Design of Magnetic Component

3/7/2007

BASIC MAGNETICS THEORY

Edited by : Ir. Moh. Zaenal Efendi, MT Department Of Electro-industrial Engineering EEPIS - ITS
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BASIC MAGNETICS THEORY

THE ALLIEN GENERATION

by : ZEN

REFERENCES : http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu Fundamentals of Power Electronics www.electronics-tutorials.com INTERNATIONAL RECTIFIER (IRF) www.electronics-tutorials.com www.radioelectronicschool.com
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Design of Magnetic Component

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Basic Relationship of Magnetics

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MMF (Magneto Motive Force)

The quantity of magnetic field force, or "push."

Design of Magnetic Component;by : Ir. ZEN, MT

MMF can be thought of as the magnetic equivalent of electromotive force. You can calculate it as -

= H le (ampere turns)

= I N (ampere turns)

The units of MMF are often stated as ampere turns (A-t).

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Magnetic Flux ()
The quantity of total field effect, or "substance" of the field. Analogous to electric current. (Weber (Wb) or Volt Second)

Magnetic flux is the product of the average magnetic field times the perpendicular area that it penetrates. It is a quantity of convenience in the statement of Faraday's Law and in the discussion of objects like transformers and solenoids. In the case of an electric generator where the magnetic field penetrates a rotating coil, the area used in defining the flux is the projection of the coil area onto the plane perpendicular to the magnetic field.

Design of Magnetic Component;by : Ir. ZEN, MT

Flux Density (B)

(Webers per metre2 ---- Wb/m2 or Tesla) Flux density is simply the total flux divided by the cross sectional area of the part through which it flows: B = / Ae tesla Flux density is related to field strength via thepermeability: B=H
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Effective length ( le ) metre

The 'effective length' of a core is a measure of the distance which flux lines travel in making a complete circuit of it
dm

dl

In the toroid example the path length could be determined approximately as : le = (dl + dm) / 2 le = (12.7 + 6.3) / 2 = 29.8 mm
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Cross Sectional Area ( A c or A e ) Effective Area ( square metre m 2 )

[ ]

The 'effective area' of a core represents the cross sectional area of one of its limbs. Usually this corresponds closely to the physical dimensions of the core

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Cross Sectional Area of Toroid Core

dm

dl

Ae = h ((dl - dm) / 2) = 6.3 ((12.7 - 6.3) / 2) = 20.2 mm2 or 2 Ae = hln (R2/R1) / (1/R1-1/R2) m2
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Permeability ()
(henrys per metre h/m) ----- = L/d

The specific measure of a material's acceptance of magnetic flux, analogous to the specific resistance of a conductive material () in electric circuit. Just as those materials with high electrical conductivity let electric current through easily, so materials with high permeabilities allow magnetic flux through more easily than others. Materials with high permeabilities include iron and the other ferromagnetic materials. Most plastics, wood, non ferrous metals, air and other fluids have permeabilities very much lower: 0. The magnetic permeability, , of a particular material is defined as the ratio of flux density to magnetic field strength = B/H
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Electric and Magnetic Constants

The electric permittivity of free space

The magnetic permeability of free space is taken to have the exact value

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Permeability of materials is.

Approximate maximum permeabilities

= k m 0 ;

or

= r 0

Km or r: a relative permeability.

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Magnetic Field Strength (H)

(Field Intensity)
(ampere per metre --- A/m) The amount of field force (mmf) distributed over the length of the electromagnet. Sometimes referred to as Magnetizing Force. The magnetic fields generated by currents and are characterized by the magnetic field B measured in Tesla. It has been common practice to define another magnetic field quantity, usually called the "magnetic field strength" designated by H. It can be defined by the relationship

B H= ;

B = H

where

= K m 0

If the material does not respond to the external magnetic field by producing any magnetization, then Km = 1.
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Reluctance ( ) or Rm
(per henry (H-1) or ampere-turns per weber ) The opposition to magnetic field flux through a given volume of space or material. Analogous to electrical resistance. Reluctance is the ratio of mmf to flux :

H le le = B Ae A

where : =

B H
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EMF (Electromotive Force)

The magnetic force exerted on the charges in a moving conductor will generate a voltage (a motional emf). This motional emf is one of many settings in which the generated emf is described by Faraday's Law.

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FARADAYS LAW

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EMF and Faraday's Law

The motional emf expression is an application of Faraday's Law, as can be seen from:

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Lenz's Law
When an emf is generated by a change in magnetic flux according to Faraday's Law, the polarity of the induced emf is such that it produces a current whose magnetic field opposes the change which produces it. The induced magnetic field inside any loop of wire always acts to keep the magnetic flux in the loop constant. In the examples below, if the B field is increasing, the induced field acts in opposition to it. If it is decreasing, the induced field acts in the direction of the applied field to try to keep it constant.

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AMPERES LAW

----- (N I) Ampere Turns

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----- (N I) Ampere Turns

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Current density (J) (Amperes per square A/m2) Current density is simply the total electric current divided by the area over which it is flowing. Generally J is about 1.5 to 5 amps per square millimetre. A good starting point is 3.5 A/mm2)
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Analogy with electric quantities

Electric analogues
Magnetic Quantity magnetomotive force magnetic field strength permeability magnetic flux magnetic flux density reluctance Electric Quantity electromotive force (voltage) electric field strength conductivity current current density resistance
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Home work ( one week ):

1.Whats some benefit of understanding of Magnetics 2.Whats differences of MMF and EMF 3.Explain about process of EMF generation 4.Explain about magnetic circuit and compare with electric circuit 5.Re-write this hand-out in Indonesia !!!
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