8" % ",-4 Total Imposed *oad 2 4 % 4 5 5 5 5 5 "3 k01m 4 k01m ,.6 k01m "8.6 k01m 7 k01m

/esign load 5 ".43gk ) ".3 9k 5 ".43 % "8.6 ) 7 % ".3 5 48.63 k01m

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Idealised beam A$ / 0$2

w 3 *4.15 &+,m

Exercise
6-. 7hat is the difference between dead and li%e load in a structure and (i%e two example for each t)pe of load.. 6$. .alculate the self8wei(ht of reinforced concrete beam of breadth *'' mm9 depth :'' mm and len(th :''' mm. 6*. The floor of a classroom is made of -$5 mm thic& concrete. If the floor is a slab ha%in( a len(th of 4 m and width of : m9 determine the total desi(n load in &+ for dead and li%e load. se %alues in Table of dead and imposed load (i%en abo%e. 6;. "eferrin( to the problem (i%en abo%e9 calculate the desi(n load of (i) 0eam A-80(ii) 0eam A-8A* (iii) .olumn A(Assume all beams are simpl) supported) 65. +ame the modes of failure that can occur on a reinforced concrete (i) beam (ii) column.

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DIST?I@UTION O> LO5D ON @E56S >?O6 ONE+ B5C 5ND TBO +B5C SL5@ >loor slabs can be designed as either one+"ay s%anning or t"o+"ay s%anning as sho"n in >igures (a and (b

In the case of one+"ay s%anning slabs the entire load is distributed to the t"o main beams' T"o+"ay s%anning slabs distribute load to main beams along all edges' The load of the slabs is distributed on the su%%orting beams as sho"n belo" (based on crac2ed %attern of slab at yield #
L! L!

L' L'

T1o 1a!s Sla

O.e 1a! Sla

One "ay slab and t"o+"ay slabs can be recognised by dividing Ly(longer size to L)(shorter size ' Bhen Ly:L) D 1 then it is considered as t"o+ "ay slab Bhen Ly:L) E1 then it is considered as one+ "ay slab

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Fiven the floor %lan as sho"n belo"' The ty%es of floor can be determined using the e)%ression above'

The distribution of loads from slabs to su%%orting beams'

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>igure# The ty%es of loading from slabs distributed to the su%%orted beams

E4E?8ISE Give. t3e follo1i.2 floor 9la.: 9lot t3e distri *tio. of loadi.2 of t3e floor o. t3e s*rro*.di.2 ea"s%
,,(( "" A 47,( "" 47,( "" B

+((( ""

+((( ""

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T3e tra9e=oidal load: tria.2*lar load a.d recta.2*lar load ca. e converted to *.ifor"l! distri *ted load for ease of calc*latio.s *si.2 t3e follo1i.2 e'9ressio.s> Tra9e=oidal load to U.ifor"l! distri *ted load>

Tria.2*lar load to U.ifor"l! distri *ted load>

Recta.2*lar load to U.ifor"l! distri *ted load>

?3ere . # )N<"4 E4567LE T3e fi2*re elo1 s3o1s t3e 9la. of a 9recast co.crete *ildi.2% Deter"i.e t3e desi2. load: e.di.2 "o"e.t a.d s3ear force for ea" $a<D0E a.d ea" E<$04 @ass*"e as si"9l! s*99ortedA if t3e c3aracteristics varia le actio. o. t3e floor is +%( )N<"4 a.d t3e c3aracteristics self 1ei23t of sla is 5%8 )N<"4% T3e ea" E<$04 also carries a ric) 1all of + " 3ei23t% Also 2ive.> Beight of bric2s# 1'- 2N:m1 Slab thic2ness # .3( mm

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Sol*tio. Bea" $a<D0E

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Self "eight of beam , 13 ) ('13 ) (('33 G ('.3 , 1'3 2N:m Design load! " , .'*3 (='1 / 1'3 / .'3 (- , 11'(3 2N:m

6a)imum Shear force (reaction , "L:1 , 11'(3 ) *:1 , **'(0 2N 6a)imum bending moment , "L1:0 , 11'(3 ) *1:0 , 1&'0. 2Nm

@E56 E:.+1

, &'- ) *:- H * G (*:*'<3 1I , 3'&* 2N:m ?B):$ # +'+<8 C + D @+<+%7,A4E # +%,5 )N<"

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?B):4 # .L'<4 # + ' +<4 # 5%, )N<"

Self "eight of beam , 13 ) ('13 ) (('33 G ('.3 , 1'3 2N:m Self "eight of bric2 "all , 1'- ) * , <'0 2N:m Design load! " , .'*3(3'&* / -'= / 1'3 / <'0 / .'3 (*'3& / &'3 , &1'-. 2N:m 7oint load (reaction from beam .a:D+E , **'(0 2N

54%8$ )N<"

++%(& )N

+%7,"

+%7, "

E4E?8ISE .' 1' *' &' 8alculate the reaction (6a)imum shear >orce 8alculate the ma)imum design moment S2etch the shear force diagram S2etch the bending moment diagram

5SSIFN6ENT
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J. ?aKah di ba"ah "e.*.F*))a. 9ela. la.tai ti.2)at )ed*a se *a3 a.2*.a. 9asa.2 sia9%% Data eri)*t di eri: Kete ala. 9a9a) )o.)rit # $4, "" Be a. )e.aa. di atas 9a9a) # +%( )N<"4 Berat )o.)rit # 4, )N<"+ Berat di.di.2 ata di atas ras*) # 4%( )N<" Ke"asa. la.tai # $%, )N<"4 A% De.2a. "e.2a.dai)a. ras*) se)*.der D<$0+ se a2ai t*9a.2 "*da3: @iA @iiA Kira)a. e a. re)a e.t*) 9ada ras*)% Kira)a. "o"e. re)a e.t*)%

Kira)a. e a. re)a e.t*) ras*) @.+@& dalam 2N:m

$4, 5,( +(( All di"e.sio.s i. "" Bea" D<$0+

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J1' The floor system of a building consists of a .3 cm thic2 reinforced concrete slab resting on four steel beams! "hich in turn are su%%orted by t"o steel girders as sho"n belo"' The cross+sectional areas of the floor beams and the girders are =&'0 cm1 and **<'& cm1! res%ectively' Determine the %ermanent action on the beams 8F and DL and the girder 5D' Fiven the unit "eight of the construction materials as follo"s# ?einforced concrete# 13 2N:m* Structural steel# <<'( 2N:m*

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