Unit 1

1. Companies and different business activities

Company is a business organization that makes, buys, or sells goods or provides services in exchange for money. Any activity that is engaged in for the primary purpose of making a profit. Different companies generally have common business activities. In general, business activities may be broadly categorized into accounting, inventory, materials acquisition, human resource development, customer relationship management, and products and services marketing. Business activity refers to the operations carried out by a business the type of goods it produces, the service it offers, whether it provides only goods or only services or both. Many businesses are involved in more than one activity, but the main one is known as its care business. This is the activity on which everything else depends Sainsburys is a large organisation. It is involved in a wide range of activities but its main activity is selling a range of goods and services to its customers. Sainsburys is in the Tertiary sector because it is selling its goods and services directly to its customers and it is also a part of the retail industry. This means that Sainsburys sells its products and services directly to its consumers. There are many different types of retailers. For example: markets, Internet, mail order and etc. Sainsburys sells a wide range of products including: Food & Drinks, Newspapers & Magazines, Dairy products and etc. Sainsburys have different types of stores such as Sainsburys Express, the larger Sainsburys stores provide more services and goods than the High Street Sainsburys provide. Sainsburys buys its products from suppliers located all over the UK and abroad. Sainsburys sell a wide range of branded products like Cadburys, Heinz, Colgate and etc. It also sells products with its own name. These usually cost less. Sainsburys do not make their own-label products but pay manufacturers to make the goods for them. Sainsburys main competitors are Tesco, Asda and Boots. There are many laws which affect Sainsburys. For example: Health & Safety Laws, Consumer Protection Laws and

Employment Laws. New technology has affected Sainsburys. For example: on-line shopping, bar codes on the products, credit card payments and etc.

2. Diversified companies: advantages and disadvantages

A diversified company is a company that is active in a number of different markets, rather than limiting its products and services to one. Diversification is a business strategy that has a number of advantages, although it also comes with some costs. Companies that opt to diversify tend to be more capable of weathering periods of economic uncertainty, but they are also not usually positioned to make windfall profits from progress within specific markets and industries. Being diversified provides a number of advantages. It assures a more steady revenue stream for the company and provides more long-term financial security. Diversification can also allow a company to keep up with changing market dynamics more quickly. Companies that are diversified are more likely to see connections between different markets that can be exploited, for example, because they are active in multiple markets and they track trends carefully. One disadvantage is that a company can be stretched too thin as it diversifies. If a company moves too quickly, it may end up in a position where it cannot make a profit because it is struggling to pay for the diversification. This may force it to roll out products and services too soon, exposing it to the risk of consumer irritation with incomplete or poorly thought out offerings. In addition, a diversified company does not stand to dominate a single market and capture a large market share because it cannot afford to concentrate resources on this. This means that a diversified company gives up the especially large profits from a single market available to companies that choose not to diversify.

Unit 2
3. Companies & surveillance equipment
There is a lot of company install surveillance equipment. Surveillance equipment is equipment that installs a monitoring system for the purpose of overlook a person, place or others. The surveillance equipment can be categorized to Access Control Systems, Anti-Terrorist Products, Listening Devices, CCTV and others. Examples of the surveillance equipment are Fingerprint Identification Door Lock and Wireless Infra-red Outdoor USB Camera System. The function of the surveillance equipment that install in the company is to monitor their employees. Surveillance in the work environment can improve productivity. The data collected regarding employees' computer use, for example, can help employers migrate the time employees spend on non-work browsing and emailing to more productive uses. Specific knowledge, gleaned through computer monitoring software, gives employers the ability to institute policies that focus on problem areas. If monitoring reveals that workers are shopping online or socializing on Facebook during work time, management can specifically restrict these practices through the use of software filters that block access to specific sites. According to the AMA survey, 65 percent of employers use filtering software. One of the companies that install surveillance equipment is Valenti Management which owns and runs 117 Wendys and 17 Chilis restaurants. The surveillance equipment that installed in Valenti Management is fingerprint scanners on all its cash registers. On our opinion, the fingerprint scanners are infringed too much on individual privacy. The fingerprint scanners are serving for the companys staff to access the activities of cash registers. The fingerprint scanners will automatic record the people who use it for access the activities of cash registers. Therefore the company can easily get the DNAs fingerprint from the fingerprint scanners and the individual information. This is because the DNAs fingerprint is not only for the companys use but it also use for recording individual information by government.

4. Advantages of surveillance technology

Surveillance Technology is the technology created by us to monitor anybody's movement or activity. Today, there has been an increase in the usage and implementation of such technology. For example, it can range from portable gadgets such as cameras to computer software and high-end creations such as the satellite. The prominence of surveillance technology today has been the focal point of many debates and I will be touching on the benefits of it. Surveillance technology allows us to keep track of what our younger generation is doing, thus allowing us to filter what they are learning. This would ensure that what they are learning is right and does not deviate from social norms. For example, there is this computer software that records down all the websites that a computer has visited and all the instant messages being sent or received. That way, parents are able to know what their children are doing on the internet and prevent them from getting hurt from people with malicious intents such as sexual predators. Surveillance technology also assists us in maintaining law and order in society. Such technology empowers us to monitor any person's movement, enabling us to identify suspects involved in any misdoing which violates the law. This can be seen in the United States of America, where almost every citizen is being monitored. Indeed, the prominence of surveillance technology has been shown in social, environmental and economic aspects. Many people are also purchasing this sort of technology for such usages as mentioned above through shops and the internet such as technology blogs. Definitely, there have been some abuses of surveillance technology due to the distrust among people. For example, some people engage in cell phone spyware to track their spouses SMSes and calls. However, when it is used appropriately, the world will benefit as a whole.

Unit 3
5. Good manners and bad manners at work
Do manners matter at work? Should you really be expected to be polite all the time, or can you bend the rules in the name of efficiency or self-preservation? Disrespectful and discourteous behavior makes members of your team unhappy, and damages the cohesion of your team. It works against all of the efforts you make to motivate team members, and thereby raise productivity. With this in mind, there is simply no excuse for bad manners. Whether you are interacting with a person higher or lower on the corporate hierarchy, giving feedback, issuing instructions or exerting power; good manners are an absolute necessity. To make sure your workplace is free of rude behavior requires a two-pronged approach: encouraging good manners and stamping out poor manners. Most of the time when bad manners surface at work it is unintentional. It's easy to get caught up in your own tasks and projects. People's focus gets so narrow that they forget to consider the impact that their words or actions will have on other people. In an attempt to be efficient and productive we take a few liberties with our manners at work. Perhaps, at one time, we apologetically said, "I'm sorry, we have to stop the discussion and move onto the next point." But now we blurt out or "Let's get on with it, people! While the intention may be the same, the degree of bluntness, or even rudeness, used nowadays is unacceptable at work or anywhere. Encouraging good manners is one side of the coin. The other requires developing mechanisms and strategies to eliminate poor manners from your workplace. When workplace manners begin to slip, it can be hard to stop the slide and regain control. Open communication and empathy are perhaps your strongest weapons for controlling discourtesy in the office. When people stop talking or sharing their experiences and concerns, or when they stop considering how their actions make others feel, poor behavior can start to work its way into the fabric of the organization's culture. On the other hand, people must take responsibility for their actions. They must think about the impact of what they say or do has on other people and the workplace in general. Whenever you have people working together, there has to be a high level of respect and concern for others.

6. Advantages of good manners & disadvantages of bad manners

Good manners play an important part in maintaining peace and good-wiling in a community. A man who has good manners does not hurt the feelings of others, and therefore he is on good terms with his friends and neighbors and also with others. In this way he helps to keep peace in society

But a man whose manners are bad has no respect for others. He uses words carelessly and behaves rudely towards other and causes a lot of ill-will and unpleasantness. In the end, it is he himself who suffers the most. Everyone avoids him and he is forced to live almost in isolation.

To live well in a society, money alone is not enough. We should also have good manners, for it is human nature to seek friendship; and friendship cannot be bought with money. Friendship with others makes life pleasant and it has to be earned through our own attitude towards others. If we are kind to others, they will be kind to us, and kindness is the essence of good manners. Bad manners not only drive away friends but also others, including our own family members.

Even the richest man cannot afford to have had manners. For a man may have enough money to buy all things than he wants; but if his manners are bad he will have no friends, and no one can live happily without friends. Even the members of his own family may not respect him and finally he will become a lonely man.

On the other hand, a man whose manners are good has many friends. He commands the respect of all those who come into contact with him. He does not talk ill about others. Even when he is provoked, he tries his best to use words in a way which will not offend others. He is also sympathetic towards the weak and ignorant and does not poke fun at the deformities and weaknesses of others.

There are, however, many people who behave so well outside their homes that they are respected and admired by everyone outside. But in their own homes they are worse than the devil. Such people could not be said to have good manners. Their

whole behavior is a pretense and it does not take long for others to discover this. If ones manners are good, one behaves well everywhere, even when one is away from the critical eyes of others. Only such a person can live well in society. It is therefore essential for everyone to cultivate good manners.