Medicinal Plants of Sindh

MONOGRAPH
MEDICINAL PLANTS OF SINDH

INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE AND SCIENTIFIC FACTS
Atta-ur-Rahman M. Iqbal Choudhary
and
Saifullah Bullo
Study Sponsored by
Department of Planning and Development Government of Sindh
DELIVERABLE OF THE PROJECT ENTITLED,
SCIENTIFIC EVALUATION AND PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT FROM THE FOLK MEDICINES USED IN THE PROVINCE OF SINDH
PROJECT TEAM
1. 2.
Prof. Dr. Atta-ur-Rahman, FRS, N.I., H.I., S.I., T.I. Prof. Dr. M. Iqbal Choudhary, H.I., S.I., T.I. (Ph.D and Sc.D.) Mr. Saifullah Bullo (M.Sc.Org. Chemistry) Dr. Shakil Ahmed (PhD Chemistry) Dr. Nadeem Akhtar Korai (M.B.B.S and M.Phil Pharmacology) Mr. Zaheer Abbas (M.Sc: Botany) Mr. Ameer Ahmed Mirbahar (M.Phil Botany) Dr. M. Tariq Rajput (Ph.D Zoology) Mr. Abdul Hafeez (B.A)
Patron-in-Chief Principal Investigator
3.
Research Officer
4.
Coordinator
5.
Medical Doctor
6.
Plant Taxonomist
7.
Anthropologist
8.
Survey Officer
9.
Plant Collection Incharge
DEDICATED TO THE
PEOPLE OF THE PROVINCE OF SINDH WHO HAVE THE KNOWLEDGE AND UNBROKEN TRADITIONS OF THE USE OF PLANTS FOR THERAPEUTIC PURPOSES SINCE TIME IMMEMORIAL
CONTENT

Preface............ i Forward.. ii
1.0 Background......... 06 1.1 Districts of Sindh.... 07 2.0 Map of the Sindh Province.... 08 2.1 Historical Places of Sindh.. 09 2.2 Brief History of Sindh 12 3.0 Summary of the Study.... 13 3.1 List of the Medicinal Plants.... 21 4. Folk Medicinal Uses and Scientific Factsbout Medicinal.. 25 Plants of Sindh 5. Conclusion and Recommendations.... 6.0 Annexures... 6.1 Survey Form... 6.2 Photographs........ 6.3 Glossary of Typical Termed used in the Book.. 6.4 Glossary of scientific terms................ 6.5 References......
BACKGROUND
Sindh, being the most ancient civilizatiuons of the world, has a vast knowledge and unbroken tradition of the use of the plants for a variety of purposes. Therapeutic uses of plants has been recorded in manay treatise and historical documents of ancient Sindh. Rural Sindh is a place where plants are still used for the treatment of prevailing diseases. However, with the growing urbanization and changing life style, this knowledge base is shrinking and traditions are gradually lost with the time. The project entitled as Scientific evaluation and product Development from the Folk Medicines used in the Province of Sindh, was envisaged to collect, document, and made public the rich ethnobotanic knowledge of Sindh. This is the crucial first step to preserve the traditional knowledge, to avoid it unlawful use by others and to benefit from into by the systemic use of Science and Technology. The content of this monograph is based on the valuable information collected during the first ever field based ethnobotanic survey, conducted in all 17 districts of the province of Sindh by a multidisciplinary team of researchers and scientists. Forty four (44) different places were visited for the documentation of folk medicinal practices, based on a carefully designed survey protocol. Over 700 survey forms were filled by various stakeholders, common peoples, traditional healers, hakims, etc. Based on which, 101 samples of medicinal plants were collected, including different parts of the same plants on different occasions, and from different places. The names of the districts which were visited are given in section-1.1, and a map of the Province presented in section-1.2, with visited areas properly highlighted.
1.1 Districts of Sindh Surveyed
S. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. Badin Dadu Ghotki
District
Area (km) 6,726 19,070 6,083 5,519 79,165 15,910 7,423 1,417 2,925 2,945 4,502 10,728 5,165 1303 19,638 17,355 18,31 140,914
Population 1,136,044 1,688,811 970,549 4,391,488 555,200 1,546,587 1,927,066 515,331 905,930 1,087,571 1,071,533 1,453,028 908,373 400,000 914,291 1,113,194 663,100 35,470,648
Density (People/km) 169 89 160 524 263 97 260 364 536 369 238 135 176 222 47 64 157 270 Average
Hyderabad Jamshoro Khairpur Larkana Matiari Mirpurkhas Naushahro Feroz Nawabshah (Benazirabad) Sanghar Sukkur Tando Allahyar Tharparkar Thatta Umerkot Total Province
2.0 Map of Sindh (With marked places)
2.1 Historical Places of Sindh
Kot Deji
(District Khairpur)
Moen Jo daro (1000 3000 BC)

(District Larkana)
Thatta Mosque
(District Thatta)
Historical Sukkur Bridge

(Dsitrict Sukkur)
Culture and Life of Rural Sindh
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Shrine of Hazrat Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai

(District Hala)
Shrine of Hazrat Lal Shehbaz Qalander

(District Sehwan)
Shrine of Hazrat Sachal Sarmast District Khairpur Mirus
Tomb Quaid-e-Azam M. Ali Jinnah Karachi
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2.2 Brief History of Sindh

Sindh which is regarded as the oldest civilization of the world, the first known village settlement date as far back as 7000 BC. Sindh has been called with various names over the centuries e.g. Sauvira, Mehran, Sindhudesh, and Sindhu being the original name of Indus River. This culture blossomed over several millennia and gave rise to Indus Valley civilization around 3000 BC. They were very much competent people with other civilizations of that times such as with Ancient Egyptians and Mesopotamia in both size and scope numbering nearly half a million inhabitants. They were very advanced at their time because you can see at Moen jo Daro that there are streets, road and well designed drainage system. It is known that Indus valley civilization traded with ancient Egypt and ancient Mesopotamia through establishing shipping lanes. In ancient Egypt, the world for cotton was Sindh suggesting that the bulk of that civilizations cotton was imported from Indus valley Civilization. Several kings have conquered and ruled over the Sindh such as Persians Achaemenid Empire in 6the century BC. In late 300s BC, Sindh was conquered by mixed army led by Macedonian Greeks under the Alexander the great and they ruled for few decades. After the death of the Alexander the great, there was brief period of Seleucid rule, before Sindh was traded to the Mauryan Empire led by Charagupta in 305 BC. During the rule of the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka, the budhist religion spread to Sindh. Muryan rule ended in 185 BC with the overthrow of the last king of the Sunga Dynasty. After that Greek rule returned when Dmetrius I of Bactria led Greco-Bactrian invisioned of the India and annexed most of the north western lands, including Sindh. And that up and downs one ruler after other continued until the 711 CE when Mohammad bin Qasim conquered the Sindh and as Arabs enters here and Islam widespread in subcontinent Sindh is also regarded as Babul Islam (Gateway of Islam). Muslims ruled the India for several hundred years until the British Armies conquered the India and 1947 they get rid of from Britain and subcontinent was divided into two countries Pakistan and India and Sindh part pf Pakistan. Todays Sindh is largely urbanized, with Karachi, Hyderabad, and Sukkur being developed as large cosmopolitan cities. The economy of which was based on agriculture and livestock three decades ago, is now based on industrial production and value addition on agriculture products. Sindh is the most urbanized, and educated province of Pakistan which serves as the economic hub of the nation, but economicdisparity, proving difference in rich and poor and strong feudal systemwithin the province,as well as, stark differences in development pattern, is among the most distorted factors in social fabrics of the province.
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3.0 Summary of the Study

Medicinal palnts play a key role in the healthcare of human society since time immemorial. River Indus civilization is among the most ancient civilizations of the world, at par to Egyptian, Samarian, and Babylonian civilizations. People live on the bank of mighty river Indus have evolved a culture of co-existence; respect for the diversity value to the innovation, and an efficient and democratic the system of governance. In this conducive environment, knowledge flourished scholarship natured and innovation took roots. The use of various plants for the treatment of the prevailing disorders, based on trial and errors and folk wisdom, is among the heritage of Sindh civilization. Though in last 100 years, Western medicines became the main system of healthcare in urban Sindh, the rural Sindhis continue to benefits from the folk knowledge of the use of plants as medicines. Unfortunately most of this knowledge base has never been documented and thus threatened to disappear with the rapid demographic changes especially the growing urbanization of towns and rural to urban migration of the population. This project was the first serious and broad based efforts to save this invaluable folk knowledge of ethanomedicines of our province, before it deplete to an insignificant level. With this strong realization of the importance of preserving the folk ethanobotanic knowledge of the Sindh, the International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS) University of Karachi, Karachi Pakistan and Department of Planning and Development Government of Sindh developed a partnership, and study was initiated in 2006. Many extensive discussion sessions were held before the execution of the field studies, and following objectives were agreed upon: (a). (b). (c). (d). (e). To compile the centuries old folk knowledge of Sindh, as an easy to access document. To create an authentic folk ethnomedicinal database of medicinal practices in Sindh for the purpose of Intellectual Property Rights protection. To initiate scientific evaluation of folk medicines of Sindh for the purpose of development of cheaper and easily accessible medicines for people of Sindh. To work on value addition to the floral resources of Sindh by possible production of standardized raw material. To increase the possibility of access to cost effective, safe and culturally acceptable medicines for rural population, based on indigenousknowledge.
To begin with, extensive dialogue was arranged between various senior experts to design an appropriate survey strategy for the field work. An elaborate program was then chalked out to carefully select survey sites, and assembled a team of young and experienced scholars, belonging to all relevant fields, such as chemistry, anthropology, taxonomy, medicines, etc.
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Over a three years times; an extensive field work was conducted in breadth of the entire province, often in very difficult situations. The out reach and interaction with community in the far fledge areas was among the major focus of this field study. Each survey visit was often spread over several days with many stopovers and small gatherings. This field study included the following: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) Name of the place and exact geographical locations Name of the people interviewed, along with their economic and social backgrounds Duly executed survey forms Photographs of the people interviewed. Photographs of the medicinal herbs/plants collected or purchased Prepration of taxonomic specimen of the plant Information about the plant parts used for therapeutic purposes. Method of preparation of herbal formulation
The information gathered were validated through the taxonomic identification at the Herberium of the University of Karachi, where specimen of the each plant was deposited under the supervision of trained taxonomist. An extensive scientific literature survey was conducted on each plant, by using library and digital resources. The library books, databases and online information sources, used for literature survey included the following: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) Chemical Abstracts (In Print) Sci Finder (Online) Science Direct (Online) Journals of Natural Products Phytochemistry Other journals of pharmacognosy, ethnobotany and herbal medicinal research
Based on the scientific literature survey, the novelty of the ethanobotanic information was assessed. Results of various surveys were crtically analyzed by using critical and probability matching approach. In cases, where the plants were found to have widespread use against a specific disease or a unique use based on global literature survey, a phytochemical and biological screenings were carried out. For this purpose, collected plants material were properly cleaned, dried under shade, pulverized, and soaked in appropriate solvents, most often 80% ethanol H2O. After several days of soaking, extracts were filtered and dried under vacuum. The ethanolic extracts were then further extracted by using various organic solvents (Ethanol, dichloromethanol, hexanes). Each extract was then used for the biological screenings for a number of activities, Such as: (a) (b) 14 Antibacterial Bioassays Antifungal Bioassays
(c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h)
Antileishmanial Bioassays Phytotoxicity Bioassays Antiglycation Bioassays Cytotoxicity Bioassays Antimalarial Biassays Others assay
Specific emphasis of scientific studies was on the disease for which a particular plant was used in indigenous system. Based on the bioassays screenings, selected group of plants were assessed by in vivo testing, and in one case human clinical trials was also conducted under the supervision of well trained chimicians by using standard protocols after ethical committees clearance. The results of the entire study are presented in this monograph, which firmly establish the fact that the ethanobotanic knowledge of Sindh deserves further scientific studies to transfer the benefits of the ancient knowledge to the local community, to the province and to the modern world.
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Plant Species with specimen number

Allium sativum Linn. Azadirachta indica A. Juss.
Family
Alliaceae Melianceae
Varnacular Part Used Name

Thoma/ Laasan Nimm/ Neem Seeds
Ethnobotanic Uses/ Ailments treated

Ear pain, leishmeniasis Asthma, hemorrhoides, retention of urine, kidney pain, chronic fever, malaria, eye infection, joint pain in bones, diabetes, hair dandruff, tooth ache and eye sight weakness
Alternanthera sessilis (Linn.) R. Br.ex DC Acacia nilotica (Linn.) Willd. ex Delile) Acacia jacquemontii Benth. Acacia senegal (Linn.) Willd Aerva javanica (Burm. f.) Juss. Asparagus officinalis (Linn.) Achyranthes aspera Linn. Aloe vera (Linn.) Burm Albizia lebbeck (Linn.) Benth. Alhagi maurorum Medik. Cressa cretica Linn. Cappris dcidua (Forssk.) Edgew.
Amaranthaceae
Bengroo
Leaves
Infection, cut, external injury
Fabaceae
Bhabhur
Bark, flower, leaves Leaves
Leavesfor infertility in women, flowers for hepatitis and jaundice, bark for mouth blister and heat stroke Stomach pai, removal of kidney stone Arithritis and sexual weakness in males
Fabaceae
Bhaori
Fabaceae Amaranthaceae Asparagaceae Amaranthaceae Liliaceae
Kumbat Bhooh Kootri Ubbat kandi Kunwar bhooti/ Ghee kuwaar Sireenhun Kandaira Unn Kirer
Gum
Root, whole Hemorrhoids, skin dryness and self cracking of skin plant Whole Plant Infection of wounds and hemorrhoids Leaves Extracted gum of leaves Leaves & Seeds Pneumonia and asthma Diabetes, hepatitis and hair dandruff T.B, redishness in eyes and boils (daanay)
Fabaceae Fabaceae Convalulaceae Capparaceae
Whole Plant Hotness of the body Whoel plant Joint pain, scabies and inflamation Whole Plant Impotency, fracture of bones, asthma, diabetes, skin infection, ear pain, toothe ache
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Citrullus colocynthis (Linn.) Schrad. Corchorus depressus (Linn.)
Family
Cucurbitaeace

Trooh Root, Fruit

Asthma, diabetes, hepatitis, eye sight weakness, infections, toothache, ear pain.
Tilaceae
Mundairi
Whole Plant Prolong bleeding during menses, hepatitis, itching in urine and retenion of urine, male sexual weakness Whole Plant Diabetes, hepatitis, hair fall and dandruff, laziness, and retention of urine. Leaves Milk, Root, Stem, leaves Hepatitis and asthma Malaria, pneumonia, hepatitis, diabetes toothache, male, earpain, scabies, stomach pain sexual waekness and gall bladder problems in animals. Hepatitis, and infection of injury Chronic fever, hepatitis and removal of kidney stone Fracture of bones
Cuscuta campestris Yuncker in Mem Cordial dichotoma Forst. Calotropis procera (Ait.) Ait. f
Convalulaceae
Bay paari
Boraginaceae Asclepiadaceae
Giddori Akk
Cordia gharaf (Forssk.) Ehren Citrus sinensis (Linn.) Osbeck, Reise Ostind. Commiphora myrrha (HOLMES) Cassia fistula Linn. Cassia senna Linn. Cleome brachycarpa Vahl. ex DC. Cymbopogon citrates (D.C.) Stapf Desmostachya bipinnata (Linn.)
Boraginaceae Rutaceae
Liyaar Lemon
Whole Plant, Fruit
Burseraceae
Tindoor
Stem
Fabaceae Caaesalpiniaceae Cleomaceae
Amaltas Sana makai Shamako
Bark, seeds Leaves Whole Plant
Hepatitis, jaundice and costipation in children Blood purification and abdominal discomfert
Poaceae
Puee
Whole Plant Chronic fever
Poaceae
Drubh
Root, Chronic fever, loose motions and flower, retention of urine. whole plant
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Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. Dhatura alba Linn., Syst. Dodonaea viscosa (Linn.) Echinops echinatus Roxb. Euphorbia caducifolia Haines Eclipta prostrata (Eclipta alba) (Linn.) Hassk. Fagonia indica Burm Ficus benghalensis Linn. Foeniculum vulgare Mill Grewia tenax (Forsk.) Iphionai grantioides Boiss Heliotropium uropeum Linn. Tinospora cordifolia (DC.) Miers Leptadenia pyrotechnica (Forssk.) Moringa rivae Chiovenda Mangifera Indica Linn.
Family
Fabaceae Sulanaceae Sapindaceae Compositea/ Asteraceae Enphorbiaceae

Taari/ Shesham Leaves Chario daturo/ Daturo Lohero Dammai Kheer wall Fruit Bark

Hotness of the body Bronchial asthmas Hepatitis and juandis
Whole plant Scabies Leaves and milk Leaves Ear pain and Stomach problems
Asteraceae/ Compositeae Zygophyllaceae Moraceae
Khokhri
Diahorria
Damma Barr Milk of leaves, bark, root Seeds Leaves Prolong mensis pain during periods, astham, jaundice, hepatitis and male sexual weakness Abdominal discomfert and constipation Hepatitis and boil (daanay) Hepatitis, scabies and snake sting Nangan wall Satta gullio Whole plant Hemorrhoides Leaves Abscess (rattgarhi)
Apiaceae/ Umbelliferae Tilaceae Asteraceae Boraginaceae
Soonf/ Wadif Kaankeh/ Wingo
Apocybaceae
Kheer khip
Milk
Skin diseases
Moringaceae Anacardiaceae
Swanjehro Anmb/ Aam
Gum, leaves Weakness in muscles and arithrits Leaves nad seeds Unhealing injuries/ infection and loose motions
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Physalis minima D. Don Phyllanthus reticulatus Pair Prosopis cinerria (Linn.) Druce Phyla nodiflora (Linn.) Pennisetum typhoides Burm. f. Phoenix dactylifera Linn. Ricinus communis Linn. Rhazya stricta Decne Rosa indica Linn. Solanum surattense Burm Suaeda fruticosa Forssk Salvadora oleoidess Decne Salvadora persica Linn. Senna italica/ Cassia italica Mill Solanum nigrum Linn.
Family
Solonaceae Rhacophoridae Fabaceae Verbenaceae

Aknaaj/ Rusberry Patt Pairoon Gujjo Bhucccan Leaves
Kidney pain and stomach discomfert
Whole plant Antidote to snake sting, Abscess (rattgarhi), hepatitis and leishmenisis Seeds Flu and cough
Poaceae
Bhaajheri/ Baajra Khajji/Khujoor Haran
Arecaeae Euphorbiaceae Apocybaceae
Leaves Leaves
Tooth ache, and redishness of the eyes of the birds Pneumonia and bone pain due to strike Weakness in newly born baby, skin infection, eyesight weakness, hepatitis and tooth ache
Seenhaar/ Shaar Leaves, stem Gulaab Candairi
Rosaceae Solonaceae
Flowers and Asthma, removal of kidney stone buds and gall bladder stone Prolong mensis, scabies, chronic fever, skin infection and chest congession Whole plant Retention of urine Leaves Leaves Pnemponia and kidney pain Internal pain in bones due to injury or strike, heat stroke and chronic fever Inflamation in joints, Itching in urine and kidney stone Leaves Asthma
Chenopodiaceae Salvadoraceae Salvadoraceae
Laani Mithi jhaar Khabbar/Jhaar
Fabaceae
Goora wall
Solonaceae
Kaanwal
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Tamarix aphylla (Linn.) Karst. Tamarindus indica Linn. Tribulus terrestris Linn.
Family
Tamaricaceae Fabaceae Zygophyllaceae

Laee Giddamri Tikundi Flower, bark Fruit

Kidney stone and infection due to injury. Hepatitis and jaundice
Triticum aestivum Proceae Linn. Vitex negundo Linn. Vernonia anthelmintica (Linn.) Willd. Withania coagulans (Stocks) Dunal Xanthium strumarium Linn. Zea mays Linn. Ziziphus nummularia (Burm. f.) Verbenaceae Compositeae/ Asteraceae Solonaceae
Whole plant Itching and retention of urine and seual weakness in male and nutlets juriyan Kanik/ Gandum Seeds Pimples on face and fungus diseases of skin Sanbhalu Kaari geeri Leaves Seeds Flu and abdominal discomfert Chronic fever, joint swealing (waai) and scabies Boil (daany) and blood purification Hemorrhoides Kidney pain, retention of urine and kidney stone Diabetes and chronic fever
Paneer
Seeds/fruit
Asteraceae Poaceae Rhamnaceae
Gusato Makai Bhair/Bairi
Leaves Bushes Root, gum
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3.1 List of the Folk Medicinal Plants Collected/ Purchase based on Ethanobotanic Survey:
S. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23.
Botanical Name Allium sativum Linn. Azadirachta indica A. Juss.
Local Name Thoma/Laasan Nimm/Neem
Page
Alternanthera sessilis (Linn.) R. Br.ex DC Bengroo Acacia nilotica (Linn.) Willd. ex Delile) Acacia jacquemontii Benth. Acacia senegal (Linn.) Willd Aerva javanica (Burm. f.) Juss. Asparagus officinalis Linn. Achyranthes aspera Linn. Aloe vera (L.) Burm. Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. Alhagi maurorum Medik. Cressa cretica L. Cappris dcidua (Forssk.) Edgew. Citrullus colocynthis (Linn.) Schrad Corchorus depressus (Linn.) Cuscuta campestris Yuncker Cordial dichotoma Forst. Calotropis procera (Ait.) Ait. f Cressa cretica L. Cordia gharaf (Forssk.) Ehren Citrus sinensis (Linn.) Osbeck, Reise Ostind. Commiphora myrrha (HOLMES) Bhabhur Bhaori Kumbat Bhooh Kootri Ubbat kandi Kunwar Bhooti /ghee kuwaar Sireenhun kandaira Unn Kirer Trooh Mundairi Bay Paari Giddori Akk Unn Liyaar Lemon Tindoor 21
24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 22
Cassia fistula Linn. Cassia senn Linn. Cleome brachycarpa Vahl ex DC. Cymbopogon citrates (D.C.) Stapf. Desmostachya bipinnata (Linn.) Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. Cassia fistula Linn. Dhatura alba Linn., Syst. Dodonaea viscosa (Linn.) Echinops echinatus Roxb. Euphorbia caducifolia Haines Eclipta prostrata (Eclipta alba) (Linn.) Hassk. Fagonia indica Burm. Ficus benghalensis Linn. Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Grewia tenax (Forsk.) Inula grantioides Boiss. Heliotropium uropeum Linn. Leptadenia pyrotechnica (Forssk.) Moringa rivae Chiovenda Mangifera Indica Linn. Physalis minima D. Don Phyllanthus reticulatus Pair. Prosopis cinerria (Linn.) Druce Phyla nodiflora (Linn.) Pennisetum typhoides Burm. f. Phoenix dactylifera Linn. Ricinus communis Linn. Rhazya stricta Decne.
Amaltas Sana Makai Shamako Puee Drubh Taari/Shesham Amaltas Chario daturo/daturo Lohero Dammai Kheer wall Khokhri Damma Barr Soonf/Wadif Kaankeh/wingo Narro Nangan wall Kheer khip Swanjehro Anmb/Aam Aknaaj /Rusberry Patt Pairoon Gujjo Bhucccan Bhaajheri /baajra Khajji/Khujoor Haran Seenhaar/Shaar
53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72.
Rosa indica Linn. Solanum surattense Burm. Suaeda fruticosa Forssk. Salvadora oleoidess Decne. Salvadora persica Linn. Senna italica/cassia italica Mill. Solanum nigrum Linn. Tamarix aphylla (Linn.) Karst. Tamarix passernioides Tamarindus indica Linn. Tribulus terrestris Linn. Triticum aestivum Linn. Tinospora cordifolia Miers. Vitex negundo Linn. Vernonia anthelmintica ((Linn.) Withania coagulans (Stocks) Dunal. Xanthium strumarium Linn. Zea mays Linn. Ziziphus nummularia (Burm. f.) Salvadora persica Linn.
Gulaab Candairi Laani Mithi Jhaar Khabbar/Jhaar Goora wall Kaanwal Laee Laee/Lao Giddamri Tikundi kanik/gandum Sata Gulio Sanbhalu Kaari geeri Paneer Giddar wall Makai Bhair/bairi Khabbar/Jhaar
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The
medicinal
plants
find
extensive
uses
in
pharmaceutical, cosmetic, agricultural, and food products. The use of the medicinal herbs for curing diseases has been documented in the history of all civilizations. The plants contains multitude of compounds like glycosides, terpenes, alkaloids, etc. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that 80% population in developing countries still relies on traditional medicines for their primary health care needs.
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Botanical Name: Allium sativum Linn. Synonym: Kingdom: Order: Family: Genus: Garlic Plantae Asparagales Alliaceae Allium
Allium sativum
Sindhi name: Thoma Urdu Name: Lassen
Description of Allium sativum:

Bulb ovoid with 6-10 bulblets; scales white. Scapes c. 1 in tall, curved; spathe long-beaked. Leaves linear, flattened. Umbels with bulbils and flowers. Tepals white, lanceolate, acuminate. Filaments shorter than the tepals, inner with 2 cusps. Garlic is extensively cultivated. It is used in medicine, and as a spice.
Medicinal Uses of Allium sativum in Sindh:

Bulb of plants are used for the treatment of ear pain. Method of use: Take 2-3 bulbs and pour them in 10 mL hair oil and heat them gently for 3-4 minutes and let the solution cooled and pour 2-3 drops in your ear in which you have pain. Pain will be released within 1-2 days
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Studies on Allium stivum:

Garlic (Allium sativum L.), a member of the onion family, has been cultivated for thousands of years and is widely used for both its culinary and medicinal attributes. Garlic has another sulfur containing compound, ajoene, which has antifungal, antiparasitic, antibacterial properties. Our research group screened out a large number of medicinal plants and their fractions against leismanial parasite, bacteria, and fungi. Here we will describe the Allium sativum , which have potent leishmanicidal, antibacterial, and antifungal etc activity. Garlic has a very long folk history of uses in a wide range of ailments, particularly diseases such as ringworm, Candida and vaginitis where its fungicidal, antiseptic, tonic and anti parasitic properties have proved of benefits. Allium sativum is known to have lipid and cholesterol lowering, antidiabetic, antifungal, antiparasitic and other properties. Ajoene (C9H14OS) is one of the sulfur containing compounds that is the most important constituents of garlic. Ajoene is the standardized active constituents of majority of garlic based products and has a potent leishmanicidal activity. Plant Name Allium sativum Part Used Bulbs Extract Pet. Ether extract Ethyl acetate extract Alcohol extract Standard Drugs: Amphotericin B Pentamidine 0.50 0.02 2.50 0.09 IC50 g/mL S.D. 37 0.50 3.9 0.40 94.5 0.25
Animal toxicity
Animal Model Wister Rats (Male 200-250 g) Doses (mg/kg) 10 100 500 1000 LD50 or Lethality No Lethality No Lethality No Lethality No Lethality
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Figure-1 (A): Lesion before treatment.
Figure-1 (B): Healed lesion after 08 weeks.
Figure-2 (A): Crusted lesion on the elbow.
Figure-3 (A): Deep ulcerated lesion on the ankle.
The results obtained from this trial were very encouraging; with complete healing of the lesions and total elimination of the parasite in 78.75% of the patients.
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Botanical Name: Azadirachta A. Juss. Synonym: Kingdom: Division: Order: Family: Genus: Azadirachta indica, Antelaea azadirachta Plantae Magnoliophyta Sapindales Meliaceae Azadirachta
Azadirachta indica
Sindhi Name: Nimm Urdu Name: Neem
Description of Azadirachta:
Tree, up to 15 m tall. Branches glabrous. Leaves imparipinnate, pulvinus at the base; leaflets alternate to opposite, 2.5-7 cm long, 1.5-4 cm broad, ovate, subsessile, acuminate. Flowers white, sweet-scented. Sepals obovate, 1.5 mm long, puberulous, imbricate. Petals 6 mm long, obvoate to oblong, white, margin ciliate. Staminal tube c. 5 mm long, puberulous, 10-striate, 10-toothed; teeth 2-lobed; anthers oblong, basifixed. Ovary sub-globose; style linear, c. 2.5 mm long; stigma trifid. Drupe oblong, 1.3-2 cm long, greenish-yellow, 1-seeded. Distribution: A native of India and China, cultivated and naturalized through-out India, Malaysia and Pakistan. The tree is cultivated in the warmer parts of the country. It yields good timber. All parts of the plant are medicinal.
Medicinal Uses of Azadirachta indica in Sindh:

Leaves are used for the treatment of itching, hemorrhoid, retention of urine, and kidney pain. Fresh Leaves and flowers are used against fever of unknown reasons. Flowers are also used against asthma, boil, malaria and eye infection. Flowers and fruits are also used against diabetes. Fruits are used against skin and soft tissues infections. Fruits are also used against bronchial asthma, bone pain, mouth blister, helminthes infection, and hair dandruff. Barks are used against fever of unknown origin. Branches are used against toothache as miswak. Stem is used for improving eyesight.
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1. Method of use for itching: Dip 2-3 kg of fresh leaves in water and boil. Let it cool and have bath with bit warm prepared solution for 3-4 days. 2. Method of use for Hemorrhoid: Grind the fresh leaves 250 gm, make a paste and add 100 mL hair oil and apply on the effected area every night and keep using until the problem is solved, usullay it takes 8-12 days. 3. Method of Use for the Treatment of Retention of Urine, Kidney Pain, Asthma, Boils, and Malaria: Flowers, either fresh or dried 200-250 g, are grinded 2 glasses of water is added and filtered through thin piece of cloth. This water is used for drinking. Urine will be passed within 10-15 minutes. For asthma, boil, malaria and kidney pain; drink this water in fasting for 7-10 days. 4. Method of Use for Diabetes: Just eat the fresh flowers as much as possible easily three times every day. Fruit are dried in shadow and powdered and 1 spoon is taken every day. 5. Method of Use for Eye Infection: Just chew some flowers and pour the liquid (salira) of mouth in eye after filtering. 6. Method of Use for Improving Eye Sight: Make a hole in the neem tree whose stem is bit wider and keep the solid antimony (stibnite) in that hole and also put the cutted piece of stem on the same place after keeping the antimony for 40 days, and then just take that out and grind into a powder and append every day. 7. Method of Use for Hair Dandruff: Take approximately 250 g of fresh fruits and grind them and make a paste apply on the hair let it for 3-4 hours and wash head and hair with this shampoo, and repeat same for 10 days consectutively. Scientific Study: Bioassays of Azadirachta indica: The methanolic extract leaves plant shows antibacterial, antifungal, and insecticidal and phytotoxic activities. Previous Studies on Azadirachta indica: 1. Nimbolide, a triterpenoid exracttd from the flowers of the neem tree (Azadirachta indica), was found to have antiproliferative activity against some cancer cell lines. 2. Following are comounds isolated from Azadirachta indica: 29
Tetranortriterpenoid: Meliatetraolenone [24,25,26,27-tetranor-apotirucalla-(apoeupha)-6-O-Me, 7-senecioyl(7deacetyl)-11,12,21,23-tetrahydroxy-21,23-epoxy-2,14,20(22)-trien-1,16-dione] (1) was isolated from the methanolic ext. of fresh leaves of Azadirachta indica. Triterpenoids:Azadironolide[24,25,26,27-tetranorapoeupha-7-acetoxy-23-hydroxy-21,23epoxy-1,14,20(22)-trien-3,21-dione](I),isoazadironolide [24,25,26,27-tetranorapoeupha-7acetoxy-21-hydroxy-21,23-epoxy-1,14,20(22)-trien-3,23-dione](II),and azadiradionolide [24,25,26,27-tetranorapoeupha-7-acetoxy-21,23-epoxy-1,14,20(22)-trien-3,16,21-trione] (III), were isolated from the fresh fruit coats of Azadirachta indica
HO O Me Me H O Me O O Me Me H O Me Me H OAc II O Me Me Me H OH Me H OAc III Me Me O O Me H OAc I Me O
30
Botanical Name: Alternanthera sessilis (Linn) R. Br.ex DC Kingdom: Division: Order: Family: Genus: Plantae Magnoliophyta Caryophyllales Amaranthaceae Alternanthera
Alternanthera sessilis
Sindhi Name: Bengroo Description of the Alternanthera sessilis
Annual or usually perennial herb; in drier situations with slender, more solid stems, erect, much-branched, to c. 30 cm; in wetter places ascending or commonly prostrate with stems c. 0.1-1 m long, rooting at the nodes, fistular, with numerous lateral branches; when floating very fistular, the stems attaining several metres in length and over 1 cm thick, with long clusters of whitish rootlets at the nodes. Stem and branches green or purplish, with a narrow line of whitish hairs down each side of the stem and tufts of white hairs in the branch and leaf axils, otherwise glabrous, striate, terete. Leaves extremely variable in shape and size, linearlanceolate to oblong, oval, or obovate-spathulate, 1-9 (-15) x 0.2-2 (-3) cm, blunt to shortly acuminate at the apex, cuneate to attenuate at the base, glabrous or thinly pilose, especially on the lower surface of the midrib; petiole obsolete or up to c. 5 mm. Inflorescence sessile, axillary, solitary or in clusters of up to c. 5, subglobose (or somewhat elongate in fruit), c. 5 mm in diameter; bracts scarious, white, deltoid-ovate, mucronate with the excurrent pale midrib, glabrous, c. 0.75-1 mm; bracteoles similar, 1-1.5 mm, also persistent. Tepals ovalelliptic, equal, 1.5-2.5 mm, acuminate to rather blunt, white, glabrous, shortly but distinctly mucronate with the stout, excurrent midrib, the margins obscurely denticulate. Stamens 5 (2 filaments anantherous), at anthesis subequalling the ovary and style, the alternating pseudostaminodes resembling the filaments but usually somewhat shorter. Ovary strongly compressed, roundish, style extremely short. Fruit obcordate or cordate-orbicular, 2-2.5 mm long, strongly compressed with a narrow, pale, somewhat thickened margin. Seed discoid, c. 0.75-1 mm, brown, shining, faintly reticulate. Distribution: A common species, very widepsread in the tropics and subtroprics of both Old and New Worlds in waste and cultivated ground, especially in damp or wet conditions.
Medicinal Uses of Alternanthera sessilis in Sindh:

Leaves are used against infection of cut or injury.
31
1. Method of use for injury: Make the paste of 10 g fresh leaves and add 5 mL hair oil and apply on the affected area twice a day the quantity can increased according to size of cut or injury. Previous studies on Alternanthera sessilis: It has been reported that A. Sessilis possess-antibacterial activity. It has also been reported that it can be used against the common cold and allaying fever. Following are the compounds isolated from Alternanthera sessilis: A mixture of diastereomers of a new ionone deriv. (I) from the chloroform ext. of the air-dried leaves of Alternanthera sessilis.
Me CH 2 -OH Me Me OH OH I
Major components are saponins from leaves of A. sessilis contain a 3-O-(-Dglucopyranosyluronic acid). 28-O--D-Glucopyranosyl oleanolic acid. A saponin having oleanolic acid as aglycon and glucose and rhamnose as sugar moieties. Lupeol (m.p. 213, []D20+ 26.40) from the petroleum ether ext. of dried powd. roots of A. sessilis.
32
Botanical Name: Acacia nilotica (Linn.) Willd. ex Delile Synonyms: Acacia arabica, Acacia scorpioides, Mimosa arabica, Mimosa nilotica, Mimosa scorpioides Plantae Magnoliophyta Fabales Fabaceae Acacia
Acacia nilotica
Kingdom: Division: Order: Family: Genus:
Sindhi name: Bhabhur Urdu Name: Babul
Description of Acacia nilotica:

An exceedingly variable species. Tree, c. 1.2-18 m high, variable in shape; bark on trunk rough, fissured, blackish, grey or brown; young branches almost glabrous to subtomentose. Stipules spinescent, up to 8 cm long. Leaf often with 1-2 petiolar glands and others between all or only the topmost of the 2-11 pairs of pinnae; leaflets 7-25 pairs, c. 1.5-7 mm long, c.0.5-1.5 mm wide, glabrous to pubescent. Inflorescence axillary pedunculate heads, 6-15 mm in diameter. Flowers bright yellow, involucel from near base to half way up the peduncle. Calyx 1-2 mm long, pubescent or subglabrous. Corolla 2.5-3.5 mm long, glabrous to more or less pubescent outside. Fruit very variable, indehiscent, straight or curved, glabrous to velvety, 4-22 cm long, c.1.3-2.2 cm wide. Seed blackish brown, smooth, 7-9 mm long, 6-7 mm wide, subcircular, compressed, areole 6-7 mm long, 4.5-5 mm wide.
Medicinal Uses of Acacia nilotica in Sindh:

Leaves are used against infertility in women, flowers are used against hepatitis, and bark is used against mouth blister, toothache, and heat stroke. 1. Method of use for infertility in women: 3-5 grams of fresh leaves eaten in fasten for 15 days. 33
2. .Method of use for mouth blisters: Take 5-8 grams of bark and boil then in 2 glass of water keep boiling until the volume of water is reduced to half and let it becool and then gargle 4-5 times and repeat the same practice 3 times every day. 3. Method of use for hepatitis and juaindice: Take fresh or dried 10-15g of flowers and grind them and add 1 glass of water and drink 3 glasses everday and repeat the same practice for 40 days. Bioassays of Acacia nilotica: The methanolic extract of bark plant showed antifungal and phytotoxic activities. Previous studies on Acacia nilotica: Kampherol have been isolated from Acacia nilotica and has been reported to possess antioxidant activity. Ethanolic extract of the fruit of Acacia nilotica possess significant microbial activity; 3-acetoxy-17-hydroxy-androst-5-ene, was isolated from aerial parts of Acacia nilotica. This compound is reported to have anti-inflammatory activity. Following compounds have are isolated from Acacia nilotica, alongwith the above mentioned compounds. 3,5-Dihydroxy-4-methoxy benzoic acid and 3,4-dimethoxy-4-hydroxy benzoic acid (syringic acid). 3-Acetoxy-17-hydroxy-androst-5-ene whose structure has been given below.
Me Me H AcO H H
OH
Flavonol glycosides viz. 5-hydroxy-7,4'-dimethoxy-8-isoprenylflavone-3-O--Dxylopyranoside and 5,7,3',4'-tetrahydroxy-6,8,2'-trimethoxyflavone-3-O--L-rhamnosyl (12)-O--D-glucopyranoside from the seeds.
34
Botanical Name: Acacia jacquemontii (Benth.) Kingdom: Division: Order: Family: Genus: Plantae Magnoliophyta Fabales Fabaceae Acacia
Acacia jacquemontii
Sindhi Name: Bhaori Description of Acacia jacquemontii:
An erect shrub, 1.2-2.5 m tall, twigs zigzag, bark greyish brown, young shoots slightly puberulous. Spines stipular, straight, white, connate at the base, 1.5-5 cm long. Rachis 0.8-5 cm long, glabrous, usually with a gland between the upper pair of pinnae. Pinnae 1-4 pairs, 5-15 cm long. Leaflets 5-10 pairs, sessile, c. 2.5-4 mm long, c. 1-1.5 mm broad, oblong, obtuse, glabrous. Inflorescence pedunculate heads in axillary fascicles of 2-8, rarely shortly racemose or umbellate, flowers yellow, fragnant, peduncle c. 1.2-2.5 cm long, bracts 2-3, about the middle of the peduncle. Calyx c. 1 mm long, campanulate. Corolla 2.5 mm long. Pod 5-7.5 cm long, c. 0.8-1.7 cm broad, glabrous, reticulately veined, 5-6 seeded, stipe c. 3-5 mm long. Flowering Period: February-May. Lectotype: Banks of Nerbuddah, Jacquemont (K). Syntype: In collib. siccis Thonna & Radjouri, Jacquemont (K). Distribution: Pakistan (Sindh, Punjab, Baluchistan); India (Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan). The bark is used for tanning leather and the leaves are stored as fodder.
Medicinal Uses of Acacia jacquemontii in Sindh:

Leaves are used against stomach pain and for the removal of kidney stones. Method of use: Just eat 2-3g of fresh leaves pain will be released with 10-20 minutes and for removal of kidney stone boil the 5-10 g of leaves in 500 mL and keep boiling until the water is reduced to half volume then drink that water after cooling, and repeat the practice for 40 days. 35
Previous studies on Acacia jacquemontii: Folowing compounds are solated from Acacia jacquemontii: Two diterpenoids consisting of 7-membered hemiacetal and in structure I (R = Me).
CH 2
Me H Me H Me
H R O OH I
36
Botanical Name: Acacia senegal (Linn.) Kingdom: Division: Order: Family: Genus: Plantae Magnoliophyta Fabales Fabaceae Acacia
Acacia senegal
Sindhi Name: Kumbat Description of Acacia senegal:
A small tree, 3-6 m. tall, young shoots pubescent, old branches glaucous-grey, on older stems the bark peels off in thin flakes of a darker colour. Prickles in threes at the base of the petiole, two lateral ones nearly straight or slightly curved upwards, the third recurved c. 5 mm long. Rachis c. 2.5-5 cm long, with glands between the lowest and upper most pair of pinnae. Pinnae 3-5 pairs, opposite, sometimes alternate, c.1.2-2.5 cm long. Leaflets 8-15 pairs, c. 2-5 mm long, c. 1-1.5 mm broad, linear, obtuse, subsessile. Inflorescence a pedunculate spike, peduncle c. 818 mm long, spike 5-10 cm long. Flowers sessile. Calyx c. 1.5-2.5 mm long, broadly campanulate, glabrous. Corolla c. 4 mm long. Stamens indefinite, filaments c. 6-7 mm long. Pod 5-7.5 cm long, c.1.7-2.5 cm broad, thin, flat, almost straight, shortly stipitate, tip with a slightly curved beak. Seeds 5-6, disc like, almost circular, ovate to linear-ovate, 6-9 mm long, c. 5-8 mm broad, with a U shaped depression on either side, smooth, dark brown to greyish green in colour. Flowering period: August-December Type: Arabiawhereabouts of Type uncertain (Brenan in Hubbard & Milne-Redhead, Fl. Trop. East Afr. (Mimosoideae) 92.1959.). Distribution: Pakistan (Sindh, Baluchistan); India (Rajasthan, South-East Punjab, Delhi) ; Arabia; widely distributed in Tropical Africa. It yields true gum arabic of commerce. The gum is used in medicine and most forms of confectionaries. The wood takes beautiful polish, and is used for weaver's shuttles, fuelwood and charcoal.
Medicinal Uses of Acacia senegal in Sindh:

Gum of the plant is used against arthritis and sexual weakness in males.
37
Method of use: Take 1 kg of gum of the plant add 1 kg of the desi ghee (butter oil) prepared from butter of cow and also add 1 kg of almond, half kg of Misree (refined crystalline sugar), and add 1 litre of water and mix them in a pot and heat them and keep stirring the mixture until the water is evaporated. The material is keep in fridge and eat the 20-30 g of recipe after warming it on heat every day in fasting but in winter season, healthy persons can also take this for general well being. Previous studies on Acacia senegal: Following compounds are isolated from Acacia senegal: Many polsachrides are isolated from gum of, Acacia senegal possessing, following characterists. Gum consisting mainly of a (13)--D-galactan core with (16)--D-galactopyranosyl branches and with -L-arabinofuranosyl-(13)--L-arabinofuranosyl and -Lrhamnopyranosyl-(14)--D-glucopyranosyluronic acid groups attached to positions 3 and 6, respectively.
38
Botanical Name: Aerva javanica (Burm. f.) Juss. Kingdom: Division: Order: Family: Genus: Plantae Magnoliophyta Caryophyllales Amaranthaceae Aerva
Aerva javanica
Sindhi Name: Bhooh Description of the Aerva javanica:
Perennial herb, frequently woody and suffruticose or growing in erect clumps, 0.3-1.5 m, branched from about the base with simple stems or the stems with long, ascending, sometimes intricate branches. Stem and branches terete, striate, densely whitish- or yellowish-tomentose or pannose, when dense the indumentum often appearing tufted. Leaves alternate, very variable in size and form, from narrowly linear to suborbicular, densely whitish- or yellowish tomentose but usually more thinly so and greener on the upper surface, margins plane or more or less involute (when strongly so the leaves frequently falcate-recurved), sessile or with a short and indistinct petiole or the latter rarely to c. 2 cm in robust plants. Flowers dioecious. Spikes sessile, cylindrical, dense and stout (up to c. 10 x 1 cm.), to slender and interrupted with lateral globose clusters of flowers and with some spikes apparently pedunculate by branch reduction; male plants always with more slender spikes (but plants with slender spikes may not be male) ; upper part of stem and branches leafless, the upper spikes thus forming terminal panicles; bracts 0.75-2.25 mm, broadly deltoid-ovate, hyaline, acute or obtuse with the obscure midrib ceasing below the apex, densely lanate throughout or only about the base or apex, persistent; bracteoles similar, also persistent. Female flowers with outer 2 tepals 2-3 mm, oblong-obovate to obovate-spathulate, lanate, acute to obtuse or apiculate at the tip, the yellowish midrib ceasing well below the apex; inner 3 slightly shorter, elliptic-oblong, densely lanate, acute, with a narrow green vitta along the midrib, which extends for about twothirds the length of each tepal; style slender, distinct, with the two filiform, flexuose stigmas at least equalling it in length; filaments reduced, anthers absent. Male flowers smaller, the outer tepals 1.5-2.25 mm, ovate; filaments delicate, the anthers about equalling the perianth; ovary small, style very short, stigma rudimentary. Capsule 1-1. 5 mm, rotund, compressed. Seed 0.91.25 mm, round, slightly compressed, brown or black, shining and smooth or very faintly reticulate.
Medicinal Uses of Aerva javanica in Sindh:

Roots are used against hemorrhoids, whole plant used against the skin dryness and self cracking of skin. 39
1. Method of use hemorrhoids: Take the 1 kg root of the plant and boil it with 5 litre of water keep boiling until the water is reduced to 1 litre, keep that water in clay pot and drink the 25 -30 mL of water in fasting for 1520 days. 2. Method of use skin dryness and self cracking of skin: Fresh 500 g whole plant is grinded and 500 mL of hair oil is mixed with plants and a paste is prepred and is applied on the dryied skin everynight for 3-5 days. Previous studies on Aerva javanica: The ethyl acetate extract showed significant antimicrobial activity against G -ve bacteria, yeast and fungi. Following compounds are isolated from Aerva javanica: Chrysoeriol, isorhamnetin 3-O-rutinoside, and kaempferol 3-O-robinoside, a series of hydrocarbons ranging from C13-C30 in addition to campesterol, -sitosterol, and the triterpenoid - and -amyrin, as well as fatty alc. fraction ranging from C26-C36 and 14 fatty acids in which pentadecanoic acid represent the major constituent (20.39 %). while the isolated flavonoidal compds. isorhamnetin 3-O-rutinoside and chrysoeriol showed marked activity against G -ve bacteria.
40
Botanical Name: Asparagus officinalis (Linn.) Kingdom: Order: Family: Genus: Plantae Asparagales Asparagaceae Asparagus
Sindhi name: Kootri Urdu names: Halyun, Marchoba, Bhachar Description of Asparagus officinalis:
Asparagus is a herbaceous perennial plant growing to 100150 centimetres (3959 in) tall, with stout larissa stems with much-branched feathery foliage. The "leaves" are in fact needle-like cladodes (modified stems) in the axils of scale leaves; they are 632 millimetres (0.241.3 in) long and 1 millimetre (0.039 in) broad, and clustered 415 together. Its roots are tuberous. The flowers are bell-shaped, greenish-white to yellowish, 4.56.5 millimetres (0.180.26 in) long, with six tepals partially fused together at the base; they are produced singly or in clusters of 23 in the junctions of the branchlets. It is usually dioecious, with male and female flowers on separate plants, but sometimes hermaphrodite flowers are found. The fruit is a small red berry 610 mm diameter. Asparagus officinalis
Medicinal Uses of Asparagus officinalis in Sindh:

Whole plant is used against the unhealing wounds, and roots are used against hemorrhoids. 1. Method of use for hemorrhoids: 10-15 grams of root is boiled with 500 mL of water keep boiling until the water is reduced to half, and drink that in fasting every morning 10-20 days. 2. Method of use for unhealing wounds: Dry the whole plant and make powder of that and add some desi ghee and heat them for 10-15 minutes gently and apply them on the inury for 7-12 days. Ratio of plant to ghee must be same. Previous studies on Asparagus officinalis: It has been reported that plant possess inflammatory,cytotxic and antioxidant activities. anti-hypercholesterolemic and anti-
41
Following are the compounds isolated from Asparagus officinalis: From Asparagus officinalis leaves, R1R2R3R4R5R6R7, where R1 = H, R2 = 4-chloro-Lphenylalanine, 4-bromo-L-phenylalanine, 4-fluoro-L-phenylalanine or 4-iodo-L-phenylalanine, R3 = L-isoleucine, R4 = L-tyrosine sulfate, R5 = L-threonine, R6 = L-glutamine, and R7 = hydroxy group isolated. From stem Yamogenin II (1), a steroidal saponin, structure of 1 is (25S)-spirostan-5-ene-3,21diol-3-O---rhamnopyranosyl-(1,2)-[--rhamnopyranosyl-(1,4)]---glucopyranoside. Two anthocyanins (A1 and A2) were isolated from peels of the spears of Asparagus officinalis, A1 is identified as cyanidin 3-[3''-(O--glucopyranosyl)-6''-(O---rhamnopyranosyl)-O--glucopyranoside], whereas A2 was cyanidin 3-rutinoside.
42
Botanical Name: Achyranthes aspera (Linn.) Synonym: Achranthes indica Linn, Centrostachys aspera (Linn.) Stanley Plantae Magnoliophyta Caryophyllales Amaranthaceae Achyranthes
Achyranthes aspera
Kingdom: Division: Order: Family: Genus:
Sindhi Name: Ubbat kandi Urdu Name: Charchitah
Description of the Achyranthes aspera:

Perennial herb (sometimes woody and somewhat suffrutescent), occasionally flowering in the first year, 0.2-2 m, stiffly erect to subscandent or straggling and prostrate, simple to muchbranched, stems stout to very weak, distinctly to obscurely 4-angled, striate or sulcate, subglabrous to densely tomentose, the nodes shrunken when dry. Leaves elliptic, oblong or oval and acute or acuminate to almost round and very obtuse, gradually or abruptly narrowed below, (2-) 3-12 (-16) x 1.3-6 cm, indumentum varying from uniformly subglabrous through subglabrous above and densely appressed-canescent below to densely tomentose on both surfaces; petioles of main stem leaves 3-25 mm, shortening above and below. Inflorescences at first dense, finally elongating to (5-) 8-34 (-40) cm; peduncles (0.6-)1-6(-7.5) cm. Bracts lanceolate or narrowly deltoid-lanceolate, pale or brownish-membranous, 1.75-5 (-6) mm, glabrous. Bracteoles 1.5-4.5 (-6) mm, the basal wings 1/3-1/4 (-1/2) the length of the spine and adnate to it, typically tapering off above but not rarely rounded or truncate. Perianth whitish or pale green to red or purple, segments 5, 3-7 (-10) mm, the outer longest, narrowly lanceolate to lanceolate, very acute, with a distinct midrib and 2 obscure to distinct lateral nerves, narrowly or moderately pale-margined. Stamens 5, the filaments 1.5-4.5 (-6) mm, alternating with subquadrate pseudo-staminodes. Typically the apex of the latter curves slightly inwards as a narrow, crenate or entire, often very delicate flap, while from the dorsal surface arises a fimbriate-ciliate scale forms of var. sicula, extending across the width of the pseudostaminode; not rarely, however, this is reduced to a stags-horn process at the centre of the dorsal surface, or even becomes small and filiform-or else subapical or apical so that the pseudo-staminode appears simple (this mostly in small which has not yet been found in 43
Pakistan). Style slender, 1-4 (-6) mm. Capsule 1-3 (-5) mm. Seed filling the capsule, cylindrical, smooth. A protean species, of which innumerable varieties, forms or segregate species according to opinion have been created. Three entities are recognisable in Pakistan, of which selected specimens are cited here
Medicinal Uses of Achyranthes aspera in Sindh:

Leaves are used against pneumonia and asthma. 1. Method of use for pneumonia: 1-2 leaves are boiled with 500 mL of water keep boiling until the volume is reduced to half. And give 1 spoon of that water after cooling twice a day. 2. Method of use for Asthma: Boil 200-250 g of fresh leaves in 1 litre of water keep boiling for 10-15 minutes and drink that water 3 times a day for 15-20 days. Previous studies on Achyranthes aspera: Leaves posses antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-venereal affection, analgesic and, antipyretic activities. They are also used in treatment of eyes, and arthritis as antiirlityetc. Methanolic ext. of leaves of Achyranthus aspera Linn. has analgesic activity. Alcoholic extract showed the presence of the triterpenoid saponin with dose dependent inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus, a bacteria causing skin diseases in human. Following are the compounds isolated from Achyranthes aspera: Et acetate, Di-Et ether, n-Butanol were tested for phytochem which contain glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, amino acids and -D-fucopyranosyl-(14)-(-Dglucopyranosyluronicacid)-(13)-oleanolic acid (I) structure is given on the next page.
Me Me
Me CO 2 H O CH 3 OH OH OH O O OH OH O Me Me H H
Me Me
CO 2 H
44
Botanical Name: Aloe barbednsis (Linn.) Burm Synonyms: Kingdom: Order: Family: Genus: Aloe vera, Aloe perfoliata Plantae Asparagales Liliaceae Aloe
Aloe barbednsis
Sindhi Name: Kunwaar Bhooti Urdu Name: Ghee kuwar
Descripion of Aloe vera:

Succulent perennial herbs. Stem short, producing suckers at the base. Leaves sessile, erect, linear-lanceolate 15-35 x 4-8 cm, glabrous, glaucous, margin sparsely dentate, tip 2-3-dentate. Inflorescence 60-100 cm, erect pedunculate raceme, simple or with 1-2 branches; raceme 30-40 x 5-6 cm. Bracts ovate-lanceolate, 9-12 x 5-6 mm, persistent. Flowers reflexed, pedicel about half as long as bract. Perianth 2.5-3 cm long, dull reddish, lobes 6, almost equalling the tube. Ovary trilocular, placentation axile, many ovules in each locule; style elongated, stigma obscurely 3-lobed. Capsule 1.5 cm. Flowering period: January-April Lectotype: van Rheedes Hortus malabaricus 11: 7. t. 3. 1692. (Wijnands, The Botany of the Commelins: 127. 1983). Distribution: Cultivated in the Mediterranean region for a very long time; place of origin uncertain; widely naturalized in Portugal, Turkey, China (S. Yunnan), Pakistan, India and Nepal, West Indies and Central America. At least in flower colour the plants in Pakistan and India with reddish flowers are different from the populations of A. vera growing in Europe, Turkey and China which are reputed to have yellow to pale yellow flowers. It may be worthwhile to investigate the matter further. It is used as a stomachic, purgative and emmenagogue and in the treatment of piles and rectal fissures. The mucilage is cooling and is used to poultice inflammations (Wealth of India 1: 61.1948).
45
Medicinal Uses of Aloe vera in Sindh:

Whole plant is used against hepatitis and joints pain and is also used against diabetes, urine problems in both male and female, and for hair dandruf: Method of use: 1 spoon of extract of the leaves is taken twice a day for diabetes. For hepatitis, 2-3g extract of the leaves is added to the glass of water and 5-8 grams of refined sugar (misree) are mixed thoroughly and is taken three times a day for 40 days. For hair dandruff, extract of the leaves is applied to hairs and keep it for 3-4 hours and wash with shampoo repeat the same practice every week. Previous studies on Aloe vera: The aloe vera has been reported that it could inhibit infectious diseases by stimulating the host defense mechanism, especillay the phagocytic and killing activities of macrophages. Leaves extract is reported to possess antibacterial ativity. Aloe vera gel have antiinflammatory activity and suggested its inhibitory action on the arachidonic acid pathway via cyclooxygenase. Alover gel have also been repoted in faster healing of burn wounds. Following compounds are isolated from Aloe vera: Anthraquinones: aloeetnodin 1, chrysophanol 2, Zaganein-5-methylether 3a, zaganein 4, and aloesaponarin I 5.
46
Botanical Name: Albizia lebbeck (Linn.) Benth. Kingdom: Division: Order: Family: Genus: Plantae Magnoliophyta Fabales Fabaceae Albizia
Albizia lebbeck
Sindhi Name: Sireenhun Description of Albizia lebbeck:
A large deciduous tree with dark grey bark, usually cracked, young parts usually hairy. Leaves bipinnate, rachis 7.5-15 cm long, glabrous or tomentose, with a large gland 1.2-3.7 cm from the base; stipules c. 3-4 mm long, linear, caducous, tomentose. Pinnae 1-4 pairs, 5-20 cm long, often with glands between the upper pairs of leaflets or between all the pairs. Leaflets 3-9 pairs, petiolule c. 1 mm long, the lateral leaflets oblong, terminal obovate, obtuse or retuse, glabrous or hairy. Inflorescence pedunculate heads, solitary or fasciculated; peduncle 3.5-10 cm long. Flowers whitish, very fragrant, pedicel hairy, c. 2-3 mm long, bracteate; bract 5 mm long, linear, caducous. Calyx campanulate 3-4 mm long, hairy, short toothed, teeth deltoid-acute. Corolla 7-8 mm long, funnel shaped, lobes c. 2 mm long, ovate, acute, hairy externally. Stamens 2.5-3.8 cm long, staminal tube slightly shorter than corolla tube, anthers minute. Pod 15-30 cm long, c. 2.5-5.0 cm broad, thin, pale straw coloured. Seeds 6-12 compressed, pale brown, faveolate on both the faces. Flowering period: April - May Wood resembles walnut and is excellent for furniture, picture frames, house building, canoes etc. It is also used for cane crushers, oil mills and wheels.
Medicinal Uses of Albizia lebbeck in Sindh:

Leaves are used against tuberculosis, reddishness of eyes, and trauma; seeds are used against boil (daanay). 1. Method of use for T.B,: 5-6 g Fresh leaves + 4-5 gof refined sugar (misree) are added to the 1 glass of water and grinded in in clay pot and is taken three times a day. 47
2. Method of use for redishness of eyes: Fresh leaves are chewed in mouth and then extract of leaves from mouth is poured in eyes after filteration with clean thin piece of cloth. 3. Method of use for Boil (daany): 10-15 g Seeds along with their cover are grinded in clay pot with water and and water is drink twice a day after filteration. Previous studies on Albizia lebbeck: It has been reported that plant posess anti-asthmatic, anti-inflammatory, anti-fertility and antidiarrhoeal properties and it is an important source of chems. of melacacidin, D- catechin, sitosterol, albiziahexoside, betulnic acid which are effective as antiseptic, anti-dysenteric, antitubercular and used in bronchitis, leprosy, paralysis, helmenth infection etc. Ethanolic extract of plant possess mild in vitro antibacterial ativity. Methanolic extract has been reported to posses mild to moderate antimicrobial activity and varyingdegrees of toxicity. Following compounds are isolated from Albizia lebbeck: Lupeol (1), stigmasterol (2), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid (3) and trans-p-coumaric acid (4) were isolated from the n-hexane and chloroform fractions of a methanol extract of the root of Albizzia lebbeck. Flavone, 3',5-dihydroxy-4',7-dimethoxyflavone (1) and a nitrogenous compd., N-benzoyl-L-phenylalaninol (2). friedelan-3-one and -sitosterol. Hexaglycosylated saponin from the leaves of Albizzia lebbeck, whose structure is given below: -Sitosterol.Hexaglycosylated saponin
Me Me
Me OH OH O CH2 OH O O OH HN OH OH Me COCH3 O O O O Me H Me H
Me Me
CO OH O O
OH OH O Me OH OH
OH OH
OH
OH
48
BotanicalName: Alhagi maurorum Medik. Kingdom: Plantae Order: Family: Genus: Fabales Fabaceae Alhagi
Sindhi Name: Kandaira Description of Alhagi maurorum:

Alhagi maurorum
The decidious perennial plant grows from a massive rhizome system which may extend over six feet deep into the ground. New shoots can appear over 20 feet from the parent plant. Above the ground the plant rarely reaches four feet in height. It is a heavily-branched gray-green thicket with long spines along the branches.It bears small bright pink to maroon peaflowers and small legume pods which are brown or reddish and constricted between the seeds. The seeds are mottled brown beans.
Medicinal Uses of Alhagi maurorum in Sindh:

Whole plant is used in summer against hotness of the body. Method of use: 10-15 whole frsh plant is is grinded in a clay pot and drink in after noon time in summer season after filteration. Previous studies on Alhagi maurorum: It has been reported that plant poseess actioxidant activitiy. Following are the compounds isolated from Alhagi maurorum: Isorhamnetin-3-O-[--L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 3)]--D-glucopyranoside (1), flavonoids 3'-Omethylorobol (2) and quercetin 3-O--D-glucopyranoside, -sitosterol, cinnamic acid, pcoumaric acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 3'-O-methylorobol, Me -Dglucopyranoside, sitosterol 3-O--D-glucopyranoside and quercetin 3-O--D-glucopyranoside.From the Et acetate fraction of roots of Alhagi maurorum 5,6,7,8,2',3',5',6'-octamethoxyflavan-3-en-4'-ol. From the ethanol ext. of Alhagi maurorum, askaempferol, chrysoeriol, chrysoeriol-7-oxylosoid, kaempferol-3galactorhamnoside and isorhamnetin 3-O--D-apiofuranosyl-Dgalactopyranoside. From the roots of Alhagi maurorum aliph.ester and thiophene oligomer in addn. to 7-hydroxy coumarin glycoside (Umbliferoneglycoside). The structures of the isolated products have been elucidated as glyceryl-ntetracosan-17-ol -1-oate (1), umbliferone glycoside (2) and the pentamer of thiophene substitutedby Pr groups at -carbons of the two terminal 49
thiophene ring (3). From chloroform ext. of the roots of Alhagi maurorum aliph. ketone andnew aliph. ester idocosanoic acid, 2, 3-dihydroxy propylester (1), octocosanoic acid, 28-hydroxy2',3'-dihydroxy propylester (2), n-Ecos-7-ol-8-one (3), n-deconyl hexadecanoate (4) andtritriacontan-1-ol (5). Petroleum ether ext. of the roots, tripalmitin (1), dipalmitoolein (2), hexacosanoic acid (3), and npentacosanyl-n-hexa-4-enoate (4).
50
Botanical Name: Cressa cretica Linn. Kingdom: Order: Family: Genus: Plantae Solanales Convolvulaceae Cressa
Sindhi Name: Unn Description of Cressa cretica:

Cressa cretica
Cressa cretica is a shrubby, diffuse herb, a few cm to 30 cm high, arising from a woody perennial root-stock. It is commonly found in India along sandy sea shores. Numerous stalkless leaves are very small, ovate, acute tipped, hairy or ashy-velvety. Flowers are small, white or pink, nearly stalkless in upper leaf axils, forming a many-flowered head. Sepals are 5, flower is funnel-shaped, and stamens protrude out of the flower. It is commonly in cultivated fields about Flowering: December-February.
Medicinal Uses of Cressa cretica in Sindh:

Whole plant is used for joint pain, scabies, Joindous and inflammation/edema. 1. Method of use for joint pain: Boil 1 kg of plant in 2 litrs of water, boil till water is completely evaporated and tie the plant on the are of pain with cotton clothes. Repeat the practice for 3-5 days. 2. Method of use for inflammation: Heat the plant in a metal pot, and tie on the area of inflammation, twice a day. Bioassays of Cressa cretica: The methanolc extract showed antibacterial, antimalarial, antifungal, and anti leishmanial activities. Previous studies on Cressa cretica: In India it is useful herb for asthma, bronchitis, dyspepsia, flatulence, colic, anorexia, anemia, diabetes, and skin disease.
51
Following compounds are isolated from Cressa cretica: The aerial parts of Cressa cretica Linn. yielded five flavonoids that were identified as quercetin (1), quercetin-3--O-D-glucoside (2), kaempferol-3-O--D-glucoside (3), kaempferol-3-O--Lrhamno-(16)--D-glucoside (4) and quercetin-3-O--L-rhamno-(16)--D-glucoside (rutin) (5). 26-Cyclopentyl hexacosane (creticane), 4'-Me hexa-5'-enoyl-n-tetracosa-17-ol-1-oate (cressatetracosanoate), n-nonacosa-6-one-1-oic (cressanonacontanoic acid), tetratriaconta-29one-1-oic acid (cressatetratriacontanoic acid), 25-methyl-n-triacont-3-one-25-ol acid (cressatriacontanone), and -26-octadeca-hydronaphthacenyl-n-pentacosa-3-one (cressanaphthacenon. And n-Octacosanol, -sitosterol, umbelliferone, scopoletin, isopimpinellin, -sitosterol D(+) glucoside and quercetin. Following 8 terpenoids were isolated from arial parts of Cressa cretica 5,9,13,17tetramethyleicosan-17-ol-1-yl-hepta-6'-en-1'-oate; 4,8,12,16-tetramethyl-n-eicos-11-en14,16-diol-1-yl-oct-7-en-1'-oate; 4,8,12-trimethyl-11,12-dihydroxyhexadec-2-enyl oct-7'en-1'-oate; 3,7,11-trimethyl-10-hydroxy-n-pentadecanyl non-8'-en-1'-oate; 4,8,12-trimethyl12-hydroxyhexadecanyl-5'-Me oct-7'-en-1'-oate; 5,9,13-trimethyl-13hydroxyheptadecanyl9'-methyl-oct-7'-en-1'-oate; 2,6,10,14-tetramethyl-14-hydroxyoctadecanyl-6'-Me octa-7'-en-1'oate, and 5,9,13,17,21-pentamethyltricos-7-on-12-en-14-ol-1-oic acid From fruit of Cressa cretica: 7,4'-Dihydroxy-5-methoxycoumaranochromone-7-O--Dglucoside
HO CH 2 OH OH OH OMe O OH I O O O O
52
Botanical Name: Capparis decidua (Forssk) Kingdom: Order: Family: Genus: Plantae Brassicales Capparaceae Capparis
Sindhi Name: Kirer Descrition of Capparis decidua:

Capparis decidua
Low shrubs to small trees with leafless green crooked spiny branches, up to 5 m (rarely more) high. Leaves present on young twigs, caducous, linear, 4-20 mm long, 1-3 mm broad, often spine-tipped, subsessile; stipular spines 1-6 mm long, straight or slightly curved, yellow or brown. Inflorescence few to many flowered, ebracteate corymbs on short lateral shoots. Flowers 1-2 cm across on 1-1.5 cm long slender pedicel, usually brick red (shades of pink or yellow are not uncommon). Sepals petaloid, usually 5-8 mm long, 3-5 mm broad, ovate-oblong, upper one distinctly saccate, often with floccose-ciliate margins. Petals about as long as the sepals, puberulous, upper pair slightly larger and hidden in the saccate sepal. Stamens generally 10-15, about 10-20 mm long, often red in colour. Gynophore 10-15 mm long; ovary about 2 mm in diam. with a beak about 1 mm long. Fruit globose, 10-15 mm in diam., slightly beaked, glabrous smooth, deep red when ripe and with thin pericarp; seeds reniform, 2-5 mm in diam. One of the common shrubs of arid plains of Sindh, Baluchistan & Punjab, flowering abundantly during the hot weather. The wood is hard and bitter and resistant to attacks of white ants; it is used for making knees of boats in Sind. The young fruits and flower buds are pickled.
Medicinal Uses of Capparis decidua in Sindh:

Whole plant is used for strengthening the fracture bones, and against asthma.Whole plant and fruit is also used against diabetes, dried powder of the whole plant is used against skin infection, buds are used against toothache, extracted juice is used against ear pain and and plant is also effectively used against impotency in male, and also against toothache. 1. Method of use for impotency of male: Find the plant which is become dry but its root is still under ground, in dry plant find the plant or branches whse colour is turned out white like milk and not cream colour. Now collect the dried milk like plant or its branches. Now cut them in small pieces. Take small clay pot and make small hole in the in cover of the pot and add small pieces of the plant in that pot and fix the coverinside out and seal it. And put 53
any receiving thing so that when you heat it, the extract will be collected in that. Now heat the pot containg plant for 1-2 hours contineously and after that two liquids would be collected in the receiving pot. One of them will be thin and other one will be thick. Separate them and keep them in separate glass bottles. Now for impotency we use thick liquid but it is highly recommended that liquid must be taken in extreme winter season. Just take very minute quantity of thick liquid i.e amount equivalent to dot(.) and keep it in 15-20 g of freshly prepared butter and take it in fasting in the morning and do not eat any thing for 2 hours and then u can eat whatever you want. You have to take it 15 times on alternative days and not everday.if you feel hot then you can take shower as many time as possible. You are not suppose to any kind of sex during this period. Same procedure is used for the fracture of bones but with thin liquid but after the treatment of fracture. 2. Method of use for diabetes: Just extract the juice from plant by heating from one of that and pour 5-6 drops on a patasha and eat two such patashas twice a day. 3. Method of use for ear pain: Just extract 1-2 drops of the plant extract and pour in ear. 4. Method of use for fracture of bones: Burn the stem and mix 1g of ash with 5-8g of butter take in fasting. But before that fracture must be joined fro a doctor or Kumbhar ans then start the above recipe. 5. Method of use for Asthma: Take fresh stem of the plan but stem must be wider in diameter, make hole in the stem so that 200g of refined sugar can easily be accommodated in and bur the plant from two ends of the sticks for 30 minutes but part of the plant in which the misree is accommodate inmust not be burn. As you do this extract will come out of the plant to the misree let them mix thoroughly. Make powder of the misree and take twice a day with water. 6. Method of use for tooth ache: Grind the buds of the plant and place 5-6mg on the affected tooth, pain wil be released within 5-10minutes. Bioassays of the Capparis decidua: Methanolic extract of the plant showed antibacterial activity.
54
Previous studies on Capparis decidua: It has been reported that plant is useful against ailments such as toothache, cough, intermittent fever and rheumatism. It has been reported that alcoholic extract of the plant possess antimicrobial activities, heptoprotective, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anthelmintic, antidiabetic, and antipyretic activities. Following are the compounds isolated from Capparis decidua: Luteolin-8-O--D-glucopyranoside isolated from the seeds of the Capparis decidua. From the bark of Capparis deciduas, 24--methylcholest-7-ene-22-one-3-ol and 24-methylcholest-9(11)-ene-22-one-3-ol. The structure of diterpene alc. was established as 3methyl-7-hydroxymethylene-10-(12,16,16-trimethylcyclohex-11-ene-yl)-dec-9-ene-5-one-8-ol. Butyl-3-oxoeicosanoate and 25-oxo-octacosan-1,20-diol were the aliph. constituents. The diterpenic ester 9-(11,15,15-trimethylcyclohex-11-ene-13-one-yl)-one-6-hydroxymethylene-7one-yl,4'-Me heptanoate is also reported.Capparisesterpenolide 3-carboxy-6,17-dihydroxy7,11,15,19-tetramethyleicos-13-ene--lactone. The decidua terpenolides are -lactone derivs. of 1,3,3-trimethyl-1,4-cyclohexadien-6-one, with decidua terpenolide A, having structure Is, also reported from root bark of C. decidua.
O OH Me Me O Me
Me O
OH
CH 3
OH
CH 2 -OH I
Capparidisine (I), a spermidine alkaloid isolated from the barks and roots of C. decidua, is reported to possess dose-dependent depressant effect on heart rate and coronary flow in the isolated rabbit's heart. The maximum. fall in coronary flow was achieved at 1 g/mL I.
H N H N O
HN O
Me O OMe
O OH I
spermidinealkaloids,14-N-acetylisocodonocarpine and 15-N-acetylcapparisine is also reported from the root bark of Capparis decidua. 55
Botanical Name: Citrullus colocynthis (Linn.) Kingdom: Plantae Division: Order: Family: Genus: Magnoliophyta Cucurbitales Cucurbitaceae Citrullus
Citrullus colocynthis
Sindhi Name: Trooh Urdu Name:
Hanzal, Indrain, Kharpaza Talkh, Tumma, Toh, and Kulkhushta.
Description of Citrullus colocynthis:

Perennial trailing herbs with somewhat woody tuberous root. Stems shortly hairy when young becoming scabrid. Tendrils simple, rarely bifid, slender, glabrous. Leaf blade elongate-ovate in outline, 10-60 (-110) mm long, 8-55 (-66) mm broad, distinctly scabrid-hairy beneath, smooth except on the nerves above, palmately deeply 3-5-lobed, ultimate lobes pinnately lobulate with central lobe longest, long-ovate in outline; petiolate, petiole rather densely roughhairy; probracts lanceolate-elliptic, 4-5 mm long and c. l. 5 mm broad, caducous. Male flowers on long pedicels; calyx campanulate, c. 9 (4-8) mm long, lobes c. 5 mm broad; corolla pale yellow, ovate-acute, c. 8 mm long and c. 5 mm broad; female flowers on longer pedicels than male, receptacle-tube short, lobes lanceolate, c. 5 mm long. Ovary hairy, subglobose or obovate. Fruit on long stalk, c. 5 cm in diameter, globose, smooth, longitudinally green striped, 5-7 cm in diameter, eipcarp thin, filled with a dry spongy very bitter pulp. Seeds numerous, ovate-oblong, yellowish brown, not margined, c. 6 mm long and c. 3 mm broad. Flowering Perriod: January - April Distribution: Northern Tropical Africa, Atlantic Islands, North-West India, Pakistan and Australia.
Medicinal Uses of Citrullus colocynthis in Sindh:

Fruit is used for bronchial asthma, against infection, constipation, diabetes, strengthen eyesight, for wound healing, abdominal pain and against hepatitis, seeds are used against diabetes and root is used for against toothache and for ear pain. 1. Method of use against diabetes: Take 10-15 Kg of frsh fruit and cut into pieces and put them in tub and person suffering from diabetes should walk over these pieces without wearing on chappal, one should walk until he 56
feels biteer taste of fruit in hi mouth and one can make powder of seeds and and should take 1 spoon twice a day every day to control the diabetes. 2. Method of use for toothache: Take root of the plant and make miswak (brush) of that and brush youe teeth with that miswak regularly it will release your pain and if one keep doing that on regular bases his/her teeth will be safe from any of the tooth diseases. 3. Method of use for ear pain: Just take fresh root and extract the juice from the root by any means and pour 2-3 drops in your ear. 4. Method of use against constipation: Just eat some amount of fruit as much as you can easily eat constipation will be flew within 1520 minutes. Bioassays of Citrullus colocynthis: The methanolic extract of whole plant showed antifungal activity. Previous studies on Citrullus colocynthis: Methanolic and aqueous extracts of leaves showed significant (P<0.01) anti-diabetic activity when compared with std. and diabetic control.plant is also repoted to possess significant hypoglycemic activity in exptl. animal model.Cucurbitacin glucosides extracted from Citrullus colocynthis leaves is suspected to have therapeutic value against breast cancer cells. Cucurbitane-type triterpene glycoside, cucurbitacin E 2-O--D-glucopyranoside,and its aglycon,cucurbitacin E,exhibited the antiallergic activity. Following compounds along with above mentioned sre isolated from Citrullus colocynthis: Cucurbitacin glucoside 2-O--D-glucopyranosyl-16-20R-dihydroxy-cucurbita-1,5,23E,25(26) -tetraen-3,11,22-trione (1) , 2-O--D-glucopyranosyl-cucurbitaci.B(arveninI) (2) and 2,25-diO--D-glucopyranosyl-cucurbitacin. Tridecyl 2-methyl-19-ene triacontanote, heptadecyltrieicosanoate, nonaeicosanol, dotriacontanol,1-hentriacontanol, dotriacontanoic acid and tetraeicosanoic acid.
57
Botanical Name: Corchorus depressus (Linn.) Synonyms: Family: Genus: Antichorus depressus Tiliaceae Corchorus
Sindhi Name: Mudairi Description of Corchorus depressus:
Citrullus colocynthis
A mat-forming, prostrate, much branched woody perennial. Stem diffusely branched from woody rootstock, young branches sparsely hairy, older ones glabrous. Leaves 3-costate, elliptic to broadly elliptic, 4-18 (-20) mm long, 2-9 (-10) mm broad, glabrous except the scattered hairy costae, plicate in bud, crenate-serrate, without basal setose appendages, obtuse; petiole 1.5-2.5 cm long, filiform, minutely hairy; stipules linear-falcate, c. 2 mm long. Cyme mostly 2(-1)flowered, antiphyllous, peduncle minute. Flowers yellow, 6-8 mm across, pedicel c. 1 mm long; bracts linear-lanceolate, c. 1.5 mm long. Sepals yellowish-green, linear-oblong, 3-4 mm long, spreading, acute. Petals obovate-spathulate, as long as sepals, obtuse. Stamens 8-10, filaments c. 4 mm long, erect. Carpels 4; ovary c. 1 mm long, oblong-cylindric, 4-loculed; style equalling the ovary, stigma 4-lobed. Capsule oblong-cylindric, straight or curved, glabrescent, 7-22 mm long, with c. 1.5-2 mm long beak, 4-loculed, locules transversely septate. Seeds blackish-grey, c. 1.5 mm long, roughly triangular, obliquely truncate. Flowering Period: February-November. Distribution: Central and North West India and Pakistan to north and tropical Africa and Cape Verde Islands. Common in sandy clay and saline or gravelly areas from sea level to 1000 m, in arid and semiarid regions throughout Pakistan. The growth of leaves and fruits is very much stunted in saline and rocky soils. The plant is sold by herbalists and Ayurvedic doctors under the name Munderi. The leaves are used as an emollient and cooling agent. Mucilage is used for the treatment of gonorrhoea and applied as a poultice for healing wounds. Decoction of seeds and leaves with milk and sugar is a good tonic.
Medicinal Uses of Corchorus depressus in Sindh:

Whole plant is used against hepatitis, itching in urine, prolong bleeding of menses, and impotency. Leaves are used against retention in urine and heat stroke. 58
Methof of use: Just take 15-20 fresh leaves and grind them in clay pot and also keep adding two galsses of water slowly during grinding. For hepatitis drink that water three times a day for 40 days, for itching in urine and prolonged bleeding during menses drink that water three times a day for 23 day until your pain released and that water is can also be drinked against heat stroke. Bioassays of Corchorus depressus: The Methanolic extract of whole plant showed antibacterial activity, antimalarial activity and antifungal activity. Previous studies on Corchorus depressus: (22R,24S)-22,25-epoxy-9, 19-cyclolanostane- 3,16, 24-triol 3-[-L-rhamnopyranosyl(14)--D-glucopyranoside],(22R,24S)-22,25-epoxy-9, 19-cyclolanostane - 3,16,24-triol3[-D-glucopyranosyl-(13)--D-glucopyra-noside], kaempferol3-[-D-glucopyranosyl(14)--D-galactopyranoside] 7-[-L-arabinofuranoside], and kaempferol 3-[-Dglucopyranosyl-(16)--D-galactopyranoside] 7-[-L-arabinofuranoside whose structure is on the next page.
Me H C OH H Me O O Me H O Me OH
H 3C Me H HO CH 2 OH OH Me OH OH O O OH Me
59
OH O OH HO CH 2 O O
OH CH 2 OH OH OH O
OH HO O
O CH 2 OH O O
HO
OH II
as (22R)-16,22-epoxy-3,26-dihydroxy-9,19-cyclolanost-24E-ene 3,26-di-O--Dglucopyranoside and (22R,24S)-22,25-epoxy-3,16,24-trihydroxy-9,19-cyclolanostane 3, 24di-O--D-glucopyranoside.

Me Me Me H HO CH 2 OH OH OH I O O Me Me H Me OH OH H H H CH 2
HO
CH 2 OH O O
60
Me Me O Me Me H HO CH 2 OH OH OH II O O Me Me H Me OH OH H OH HO CH 2 OH O O
Sitosterol glucoside, sitosterol, apigenin, and luteolin, 3 new -amyrin derivs., cordepressic acid (I), cordepressenic acid (II), and cordepressin (III)
Me OH Me
HO
Me
Me Me
C O2H
HO R Me
I, R=CO 2 H III, R= -D -galactosyl oxy carbonyl Me Me
HO
Me
Me Me
C O2H
HO HO 2C Me II
61
Botanical Name: Cuscuta compestris (Yuncker) Kingdom: Order: Family: Genus: Plantae Solanales Convolvulaceae Cuscuta
Sindhi Name: Bay Paari Description of the Cuscuta compestris

Cuscuta compestris
Stems thin, green when young, branched,. intermingled, brown. Leaves minute, scarious, 1-1.5 x c. 0.5 mm. Flowers in compact clusters, each with 2-8 flowers, 2-3 mm long; pedicel glandular, 1-2.5 nun long; bract cup-shaped, brown, 1-2 x 0.5-0.7 mm or sometimes obsolete: Calyx lobes 5, 1.2-1.5 x 1-1.7 mm, fleshy, oval to orbicular, obtuse, glandular, usually with reticulate venation, glossy, covering more than half of corolla, tube lobes c. 0.7 mm long. Corolla lobes 1-1.5 x 0.7-1.2 mm, light brown to yellow, oblong-elliptical, acute-obtuse, inflexed, with reticulate venation, lower half usually glossy, upper half mostly non-glossy, tube c. 1 mm long; scarious, slightly bigger than the corolla tube, abundantly fringed. Stamens 5, filament broader at the base, tapering towerds the apex, 0.3-0.7 mm long, fused part of the filament not prominent in the petals; anther oblong-elliptical to oval, c. 0.5 x 0.2-0.3 mm. ovary globular, fleshy, brown, 1-1.2 mm long; styles 2, linear, reddish-brown, 0.5-1 mm long; stigma rounded or capitate, brown, c. 0.2 mm long, and wide; ovule 4, reddish-brown, triangular or ovoid, c. 0.5 x c. 0.3 mm. Capsule depressed-globose, membranous; with a intrastylar opening with glands, 2-2.5 mm long, and broad, not definitely circumscissile, surmounted by sepal lobes, petals and stamens. Seeds 4, reddish-brown, ovoid or somewhat triangular, usually flattened, on one side, 1-1.5 x c. 1 mm; hilum short oblong, usually with small dark circular area around it.
Medicinal Uses of Cuscuta reflexa in Sindh:

Whole plant is used against diabetes, against hepatitis, retention of urine, hair fall and dandruff and against laziness. 1. Method of use for hepatitis and retention of urine: Take 8-10 g of the plant and grind that in claypot and slowly add 1 glass of water and then filter it, drink that water twice a day for 40 days, for retention of urine just drink 1-2 glass of that water, urine will pass quickly.
62
2. Method of use for hair fall and dandruff: Take 15 grams of fresh plant and add 250 mL of hair oil and heat them together gently for for 10-15 minutes. Keep them in metal pot together just use that hair oil every day and keep doing that practice for 40 days. 3. Method of use against laziness: Just 2-3 grams of the fresh plant grind that and take it in fasting with butter or 15-20 days. Bioassays of Cuscuta compestris: The methanolic extract of whole plant showed antibacterial, antimalarial, antifungal, and anti leishmanial, insecticidal, and phytotoxic activities. Previous studies on Cuscuta compestris: To the best of our knowledge so a no phytochemical work has been camed out on this plant.
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Botanical Name: Cordia dichotoma (Yuncker) Kingdom: Division: Order: Family: Genus: Plantae Magnoliophyta Lamiales Boraginaceae Cordia
Cordia dichotoma
Sindhi Name: Giddori, Lessori Description of Cordia dichotoma:
A polygamo-dioecious tree up to 15 m tall. Branchlets pubescent. Leaves 5-8 x 1.5-3.0 cm, elliptic-ovate to obovate, pubescent, especially on the under-surface, margin sometimes undulate, base cuneate to oblique or rounded. Petiole up to 3.0 cm long. Flowers in dichotomous cymes, ebracteate. Male flowers: Calyx c. 2.5 mm long, shallowly 5-lobed, hairy to the inside. Corolla campanulate, c. 6 mm long, tube about equalling the limb, dense hairy within. Lobes oblanceolate or broadly so, recurved. Filaments c. 4.5 mm, lower half hairy and adnate to tube; anthers 2.5-3 mm long; bisexual flowers: similar but larger than male flowers. Calyx 5-6 mm long, campanulate, accrescent and up to 10 mm in fruit. Filaments c. 2 mm long. Style branched. Drupe up to 15 mm broad, yellowish-red. Flowers Periodr: March - April Type: New Caledonia, Coll. Ignot. (BM). Distribution: Pakistan, Kashmir, India, S. China, Taiwan, Indo-China, New Caledonia and N.E. Australia
Medicinal Uses of Cordia dichotoma in Sindh:

Fresh leaves are used against hepatitis, leaves are also used against asthma problem in children. Method of use: Take 2-3 kg of the newly groun fresh leaves, grind them and pour them in matka (the clay pot usually used in villages for keeping drinking water (purposes), and tide a clean piece of cloth on the face of matka and use that water whenever you feel thirsty for 40 days. It is very beneficial for both asthma and hepatitis.
64
Bioassays of Cordia dichotoma: The methanolic extract of leaves showed antifungal, insecticidal, and phytotoxic activities. Previous studies on Cordia dichotoma: Cordia dichotoma plant extract is used in cosmetic and pharmaceutical compounds for the treatment of skin aging.Its biomechanical properties. An aq. of the plant inhibited the elastase activity. An antiwrinkle cosmetic gel contained Cordia dried ext. Following compounds were isolated from Cordia dichotoma: Stearic, oleic and linoleic acids were identified as the major constituents of Cordia dichotoma and linoleic and palmitic acids that of Crataeva nurvala seeds oil. Flavonoids, kaempferol, quercetin and isorhamnetin, were isolated from the butanol fraction of fruits of Cordia dichotoma. Rosamarinic acid was the major constituent of the leaves of the plant, which may be responsible for the anti-inflammatory action of this plant. Arabinoglucan, and the backbone of the polysaccharide to be composed of (16)-linked D-glucopyranosyl and (12)-linked Larabinofuranosyl residues. The alcoholic extract of seeds of C. dichotoma D-glucose, D-xylose, D-ribose, L-rhamnose, Dglucuronic acid, D-arabinose, lactose, and L-fructose as the sugars and glycine, leucine, glutamic acid, cystine, alanine, threonine, aspartic acid, and proline as the free amino acids.
65
Botanical Name: Calotropis procera (Forst) Kingdom: Division: Order: Family: Genus: Plantae Magnoliophyta Gentianales Asclepiadaceae Calotropis
Calotropis procera
Sindhi Name: Akk Urdu Name: Aak
Description of the Calotropis procera:

Erect shrub or small tree up to 3 m tall, much branched from the base, latex milky; young branches covered with white cottony tomentum. Bark soft, corky. Leaves 5-15 x 1.8-10 cm, broadly ovate, ovate-oblong, elliptic or obovate, entire, base cordate, apex acute, subsessile, young leaves covered with white cottony tomentum, becoming subglabrous. Flowers c. 2.5 cm across, white outside, purplish within, tips darker. Peduncles upto 10 cm long, pedicels 1.5-4.2 cm long. Sepals c. 5 mm long. Corolla 1-1.2 cm long, divided c. 2/3 the way down, glabrous, lobes acute. Fruit 6.5-9.5 x 3-5.1 cm, recurved, tip not invaginated in the tissue of the fruit. Seeds 6-8 mm long, flat, broadly ovate, minutely tomentose, comose, coma 3.1-3.2 cm long. Floering Period: All the year round. Lectotype: Asclepias muddahr, Ascl. 92C, Wall. Cat. 8215 (K-W, E). Distribution: Pakistan, India, Afghanistan, Iran (?), Iraq (?). A medicinal plant. The latex is irritant to the skin and mucous membrane and said to cause blindness. It is also used as a purgative and said to be specific for Guinea worms. The seed floss is used for stuffing mattresses, pillows etc. It is sometimes used to adulterate Indian Kapok but it is inferior to it in resilience and water repellent properties. Being short stapled it cannot be spun by it-self.
Medicinal Uses of Calotropis procera in Sindh:

Leaves are used against pneumonia, gal bladder problems in animals, toothache and chest congestion. Stems are used against hepatitis. Extracted milk of plant is used against malaria fever and against male sexual weakness.
66
1. Method of use for pneumonia and chest congestion: Put hair oil on the leaves of the plant and heat them gently and tide them on the chest of children with clothes in the night and open it when day is bit warmer and repeat that practice for seven days. 2. Method of use for male sexual weakness: Take 250 g of seeps (sea shells) which one can easily find on pinsari shop or you can get from the sea side, wash and dry them. Put these sips in clay pot and add 500 mL of milk of the Calotropis procera put the cap on the clay and seal it with wet lay and and then buried that clay pot for seven days underground. After seven day, take out that and make powder of these sips and keep them in any glass pot. Place 2-3 mg poweder in the center of 10-15 g of butter and eat that in fasting for seven days continuously and any kind of sex is prohibited during these seven days, but it is taken in extreme winter. 3. Method of use for ear pain: Heat the leaves and extract out the liquid from leaves by pressing it and pour 2-3 drops in ear. 4. Method of use for stomach pain: Just take 1-3 g of flowers and take them after having meal for once only Pain will be released. 5. Method of use for injury or infection: Take 5 g of leaves of Calotropes procera, 5 g of the leaves of bairi (Ziziphus nummularia) and 2-3g of Haldi/ haida. Dry the leaves abd make powder of them and heat all these things with 30 g of desi ghee for 5 minutes. Oinment will be formed just apply on the infection twice a day. 6. Method of use for removal of thorn: When thorn of any plant pick inside the foot or any other part. Just pour 2-3 drops of milk of the Calotropis precera. 2-3 times a day. It will come out within a day. 7. Method of use for Scabies: Take 1 kg of the root of the Calotrpes procera and 10 liters of water and and add half kg of the wheat boil till all of the water is removed by evaporation. Then just take out the wheat. Take 5 g of that wheat and you can add some sugar as well for taste adjustment. Repeat the process for 10-15 days. 8. Method of use for Malaria Fever: Etract out 10-12 mL of the milk of the plant and add that in 50 g of the misree (refined sugar) and make powder of that. Take 5 mg twice a day for 3- days only.
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9. Method of use for gall bladder problems in Buffalos: Take 4 leaves and add common salt 500 g between them and heat them in a metal pot. Feed the animal that salt along with leaves two times a day for 7-10 days only. 10. Method of use for toothache: Burn the leaves and place the ash on the affected tooth. Pain will be relieved within 5-10 minutes. 11. Method of use for Diabetes: Take 1 kg of the flowers and dry them in shadow and add 5 g of flowers in 200 mL of water and boil them for 5 minutes. Take that like normal greentea 2-3 times a day. Bioassays of Calotropis procera: The methanolic extract plant showed antifungal and insecticidal activities. Previous studies on Calotropis procera: The following medicinal properties of this plant are reported, such as skin diseases, enlargement of abdominal viscera, cough, dysentery, intestinal worms, snake bite and syphilis. It has been reported that plant possess pharmacol activities because of the presence of flavonol glycosides. Plant is also reported to posses strong anti-oxidative activity, and strong proteolytic activities of laticifer proteins from C. procera were shown to be shared by at least four distinct cysteine proteinases and antifungal activity of crude exts. of Calotropis procera. Calotropis procera a potent anti-inflammatory plant, also possess anti-diarrheal activity. Following are the compounds isolated from Calotropis procera: Procerursenyl acetate,proceranol, N-dotriacont-6-ene,glyceryl mono-oleolyl-2-phosphate, Me myristate, Me behenate and glyceryl-1,2-dicapriate-3-phosphate,18-H-12,20(30)-diene-3-yl acetate and n-triacontan-10-ol, glycosides isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside (1),and isorhamnetin3-O-robinobioside (2). The leaf oil contained phytol (33.6 %), myristic acid (31.2 %) and myristicin (19.9 %) as major constituents. Two saponins are also isolated from the stem of C. procera and their structures stablished as 3O-{-L-rhamnopyranosyl(12)--D-xylopyranosyl(12)--D-glucopyranosyl-(16)--Dglucopyranosyl(13)--D-glucopyranoside}-3 hydroxyolean-12-enoic acid (I) and 3hydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid-28-O--D-glucopyranoside (II).
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Me
Me
HO 2 C
H Me
Me H
Me
H HO CH 2 O OH OH O OH OH OH O OH OH OH OH CH 3 OH O CH 2 O OH O O HO CH 2
Me
Me
OH
Me
Me
Me H HO Me H
Me Me HO
CO
CH 2 O OH
Me
OH
OH
II
From leaves of Calotropis procera stigmasterol and -sitosterol are also isolated. Triterpenoid 3-O--L-rhamnopyranosyl (12)--D-glucopyranosyl-3-hydroxyolean-12-en28-oic acid-28-O--D-xylopyranoside (I).
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Me
Me
Me HO CH 2 OH OH OH Me OH OH O O O O Me Me H H
Me Me
CO O
OH OH
OH
Oleanene type triterpenes, calotropoleanyl ester, proceroleanenol-A and proceroleanenol B, are reported from the root bark of Calotropis procera, have been elucidated as olean-13(18)-en-3yl acetate, olean-13(18)-en-9-ol and olean-5, 13(18)-dien-3-ol. cardiotonic glycosides I
O O
Me Me Me O OH CH 2 OH OH OH OH O O H H H OH
HO
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Four cardenolides I [R1R2 = O, R3 = Me; R1 = OH, O-(-D-glucopyranosyl), R2 = H, R3 = Me; R1 = O-(6-desoxyallosyl), R2 = H, R3 = CH2OH.

O O
Me R3 R2 R1 H H H OH I
An unusual C(18) isoursane pentacyclic triterpene is also reported from the root bark of Calotropis procera.
Me CH 2 H Me H Ac O Me H Me Me H Me
Me
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Botanical Name: Cordia gharaf (Forssk.) Kingdom: Division: Family: Genus: Plantae Magnoliophyta Boraginaceae Cordia
Cordia gharaf
Sindhi Name: Liyaar Description of Cordia gharaf:
Tree or shrub up to 9 m tall. Leaves 6-10.5 x 2-4 cm, elliptic oblong to oblanceolate, entire to undulate,coriaceous to scabrid, cuneate, obtuse, nerves impressed above, strigose to pubescent, especially in the axils of the nerves on the under surface.Calyx 3.5 mm long, tubularcampanulate, pubescent, accrescent, shallowly lobed; lobes obtuse. Corolla c. 5 mm long, white; lobes ligulate-obuse, reflexed. Filaments c. 1.8 mm long, glabrous. Anthers c. 1 mm long. Drupe 11 mm long, ovoid, mucronate, reddish-brown, longitudinally striate. Flowering period: April - June Type: Arabia: Hadie, Forsskal s.n. det. as Cornus sanguinea, Forssk. (C). Distribution: N. Africa, Arabia, Pakistan, India, Sri-Lanka. The species is found in dry areas up to 300 m. Sometimes also grown in gardens or self sown.
Medicinal Uses of Cordia gharaf in Sindh:

Whole plant is used against the cut and unhealing injury. 1. Method of use for Hepatitis: Grind 20g of fresh leaves and add 1 glass of water drink after filteration 1 glass twice a day 1st glass must be taken in fasting in the morning.continue for 30-40 days. 2. Method of use for Wound: Take 10g of the plant and add 30 mL of desi ghee and heat them gently for 20 minutes and apply on the wound after cooling that twice a day. Biassays of Cordia gharaf: The Methanolic extract of the plant antifungal and phytotoxicity activities Previous studies Cordia gharaf: To the best of our knowledge no previous phytochemical work is done on this plant. 72
Botanical Name: Citrus aurantifolia (Linn.) (Christman) Swingle Kingdom: Order: Family: Genus: Plantae Sapindales Rutaceae Citrus
Citrus aurantifolia
Sindhi Name: Lemun Urdu Name: Nibu and Nimbu
Description of Citrus aurantifolia:

Spiny bush or tree, 2-3 m tall, spines short and sharp. Leaves 30-60 x 10-38 mm, ellipticoblong, crenate; petiole narrowly winged. Flowers 3-10, perfect and staminate, white. Calyx cupular, fleshy. Fruit ovoid or rounded, 25-50 mm in diameter, shortly mamillate; greenishyellow when ripe, pulp greenish, very acid. Flowering period: April-September. Used for refreshing drinks, pickles, etc.
Medicinal Uses of Citrus aurantifolia in Sindh:

Fruit is used removal of kidney stone chronic fever and against hepatitis. 1. Method of use for removal of kidney stone: Cut the fruit with glass and not with metal knife and extractthe juice of the fruit in cup and take the one cup extracted juice in the fasting and then drink water after 30 minutes repeat the same practice until stone is removed usullay it removed within 30-40 days. 2. Method of use for chronic fever and hepatitis: Just add juice of two lemons in one glass of water and drink that and dribk that juice whenevr you feel thirsty for hepatitis do this for 40 dyas and in chronic fever until you recovered from the Fever. Previou studies on Citrus aurantifolia: The methanol and dichloromethane extracts obtained from the flowers of Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck (Rutaceae), showed a dose-dependent sedative effect 73
Following are th compounds isolated from Citrus aurantifolia: Polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) are almost exclusively found in the Citrus genus. Polymethoxylated flavones,O-glycosylated flavones,C-glycosylatedflavones,Oglycosylatedflavonols,O-glycosylated flavonones and phenolic acids along with their ester derivatives.
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Botanical Name: Commiphora myrrha (Holmes) Kingdom: Order: Family: Genus: Plantae Sapindales Burseraceae Commiphora
Sindhi name: Tindoor Urdu Name: Mur Maki, Myrrh, Bol

Commiphora myrrha
Description of Commiphora myrrha:

Commiphora myrrha is very spiny and it grows to a height of about 4 m. It grows at an altitude of between about 2501300 m, with a yearly mean rainfall of about 230300 mm. It does best in thin soil, primarily in areas with limestone.
Medicinal Uses of Commiphora myrrha in Sindh:

Plant is used for treatment of the fracture of bones. Method of use: wood from stem or branch is burnt and powder is made from the cole (koila) and 1g of that is taken in fasting with 10g of butter, for 10-15 days. Butr this practice is done when doctor or kumbhar has rejoined your fracture. Previous studies on Commiphora myrrha: Following are the compounds isolated from Commiphora myrrha: Furanosesquiterpenoids, rel-1S,2S-epoxy-4R-furanogermacr-10(15)-en-6-one (1) and rel-2Rmethyl-5S-acetoxy-4R-furanogermacr-1(10)Z-en-6-one (2), and four known furanosesquiterpenoids, rel-3R-methoxy-4S-furanogermacra-1E,10(15)-dien-6-one (3), rel-2Rmethoxy-4R-furanogermacr-1(10)E-en-6-one (4), furanogermacra-1(10)Z,4Z-dien-6-one, and curzerenone [6,7-dihydro-5beta-isopropenyl-3,6beta-dimethyl-6-vinylbenzofuran-4(5H)-one.
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Botanical Name: Cassia fistula (Linn.) Kingdom: Division: Order: Family: Genus: Plantae Magnoliophyta Fabales Fabaceae Cassia
Cassia fistula
Sindhi Name: Chamkani, Khyar Shanber Urdu Name: Amaltas
Description of Cassia fistula:

Tree, up to 20 m tall. Bark in young tree smooth and ash coloured becoming rough and dark brown in old. Stipules deltoid, acute, 1-2 mm long, caducous. Rachis 12-25 cm long, terete, glabrous. Leaves compound 22.5-40 cm long, with 3-8 pairs of opposite leaflets, 6-10 (20) cm long, smooth above, hairy below. Flowers arranged in drooping racemes, each raceme c. 10-45 cm long; peduncle 2-10 cm long. Pedicel 3.7-5.8 cm long, slender, slightly hairy or quite smooth, bracts 8-10 mm long, ovate, acute, hairy. Calyx 5, green, folded backward on the stalk, hairy, ovate, 9 mm long. Petals 5, obovate, blunt, distinctly veined. Stamens 10, 3 longest stamens much curled and bear large oblong anthers, 4 smaller medium ones are quite straight, 3 remaining stamens are quite short, erect and sterile. Ovary slender, thinly appressed hairy, style sturdy, stigma punctiform. Pods terete, glabrous, indehiscent, 40-60 cm long, 1.5-2 cm broad, black glossy brown, 40-100 seeded. Flowering period: April - June Type: Herb. Linn. 528/15 (LINN). Distribution: W. Pakistan, Swat and Hazara eastwards, ascending to 4000 ft. and commonly planted in gardens; common in deciduous forests throughout the greater part of India, Burma and Ceylon. An ornamental tree, the bark is used as tanning material and wood ash is used as mordant in dyeing. The pulp of pods is used in Bengal to flavour tobacco. The durable wood is used for various purposes. Various parts of the plant are also reputed to have medicinal properties.
Medicinal Uses of Cassia fistula in Sindh:

Bark is used against hepatitis/jaundice and seeds are used against constipation in children.
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1. Method of use for hepatitis and jaundice: Take 20-25g of bark and boil them wthone lite of water. Keeps boiling until the colour of turned yellowish and cool that water and drind two glasses everyday for 40 days. Previous studies on Cassia fistula: It has been reported that aqoueos extract of fruit pulp of Cassia fistula possesses significant hepatoprotective activity Aq. ext. of fruit pulp of Cassia fistula possesses significant hepatoprotective activity. The barks of C. fistula have been scientifically proved to possess anti-oxidant properties.Cassia fistula barks possess antidiabetes.Hexane ext. from the fruits showed significant antileishmanial activity against the promastigote form of Leishmania L. chagasi. Following are the compounds isolated from Cassia fistula: The fruits of Cassia fistula L. contained fifteen amino acids amounting to 2.07% and thirteen inorg. elements. The content of potassium, calcium and magnesium was the most among the inorg. elements in the fruits of Cassia fistula.Anthraquinone glycosides.The main components of the flower oil were (E)-nerolidol (38.0%), and 2-hexadecanone (17.0%), while the leaf oil consisted mainly of phytol (16.1%).cis-Heptacosanyl-5-hydroxypentadec-2-enoateand octacosan-5,8-dio.5-(2-hydroxy phenoxymethyl) furfural(I), (2'S)-7-hydroxy-5hydroxymethyl2-(2'-hydroxypropyl) chromone (II), benzyl 2-hydroxy-3,6-dimethoxybenzoate (III), and benzyl 2-O-D-glucopyranosyl-3,6-dimethoxybenzoate (IV) their structure is given on the next page
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Botanical Name: Cassia senna (Linn.) Synonyms: Family:. Genus: Cassia angustifolia Caesalpiniaceae Senna
Sindhi Name: Sana Makai
Description of Cassia senna:
Cassia senna
Suffruticose, 20-120 cm tall, branches subterete, pubescent. Leaves 5-12.5 cm long, rachis densely hairy, eglandular, petioles 1.2-2 cm long, stipules c. 5-7 mm long, linear-lanceolate, very acute with a small auricle at the base, densely hairy; leaflets 5-8 pairs, 1.5-2.5 cm long, 7.5-13 mm wide, obovate, oblong, obtuse or retuse, mucronate, velvety pubescent on both surfaces, petiolules very short. Flowers in axillary racemes, pedicel very short. Calyx c. 9-10 mm long, divided to the base, segments oblong, obtuse, membranous. Petals c. 1.2-1.3 cm long, ovate, oblong, cuneate, shortly clawed, yellow, conspicuously reticulate with darker veins. Stamens 10, the upper 3 reduced to the small staminodes, the remaining perfect, 2 or 3 lower are largest. Ovary densely hairy. Pods c. 2.5-3.8 cm long, 1.2-1.8 cm wide, flat, thin and papery, recurved, rounded at both the ends, velvety, pubescent, not longitudinally crested. Seeds 4-10, obovate to cuneate, c. 6-7 mm long, 3 mm wide, reticulate-rugose, flattened, glabrous, yellow. Flowering period: All the year round.
Medicinal Uses of Senna holosericea in Sindh:

Whole plant is used against abdominal discomfer and blood purification. 1. Method of use abdominal discomfert: Dry the leaves in shadow and make powder of the leaves.Take 2 g of the power add 2 g of sonph, 2 small cardimum and 1 janwaer ji tikki and take them with one glass of water. 2. Method of use for blood purification: Pour 5-8 g of the fresh leaves for in 1 glass of water drink in the fasting after filteration. And repeat that practice fro 7-10 days. Previous studies on Senna holosericea: lauric, myristic palmitic, palmitoleic,steric, oleic, linoleic linolenic, arachidic, and behenic acids are reported from the seeds oil. 78
Botanical Name: Cleom brachycarpa (Vahl ex DC) Kingdom: Division: Order: Family: Genus: Plantae Magnoliophyta Brassicales Cleomaceae Cleome
Cleom brachycarpa
Sindhi Name: Shamako Description of Cleom brachycarpa:
Annual herb, spreading and branched, up to 3 dm. tall. Stems beset with short stiff glandular hairs. Leaves petiolate, 35-foliolate; leaflets linear-lanceolate to obovate, up to 9 mm. long, 1 4 mm. wide, glabrous or nearly so above, scattered glandular-pubescent on the lower surface and margins; petiole 220 mm. long. Inflorescence racemose with a gradual transition from leaves to leafy bracts. Sepals elliptic-lanceolate, 23 mm. long, usually glandular. Petals 57.5 mm. long, yellow. Stamens 6. Gynophore up to 1 mm. long. Capsules 38 mm. long, 23 mm. across, glandular, terminating in a very obvious persistent style, 34 mm. long. Seeds 0.50.8 mm. in diameter, dark maroon-brown, finely rugulose. Fig. 2/15, p. 10.
Medicinal Uses of Cleom brachycarpa in Sindh:

Plant is used against abdominal discomfert. Method of use: Dry the plant in shadow and take 3-5 grams with one glass of water, abdominal pain will be released within 10-20 minutes. Bioassays of of Cleom brachycarpa: Plant showed antibacterial and antifungal activity. Previous studies on Cleom brachycarpa:
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Following compounds are isolated from Cleom brachycarpa: Trinortriterpenoid dilactone Brachycarpone (I)
Me
O H
MeC O 2
Me
Me Me
O O Me Me I
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Botanical Name: Cymbopogon citrates (D.C.) Stapf Kingdom: Order: Family: Genus: Plantae Poales Poaceae Cymbopogon
Sindhi name: Puee Description of Cymbopogon citrates:

Cymbopogon citrates
Also known as citronella grass, lemon grass is a sweet scented perennial grass of tropical regions widely used in Asian cooking. The narrow, ribbon-like, leafy stalks grow in clumps that reach 1 m (3 ft) or more in height. The leaves swell slightly at the base to form a fleshy stolon or underground stem. The stem is white and is also edible. The edges of mature leaves are rough and can be quite sharp its easy to get cut fingers when harvesting them.
Medicinal Uses of Cymbopogon citratus in Sindh:

Whole plant is routinely used against the chronic fever. Dry the palnt in shadow and store at some clean place. Take 5-8 g of the plant boil with 250 mL of waterand keep boiling ubtill water is reuced 50 mL and drink that water twice a day for for 3-4 days. Previous studies: To the best of our knowledge so far as no phytochemical studies are reported on this plant.
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Botanical Name: Desmostachya bipinnata (Linn.) Kingdom: Family: Genus: Plantae Poaceae Desmostachya
Sindhi name: Drubh

Desmostachya bipinnata
Description of Desmostachya bipinnata:
Harsh tussocky rihozomatous perennial; culms stout, up to 1.2 m high. Leaf-blades up to 65 cm long, 3.8-10.5 mm wide when unrolled; lower leaf-sheaths leathery, often densely flabellate towards the base of the culm. Inflorescence up to 60 cm long; spikes clustered or spaced, 14 cm long. Spikelets 3-17-flowered, narrowly ovate to linear-oblong, 3-10 mm long; lower glume 0.7-1.5 mm long, upper glume 1.1-2.0 mm long; lemmas straw-coloured or suffused with purple, 1.8-2.7 mm long. Flowering period: July-October or November. Type: Egypt, Hasselquist. Distribution: Pakistan (Sindh, Baluchistan, Punjab, Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa and Kashmir); through-out the Middle East to Indo-China; and North and tropical Africa.
Medicinal Uses of Desmostachya bipinnata in Sindh:

Flowers and root are used against persistent fever; flowers are used against loose motion and root also used against retention of urine. 1. Method of use for chronic fever: 20-25 g Root or flowers are boiled with 500 mL of until the volume is reduce to 250 mL and take 15-20 mL three times a day for three days against chronic fever. 2. Method of use for loose motions: Flower 910-15 g are boiled with 250 mL of water until the volume is reduced to half take tha syrup twice a day.
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3. Method of use for retention of urine: boil the root 10-15 g of root until the colour of water is turned golden or yellowsish and cool that water and drink 1 glass of water, urine will passed within 10-20 minutes. Bioassays of Desmostachya bipinnata: The alcoholic extract of the planta showed antibacterial, antifungal and antileishmanial activities. Previous studies on Desmostachya bipinnata: First methonlic extract shoed goog antihelicobacter activity and and later on 4'-methoxy quercetin-7-O-glucoside was isolated from whole plant .it has been predicted that the isolated compd. (Quercetin) might be useful as a chemo-preventive agent for peptic ulcer in H. pyloriinfected individuals, after its clin. Evaluation. From the ethanol ext. of Desmostachia bipinnata kaempferol (1), quercetin (2), quercetin-3-glucoside (3), tricin (4) and tricin-7-glucoside (5) are isolated.
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Botanical Name: Dalbergia sissoo (Roxb.) Division: Order: Family: Genus: Magnoliophyta Fabales Fabaceae Dalbergia
Sindhi Name: Taari Urdu Name: Shesham

Dalbergia sissoo
Description of Dalbergia sissoo:

Tree with rough bark and mainly longitudinal furrows, young branch pubescent. Leaf imparipinnate, rachis c. 3.7-7.5 cm long; leaflets 3-5, c. 3.5-6.5 cm long, broadly ovate or suborbicular, acuminate, glabrescent, petiolule c. 5-8 mm long; stipules c. 5 mm long. Inflorescence an axillary panicle, composed of several short spikes with sessile to subsessile flowers. Bract small, pubescent, caducous. Calyx c. 5 mm long, teeth ciliate, unequal, shorter than the tube. Corolla yellowish white. Stamens 9, monadelphous, tube slit on the upper side only, anthers uniform. Ovary pubescent, 2-4-ovulate, style glabrous, stigma capitate. Fruit c. 3.7-10 cm long, c. 7.0-13 mm broad, strap-shaped, glabrous, 1-4-seeded. Seed flattened. Flowering period: March - May Type: Roxb. l.c. ined. 970 (K). Distribution: Pakistan; India; Sikkim; Afghanistan; Persia; Iraq. Very widely planted in the plains along the roadsides, canals and fields and in the forest plantations. The wood which is hard, heavy and durable, is very important. It is commonly used for furniture, carts, boats, wheels etc.
Medicinal Uses of Dalbergia sissoo in Sindh:

Leaves are used against hotness of body. Method of use: Grind the 15-20 g of fresh leaves in clay pot and add 250 mL of water slowly and drink after filteration in afternoon time.
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Biossays of Dalbergia sissoo: The crude sample of plant showed antifungal and insecticidal and phytotoxic activities: Previous studies on Dalbergia sissoo: Following compounds have been isolated from Dalbergia sissoo: The isoflavone, biochanin , a potent chemotherapeutic cancer preventive agent (1) with a distinct estrogenic activity (2), has been isolated from the fresh flowers of Dalbergia sisso. Two rare glycosides kaempferol and quercetin rutinosides. Quercetin was also isolated in a low yield.
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Botanical Name: Datura stramonium (Linn., Syst) Kingdom: Order: Family: Genus: Plantae Solanales Solanaceae Datura
Datura stramonium
Sindhi Name: Chario Dhatoro Description of Datura stramonium:
Plant 60-120 cm or more tall, branched, pubescent; the branches often purplish. Leaves 8-17 x 4-13 cm, ovate or broadly so, sinuately dentate, minutely puberulose, cuneate. Petiole 2-5 cm long. Calyx 3.5-5.5 cm long, tubular, 5-dentate, puberulous, persistent. Lobes 6-9 mm long, strongly reflexed in fruit, apiculate. Corolla 7-10 cm long, white or purplish suffused; limb up to 8 cm broad. shallowy 5-lobed, with the lobes, triangular-acuminate. Anthers 5 mm long, with the lobes narrow oblong, usually white. Capsule erect, 3-4 cm long, ovoid, spiny and densely pubescent, splitting by 4 valves; spines up to 5 mm long. Seeds 3 mm long, reniform, reticulate-foveolate, black. Flowering period: June - July Type: Described from American, Hort. Cliff. 55/1 (BM). Distribution: In most temperate and subtropical regions of both the hemispheres. The thorn apple is a noxious weed found along roadsides and waste places from 914-2286 m. The plant parts, as in Atropa contain alkaloids as hyoscyamine, which have a powerful narcotic effect. The plant parts are also medicinal; being used in fevers, for worms, skin diseases, boils and indigestion (Dymock et al. Pharmcog. Ind. Reprint. edit. 2:584. 1891).
Medicinal Uses of Datura stramonium in Sindh:

Fruit is used for bronchial asthma. Method of use: Boil 7 blas of fruit after removing thornes from the fruit and add 56 long of garam masala during boiling. Boil until water is completely eveapoarted and dry the paste in shadow and make powder. Makes tablets of 2-3g with honey. Take these tablets twice a day for 40 days.
86
Previous studies on Datura stramonium: Following are the compounds islated from Datura stramonium: The seeds of Datura alba yielded much scopolamine and a trace of hyoscyamine. Only scopolamine was found in the pericarps, leaves and stems, hyoscine and hyoscyamin.
87
Botanical Name: Dodonaea viscosa (Linn.) Kingdom: Order: Family: Genus: Plantae Sapindales Sapindaceae Dodonaea
Sindhi Name: Lohero Description of Dodonaea viscosa:

Dodonaea viscosa
An evergreen shrub up to 5 m tall; young parts covered with a yellow, viscid resin. Leaves subsessile, oblanceolate to spathulate, 3-9 cm long, 0.5-2 cm broad, glabrous, entire, sub-acute to apiculate. Panicles terminal, c. 3 cm long; flowers greenish yellow; pedicel 4-8 mm long. Sepals 3-5, connate at the base, ovate, 3 mm long, puberulous; persistent. Stamens 6-8, free, rudimentary in the female flower; anthers subsessile, oblong, 2-5 mm long, sparsely hairy at the tip. Disc annular, cushion-shaped. Ovary triquetrous, 2.2 mm long, 3-locular, sparsely hairy, rudimentary in the male flower; style 3 mm long, minutely papillose; stigma 3-fid. Capsule 1214 mm long, 15-19 mm broad, 2-4 valved; valves membranous, light brown, green or maroon, winged at the back. Seed sub-globose, c. 4 mm long, black. Flowering period: Jan-March Distribution: Australia, S. Africa, N. America, China, India, Ceylon, W.Pakistan and India. A component of the scrub vegetation of low hilly areas. The quick growth and gregarious habit of this shrub makes it an excellent hedge plant. The branches are used as fire-wood and as a support for the flat mud roofs in village houses. The wood can be used for making walking sticks and tool-handles.
Medicinal Uses of Dodonaea viscosa in Sindh:

Bark of the plant is used against heptatis and joindous: Method of use: Take Kg of the bark and boil it with 2 liters of water and keep boiling untill the colour turned yellowish.Filter the water and keep in neat and clean bottle or jug in fridge or in shadow. Drink 1 glass in fasting in every morning for 7 days only.
88
Bioassays of Dodonaea viscosa: Methanolic extract of leaves hepatoprotecticve activity. Dodonea viscosa shows Antifungal,antibacterial and
Previous studies on Dodonea viscosa: Following are the compounds isolated from Dodonea viscosa: Quercetin and isorhamnetin are found in adequately large concns. in the plant D. viscosa (Sapindaceae). Plants that contain flavonoids are effective in the topical treatment of skin or mucous membrane inflammation.Water solution of seeds contains polysaccharides. 3,4',6trimethoxy-5,7-dihydroxyflavone and -sitosterol from the aerial parts of the folk medicinal plant D. viscosa angustifolia, 3,4',6- trimethoxy-5,7-dihydroxyflavone and -sitosterol. Isorhamnetin 3-O-rutinoside, quercetin 3-O-galactoside, and quercetin 3-O-rutinoside have been isolated from the leaves of pods of D. viscosa
89
Botanical Name: Echinops echinatus (Roxb.) Kingdom: Division: Family: Genus: Plantae Magnoliophyta Compositae/Asteraceae Echinops
Echinops echinatus
Sindhi Name: Dammai Urdu Names: Barham dandi, Labh, Unt katara Description of Echinops echinatus:
Echinopes echinatus is an erect branched herb about a meter high.It has short, stout stems, branching from the base, covered with white cottony hair. Alternately arranged oblong, deeply pinnatifid leaves are 7-12 cm long. Flower-heads occur in solitary white spherical balls, 3-5 cm across. Petals of the tiny white flowers are 5 mm long. Flowers are surrounded by straight, strong, white bristles. Flowering: December-January.
Medicinal Uses of Echinops echinatus in Sindh:

Whole plant is used against skin itching. Method of use: Boil the 2 kg of plant with 12-15 liters of water and bath with that water twice a day for 3-4 days. Bioassays of Echinops echinatus: The methanolic extract of plant showed Antifungal activity. Previous studies on Echinops echinatus: 2',5,7trihydroxy-3.6-dimethoxy flavone-7-O--D-galactopyranosyl-[14]-O--Lrhamnopyranoside is reported from from the seeds of Echinops echinatus. 7-hydroxyisoflavone, kaempferol-4'-methylether, kaempferol-7-methylether, myricetin-3-O--L-rhamnoside, kaempferol and kaempferol-3-O--L-rhamnoside, are reported from the whole plant of Echinops echinatus. An antiinflammatory active flavanone glycoside 5,7-dihydroxy-8,4'-dimethoxyflavanone-5-O-L-rhamnopyranosyl-7-O--D-arabinopyranosyl-(14)-O--D-glucopyranoside A along with 90
a known compd. dihydroquercetin-4'-Me ether is also reported from the leaves of Echinops echinatus. Apigenin, apigenin 7-O-glucoside, and a new acylflavone glucoside named echitin (I) were isolated from Echinops echinatus flowers.
OH HO CH2 O HO OH O OH O O O O
HO
A minor alkaloid 7-hydroxyechinozolinone (I) is reported from the flowers of E. echinatus
O NCH 2 CH 2 OH HO N I
Four phenolic compds., apigenin, apigenin 7-O-glucoside, echinacin (I), and echinaticin (II), were are reported from E. echinatus Roxb.; I and II. The 2 derivs., echinacin permethyl ether and apigenin-5,4'-dimethyl ether, are reported by methylation of I and apigenin 7-O-glucoside permethylate, resp.
91
HO
OH O O OH HO OH OH O O O
n-hentriacontane, n-hentriacontanol, lupeol, lupeol acetate, y-amyrin, -amyrin acetate, ysitosterol, palmitic acid, betulinic acid, apigenin, luteolin, quercetin, apigenin-7-O-glucoside, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, apigenin-7-O--D-(4''-p-coumaroyl)-glucoside and echinopsine are reported from the flowers of E. echinatus. Alkaloid, echinozolinone (I) = 3(2-hydroxyethyl)-4(3H)-quinazolinone.
O N CH 2 CH 2 OH N I
Isomeric acyl flavone glycosides echinacin (I) and echinaticin (II) are reported from E. echinatus.
OR O OR R1O OH HO O O O
OH
I, R= COCH
II, R=H, R 1 = COCH
CHC 6 H 4 OH-4, R 1 =H CHC 6 H 4 OH-4
92
Botanical Name: Euphorbia serpense (Haines) Kingdom: Division: Family: Genus: Plantae Magnoliophyta Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia
Sindhi Name: Kheer wall Description of Euphorbia serpense:

Euphorbia serpense
This is an annual herb forming a mat of prostrate stems which root at nodes where the stem comes in contact with the ground. The oval leaves occur in oppositely arranged pairs, each leaf less than a centimeter long. The inflorescence is a cyathium with scalloped white petal-like appendages surrounding the actual flowers. A red nectar gland is at the base of each appendage, and at the center of the cyathium are several male flowers around one female flower. The fruit is a lobed, spherical capsule.
Medicinal Uses of Euphorbia serpense in Sindh:

Leaves are used against stomach pain and extracted milk of plant is used against ear pain. 1. Method of use for stomach pain: Just chew the 3-4g of fresh plant and take in the extract of plant stomach pain will be released within 10-15 minutes. 2. Method of use for ear pain: Just pour 2-3 drops of the extracted milk of the plant in affected ear twice a day. Previous studies on Euphorbia serpense: Following are the compounds isolated from Euphorbia serpense: Unbranched C24 to C36 hydrocarbons were obtained. The flavonoid compn. of E. serpens microfilia included luteolin 3-O-glucoside, quercetin 3-O-galactoside, vitexin, isovitexin, quercetin, luteolin, and apigenin. Flavonoids of E. minuta included luteolin 7-O-glucoside, apigenin 7-O-glucoside, quercetin 3-O-glucoside, vitexin, isovitexin, quercetin, isorhamnetin, and apigenin. The anthocyanins identified from E. serpens microfilia included cyanidin 3-Oglucoside and delphinidin 3-O-glucoside; cyanidin 3-O-galactoside. 93
Botanical Name: Eclipta prostrata Linn. Synonyms: Kingdom: Order: Family: Genus: Eclipta alba, Verbesina alba, Eclipta erecta Plantae Asterales Asteraceae/Compositae Eclipta
Eclipta prostrata
Sindhi Name: Khokhri Urdu Name: Bhangra
Description of Eclipta prostrata:

Root well developed, cylindrical, greyish. Floral heads 6-8 mm in diameter, solitary, white, achene compressed and narrowly winged. It grows commonly in moist places as a weed all over the world. It is widely distributed throughoutIndia, China, Thailand, and Brazil. In ayurvedic medicine, the leaf extract is considered a powerful liver tonic, rejuvenative, and especially good for the hair. A black dye obtained from Eclipta alba is used for dyeing hair and tattooing. Eclipta alba also has traditional external uses, like athlete foot, eczema and dermatitis, on the scalp to address hair loss and the leaves have been used in the treatment of scorpion stings. It is used as anti-venom against snakebite in China and Brazil (Mors, 1991). It is reported to improve hair growth and colour (Kritikar and Basu 1975 and Chopra et al. 1955).
Medicinal Uses of Eclipta prostrata in Sindh:

Plant used against Diarrhoea. Method of use: Grind the fresh leaves in clay pot and add 1 glass of water drink that water after filteration. Previous studies on Eclipta prostrata: It has been reported previously that Eclipta prostrata has functions of nourishing liver and kidney, cooling blood and arresting bleeding and antitumor, immunoregulating and antiinflammatory pharmacol. actions, and contains multiple active constituents.butanolic extract has ability toenhance antioxidantactivity.Wedelolactone showed the against HIV1. Following are the compounds are isolated from Eclipta prostrate: luteolin (1), wedelolactone (2) and desmethylwedelolactone are reported from arial parts of the plant. Compound 2 is reported to possess antiliver cancer and hepatitis. 94
Botanical Name: Fagonia indica (Burm) Kingdom: Family: Genus: Plantae Zygophyllaceae Fagonia
Sindhi Name: Damma Description of Fagonia indica:

Eclipta prostrata Annual to perennial, covered with whitish pruinose or sessile glands or glabrous shrublet. Stem basally somewhat woody, branches procumbent or erect, cylindrical, striate, internodes 2.5-5 cm long. Leaves mostly unifoliolate or basal ones trifoliolate and upper unifoliolate, leaflets linear-oblong or lanceolate, 6-35 mm long, 3-4 mm broad, mucronate, short to long petioled or sessile; stipular spines awl shaped, patent to ascending, equal to shorter than leaves, occasionally deficient or minute. Flowers mediocre, c. 1.2 cm across, pinkish-purple; pedicel 46 mm long. Sepals ovate, c. 3-4 mm long, c. 1.5 mm broad, glandular outside, acute, persistent. Petals spathulate, c. 6 mm long, c. 3 mm broad, obtuse. Stamens with c. 6 mm long filaments. Capsule 3-4 mm long and broad, pubescent, pedicel equal to about twice as long as fruit.
Distribution: Indo-Pakistan subcontinent westwards to North and East tropical Africa in arid and semi-arid regions.
Medicinal Uses of Fagonia indica in Sindh:

Whole plant is used against skin itching. Method of use: Boil the 2-3 Kg of plant with 12-15 liters of water and bath with that water after moderating the temperature and repeat that practice for 8-12 days. Bioassays of Fagonia indica: The Methanolic extract of plant showed Antileishmanial activity. Previous studies on Fagonia indica: Following are compounds isolated from Fagonia indica: 3-O-{[-D-4-O-sulfonylglucopyranosyl-(13)]--L-arabinopyranosyl}-ursolic acid-28-O-[D-glucopyranosyl] ester (indicasaponin C) and 3-O-{[-D-4-O-sulfonylglucopyranosyl(13)]-[-D-xylopyranosyl-(12)]--L-arabinopyranosyl}-ursolic acid-28-O-[-Dglucopyranosyl] are reported from ythis plant . The sapogenins hederagenin and ursolic acid as well as pinitol is reported from aerial parts of F. indica (Zygophyllaceae). Free amino acids of F. indica included alanine, arginine, glycine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, proline, tyrosine, and valin.Entire plant yielded oleanolic acid, betulic acid, and fagonin. 95
Botanical Name: Ficus benghalensis (Linn.) Kingdom: Division: Order: Family: Genus: Plantae Magnoliophyta Urticales Moraceae Ficus
Ficus benghalensis
Sindhi Name: Barr Description of Ficus benghalensis:
A large, evergreen to deciduous, up to 20 (-25) m tall, with wide leafy crown and branches spreading up to 100 m or more with pillar-like prop roots and accessory trunks. Trunk massive, fluted, bark grey, smooth, young softly white puberulous. Leaves with stout, (1.5-) 2-6 (-8) cm long, do ventrally compressed hairy petiole; lamina coriaceous, ovate or orb ovate to elliptic, (8-) 10-20 (-25) cm long, (6-) 8-15 (20) cm broad, glabrous above, finely pubescent beneath, base subcordate or rounded, margins apically obtuse, lateral nerves 4-7 pairs, intercostals distinct, bulging stipules coriaceous, stout, 1.5-2.5 cm long, acute; cystoliths abundant on side, few or absent below. Hypanthodia sessile, in axillary pairs on young depressed-globose, 15-2 cm in diameter, green, hairy, subtended by 3, reniform c. 3-4 mm long, c. 6-7 mm wide, minutely hairy basal bracts, apical orifice by 3, flat or umbonate bracts, internal bristles absent. Male flowers: numerous ostiolar, shortly pedicellate; sepals 2-3; stamen solitary, with shortly mucronate anther. Female flowers: sessile, mixed with gall flowers; sepals 34, small; ovary with an elongated style. Gall flowers numerous, pedicellate; sepal as in female ovary with a short style. Figs globose to depressed-globose, 15-2.5 cm in diam pinkish-red, hairy.
Medicinal Uses of Ficus benghalensis in Sindh:

Bark is used against female prolonged mensis or pain during that period, leaves are used against asthma and male sexual weakness, roots are used against jaundice and against hepatitis. 1. Method of use for female prolonged mensis or pain during that period: Take 1 kg of the Bark of plant and boil with 10liters of water till the colour turned redish or yellowish. Cool that water and filter that and pour in the tub and female suffering from the problem should sit in that water for 40-60 minutes, for 2-3 days 2. Method of use for jaundice and hepatitis: Take 1 kg of root and boil it with 5 liters of water and keep boiling till the colour changes to redis, filter the water and drink 1 glass twice a day for 40 days. 96
3. Method of use for male sexual weakness and asthma: Take 1 patasha ( a kind of sweet easily available at pinsaar shops) add 1drop of the milk of the leaves and eat in fasting every morning for 40 but drops of milk should be increased by 1 every day and one can use more than 1 patasha as needed. Previous studies on Ficus benghalensis: Antioxidant activity of defatted ethanolic ext. of fruits of Ficus bengalensis showed significant dose-dependent free radical scavenging property in all the models except in hydroxyl radical inhibition assay. Aq., ethanol, and Et acetate exts. showed significant decrease in leukocytes.Alcoholic extract of fresh aerial roots of Ficus bengalensis showed significant hepatoprotective activity comparable with Silymarin. Methanol and acetone extracts showed effective Antibacterial activity. The antidiabetic effect of a dimethoxy deriv. of pelargonidin 3O--L-rhamnoside is also reported. Following compounds are isolated from Ficus benghalensis: Di-Me ether of leucopelargonidin 3-O--L-rhamnoside isolated from the bark of F.bengalensis.The ketones 20-tetratriacontene-2-one,pentatriacontan-5-one,and 6heptatriacontene-10-one were isolated from stem bark of Banyan (F. bengalensis) and their structures elucidated. -Sitosterol -D-glucose and meso-inositol.A leucodelphinidin deriv.(I) isolated from the bark f Ficus bengalensis Linn demonstrated hypoglycemic
OH OH MeO O
OMe
OMe
OH HO Me OH O
OH
97
Botanical Name: Foeniculum vulgare (Mill) Kingdom: Order: Family: Genus: Plantae Apiales Apiaceae/Umbelliferae Foeniculum
Foeniculum vulgare
Sindhi Name: (Soonf/Waduf) Description of Foeniculum vulgare:
Plants up to 2 m tall, glabrous, glaucous. Stem striate. Leaves 3-4-pinnate; segments filiform, up to 4 cm long; leaf bases sheathing. Rays 5-30, 1-6 cm long. Carpophore divided to the base. Fruit oblong to ovoid, 3-5 mm long, glabrous. Type locality: S. France. Distribution: A cosmopolitan species. Fennel is commonly cultivated from the plains to 2000 m and has a wide distribution. The leaves are used as a vegetable and the fruits as a spice and as a carminative.
Medicinal Uses of Foeniculum vulgare in Sindh:

Seeds are used against abdominal discomfort and constipation in children. 1. Method of use for abdominal discomfort: Seeds are chew and extract formed in mouth is taken inside. 2. Method of use for constipation in children: 3-5 g of seeds are pour in 200 mL of water for 30-40minutes and 1-2 spoon of that water is given to the children. Previous studies on the Foeniculum vulgare: Seeds of the plants are used in Chinese drug which is used as antiviral and antimicrobial drug. The fruit is rich in essential oil, which's the main constituent - the phenylpropene (E)-anethole. Other constituents are (+)-fenchone, limonene, -pinene and estragole. Besides, fennel fruit stilbene trimers - derivs. of cis-miyabenol C, monoterpenoid glycosides and phenolic compds.
98
It has been reported that plant possess antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hepatoprotective and antiplatelet,inflammation and ulcer, regulating blood sugar, reducing blood fat, preventing and treating cardiovascular diseases and diabetes, and treating hyperglycemia.In traditional Chinese medicine whichis used for improving immunity plant is also the part of formulation.In other folk medicines it has been used to treat obstruction of the liver, spleen and gall bladder and for digestive complaints such as colic, indigestion,nausea and flatulence. Foolwing are the compounds isolated from Foeniculum vulgare: trans-anethole, estragole, fenchone and polyphenolics were isolated from this plant and some of these interact with potential mechanisms of the body peroxidn.
99
Botanical Name: Grewia tenax (Forsk) Kingdom: Division: Family: Genus: Plantae Magnoliophyta Tiliaceae Grewia
Sindhi Name: Wingo, Kamkeh Description of Grewia tenax:

Grewia tenax
A suberect to erect shrub, up to 3 m tall. Stem with ash-grey bark, young twigs stellate hairy. Leaves 3-5-costate, almost glabrous to sparsely or densely stellate hairy on both sides, ovateelliptic or obovate to almost orbicular, 0.6-4.5 cm long, 0.4-4 cm broad, sharply serrate, cuneate at the base, acute to obtuse, rarely emarginate at the apex; petiole 2-14 mm long, hairy; stipules linear-lanceolate, caducous. Flowers solitary or rarely paired, on solitary, antiphyllous, (0.6-) 1.2 cm long, hairy peduncle, white, rarely yellowish-white, 2-2.5 cm across; pedicel c. half as long as peduncle, stellate tomentose. Sepals linear-oblong, (1-) 1.4 (-1.6) cm long, c. 3-4 mm broad, stellate hairy outside. Petals linear, (0.8-) 1.1-1.4 cm long, c. 2 mm broad, claw much smaller than limb, with somewhat reniform densely ciliate gland, bilobed at the apex. Stamens numerous, filaments slightly shorter than style or subequal. Torus angular. Ovary 4-lobed, glabrous, rarely stellate hairy; style c. 8-10 mm long, clavate, glabrous, rarely sparsely stellate hairy, stigma somewhat cupular. Drupe usually 2-4-lobed, lobes c. 5-7 mm in diameter, glabrous, rarely with sprinkled stellate hairs, orange yellow with red-dish tinge. Flowering period: February - August
Medicinal Uses of Grewia tenax in Sindh:

Leaves are used against hepatitis and boil (daanay). 1. Method of use for hepatitis: 10-15g of the fresh leaves are boiled with 1 liter of water till the colour changes to greenish then filter the water and drink 1 glass twice a day for 40 dys. 2. Method of use for Boil(daanay): Just make a paste of leaves and apply on the boils in night for 3-4 days only. Previous studies on the Grewia tenax: Following compounds are isolated from Grewia tenax: Triacontan-1-ol,-amyrin,-sitosterol,lupenone,erythrodiol,-amyrin, and betulinol from stem bark of G. tenax. 100
Botanical Name: Inula grantioides (Boiss.) Synonyms: Kingdom: Order: Family: Genus: Iphionia grantioides Plantae Asterales Asteraceae Inula
Inula grantioides
Sindhi Name: Khol meer Description of Inula grantioides:
Inula is a large genus of about 90 species of in the family Asteraceae, native to Europe, Asia and Africa. The genus is thought by some to be paraphyletic, based on the study of the different phenolic compounds the various species have.They are mostly perennial herbs that vary greatly in size, from small species a few centimeters tall to enormous perennials over 3 meters tall.Some common characteristics include pappus with bristles, flat capitulum, and lack of chaff.Several species are popular flowers for the garden, with cultivation going back to antiquity. The name Inula was already used by the Romans and derived from Helen of Troy fame.1] The smaller species are used in rock gardens and the more common larger ones, which tend to have very coarse foliage, in borders.
Medicinal Uses of Inula grantioides in Sindh:

Leaves are used against itching ,haepatitis and against snake bite. 1. Method of use for hepatitise: Pour the fresh leaves of plant in water for overnight and in the morning grind them and drink it after filtration. 2. Method of use for itching: Grind the fresh plant make a paste and apply on the affected area. 3. Method of use for snake sting: Grind the fresh 10g whole plant and add 1 glass of water and drink that and also make paste by grinding the whole plant apply on the affected area of the skin.
101
Bioassays of Inula grantioides: The Methanolic extract of ther whole plant showed the strong antibacterial activity, antimalarial activity and antifungal activity. Previous studies on the Inula grantioides: Oil of the plant has been reported topossess strong antibiotic activity. Following arethe compounds isolated from Inula grantioides: -sitosterol,stigmasterol and -sitosteryl glucoside.11-Hentriacontene, pentatriacontene and a saturated hydrocarbon, pentatriacontane from the flowers of the Inula grantioides. 5-hydroxy3,6,7,2',5'-pentamethoxyflavone1,-Sitosterol,lupeol, taraxasterol, taraxasterol acetate,and triacontanol were also isolated for the first time from this plant.
OMe Me O O OMe I
Me O OH O
OMe
102
Botanical Name: Heliotropium uropeum (Linn.) Kingdom: Family: Genus: Plantae Boraginaceae Heliotropium
Sindhi Name: Nangan wall

Heliotropium uropeum
Description of Heliotropium uropeum:
This is an annual herb growing from a taprootand reaching maximum heights near 40 centimeters. The stem and oval-shaped leaves are covered in soft hairs. Theinflorescences are coiled spikes of white flowers with fuzzy or bristly sepals. Each flower is just a few millimeters wide. The fruit is a bumpy nutlet. Medicinal uses of Heliotropium uropeum in Sindh: Paste of the whole plant is used against hemorhoides.
Medicinal Use of Heliotropium uropeum in Sindh:

Plant is used effectively against hemorrhoids: Method of use: Take 20g fresh leaves grind them and add 5 mL of hair oil and aplly on the affected area and tide with cotton and cloth for 24 hours however you can change the paste 3 times a day. Repeat that for three days. And on 4th day add 3-4 drops of the milk of Akk (calotropes procera). Hemorrhoids will be finshed within days. Previous studies on the Heliotropium uropeum: Following compounds are isolated from the plant: The major alkaloids present in plant is named isoheliotrine present in 75-85% of all the alkaloids and lasiocarpine is trhe minor alkaloid.
103
Botanical Name: Leptadenia pyrotechnica (Forssk.) Kingdom: Division: Order: Family: Genus: Plantae Magnoliophyta Gentianales Apocynaceae Leptadenia
Leptadenia pyrotechnica
Sindhi Name: Kheer khip Description of Leptadenia pyrotechnica:
Erect, much branched generally leafless shrub, generally 0.6-2.5 m tall. Branches erect, slender, green, spinescent. Leaves (when present), 2.5-6 x 2.5-3 mm, linear to linear-lanceolate, subsessile, glabrous, acute. Flowers in small umbellate cymes. Peduncle 2.5-8 mm long, pedicel c. 2.5 mm long, pubescent. Calyx c. 1.5 mm long, lobes as long as the tube, pubescent. Corolla 3-3.5 mm long, deeply divided, funnel-shaped, glabrous below, lobes pubescent within and without. Follicles 7.5-11.5 cm x 6-7 mm, lanceolate, terete, and glabrous. Seeds c. 8 mm long, coma 2.5-3.8 cm long. Flower Period: December - January
Medicinal Uses of Leptadenia pyrotechnica in Sindh:

Extracted milk of plant is used against psoriasis (skin disease). Method of use: Just apply the extracted milk of the plant on the affected skin area twice a day. Previous studies on Leptadenia pyrotechnica: It has reported that plant posses antitumor on initial potato disk screen. Following are the compounds isolated from Leptadenia pyrotechnica: It has been reported that Oil of Leptadenia pyrotechnica seeds to contain 12,13-epoxy octadeccis-9-enoic acid (vernolic acid) (32%) and following are the compounds which are also islated from the plant;
104
Cardiac glycosides; 14,19-dihydroxycard-20 (22)-enolide-3-O-[-d-glucopyranosyl-digitoxoside] C-I, 14,19-dihydroxycard-20 (22)-enolide-3-O-[-d-glucopyranosyl--dglucopyranoside] C-II and 14,19-dihydroxycard.kaempferol-3-O--l-rhamnopyranosyl (1''' 6'')O--d-glucopyranoside (E-I.1), kaempferol-3-O--d-rhamnopyranosyl (1''' 6'')-O--dglucopyranoside (E-I.2), texasin-7-O--d-glucopyranoside E-II.2, kaempferol-3-O--dglucopyranoside (E-III.1), kaempferol (E-IV.1) and kaempferide-3-O--l-rhamnopyranosyl (1''' 6'')-O--d-glucopyranoside (E-I.1a) are reported from this plant.
105
Botanical Name: Moringa rivae (Chiovenda) Kingdom: Division: Family: Genus: Plantae Magnoliophyta Moringaceae Moringa
Moringa rivae
Sindhi Name: Swanjehro Description of Moringa rivae:
A large tree, with gummy bark, younger parts pubescent. Leaves alternate, tripinnately imparipinnate, up. to 60 cm long (including 4-15 cm long petiole), deciduous; rachis pubescent, slender, pulvinate and jointed at base; pinnae 5-11, stalk of the pinna 1-3 cm long, articulated at base; pinnules 5-11, petiolule of pinnule 4-8 mm long; rachis of the pinnule articulated with a small rounded gland; leaflets 3-9 (-11), 1-1.75(-2.4) cm long, 0.5-1.8 cm broad, sparsely tomentose above, glabrous below; lateral leaflets elliptic, while terminal obovate and slightly larger; petiolule 1-4 mm long. Inflorescence 8-30 cm long with ovoid buds. Flowers white, c. 2.5 cm across, with 1.3-2.1 cm long pedicel, honey scented. Calyx tube hairy; lobes slightly unequal, petaloid, imbricate, linear to lanceolate 1.3-1.5 cm long, 5-6 mm broad, reflexed, with prominent yellow streaks in the centre, entire, obtuse. Petals white, the anterior erect, others reflexed, ascending imbricate, spathulate with prominent veins, 1.2-1.8 cm long, 5-6 mm broad, acute, entire. Stamens 5, alternating with 5(-7) sterile filaments or sometimes with non functional stamens; filaments villous at base, yellow, stamens 1 cm long, antherless filaments 7 mm long. Ovary oblong, c. 5 mm long; style cylindric, less villous than the ovary. Fruit a 9-ribbed pendulous pod, 30-45 cm long, somewhat tomentose when young. Seeds embedded in the pits of the valves, 3 angled, winged, blackish, rounded. Flowering Period: January - April
Medicinal Uses of Moringa rivae in Sindh:

Leaves are used against weakness of thigh and calf muscles and, gum of the plant is used against arthritis. 1. Method of used against weakness of thigh and calf muscles: Take 1-2 kg of leaves and extract the liquid of the leaves and take 1 cup in every morning in fasting for 4-5 days.
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2. Method of use for arthritis: Gum of the plant and Chanori bhanto bothare easily available at pinsaar shops and take 5 g of each and make powder of them together and then add 2g of butter and take 1g in fasting for 20 days. Bioassays of the Moringa rivae: The methanolic extract of phytotoxic activities. plant showed antibacterial, antifungal and insecticidal and
Phytochemistry of the Moringa rivae: To the best of our knowledge so for as no phytochemical work is done on this plant.
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Botanical Name: Mangifera Indica Linn. Kingdom: Division: Order: Family: Genus: Plantae Magnoliophyta Sapindales Anacardiaceae Mangifera
Mangifera Indica
Sindhi Name: Anmb/Aam Description of Mangifera Indica:
A glabrous tree up to 15 m tall. Leaves 11-24 x 4-8 cm, oblong, lanceolate, acuminate, coriaceous, shiny and dark green on upper surface. Flowering panicles erect, conspicuous, longer than the leaves, pubescent. Calyx lobes ovate, pubescent on the outside. Petals imbricate, oblong, inner surface prominently 3-nerved. Drupe ovoid in outline, compressed, 3.5-20 cm long. Mesocarp fleshy. Endocarp (stone) hard and fibrous.Flowering period: March-April. The mango is a native of Burma,Sikkim, Khasia and the W.Ghats(India).Widely cultivated in the Punjab and Sind for its edible and tasty grafted varieties.
Medicinal Uses of Mangifera Indica in Sindh:

Leaves are used against cut or unhealing injury and seeds are used against losse motion. 1. Method of use for cut or unhealing inury: Take 2-3 fresh leaves of mango and add 100 mL oil and heat them gently and grindh together by any means and apply the paste on the affected area. 2. Method of use against loose motions: From the well dried seed of mango take out the internal part of the seeds and grind it and make powder just take 2 spoon of that with water. Motions will be stop within 15-20 minutes. Previous studies on Mangifera Indica: It has been reported previously: Monoterpene hydrocarbons are the major volatile components of many mangoes and contribute to the flavor. The importance of a mixt. of volatile lactones to good mango aroma also is evident. 2,5-Dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanone does not seem to contribute significantly to a good mango flavor.Cis-ocimene and -myrcene are the major components of essential oils. 108
Botanical Name: Physalis minima (D. Don) Synonym: Kingdom: Division: Order: Family: Genus: Physalis divaricata Plantae Magnoliophyta Solanales Solanaceae Physalis
Physalis minima
Sindhi Name: Aknaj/Rusbharry Description Physalis minima:

A diffuse annual from 15-45 cm tall, subglabrous to pubescent. Leaves 3-8 5 (-11) x 1.5-4 (-7) cm, ovate. sinuate, repand or sinuate- Pedicel less than 10 mm long, somewhat elongating in fruit. Calyx c. 2.5 mm long, campanulate. inflated, globular-avoid, membranous and up to 25 mm in fruit, pubescent. Corolla 5 mm long, shortly tubular, yellow; lobes acute, pubescent. Stamens subincluded. Anthers c. 1 mm long; filaments 2 mm long. Ovary 1.1 mm long. ovoid. Style linear, stigma subcapitate. Berry globose, 10 mm broad, orange. Seeds c. 2 mm long, subreniform, compressed; minutely reticulate-undulate. brownish-yellow. Flowering period: August-October, later in the plains. Type: C. Nepal. Ad pagum Bassaria, Buch.-Ham. s.n. (BM). Distribution: Afghanistan and eastward to Nepal. Var. indicaapart from the 5-angled calyx, does not differ to any substantial degree from the type variety. A fairly common field weed in the monsoon season, found from 610-981 m. Dentate to subentire, acute or acuminate, base cordate to oblique. Petiole up to 40 mm long, slender. Flowers solitary axillary.
Medicinal Uses of Physalis minima in Sindh:

Plant is used against scabies and itching. Physalins are the steroidal lactone constituents of Physalis and other closely related genera, belonging to the family Solanaceae. The P. minima (Linn- Var. Indica) is a herb widely used in folk medicines The plants of the genus Physalis possess a number of interesting biological properties including anti-inflammaotyr, immunomodulatory and antiparasitic. 109
Leishmaniasis is caused by protozoa parasites of the genus Leishmania, a biologically diverse group of flagellate parasites of the Trypanosomatidae family, which can be differentiated by genetic, biochemical, and immunological studies. Leishmaniasis typically occurs in the Old World around the Mediterranean Sea, in East and West Africa, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bangladesh, and in China. In the New World, this disease is found in the southern parts of the United States to the northern pats of Argentina and Paraguay. Both domestic and wild animals are main reservoirs of Leishmania parasites, while the female flying insects of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomya are the vectors of Leishmaniasis. The secondary metabolites of plants, alkaloids, quinines, and terpenes, have been used to cure protozoan parasitic diseases. The use of quinine and emetine are best examples for the treatment of parasitic diseases such as malaria and amoebiasis. (3) Some natural products have also shown leishmanicidal activities. Diospyrin, isolated from Diospyros mantana, is active against L. donovani (1); berberine is effective against cutaneous Leishmaniasis in rats; and harmaline, which was isolated from Peganum harmala, shows antiprotozoal action. Situation in Pakistan: Leishmaniasis has become a particular problem in the rural areas of Pakistan of all the provinces. In January 2002, a joint assessment mission of the Ministry of Health and WHO to the Northwest Frontier Province identified 5000 cases of CL in Kuram Agency alone; most of them were young children under fifteen years of age. It is also endemic in Balochistan, rural upper Sindh, and Multan region (2). Table-1: In vitro Leishmanicidal activity: Medicinal Plant Physalis minima Linn. (Sun berry) Pet. Ether CHCl3 MeOH E.A M.W Standard Drugs Amphotericin B Pentamidine Topical Ointment Preparation: Chemotherapeutic agents with potential or established antileishmanial activity have been incorporated in different ointment and cream formulations and tested for their efficacy when applied topically. For the preparation of ointment we used methnolic extracts of Physalis minima in White Soft paraffin with pharmaceutical grade. Plants Extracts (IC50 g/mL S.D) 13.62 0.30 2.05 0.02 26.00 0.59 35.36 0.08 5.70 0.07 0.12 0.10 5.13 0.02
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Human Clinical Trials: Human clinical trials have been done on 100 patients for Physalis minima extracts with soft paraffin ointment. Out of 100 subjects 35 patients come for two weeks follow up. Out of 35, 23 patients (65.71%) showed excellent response and come to recovery by the topical applications. Before Treatment After Treatment
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Conclusion: In short it can be concluded that this new invention as ointment preparation containing active ingredient in plants extracts is capable of eliminating the parasites and healing the wound because of its anti-Leishmanial activity when applied directly to the lesion. This preparation is non invasive material easy to comply and apply. It has good absorption with no notable local/systemic effects. The encouraging results of this study are suggestive that we are on the way for developing cost effective/efficient local therapy (Ointment preparation) for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the near future. References: 1. 2. 3. 4. B. Hazra, A. K. Saha, R. Ray, D. K. Roy, P. Sur, A. Banerjee, Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1987, 81, 738. Atta-ur-Rahman, M. Iqbal.C., "Recent studies on bioactive natural products", Pure Appl. Chem. 1999; l71 (6): 107-108. M. J. Chan-Bacab, L. M. Pefia-Rodriguez, Nat. Prod. Rep. 2001, 18, 674. Bhutto AM, Soomro RA, Nonaka S, Hashiguchi Y. Detection of new endemic areas of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Pakistan: a 6-year study. Int. J. Dermatol. 2003 Jul; 42(7):543-8.
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Previous studies on the Physalis minima: It has been reported that chloroform extract of the plant possess antibacterial properties. Follwing are the compounds isolated from Physalis minima: physalins, 16,24-cyclo-13,14-secoergosta-2-ene-18,26-dioic acid-14: 17,14:27-diepoxy11,13,20,22-tetrahydroxy-5-methoxy-1,15-dioxo--lactone -lactone (I), and 16,24-cyclo13,14-secoergosta-2-ene-18,26-dioic acid-14:17,14:27-diepoxy-5,11,13,20,22-pentahydroxy-1,6,15-trioxo--lactone -lactone (II), Both of these compds. showed potent leishmanicidal activity against the promastigotes of Leishmania major. It has been reported that the whole plant of Physalis min. Linn could be considered as a potential candidate for bioactivity-guided isolation of natural anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents.
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Botanical Name: Phyllanthus reticulatus (Pair) Kingdom: Division: Order: Family: Genus: Plantae Magnoliophyta Anura Rhacophoridae Philautus
Phyllanthus reticulatus
Sindhi Name: Patt Pairoon Descrition of Phyllanthus reticulates:
Shrub is usually a much-branched somewhat climbing shrub, rarely a small tree. Leaves are ovate-oblong to elliptic, 1-5 cm long, 0.7-3 cm wide, produced on short lateral branchlets, looking like leaflets of a compound leaf. Flowers are borne in clusters on short axillary branchlets, small, yellowish, sexes separate on the same plant, flowering before or with the new leaves. The flowering shoots and pedicels are covered in short, velvety hairs. Fruit is berry-like, 4-6 mm across, blackish when ripe. Flowering: March-July.
Medicinal Uses of Phyllanthus reticulatus in Sindh:

Leaves are used against kidney pain and stomach pain. 1. Method of use against kidney pain: Grind the 5-8g fresh leaves; 2-3g add misree and glass of water. Drink water after filteration three times a day. Bioassay of Phyllanthus reticulatus: The Methanolic extract of the plant showed antifungal and insecticidal activities. Previous studies on Phyllanthus reticulates: It has been reported that petroleum ether and ethanolic extract of leaves of the P. reticulates possess antidiabetic activity and petroleum ether and ethanolic extracts of roots of the plant posess very good hypoglycemic activity. Ethanol (95%) extract of aerial parts of Phyllanthus reticulatus possess promising hepatoprotective activity.
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Following are the compounds isolated from Phyllanthus reticulates: Lupeol acetate, stigmasterol,lupeol,terpenoidsglycosides, protein, carbohydrates are isolated from the leaves of Phyllanthus reticulates. From the petrol extract of the stems and leaves of P.reticulatus both gave friedelin and sitosterol,and friedelan-3-ol,glochidonol,21-hydroxyfriedelan-3-one,1-hydroxyfriedel4(23)-en-3-one are isolated.
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Botanical Name: Prosopis cinerria (Linn.) Kingdom: Division: Order: Family: Genus: Plantae Magnoliophyta Fabales Fabaceae Prosopis
Prosopis cinerria
Sindhi Name: Gujjo Description of Prosopis cinerria:
Tree to 6.5 m high; cortex cinereous; prickles internodal, scattered, straight, somewhat acroscopic, conical with broad bases. Taproot to more than 3 m long. Leaves 13-jugate, glabrous or puberulous; petiole and rachis 0.54 cm long, the pinnae 27 cm long; leaflets 7 14-jugate, ovate, straight to subfalcate, without nerves (or 24-nerved at base, the midrib excentric), mucronate, 415 mm long x 24.5 mm broad, grayish when dry; stipules foliaceous, deciduous. Racemes spiciform, 513 cm long, several together, subpaniculate; peduncle with amplexicaul bract (or 2 bracts united), this caducous and leaving an oblique scar, 1.52 mm long; bractlets ovate, sessile, 0.50.8 mm long, caducous; pedicels 0.5 mm, to 1.5 mm long when mature; flowers yellow, glabrous; calyx truncate, 0.81.2 mm long; corolla 3.5 mm long, glabrous, the petals rolled back in age; anthers 0.81 mm long; pistil glabrous. Fruit slender, elongate, 819 cm long (including the stipe 0.82 cm), subcylindric-torulose, 47 mm in diameter, glabrous; pericarp thin, brittle; endocarp segments thin, longitudinal, little developed; seeds distant, longitudinal, ovate, 6 mm long, the tegument with open horse-shoe fissural line on faces (Burkart, 1976), 1015 in a pod, brown (C.S.I.R., 19481976).
Medicinal Uses of Prosopis cinerria in Sindh:

Leaves are used aginst the injuries. Bioassays of Prosopis cinerria: The Methanolic extract of plant showed Antifungal activity. Previous studies on the Prosopis cinerria: Following are the compounds isolated from Prosopis cinerria: Me heptacosanoate (1), heneicosanoic acid (2), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (3), Me 4hydroxycinnamate (4), Me 2-methoxy-5-hydroxycinnamate (5), Me 2,5-dihydroxycinnamate (6) and 1-O-coumaroylglycerol (7). 116
Botanical Name: Phyla nodiflora (Linn.) Synonyms: Kingdom: Order: Family: Genus: Lippia nodiflora Plantae Lamiales Verbenaceae Phyla
Phyla nodiflora
Sindhi Name: Bhucccan Descrition of Phyla nodiflora:
Perennial, prostrate herb with somewhat woody rootstock, rooting at nodes, appressedly pubescent to glabrescent. Leaves oblanceolate, obovate to spathulate, somewhat fleshy, 5-40 mm long, 4-20 mm broad, serrate above, entire below, glabrous to appressedly pubescent, subsessile to sessile, obtuse, rarely subacute. Spikes 1-4.5 cm long, 6-8 mm broad, solitary, axillary, peduncled, appressedly pubescent to glabrous. Flowers very small, white, rarely pinkish, c. 3 mm long; bracts c . 2 mm long, mucronate or acuminate, imbricate. Calyx flattened, shorter than bracts, hyaline-membranous, deeply dissected with lanceolate lobes, pubescent. Corolla slightly exceeding the bracts, unequally 4-lobed with spreading lobes. Fruit ovate, c. 1.6 mm long, subcompressed, enclosed by the persistent calyx, separating at maturity into two, 1-seeded pyrenes. Flower Period: Throughout the year. Type: Habitat in Virginia. Distribution: Throughout tropical and subtropical regions. Common in wet places almost throughout Pakistan plains, often in gregarious patches. Leaves and young shoots are sometimes used in curing indigestion in children; its decoction is considered as cooling agent and used as a demulcent in cases of venereal diseases.
Medicinal Uses of Phyla nodiflora in Sindh:

Leaves are used against anti dote for snake sting and, whole plant is used for hepatitis and against abscess(Rat Gharhi). 1. Method of use for Hepatitis: Grind 10-12g of fresh the whole plant and pour them in 1 glass of water for overnight and drink 1 glass in fasting. Continue that practice for 40 days. 117
2. Method of use for sting of scorpion: In case of sting bite bandage the effected area with grinded fresh leaves. 3. Method of use for abscess (Rat Gharhi): Make paste of the 10g whole plant and also add 2-3g of butter. Apply the paste over the affected area twice a day. Bioassays of Phyla nodiflora: Methanolic extract of plant showed anti leishmanial activity. Previous studies on the Phyla nodiflora: It has been reported that methanol ext. of whole plant possesses good hepatoprotective activity probably by its antioxidative potential on hepatocytes. It has also been reported that plant cossess Antioxidant and free radical scavenging effects. sitosterol glucoside,stigmasterol glucoside, nodifloridin A,and nodifloridin B, and can be processed into various dosage forms for clin. use in hepatitis. Following are the compounds isolated from Phyla nodiflora: 4',5'-dimethoxybenzoloxystigmasterol (1) was isolated from methanolic ext. of the aerial parts of Phyla nodiflora.From the alcoholic extract 5,7,3'-trihydroxy-6,4'-dimethoxy flavone is alos reported. From the flowers flavone glycosides (6-hydroxyluteolin-7-O-apioside and luteolin-7O-glucoside) and 3 flavones (6-hydroxyluteolin, nepetin, and batatifolin) are also repoted.
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Botanical Name: Pennisetum typhoides (Burm. f.) Synonym: Kingdom: Division: Order: Family: Genus: Pennisetum glaucum Plantae Magnoliophyta Poales Poaceae Pennisetum
Pennisetum typhoides
Sindhi Name: Bhaajheri/Baajra Description of Pennisetum typhoides:

It is an important food and forage crop in Africa and Asia, and an important forage in Americas. It has great potential because of its suitability to the extreme limits of agriculture. A total of 21,392 germplasm accessions including 750 accessionsofwildspeciesofgenera Pennisetum and Cenchrus, assembled from 50 countries are conserved at ICRISAT genebank. Many of the wild relatives have evolved surviving drought, floods, extreme heat and cold, and in the process they have become adapted or developed resistance to the pests and diseases, which causes heavy losses to the crops.
Medicinal Uses of Pennisetum typhoides in Sindh:

Seeds are use against cough. Method of use: Make flour of the seeds and make meal of that flor and eat in night and donot drink water upto an hour after eating meal. Previous studies on Pennisetum typhoides: It has been reported that the enzyme-hydrolyzed carbohydrates was mostly glucose, with only traces of disaccharides.
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Botanical Name: Phoenix dactylifera (Linn.) Kingdom: Division: Order: Family: Genus: Plantae Magnoliophyta Arecales Arecaceae Phoenix
Phoenix dactylifera
Sindhi Name: Khajji Descrition of Phoenix dactylifera:
Solitary tree, 30 m or more, suckers producing offsets (frequently removed) and roots present at base. Crown large, open, leaves larger than Phoenix sylvestris, glabrous, 1-5.1 m long, leaflet in many planes, 20-40 x 2-2.5 cm; pinnae strongly keeled; apex hard, spiny. Lower leaflets transformed into spines, 4-ranked or the upper ones 2-ranked, 10-20 cm long, apex yellowish. Inflorescence covered by a hard, boat-like bract. Female inflorescence 90-120 cm long, main stalk flat, 45-75 cm long, glabrous, rachilla 30 cm or so long, spikelets numerous. Flowers rounded, green, distant. Calyx lobes 3, united at the base, forming a cup-like structure, upper portion thin and translucent, lower one hard, greenish. Sepals c. 4 x 2 mm, petals more than two times larger than the sepals, rounded. Male inflorescence much smaller, 12-25 cm long, sometimes larger, main stalk 60-90 cm long, flat, glabrous, rachilla arises from and near the apex of the main stalk. Flowers sessile, white, sweet-scented, much larger than the female flower, stamens 6, c. 4 mm long, anthers erect, filaments short, subulate; pistillodes minute, three, scale-like. Petals 3-lobed, valvate, 7-8 mm long; sepals 3-lobed, much smaller than the petals, united, forming a cup. Fruit cylindric, 2.5-5.0 x 1-1.5 cm broad, edible, fleshy, yellowish-brown to reddish brown. Seeds stony, acute at the apex, longitudinally grooved from one side. Type: Palma hortensis mas et foemina of Kdaempfer, Amoenitatum Exot. 668, 686, t. 1, 2. 1712. (Moore & Dransfield, l.c. 64). Distribution: Probably native to W. Asia and N. Africa. Widely domesticated in Punjab and Sind and also cultivated for their valuable fruits in lower Baluchistan and N.W.F.P. In places where the date palm is common it has very considerable economic importance. A variety of articles are made from the leaves including fans, baskets and mats. The trunk of the palm is also used by the natives in building their houses and other similar purposes. Fruits are eaten as food.
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Medicinal Uses of Phoenix dactylifera in Sindh:

Leaves are used against tooth ache and redishness of the birds like cock , hen other birds. 1. Method of use for toothache: Just chew the leaves of khajoor for 10-15 minutes 2. Method of use for reddishness of eyes of the birds: Chew the leaves and put the extract of the leaves from ur mouth to the affected eye of bird for 1-2 days. Previous studies on Phoenix dactylifera: It has been repoted that fruit of Phoenix dactylifera is very rich in proteins.
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Botanical Name: Ricinus communis (Linn.) Synonym: Kingdom: Class: Order: Family: Genus: Castor oil tree Plantae Magnoliopsida Malpighiales Euphorbiaceae Ricinus
Ricinus communis
Sindhi Name: Haran Urdu Name: Arand, Arandae, Murpad, Harnoli, Murghpad, Bed Anjeer.
Description of Ricinus communis:

An erect, single-stemmed or much-branched shrubby or treelike somewhat glaucous herb upto 5 m, rarely taller. Stems hollow, becoming woody at the base. Young shoots often pruinose. Petioles 5-20 cm long; petiolar glands variously-shaped. Leaf-blades commonly 7-9-lobed, the median lobe usually 10-20 cm long and 2-5 cm wide, sometimes larger, the lateral lobes progressively smaller; lobes lanceolate, acutely acuminate, coarsely glandular-serrate or biserrate, lateral nerves c. 10-20 pairs, running to the margins, dark green above, paler beneath. Stipular sheath ovate, c. 1-2 cm long, leaving a circular scar when fallen. Inflorescence 10-25 cm long; bracts c. 1 cm long, the bracteoles smaller. Male flowers; pedicels c. 1 cm long; calyxlobes elliptic-ovate, 6-8 x 3-4 mm, acute, yellowish-green; stamens 7 mm long, anthers 0.5 mm. long, pale yellow. Female flowers: pedicels 3-5 mm. long, extending to 2 cm or more in fruit; sepals lanceolate, 5 mm long, acuminate, purplish; ovary trilobate-subglobose, 2 x 2 mm; styles 3-7 mm long. Fruit trilobate, 1-1.8 x 1-1.5 cm, smooth or sparingly to densely covered with narrowly cylindric bristle-tipped fleshy processes 3-5 mm long. Seeds 7-12 x 5-8 x 4-6 mm, shiny, greyish, silvery or beige generally streaked and flecked with brown; caruncle depressedconic, 1-2 x 2-3 mm. Flowering Period: Almost throughout year. Lectotype: In both Indies, Africa and Southern Europe, Hart. Cliff., 450 (BM!). Distribution: (As for the genus). Widely planted up to 4000'/1220 in. in the Sub-Himalayan tract and in the plains, and naturalized near villages.The oil from the seed has many uses - as an illuminant, in medicine as a purgative, in tanning as a leather-preservative, and in industry as a lubricant, especially for 122
delicate machinery; the oil-cake is used for fertilizer and fuel. The Castor Oil Plant exhibits considerable variation in fruit and seed characters, but although attempts have been made to formally categorize the variants, these do not appear to be of much value taxonomically, and not followed here.
Medicinal Uses of Ricinus communis in Sindh:

Leaves are used as pain killer against bone strike and are also used against bronchial pneumonia. 1. Method of use internal inury in bons and bronchial pneumonia: Take 20-30 mL hair oil and 5-8g of add haldi in or you may vary the amount according to inury size heat them together for 3-5 minutes and also heat the leaves of the plant separately for 30 seconds. First aplly the the moderaltely hot oil on the affetcted area and massage that for 5 minutes apply the leaves on it and tide with cotton clothes and repeat the practice in the morning and before sleep and same method could be used for brochial pneumonia. Previous studies on Ricinus communis: It has ben reported that root extract of Ricinus communis Possess Anti-inflammatory and free radical scavenging activity. Following are the compounds isolated from Ricinus communis: 3- hydroxy-pentatriacont-14-en-26-one (ricipentatriacontanol) and 3-O-benzyol-stigmast5,22-dien-3,21-diol (ricinusteryl benzoate) and dipiperenoyl Me ester methylene (ricipiperanyl ester) and glyceride 1-oleo-2-palmitoglyceryl phosphate and 24-Ph tetracosan-6-one-19-ol, ntricos-10-en-1-ol-3-one and 24-phenyl-n-tetracosan-10-one-19-ol are reported from Methanolic extract of the root bark of Ricinus communis L.
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Botanical Name: Rhazya stricta (Decne) Kingdom: Division: Family: Genus: Plantae Magnoliophyta Apocynaceae Rhazya
Sindhi name: Seenhaar/Shaar Description of Rhazya stricta:

Rhazya stricta
A stout erect evergreen shrub. Leaves linear-lanceolate, elliptic or oblanceolate, spirally arranged, yellow and thick when dry, sessile, entire, tapering at both ends, 7.5-10 x 1-2 cm, glabrous or puberulous on midrib beneath, lateral nerves obscure, sessile. Inflorescence axillary or terminal, of peducled shortly branched cyme, peduncle c. 2.5 cm long, pubescent. Flowers c. 3.5 mm across, fragrant, white, bract foliaceous, bracteoles subulate-lanceolate, acute, c. 2.5 mm long. Calyx deeply divided, lobes ovate, acute-acuminate, long. Corolla 1-1.6 cm long, dialated above the middle; lobes c. 2.5 mm long, ovate, acute spreading. Disc cup-shaped. Style c. 3 mm long, filiform, stigma shortly bibbed, rounded. Follicles 2, 5-7 x 0.5 cm, straight or slightly curved, pale brown in colour, glabrous, striated. Seeds c. 6 mm long, brown, rugose, shortly winged. Flowering period: December - March Type: Yemen. (P) Distribution: Arabia, India, Pakistan and Afghanistan.
Medicinal Uses of Rhazya stricta in Sindh

Paste of Leaves is used against weakness of new born baby and are used against skin infections, stem is used to improve eyesight, against hepatitis, against toothache and against infection. 1. Method of use in weakness of the newly born baby: Make the pase of the fresh leaves and mother of the child apply very minute quantity on the nipple of the chaste befor feeding the child milk. 2. Method of use for Skin infection: Dry the leaves and make powder of them and add 5g of desi ghee and apply on the affected area like ointment. Twice a day. 124
3. Method of use for tooth ache: Brush the teeth with the stem of the plant twice a day. 4. Method of use for improving the eye sight: Burn the stem of the plant and grind its 2-3g cole with antimony and append every day in morning. 5. Method of use for hepatitis: Make paste of the 5 fresh stem of the plant and pour it in 1 glass and lave it for overnight and drink in fasting for 30-40 days. Bioassays of Rhazya stricta: The crude sample of plant showed antibacterial, antifungal, insecticidal and phytotoxic activities. Previous studies on Rhazya stricta: It has been reported that methanolic extracts of the Leaves of Rhazya stricta posses Antioxidant Properties and alkaloids of this plant possessanticancer properties.Rhazya stricta leaves have also been reported to possess antidepressant and sedative properties. Following are the compounds isolated from Rhazya stricta: From the leaves of R. stricta two alkaloids, aspidospermiose (I) and strictibine (II).
N
H H N H O OH O
CH 2 Me
HO
CO 2Me
HO
N H
II
From roots of Rhazya stricta (Apocynanaceae) fatty esters 9-octadecenoic acid-2',3'-dihydroxy Pr ester (1) and hexadecanoic acid-2',3'-dihydroxy Pr ester (2). And from air-dried aerial parts of Rhazya stricta two pentacyclic indole alkaloids e.g.(+)-aspidospermidine and (+)dehydroaspidospermidine, two shikimate aroms. (vanillin and 5-methoxyeugenol), and four terpenoids; viz. trans,trans-farnesol, phytol,dihydroactinidiolide and (4R,8R,12R)-4-hydroxy4,8,12,16-tetramethylheptadecanoic acid lacton have been isolated. From the fruit,indole alkaloid tetahydroalstonine is also isolated. 125
Botanical Name: Rosa indica (Linn.) Family: Genus: Rosaceae Rosa
Sindhi Name: Gulaab
Description of Rosa indica:
Rosa indica
A rose is a perennial flower shrub or vine of the genus Rosa, within the family Rosaceae, that contains over 100 species and comes in a variety of colours. The species form a group of erect shrubs, and climbing or trailing plants, with stems that are often armed with sharp prickles. Most are native to Asia, with smaller numbers of species native to Europe, North America, and northwest Africa. Natives,cultivars and hybrids are all widely grown for their beauty and fragrance. The leaves are alternate and pinnately compound, with sharply toothed oval-shaped leaflets. The plant's fleshy edible fruit, which ripens in the late summer through autumn, is called a rose hip. Rose plants range in size from compact, miniature roses, to climbers that can reach 7 meters in height. Species from different parts of the world easily hybridize, which has given rise to the many types of garden roses.
Medicinal Uses of Rosa indica in Sindh:

Buds and petals are used for the removal of gal bladder and kidney stone and flowers are use against asthma. 1. Method of use to remove stone from kidney and gall bladder: 10-12g Dry the flowers alongwith buds in shadow now boil these dried flowers and Buds in 1 cup of water (i.e 150 mL) and add 2g of Soonph,boil till water is reduced to half and add cup of Arq Kashni. Drink that after cooling twice a day. Stones will be removed with 25-40 days. Previous studies on Rosa indica: Following comounds are isolated from Rosa indica: Following compounds are isolated from oil of plant: linoleic acid (44.4-55.7%), -linolenic acid (18.6-31.4%), oleic acid (13.5-20.3%), palmitic acid (2.3-3.3%), stearic acid (1-2.5%), octadecenoic acid (0.38-0.72%), eicosenoic acid (0.30.7%), eicosadienoic acid (0-0.16%), erucic acid (0.03-0.17%) and minor fatty acids.
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Botanical Name: Solanum surattense (Burm.) Family: Genus: Solanacae Solanum
Sindhi name: Candairi Urdu Names: Katai khurd, Bhat Khattiya, kateli khurd, Badinjan - barri Descrition of Solanum surattense:
Solanum surattense
Prostrate, diffuse prickly herb; prickles up to 15 mm long, yellow. Stem and branches glabrous to stellate pubescent. Leaves 30-80 x 25-50 mm, elliptic-oblong, sinuate to deeply lobed, darkgreen above; lobes unequal, obtuse or acute, often toothed or lobulate. Flowers 2-4, purple; on peduncled cymes. Peduncle 10-20 mm long. Calyx lobes 5 mm long, acute, prickly. Corolla limb 2-2.8 cm broad; lobes 10-12 mm long, ovate-triangular. Anthers 7.5 mm long, elongated. Berry globose, 15-20 mm broad. Seeds discoid, smooth to faintly reticulate. Flower Period: Mostly throughout the year.
Medicinal Uses of Solanum surattense in Sindh:

Leaves are used against chronic fever and are also used against scabies, whole plant is used for skin infections, and paste of the plant is orally used for chest congestion.Whole plant is also used against the prolong period of menses. 1. Method of use for chronic fever: Boil 8-10g of the fresh or shadow dried leaves of the plant boil them with liter of water. Boil till the colour of the water changes to greenish or yellowish. Take cup of that water twice a day. 2. Method of use for skin infection: Dry the whole plant make powder of the plant and apply the powder on the skin infected area. 3. Method of use for chaste conjustion: Take 200g of whole ple plant and grin that and make apste of that add 50-80 mL of water. Apply the paste over chaste and forhead. Repeat the practice for 3 days only.
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Bioassays of the Solanum surattense: The methanolic etract of whole plant showed antibacterial, antimalarial, antifungal and anti leishmanial activities. Previous studies on Solanum surattense: Following are the compounds isolated from Solanum surattense: Solasodine (I) is reported from the fruits of Solanum surattens
Me Me Me H HO H H H H
H N O
H Me
solasonine, m. 275-7, solamargine (I), m. 293-5, and glycoalkaloid solasurine (II),m.228-30 solasodino-L-rhamnosyl--D-glucoside.I contained D-glucose and L-rhamnose in an unknown linkage are reported from berries Solanum surattense.
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Botanical Name: Suaeda fruticosa (Forssk) Genus: Suaeda
Sindhi Name: Laani
Previous studies on Suaeda fruticosa:
Suaeda fruticosa
In Pakistan, S.fruticosa is the most common and ecologically most adaptable species of the genus. It covers vast stretches of salty alluvial flats with clayey or sandy soils subjected to episodic waterlogging, on drier sites and coastal belts; Distribution: From the Cape Verde and Canary Islands through N Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, Jordan, Iraq, S and C Iran , Baluchistan, southern- and easternmost Afghanistan to the Indus and upper Ganges plains, along coastal India at least up to Madras, southwards down to Kenya and Ceylon. Saharo-Sindian element extending into the southern Irano-Turanian. The species is extremely polymorphic. Greatest variability is apparent in growth form (prostrate, erect, climbing), shape and size of leaves (linear and almost needle-like, short and broadly cylindric, oblong to almost circular) length of internodes (1-8 mm), diameter and orientation of inflorescence axes (delicate to very robust, straight to zigzag), and number of flowers in the axillary clusters (3,5 etc. up to more than 30). Fodder for camels; commercial use of its ash for extracting soda (sajji, sajismati) which is locally used in place of soap (Sind).
Medicinal Uses of Suaeda fruticosa in Sindh

Leaves and stem are used against the retention of urine. Method of use: Dry the 5 g of leaves and 5g of the stem in shadow and add 5g of misree (refined sugar) and grind them together and pour them in 1 glas of water and drink that water 2-3 times after short breaks. Urine will passed very soon. Bioassays of Suaeda fruticosa: The crude sample of plant showed antifungal, insecticidal and phytotoxic activities. 129
Botanical Name: Salvadora oleoidess (Decne) Kingdom: Division: Order: Family: Genus: Plantae Magnoliophyta Brassicales Salvadoraceae Salvadora
Salvadora oleoidess
Sindhi Name: Mithi jhaar Description of Salvadora oleoidesss:
A shrub or tree; branches stiff, rough, whitish. Leaves coriaceous; petiole .2-l.2 cm long; lamina 1.5-7.5 cm long, .4-1.5 cm broad, elliptic-lanceolate, mostly acute, rarely obtuse or mucronate glabrous with obscure lateral veins. Inflorescence axillary panicles, or branched spikes, 2.5-4 cm long. Flowers greenish white, 2-3 mm across; pedicel c.1 mm long or absent. Calyx 1.5-2 mm long, with round lobes and wavy margin, divided nearly half way down, glabrous. Corolla c. 2.5 mm long, obovate or oblong; lobes sub-acute and recurved. Stamens 4, inserted at the base of the corolla tube. Style absent, stigma peltate. Fruit a drupe, 5 mm in diameter, globose, yellow on maturation. Flowering period: March - June Syntypes: Sylvassaepe ingentes constituens in declivit. occidentalibus Jumnae et Hyphasis, Jacquemont (P); ad Khitul et Pallinlah, Jacquemont (P); in arenosis salinis Penjabiae, Jacquemont (P); frequens inter Agrah et Delhi usque ad desertum Bihassir, Jacquemont (P). Distribution: West Pakistan, India (Gujrat, Junagarh, Rajputana) and Aden.Wood is used as fuel. Branches and leaves serve as camel fodder. The sweet fruits are eaten and seeds yield a green oil, which is said to be medicinal.
Medicinal Uses of Salvadora oleoidesss in Sindh:

Leaves are used against kidney pain and against pneumonia fever. Method of use: Pour the 5g leaves in 1 glass of water for overnight and grind the on next morning and drink after filteration.
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Previous studies on Salvadora oleoidesss: Following are the compounds isolated from Salvadora oleoidesss: Dihydroisocoumarin whose structure is 8-benzyl-6-[6-(6-ethyl-7-methyl-5,8-dihydro-2naphthalenyl)-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-isochromen-8-yl]-3,4-dihydro-1H-isochromen-1-one. Phospholipids to include phosphatidylethanolamine 29.9%, phosphatidylcholine 17.1%, phosphatidylinositol 27.3%, and cardiolipin 22.7%.
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Botanical Name: Salvadora persica (Linn.) Kingdom: Division: Order: Family: Genus: Plantae Magnoliophyta Brassicales Salvadoraceae Salvadora
Salvadora persica
Sindhi Name: Khabbar/Jhaar Description of Salvadora persica:
An evergreen, profusely branched, glabrous shrub or a small tree, up to 2-6 m tall. Branches drooping with bark whitish yellow to almost white but on the stem somewhat rugose and grey. Leaves sub-fleshy; petiole l-2.1 cm long; lamina l-5.5 cm long, 0.8-2.3 cm broad, elliptic ovate, acute or mucronate sometimes obtuse; acute or rarely rounded at base; lateral nerves 5-6 pairs. Inflorescence drooping, panicled, 5-31 cm long. Flowers greenish yellow, 3-4 mm across; pedicel l-2 mm long. Calyx c. 1 mm long with round lobes. Corolla campanulate, 4-lobed, c. 3 mm long; apex acute to mucronate, reflexed. Stamens 4, inserted at the base of corolla tube, shorter than the corolla but exserted due to reflexed corolla lobes. Ovary 1-locular, glabrous; style absent; stigma more or less peltate. Fruit a drupe, 2.5-5 mm in diameter, globose, smooth, red or white on maturation. Distribution: Widely distributed in the drier parts of W. Pakistan, Arabia, Palestine, Syria & Africa. The branches are commonly used as a toothbrush. The young branches and the leaves are a favourite fodder for camels.
Medicinal Uses of Salvadora persica in Sindh

Leaves are used against chronic fever, heat stroke and against internal pain of bones due to injury or by any means. 1. Method of use against internal pain of bones: Take 1 Kg of fresh leaves and heat them in metal pot they will release extract on heating. Apply the extract of the leaves on the pain area and massage that for 5 minutes and tide the area with cotton cloth. Repeat that practice twice a day.
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Bioassays of Salvadora persica: The crude sample of plant showed antibacterial, antifungal and insecticidal and phytotoxic activities Previous studies on Salvadora persica: It has been reported previously that sticks of the plant posees antiplaque,anticarious and antibacterial effects. It has also been reported that plants possess invivo antioxidant and antimicrobial activities.Stem of the plant possess hypoglycemic effects. Following compounds are isolated from Salvadora persica: Essential oil from the roots of Salvadora persica,benzyl isothiocyanate limonene and pinene.Kaempferol 3--L-rhamnosyl-7--xylopyranoside Quercetin leaves of Salvadora.
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Botanical Name: Senna italica (Mill) Synonym: Kingdom: Division: Family: Genus: Cassia bovata Plantae Magnoliophyta Fabaceae Senna
Senna italica
Sindhi name: Goora wall Descrition of Senna italic:
The sennas aretypically shrubs or subshrubs,some becoming candent when growing into other vegetation. Some are herbs or small trees. Many species have extra floral nectaries. The leaves are paripinnately compound,the leaflets opposite.The inflorescence is a raceme, orsomearrangementorracemes.The pedicels lack bracteoles. The flowers produceno nectar. They are buzzpollinated andoffer pollen as a reward to pollinators. They are often asymmetric. The petals are 5 in number, similar to each other, yellow, or rarely white.The stamens may be as few as 4, but usually there are 10. When 10, they occur in 3 sets. The 3 adaxial stamens arestaminodial. The 4 medial stamens are smaller than the 3abaxial stamens. The anthers are basifixed and open by two terminal pores or short slits.The gynoecium is often enantiostylous; that is, it is deflected laterally to the right or left. This makes the flower asymmetric, but the perianth and the androecium may be asymmetrical as well. The fruit is a legume, indehiscent or tardily dehiscent.
Medicinal Uses of Senna italica in Sindh:

Whole plant is used against urine problems, kidney stone and against itching in urine and leaves joint swelling. 1. Method of use for urine problems, kidney stone and itching in urine: Pour 8-10g of the whole frsh plant in 1 glass of water leave them for over night and drink that water in fasting. Repeat the same practice for 4-5 days continuously for itching in urine while continue that practice for 30-40 days in case of kidney stone. 2. Method of use for joint swealing: Heat the leaves gently for 2-3 minutes in metal pot and add haldi and hair oil. And the make paste of them and bind them over the affected area and repeat that practice twice a day.
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Previous studies on Senna italica: It has been reported ethylacetate extract of the leaves possess anti-tick properties of the root extract. Plant is also reported to possess antioxidant activities. Following are the compounds are isolated from Senna italica: -sitosterol, stigmasterol, -amyrin,1,5-dihydroxy-3-Me anthraquinone and a anthraquinone (I). The compd. is reported to possess antimicrobial and antitumor activity.
O Me
OH
OMe OH O I
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Botanical Name: Solanum nigrum (Linn.) Kingdom: Division: Order: Family: Genus: Plantae Magnoliophyta Solanales Solanaceae Solanum
Solanum nigrum
Sindhi Name: Kaanwal Description of Solanum nigrum:
Annual 15-60 cm tall, with a suffrut escent base; branches and shoots subglabrous or pubescent to glandular-villous; hairs appressed or patent. Leaves 2.5-10 x 2-5.5 cm, sinuate to irregularly dentate, glabrous to puberulous-pubescent or glandular. Lamina decurrent. Petiole 8-40 mm long, appressed pubescent or glandular. Peduncle (8-) 10-25 min long, exceeding or shorter than the pedicel length. Calyx lobes 1-1.5(-2) mm long, glabrous to pubescent. Corolla much exceeding the calyx in length; lobes triangular-acute, 4-6 mm long; anthers yellow, dehiscing by 2 apical pores. Filaments as long or shorter than the anthers, pilose. Style included, pubescent at the base. Stigma capitate. Ovary glabrous. Berry globose to subovoid, 5-8 mm broad, black or orange-red. Seeds discoid, minutely reticulate-foveolate.
Medicinal Uses of Solanum nigrum in Sindh:

Leaves are used against Asthma. Method of use: Dry the leaves in shadow and prepare green tea using dry leaves and take 3-4 cups in a day. Previous studies on Solanum nigrum: It has been reported that ethanolic extract possess effective heptoprotective activiy.Fruit possess antioxidant activity.Alkaloids of the Solanum nigrum possess antitumor effects. Pregnane saponins, solanigroside A (I)
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Me Me Me HO O O HO O OH HO OH HO OH OH O O OH OH OH Me O O HO O OH O O H H H
5-pregn-16-en-3-ol-20-one 3-O--D-xylopyranosyl-(13)-O-[-L-arabinopyranosyl(12)]-O--D-glucopyranosyl-(14)-O-[-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(12)]-O--D-galactopyranoside (1) and 5-pregn-16-en-3-ol-20-one 3-O--D-glucopyranosyl-(12)-O-[-Dglucopyranosyl-(13)]-O--D-glucopyranosyl-(14)-O--D-galactopyranoside (2).
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Botanical Name: Tamarix aphylla (Linn.) Kingdom: Division: Order: Family: Genus: Plantae Magnoliophyta Caryophyllales Tamaricaceae Tamarix
Tamarix aphylla
Sindhi Name: Laee Description of Tamarix aphylla:
Trees or tall shrub, up to c. 13 m tall with reddish brown to grey bark, entirely glabrous. Leaves vaginate, abruptly mucronate 1.5-2 (-3) mm long, hoary due to the salt deposition from the impressed punctate glands. Racemes mostly aestival, simple or compound, 2-6 cm long, (2-) 34 (-5) mm broad, spirally curved. Flowers bisexual, subsessile, pinkish white, pedicel less than 1 mm long. Bracts vaginate, ovate, acuminate, 1.25-1.5 mm long, 0.5 mm broad. Sepals 5, free, 1.5 mm long, c. 1 mm broad, almost entire, obtuse, broadly ovate to elliptic, outer 2 somewhat smaller than the inner 3. Petals 5, filaments filiform, 2 mm long, anthers cordate, somewhat apiculate. Disc deeply 5 lobed, filaments inserted in between the lobes of the disc (mesodiscine), insertion peridiscal. Stigmas 3 or 4, discoid, styles half the length of the ovary, ovary conical, 1.75-2 mm long. Capsule pyramidal, rounded at the tip, 2.5-3.5 mm long, c. 1.5 mm broad. Flower Period: June - October
Medicinal Uses of Tamarix aphylla in Sindh:

Flowers are used for removal of kidney stone and retention of urine and its dried bark is used as powder against wound and injuries. 1. Method of use for kidney stone: Grind the fresh 10g flowers, add 1 glass of water, and filter it. Drink 1 glass in fasting every morning. 2. Method of used for cut or injury: Try to find the plant with wider stem and take it bark and dry that and then make powder of that. Use that powder instead of septran powder on freshly cut or unhealing wounds.
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Previous studies on the Tamarix aphylla: Following are the compounds isolated from Tamarix aphylla: Glycosylated isoferulic acid, isoferulic acid 3-O--glucopyranoside, together with the new phenolics, tamarixetin 3,3'-di-sodium sulfate and dehydrodigallic acid dimetyl ester and isoferulic acid and ferulic acid are found to be active antioxidants and as cell activity stimulating agents as well are reported from a flowers of Tamarix aphylla. From leaves,-sitosterol,stigmasterol,phytol,6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentanone,Me ferulate,Me vanillate,Me 4-hydroxybenzoate, acetophenone,cyclohexanone,o-xylene,4-hydroxy-4-methyl2-pentanone and mesityl oxide, in addn. to some fatty acids. From ethanolic of extract, 3,4,8-trihydroxybenzopyranopyran-6,9-dione is also reported. Triterpene D-friedoolean-14-en-3,28-diol [isomyricadiol (I)], its 3 isomer (myricadiol) and its 3-ketone
Me Me
Me Me H HO Me H Me Me H CH 2 OH
From the flowers of tamarix aphylla,kaempferol 7,4'-dimethyl-ether-3-sulfate and quercetin 3O-isoferulyl--glucuronide is also reported.
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Botanical Name: Tamarix passenoides Del. Kingdom: Division: Family: Genus: Plantae Magnoliophyta Tamaricaceae Tamarix
Tamarix passenoides
Sindhi Name: Lao, Gulab jay gullan wari Laee Description of Tamarix passenoides:
A medium sized shrub, 1-2 (-3) m tall with greyish brown to blackish brown bark, younger parts pubescent. Leaves amplexicaul to semiamplexicaul, somewhat ovate with spreading apex, 1-2.5 mm long, (on the older branches 3-3.5 mm long) 1-1.5 mm broad with punctate glands. Racemes mostly aestival, 2-4 (-5) cm long, 6-8 mm broad with papillose to almost glabrous rachis. Flowers pentamerous, pinkish to purplish pink. Bracts amplexicaul to semiamplexicaul, triangular, acuminate (1-) 1.25-1.75 mm long, c. 1 mm broad; pedicel usually shorter than bract, c. 1 mm long. Sepals 5, slightly connate at the base, 2 mm long, slightly more than 1 mm broad, outer 2 more acute, ovate finely denticulate, inner 3 trullate-ovate, obtusish. Petals 5, elliptic obovate, to slightly ovate, entire, 34 (-5) mm long, 1.75-2 (-2.5) mm btoad. Stamens 710, usually less than 10, inconspicuously alternately long and short, longer, 3 mm long, shorter stamens 2.5-2.75 mm long, anthers apiculate, cordate, less than 0.75 mm long, filaments confluent with the discal lobes, disc epdiscine, styles 3, short, stigma discoid, ovary bottleshaped, 2.5 mm long. Capsule ovate-pyramidal shaped, 8-10 (-12) mm long, 2.5-3 mm broad rupturing by 3 valves, seeds somewhat oblong. Flower Period: January - October
Medicinal Uses of Tamarix passenoides in Sindh:

Whole plant is used against cut or inuries. Method of use: Wash the whole fresh plant with water and dry that in shadow and make powder of the whole plant and aply on the cuts or injuries. Phytochemical Tamarix passenoides: Previously no work is done on it and currentlyphytochemical work is under progress at H.E.J Research Institute of chemistry, University of Karachi. 140
Botanical Name: Tamarind indica Linn. Kingdom: Division: Order: Family: Genus: Plantae Magnoliophyta Fabales Fabaceae Tamarindus
Tamarind indica
Sindhi Name: Giddamri Urdu Name: Immlee, Imbli
Description of Tamarind indica:

A large evergreen tree. Stipules linear, caducous. Leaves 3.5-15 cm long, paripinnate. Leaflets 10-20 pairs, opposite, 1.2-1.8 cm long, c. 3.7-5 mm wide, oblong, obtuse. Inflorescence 10-15 flowered lax raceme. Pedicel 8-10 mm. Calyx c. 1.2 cm long, tube turbinate, teeth lanceolate, the lowest two connate. Petals 3, 1-1.5 cm long, pale yellow, with red veins, the two lower reduced to scales. Stamens monadelphous, 3 perfect, others reduced to bristles. Pods 7.5-20 cm long, 2-2.5 cm wide, slightly compressed, indehiscent. Seeds dark brown or black. Flower Period: May - June Distribution: Probably native of Tropical Africa, cultivated in West Pakistan. Almost all parts of the plant are used, particularly the pulp of the fruit and young leaves which are regarded as important ingredients of many tasty dishes. Pulp of the fruit, seeds, leaves, flowers and bark are also put to various medicinal uses.
Medicinal Uses of Tamarind indica in Sindh:

Fruit is used against hepatitis, spermarrhea and jaundis. Method of use: Pour 8-10g of fruit in 1 glass of water and drink in fasting every day upto 40 days. Bioassyas of Tamarind indica: Plant showed B-glycosidase activity. Previous studies on Tamarind indica: It has been reported that plant has been used as natural coagulant. 141
Botanical Name: Tribulus terrestris Linn. Kingdom: Division: Order: Family: Genus: Plantae Magnoliophyta Zygophyllales Zygophyllaceae Tribulus
Sindhi Name: Tikundi, Gokhru Description of Tribulus terrestris:

Annual or biennial, prostrate, densely appressed whitish silky pubescent herb. Stem hirsute to sericeous, branches spreading. Leaves paripinnate, 2.5-5 cm long; stipules lanceolate to falcate, 3-5 mm long; leaflets (4-) 5-6(-8) pairs ovate to elliptic-oblong, 5-10(-12) mm long, 3-8 mm broad, inequilateral, acute. Flowers yellow, 1-1.5 cm across; pedical up to 1.5(-2) cm long. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, 5-6 mm long, c. 3 mm Tribulus terrestris broad, acute. Petals obovate, 6-8 mm long, 3-4 mm broad, obtuse. Stamens 10, filaments c. 3-5 mm long, anthers versatile. Ovary ovoid, hirsute; style c. 1.5 mm long, stigmas decurrent. Fruit up to c. 1 cm in diameter, 4-8 mm long, mericarps densely crested and tuberculate on dorsal side, densely hairy to glabrescent, with 2 long patent and 2 short downwardly directed spines (rarely all or lower 2 reduced to tubercles). Flower Period: Almost throughout the year. Type: Described from South Europe. Distribution: Tropical and subtropical countries in Asia, Africa, S. Europe, North Australia and introduced in new world tropics. Common throughout Pakistan from sea level to 3500 m, in sandy soils of barren lands and cultivated fields as a weed. A highly variable species in leaf and flower size and fruit characters. Many authors recognize subspecies and varieties on the basis of presence or absence of spines, tubercles and 142
indumentum on the dorsal side of mericarps but these characters do not seem constant and correlated and I prefer to recognize one variable species without any formal infra-specific taxa. The plant is used as a diuretic, demulcent, tonic, aphrodisiac and aperient. The fruit is used in painful micturition, urinary diseases, impotence, cough and heart diseases.
Medicinal Uses of Tribulus terrestris in Sindh:

Thumbtack-like Tribulus terrestris nutlets are used against retention and itching in urine and whole fresh plant is used for for improving male sexual strength and juriyan. 1. Method of use for itching and retention of urine: Boil the 5-8g of the thorns in 1 glass of water and also add some sugar for the taste. Cool the water and take one cup every day. 2. Method of use for juriyan and male sexual weakness: Take 1 glass of water and dipp the 10-12g of the leaves for only 1-2 minutes and drink that water. Repeat same pratice 3 times a day. Previous studies on Tribulus terrestris: It has been reported that plant possess hypoglycaemic activity. Following are the compounds isolated from Tribulus terrestris: Furostanol saponin 1, named tribol, spirostanol saponins 2 and 3 and sitosterol glucoside,tribol(25R)-furost-5(6)-ene-3,16,26-triol-3-O--rhamnopyranosyl-(12)-[rhamnopyranosyl-(14)]--glucopyranoside (1). From flower extract of Tribulus terrestris quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside and is found to be possess hypoglycaemic activity .
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Botanical Name: Triticum aestiuum (Linn.) Kingdom: Division: Order: Family: Genus: Plantae Magnoliophyta Poales Poaceae Triticum
Triticum aestiuum
Sindhi Name: Kanik Urdu Name: Gandum
Descrition of Triticum aestiuum:

The wheat plant has long, slender leaves, stems that are hollow in most varieties, and heads composed of varying numbers of flowers, ranging from 20 to 100. The flowers are grouped together in spikelets, each having two to six flowers. In most spikelets, two or three of the flowers become fertilized, producing grains.
Medicinal Uses of Triticum aestiuum in Sindh:

Seeds are used against pimples of checks and against fungus of skin. Method of use: Just chew the seeds in your mouth for 2-3 minutes and apply the seeds from the mouth to the pimples and affected area every night. Previous studies on Triticum aestiuum:
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Botanical Name: Tinospora cordifolia (DC.) Miers Kingdom: Division: Order: Family: Genus: Plantae Magnoliophyta Ranunculales Menispermscese Tinospora
Tinospora cordifolia
Sindhi Name: Satta gulio Description of Tinospora cordifolia:
A tall climber. Stem c. 6.5 cm in diameter, smooth, shining, lenticellate, bark light grey, papery, branches pubescent. Leaves c. 7.5-13.8 cm long, 9-17 cm broad, broadly ovate or orbicular, deeply cordate at the base, 7-nerved, subacuminate, young pubescent above, tomentose beneath; petiole 5-12.3 cm long, thickened and twisted at the base. Flowers greenish yellow in racemes 7-14 cm long, pedicels slender, usually solitary in the female, clustered in the male. Male flowers: sepals 6 in 2 series, the outer ones small, ovate-oblong, obtuse, concave, the inner large suborbicular, membranous, flat, 2.5-4 mm long, 2-3 mm broad; petals subequal, 2-3 mm long, 1.2-1.8 mm broad, clawed, membranous, smaller than the sepals; stamens 6, filaments free, 2.5-3 mm long, thickened at the apex. Female flowers: sepals and petals as in the male flowers; staminodes 6; carpels 3. Drupes 1-3, ovoid, 6-9 mm long, 4-5 mm broad, smooth, crimson, endocarp tubercled. Flowering Period: March - June
Medicinal Uses of Tinospora cordifolia in Sindh:

Leaves are use against large size boils. Method of use: Heat the leaves gently for 1-2 minutes only tide them over boil and tide that over boil two tmes a day.
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Botanical Name: Vitex negundo Linn. Kingdom: Division: Order: Family: Genus: Plantae Magnoliophyta Lamiales Verbanaceae Vitex
Vitex negundo
Sindhi name: Sanbhalu Description of Vitex negundo:
Shrubs, usually 1-2 m tall, rarely reaching the size of a small tree, up to 5 m tall, whitish to greyish tomentose except the upper surface of leaves and fruits. Leaves opposite-decussate, (1-) 3-5-foliolate, petiolate; petiole 3-6 cm long; leaflets usually lanceolate, 5-10 (-15) cm long, 1.54 cm broad, middle one largest, entire to irregularly denticulate, subsessile to petiolulate (petiolule 5-20 mm long). Terminal inflorescence 10-25 cm long, tapering-thyrsoid; cymes verticillate at nodes, peduncled. Flowers small, 3-5 mm across, usually blue or violet, subsessile to shortly pedicelled (pedicels up to 1 mm long). Calyx c. 2 mm long, increasing up to 3 mm in fruit, persistent, campanulate, 5-toothed. Corolla tube as long as the calyx; limb slightly 2lipped, with 5, unequal lobes, densely ciliate, up to 2 mm long, largest one obovate-orbicular, undulate or crenulate, the others oblong, smaller. Stamens 4, didynamous, protruding, anther cells divaricating later. Drupe subglobose or somewhat ovoid, c. 5 mm in diameter, usually 4celled, with 1 seed in each cell. Flowering Period: Round the year. Distribution: Pakistan, India, W. Asia and N. Africa; introduced and widely cultivated as an ornamental elsewhere.
Medicinal Uses of Vitex negundo in Sindh:

Leaves are use against abdominal comfort and flu. 1. Method of use for abdominal discomfert: dry the leaves in shadow and make powder of them and take 2-3g without water twice a day. 2. Method of use for flu: Make green tea of dried leaves and take 2-3 times a day.
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Bioassays of Vitex negundo: Plant showed antibactrerial activity. Previous work on Vitex negundo: It has been reported that Vitex negundo pssess anti-inflammatory, anti-rheumatic, antibiotic, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anticonvulsant, oxidative stress, anti-androgen, snake venome neutralization,antimicrobial and anti-allergic activities. In addition leaves are also repoted to possessmosquito repellant. Following are the compounds isolated from Vitex negundo: -phellandrene (31.3%), phytol (28.3 %) and -caryophyllene (12.6%). Were -caryophyllene (5.1%), caryophyllene oxide (3.6%), -pinene (3.4%) and bicyclogermacrene.
147
Botanical Name: Vernonia anthelmintica (Linn.) Synonyms: Family: Genus: Centratherum anthelmintica Compositae / Asteaceae Vernonia
Sindhi Name: Kari geeri Urdu Name: Kali ziri, Zira dashti
Description of Vernonia anthelmintica:

This is a small annual erect plant. The stem is leafy and hairy. The leaves are lanceolate, acute and serrate, pubescent on both the sides. The lowering season is December to February. The flowers are purpleor violet bract one at the top of the peducle. The seeds are black.
Medicinal Uses of Vernonia anthelmintica in Sindh:

Seeds are used join swealing, joint pain and scabies, chronic fever. 1. Method of use for joint swealin and joint pain: Grind the seeds and make powder of them and make powder and take 20-25mg with 1 glass of water in fasting for 10-12 days. 2. Method of use for Scabies/ itching: Take 1g of the seeds in fasting with 1 glass of water and repeat the procedur just for 3-4 days only. 3. Method of use for Chronic fever: Take 2g of the powder of the seeds and add 1 in glass of water and shake well and drink that water 2 times a day. 4. Method of use for Scabies: Take 10g of seeds of the Vernonia anthelmintica and take 10g of the dried fruit of Azadirachta inica and make powder of them. Take 1 g with 5 mL of honey for 10 days in fasting. 148
Vernonia anthelmintica
Botanical Name: Withania coagulans (Stocks) Kingdom: Division: Order: Family: Genus: Plantae Magnoliophyta Solanales Solanaceae Withania
Withania coagulans
Sindhi Name: Paneer Description of Withania coagulans:
Branched shrub up to 1 m tall. Shoots rigid, greyish-green, stellate-tomentose. Leaves 3-8 x 1.4-3.5 cm, elliptic-ovate to elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, cuneate, leathery, nerves faint. Petiole 5-10 mm long. Bisexual flowers: calyx cupular-campanulate, stellate-tomentose; lobes 1.5-2.5 mm long, acute. Corolla exceeding calyx, campanulate, stellate-tomentose outside, yellowish Within. Stamens included. Stigma subexserted. Male flowers: stamens subexserted. Anthers c. 3.5 mm long; filaments 2.0 mm long. Female flowers: stamens included. Anthers smaller than in male flowers. Style glabrous. Berry globose, 10-12 mm broad, red, included in fruiting calyx. Seeds c. 2.5 mm broad. reniform, brown, minutely rugose-reticulate to smooth. Flowering Period: January - April Distribution: Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India. Fairly common in dry hot and stony places up to 1700 m. The fruit is emetic and diuretic and also has coagulating properties.
Medicinal Uses of Withania coagulans in Sindh:

Seeds are used against constipation, blood purification and boils. Method of use: Pour 4-5 seeds in I glass of water and drink that in fasting for For 7 days only. Previous studies on Withaniacoagulans: It has been reported that plant possess antifungal, antibacterialand cytotoxic activities.
149
Follwing are the compounds isolated from Withaniacoagulans: Withanolides, coagulins P, Q and R, their structure is as follow: 20,27-dihydroxy-3-(O--D-glucopyranosyl)-1-oxo-(20S,22R)-witha-5,14,24-trienolide (I), 1,20-dihydroxy-3-(O--D-glucopyranosyl)-(20S,22R)-witha-5,24-dienolide(II) and 3,17dihydroxy-14,20-epoxy-1-oxo-(22R)-witha-5,24-dienolide(III). withanolides,14,15 epoxy withanolideI and 17-hydroxywithanolide K and 5,20 (R)-dihydroxy-6 ,7 -epoxy-1-oxo(5 )-witha-2,24-dienolide, a new steroidal lactone.
150
Botanical Name: Xanthium strumarium Linn. Kingdom: Division: Order: Family: Genus: Plantae Magnoliophyta Asterales Asteraceae Xanthium
Xanthium strumarium
Sindhi Name: Gusato Description of Xanthium strumarium:
X. strumarium is an annual herb with a short, stout, hairy stem. Leaves broadly triangular-ovate or suborbicular; flower heads in terminal and axillary racemes; white or green; numerous; male upper most; female ovoid, covered with hooked bristles; Fruit obovoid, enclosed in the hardened involucre, with 2 hooked beaks and hooked bristles. Flowering time in India is August-September. It can be propagated through seeds. This weed is easily dispersed through animals as the fruits have hooked bristles and 2 strong hooked beaks (Agharkar 1991).
Medicinal Uses of Xanthium strumarium in Sindh:

Plant is used against hemorhoides (bawaseer). Method of use: Grind the fresh leaves and mix them with 1 glass of water and use in fasting after filtering it for 10-12 days Bioassays of Xanthium strumarium: The alcoholic extract of the plant showed antibacterial, antimalarial, antifungal activities. Previous studies on Xanthium strumarium: Following are the compounds isolated from Xanthium strumarium: sesquiterpene ketolactone xanthinin, two cryst. xanthanolides were isolated from the entire fruiting plan.
151
Botanical Name: Zea mays Linn. Kingdom: Division: Order: Family: Genus: Plantae Magnoliophyta Cyperales Poaceae Zea
Zea mays
Sindhi Name: Makai Descrition of Zea mays:
Zea mays Linn., Sp. Pl. 2: 971. 1753. is the familiar Maize or Indian Corn introduced to the Old World from tropical America and cultivated as a summer crop throughout Pakistan up to an altitude of about 2500 m. The male spikelets are usually collected in terminal racemes, while the solitary female in-florescence consists of numerous female spikelets seated on a spongy axis. It is discussed by Parandekar (in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 49: 473.1950), Mangelsdorf (Corn, its Origin, Evolution and Improvement, 1974) and Wilkes (The Origin of Corn: Studies of the last 100 years, 1977).
Medicinal Uses of Zea mays in Sindh:

Bushes of are used against kidney pain and retention of urine and also for the removal of kidney stone. Method of use: Take 500-800g of bushes (hair) of the plant which cover the fruit. Boil the them 2 liter of water till volume reduce to 1 liter and glass every day. Previous studies on: So for as no phytochemical investigation is reported on this plant.
152
Botanical Name: Ziziphus nummularia (Burm. f.) Kingdom: Division: Order: Family: Genus: Plantae Magnoliophyta Rosales Rhamnaceae Ziziphus
Ziziphus nummularia
Sindhi Name: Bhair Urdu Name: Bairi
Descrition of Ziziphus nummularia:

A bushy much branched shrub, branches divaricating, flexuous, tomentose, young branches puberulous, grey, spines in unequal pairs, bigger straight c. 1 cm long, smaller recurved, whitish tomentose when young. Leaves 1-2 cm x 0.5-2 cm, orbicular or ovate-orbicular to elliptic, dark green and densely pubescent above, densely velvety tomentose beneath, entire or serrate, apex obtuse apiculate or mucronate, base round to sub cordate, lateral nerves prominent, pedicel 2-3 mm long. Flowers 3-4 mm in diameter. Calyx pubescent, lobes c. 1.5 mm, ovate lanceolate. Petals cuneate longer than stamens c. 1.25 mm long, stamen included c. 1 mm long. Disc. 10-lobed, pitted. Styles 2, united to above the middle. Drupe globose, 5-10 mm long, reddish brown-black when ripe, 2 celled, 2 seeded. Flowering Period: March - June Type: Described from India. Distribution: Palestine, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India. The branches are often used for fencing the fields, the leaves are threshed out and used as fodder.
Medicinal Uses of Ziziphus nummularia in Sindh:

Root is used against diabetes and chronic fever. 1. Method of use for diabetes: Just suck the gum of the plant like lolly pop for 2 times a day. 153
2. Method of use for chronic fever: Boil 5-8g of the root with 1 glass of water, boi till volume of water reduced to half take cup of that water twice a day. Previous studies on Ziziphus nummularia: It has beeen reported that bark of plant possess anthelmintic activityPet-ether extract showed significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. Leaves are used against scabies and boils. Following are the compounds isolated from Ziziphus nummularia: Fatty acid compounds of seed oil Palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acids are the major components of oil along with ricinoleic acid in minor one. NummularineE(I) is reported from the stem bark of Z. mnummularia. Whose structure is given below.
O Ph O O NH HN O Me 2 N OH Me I N H CHMe 2
cyclopeptide alkaloid, nummularine-P (I)
154
OMe O O N Me Me O Me H NMe I NH O N H O N H CH 2 CHMe 2
Two peptide alkaloids nummularine M (I) and nummularine N (II). I is a 14-membered cyclopeptide of the integerrinine type, whereas II is a 13-membered cyclopeptide like nummularine B.
OMe O O Ph Me 2 N CHCON H Me CHEt O HN CHMeEt I O NH N Me 2 CH CH CO NHCOCH 2 NMe 2 O HN CH 2 Ph II O NH
155
Scientific evaluation and product development from the folk medicines used in the province of sindh.
Biodata of Person from Whom the Information was Taken: Name: __________________________________ Profession: _________________________ Village: ________________________________ Talka: _______________________________ District: ___________________________ GPS Reading: _____________________________ Field Trip Code: __________________ Name of the Disease: __________________________ Plant Code: __________________________________________________________________ Vernacular name of the Plant: ___________________________________________________ Botanical Name of the Plant: ____________________________________________________ Part of the Pant Used: __________________________________________________________ Collection Status: _______________________ Place of collection: _____________________ Additive/Herb Used: ___________________________________________________________ Recipe Preparation: ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ Method of Use: _______________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ Age Group Prescribed for Treatment: _____________________________________________ Recovery Period: _____________________________________________________________ Can this herb be used for maintenance: ____________________________________________
156
Photographs:
Survey team conducting the interviews of the villagers of Goth Kehar Chandio (District Larkana)
Survey team conducting the interviews of the villagers of Goth Bilawal Shah (District Tando Alah Yar)
157
Survey team conducting the interviews of the villagers of Goth Muhammad Bux Chandio (Distt. Dadu)
Survey team conducting the interviews of the villagers of Goth Ladhan (District Mirpur Khas)
158
Survey team conducting the interviews of the villagers of Goth Sulaiman Shah (District Larkana)
Survey team collecting plants
159
160
Glossary of Typical Termed used in the Book:
S. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. Haida
Sindhi Haldi
Urdu
English Turmeric Powder Ghee obtained from the Butter. Gum of the Plant Seeds of neem Shell found near Sea Citrullus colocynthis Mustard Oil Clove Currants Garlic Ginger Almond Betal Leaf Cilantro Honey Refined Sugars Jaggery /Unrefined Sugar Dates Fennel seeds Fig Black Peeper Cumin Gooseberry Lemon Maize 161
Sindhi Ghee Goond Nimorion Sippyoon Trooh Sireehan jo Tail Longa Kishmish Thoma Adrak Badam Pan jo Pato Sawa Dhana Maakhi Misree Gurhu Khajji Soonfa Anjeer Kara Mirch Jeero Aamla Lemoon Makai
Desi Ghee Goond Neem k bheej Seep Kor Tumba Sarsoon ka tail Long Kishmish Lehsan Adrak Badam Paan ka Patta Hara Dhaniya Shehid Misri Gurh Khajoor Soonf Anjeer Kali Mirchi Zera Aamla Nibu Makai
S. No. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.
Sindhi Bhajehri Kalonji Nim Jo Bhoor Wada Phota Jhangli Basar Bajra
Urdu Millet
English
Kalomji Neem kay Phool Bari ilaichi Jangli Piyaaz
Nigella seeds Neem flower Large cardamom Wild Onion
162
Glossary of scientific terms:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Acaulescent: The leaves and inflorescence rise from the ground, appearing to have no stem. Acme: The period when the plant or population is at its maximum vigor. Annual: Plants that live reproduce and die in one growing season. Acephalous: Without a head, used for flower styles without a well-developed stigma. Apetalous: A flower without petals. Achene: Dry indehiscent fruit, they have one seed and form from a single carpel, the seed is distinct from the fruit wall. Aerial: In the air. Analgesic: A drug characterized by its ability to relieve pain. Alkaloids: Are a group of naturally occurring chemical compounds which mostly contain basic nitrogen atoms.
10. Antimicrobial: A substance that is antimicrobial possesses the property of being lethal to bacteria and other unicellular organisms. 11. Antioxidant: An agent that inhibits oxidation. May reduce risks of contracting certain diseases. 12. Arthritis: Inflammation of the joints due to infectious, metabolic, or constitutional disorder. 13. Asthma: Disease of the respiratory tract characterized by difficult. 14. Antibacterial: A substance with the property of killing bacteria. 15. Asparagales: Asparagales is the name of an order of plants, used in modern classification systems. 16. Antifungal: Inhibiting the growth of fungi. 17. Anti parasitic: Destroying or inhibiting the growth and reproduction of parasites. 18. Bark: The outer layers of woody plants; cork, phloem, and vascular cambium. 19. Bud: An immature stem tip, typically an embryonic shoot, ether producing a stem, leaves or flowers. 20. Bulb: An underground stem normally with a short basal surface and with thick fleshy leaves. 163
21. Biennial: Plants that need two growing seasons to complete their life cycle, normally vegetative growth the first year and flowering the second year. 22. Bronchial asthma: The chronic inflammatory disease of respiratory tracts characterized by reversible bronchial obstruction and a hyperreactivity of bronchuses. 23. Bioassays: Commonly used shorthand for biological assay or biological standardization is a type of scientific experiment. Bioassays are typically conducted to measure the effects of a substance on a living organism and are essential in the development of new drugs and in monitoring environmental pollutants. 24. Caulescent: With a distinctive stem. 25. Climbing: Typically long stems, that clings to other objects. 26. Cladophyll: A flattened stem that is leaf-like and green, used for photosynthesis, normally plants have no or greatly reduced leaves. 27. Carpel: The female organs of a flower. They have three parts: 1) an ovary, holding one or more egg cells. 2) style and 3) stigma which is at the tip of the style and receives the pollen. 28. Cholera: A bacterial disease contracted through contaminated drinking water. Symptoms include severe gastrointestinal problems such as acute diarrhea and infection of the small intestine. 29. Corolla: The petals of a flower surrounding the stamens and pistil. 30. Cytotoxicity Bioassays: Experiment used to measure the degree to which an agent possesses a specific destructive action on certain cells. 31. Cholesterol: It is a waxy steroid of fat that is manufactured in the liver or intestines. 32. Caryophyllales: It is an order of flowering plants that includes the cacti, carnations, amaranths, ice plants, and many carnivorous plants. 33. Constipation: It is defined as having a bowel movement fewer than three times per week. With constipation stools are usually hard, dry, small in size, and difficult to eliminate. Some people who are constipated find it painful to have a bowel movement and often experience straining, bloating, and the sensation of a full bowel. 34. Carpel: The ovule-producing reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of the stigma, style and ovary. 35. Cosmetics: Are substances used to enhance the appearance or odor of the human body. 36. Dormant: A state of no growth or reduced growt. 37. Decumbant: Lying on the ground at the base, but rising at the tip. 38. Dermatitis: General term for inflammation of the skin. 164
39. Decumbant: Lying on the ground at the base, but rising at the tip. 40. Diabetes: Diabetes mellitus, often simply referred to as diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases in which a person has highblood sugar, either because the body does not produce enough insulin, or because cells do not respond to the insulin that is produced. 41. Emetic: A substance that induces vomiting. 42. Frond: The leaf of a fern. 43. Fabales: It is an order of flowering plants. 44. Flavonoids: Also called bioflavonoids from the Latin word flavus meaning yellow also collectively known as Vitamin P and citrin, are a class of plant secondary metabolites or yellow pigments having a structure similar to that of flavones. 45. Fugacious: lasting for a short time: soon falling away from the parent plant. 50. Gentianales: These are an order of flowering plants, included within the asterid group of dicotyledons. 51. Hemorrhoids: Are vascular structures in the anal canal which help with stool control. They become pathological or piles[3] when swollen or inflamed. 52. Herbaceous: Plants with shoot systems that die back to ground each year - both annual and non-woody perennial plants. 53. Hepatitis: Disease marked by inflammation of the liver. 54. Jaundice: A disease characterized by obstruction of bile, leading to yellowing of the skin, fluids, and tissues, by weakness, by constipation, and by loss of appetite. 55. Malaria: Disease caused by protozoans in the genus Plasmodium, carried by mosquitoes. Symptoms include fever and hemolysis of red blood cells. 56. Monocarpic: Plants that live for a number of years then after flowering and seed set die. 57. Nectar: Afluid produce by nectaries high in sugar content, used to attract pollinators. 58. Pneumonia: Disease with many varieties characterized mainly by inflammation of the lungs. Symptoms include chest pain, cough, phlegm, aches, and fever. 59. Rhizome: An underground stem, typically horizontal, that sends out roots and 60. Shoots: Are new plant growth, they can include stems, flowering stems with flower buds, and leaves. 61. Shrubs: A shrub or bush is distinguished from a tree by its multiple stems and shorter height, usually under 56 m (1520 ft) tall. A large number of plants can be either shrubs or trees, depending on the growing conditions they experience. 165
62. Scabies: It is known colloquially as the seven-year itch, is a contagious skin infection that occurs among humans and other animals. It is caused by a tiny and usually not directly visible parasite, the mite Sarcoptes scabiei, which burrows under the host's skin, causing intense allergic itching. 63. Tonsillitis: Inflammation of the tonsils. 64. Terpenoids: Sometimes called isoprenoids, are a large and diverse class of naturallyoccurring organic chemicals similar to terpenes, derived from five-carbon isoprene units assembled and modified in thousands of ways. 65. Terpenes: They are a large and varied class of organic compounds, produced primarily by a wide variety of plants, particularly conifers,[1] though also by some insects such as termites or swallowtail butterflies, which emit terpenes from their osmeterium. 66. Ulcer: An open, internal sore. 67. Woody perennial: True shrubs and trees or some vines with shoot systems that remain alive above the soil surface from one year to the next.
166
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Medicinal Plants of Sindh

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MONOGRAPH

MEDICINAL PLANTS OF SINDH

Department of Planning and Development Government of Sindh

DELIVERABLE OF THE PROJECT ENTITLED,

Patron-in-Chief Principal Investigator

Plant Collection Incharge

1.1 Districts of Sindh Surveyed

2.0 Map of Sindh (With marked places)

2.1 Historical Places of Sindh

Moen Jo daro (1000 3000 BC)

Historical Sukkur Bridge

Culture and Life of Rural Sindh

Shrine of Hazrat Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai

Shrine of Hazrat Lal Shehbaz Qalander

Shrine of Hazrat Sachal Sarmast District Khairpur Mirus

Tomb Quaid-e-Azam M. Ali Jinnah Karachi

2.2 Brief History of Sindh

3.0 Summary of the Study

(c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h)

Plant Species with specimen number

Varnacular Part Used Name

Ethnobotanic Uses/ Ailments treated

Infection, cut, external injury

Bark, flower, leaves Leaves

Fabaceae Amaranthaceae Asparagaceae Amaranthaceae Liliaceae

Fabaceae Fabaceae Convalulaceae Capparaceae

Plant Species with specimen number

Varnacular Part Used Name

Ethnobotanic Uses/ Ailments treated

Whole Plant, Fruit

Fabaceae Caaesalpiniaceae Cleomaceae

Amaltas Sana makai Shamako

Bark, seeds Leaves Whole Plant

Whole Plant Chronic fever

Plant Species with specimen number

Varnacular Part Used Name

Ethnobotanic Uses/ Ailments treated

Asteraceae/ Compositeae Zygophyllaceae Moraceae

Apiaceae/ Umbelliferae Tilaceae Asteraceae Boraginaceae

Soonf/ Wadif Kaankeh/ Wingo

Swanjehro Anmb/ Aam

Plant Species with specimen number

Varnacular Part Used Name

Ethnobotanic Uses/ Ailments treated

Kidney pain and stomach discomfert

Bhaajheri/ Baajra Khajji/Khujoor Haran

Arecaeae Euphorbiaceae Apocybaceae

Seenhaar/ Shaar Leaves, stem Gulaab Candairi

Chenopodiaceae Salvadoraceae Salvadoraceae

Laani Mithi jhaar Khabbar/Jhaar

Plant Species with specimen number

Varnacular Part Used Name

Ethnobotanic Uses/ Ailments treated

Asteraceae Poaceae Rhamnaceae

Gusato Makai Bhair/Bairi

Leaves Bushes Root, gum

Botanical Name Allium sativum Linn. Azadirachta indica A. Juss.

Local Name Thoma/Laasan Nimm/Neem

Sindhi name: Thoma Urdu Name: Lassen

Description of Allium sativum:

Medicinal Uses of Allium sativum in Sindh:

Studies on Allium stivum:

Figure-1 (A): Lesion before treatment.

Figure-1 (B): Healed lesion after 08 weeks.