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2011 Third International Conference on Communications and Mobile Computing

The Maximum Processing Gain of The Spreading Signal in Multipath Fading Channels
Wanzhi Ma, Jun Wang, Ying Shen, Youxi Tang
National Key Lab of Science and Technology on Communications, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China Email: tangyx@uestc.edu.cn
AbstractConsidering the joint algorithm of coherent detection and non-coherent detection, we focus on the maximum processing gain of spreading signal, which is 2-dimensional spread spectrum signal, relative to binary phase shift keying (BPSK) and transmitted in rich scattering multipath fading channels. In this paper, we first investigate the processing gain of spreading signal and analyze its expression. Then, by increasing signal bandwidth or symbol period infinitely, we obtain that the processing gain is bounded, and the maximum processing gain is determined by the channel parameters and the energy-per-bit to noise density ratio (Eb/N0). By analysis and simulation, it is shown that the processing gain is not more than 30dB, when the spreading signal relative to BPSK, with Eb/N0 20dB, the maximum Doppler shift 100Hz, and the negative exponential factor 5E-6, is transmitted in rich scattering multipath fading channels. Keywords-Rich scattering; spreading signal; processing gain; signal bandwidth; symbol period

gain of spreading signal in a multipath fading channel. Our contribution in this paper can be described as follows. Considering the joint algorithm of coherent detection and non-coherent detection, we derive the expression of the processing gain with the signal bandwidth and the symbol period, and analyze the maximum of it. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In section II, the system model is introduced. In section III, the expression of processing gain is derived with the signal bandwidth and the symbol period. Afterward, in section IV, some numerical and simulation results are shown. Finally, section V concludes this paper.

II. SYSTEM MODEL


The system for the 2-dimensional spread spectrum communication system is shown in Fig. 1 as in [5], where DS-SS means Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum, DMC-SS means Discrete Multicarrier Spread Spectrum, DFT means Discrete Fourier Transform and IDFT means Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform. In Fig. 1, bP = +1 is the input pilot symbol, which is spread by a 2-dimensional spread spectrum matrix p p , and

I. INTRODUCTION
With the development of wireless communications technology, the spreading signal is widely used in the field of wireless communications. On one hand, spreading signal is the most common basic signal which helps finishing time and frequency synchronization of wireless communications, on the other hand, wireless communication systems with spreading signal have anti-interference and low probability of intercept properties. The processing gain of spreading signal is defined as the ratio between the input and the output signal to noise ratio (SNR) as in [1]. Furthermore, in an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel, the processing gain of spreading signal is proportional to the ratio between the signal bandwidth and the symbol rate as in [1] and [2]. By considering direct sequence spread spectrum system under the AWGN channel, given signal bandwidth and bit rate, the author analyzes the processing gain and the bit error probability (BER), of binary phase shift keyed (BPSK), quadrature phase shift keyed (QPSK), and 16 quadrature amplitude shift keyed (16QASK) spreading signal in [3], and concludes that the processing gain of 16QASK spreading signal is maximum while BER of QPSK spreading signal is minimum. Besides, by applying the parallel data transmission with n orthogonal spreading sequences other than the serial data transmission with one spreading sequence, the processing gain grows by n times as in [4]. However, there has been little research on the processing
978-0-7695-4357-4/11 $26.00 2011 IEEE DOI 10.1109/CMC.2011.77 362

bD = 1 is the input data symbol, which is spread by 2-dimensional spread spectrum matrix DD , where is the pseudorandom spreading sequence in DS-SS unit, and is the pseudorandom spreading sequence in DMC-SS unit. The output signal X P and XD is represented respectively as XP = bPP P (1)

XD = bD DD
bP
X
P

(2)
X

s (t )

bD

b D

r (t )

Figure 1. System model. Where bP and bD denote the input pilot symD denotes the bol and the data symbol of transmitter respectively, and b output data symbol of receiver.

in
D

= ( , ) , and = ( , ) . Based on block type pilot arrangement, XP and XD are combined as in [6]. In detail, one column of pilot matrix XP is inserted between two columns of data matrix XD . After adding pilot symbol, an output matrix X with M rows and 2 N columns is produced. As in Fig. 2, is a chip of pilot, is a chip of data. After X passing through the IDFT unit, being processed by adding guard time and up-sampling, the output signal s ( t ) is fed into antenna.
D 1 D 2 D N

D 1

D 2

D T M

P which P = ( 1P , 2P N ) ,

P p = (1P , 2P M )

t
Figure 2. Block type pilot arrangement. is a chip of pilot, is a chip of data.
2 1

where Tchip

M j2 mt (3) s ( t ) = X mn exp T chip m =1 is the length of one chip in time-domain, and

F ( 0.5, 0.5;1; ) 4 1 0.9 1 = 0

( )

(7)

where

pi = Pi

P
j =0

Q 1

, and

2 1

F ( a, b; c; z ) is the Gaussian

X mn is the mth row and nth column of X . In rich scattering multipath fading channels, the received signal is combined with many multipath components as in [7]. When the maximum multipath delay is larger than time resolution of receiver, multipath components can be divided into many scattering clusters, each of which is one distinguishable path, and the interval between two adjacent clusters is the time resolution of receiver, which is reciprocal of signal bandwidth Bs as in [7]. In one distinguishable path, assuming the multipath components are continuous, there are infinite multipath components, so the amplitude distribution of the signal can be approximated very closely by the Rayleigh distribution as in [8]. The received signal over a rich scattering multipath fading channel can be expressed as r ( t ) = hs i (t i ) + n (t )
i =0 Q 1

hyper- geometric function. When Bs is infinite, the time resolution of receiver is infinitesimal, so (6) can be simplified as

=
then

1e 2 tm

( t + ) tm

cos [ 2 ( t ) Bc ] dtd

(8)

Bs >

0.0496 . lim Bc = t
m

(9)

(4)

where i = i Bs is the delay of ith path, hi denotes the fading channel coefficient of ith path, and n ( t ) is the additive white complex Gaussian noise at time t . In this paper, the channel holding time follows a negative exponential distribution, for it is commonly used in wireless channels as in [7] and [8]. The negative exponential * i tm , in distribution can be expressed as P i = E ( hi hi ) = e which tm is the negative exponential factor. Channel time-selectivity is described by coherence time Tc , which is affected by the maximum Doppler shift as in [9].

on the assumption that the receiver has acquired time and frequency synchronization, having been processed by down-sampling and de-adding guard time, the received signal r ( t ) pass through the DFT unit, and produce the 2-dimensional received matrix R with M rows and 2N columns in the time-frequency plane. Based on block type pilot arrangement, we extract the chips of pilot from R to generate R P , and extract the chips of data from R to generate R D . Both R P and R D are M D D P P n = 1 , m n = 1 , rows and N columns. Assuming m , and the the dot product of R P and pp is defined as H

. The mth dot product of R D and DD is defined as S are expressed and S row and nth column of H respectively as mn = hmn P P h + nmn (10) D D mn = hmn bD + nmn s (11)
D P where hmn , hmn denote respectively the fading channel
P D , nmn are the respective additive white coefficient, and nmn complex Gaussian noise, of the mth row and nth column of R P and R D . Besides, two nmn with different m or n are statistically independent. Given the channel parameters, Bc and Tc are obtained by (5), (6) and (7). The number of coherence rows B and the number of coherence columns T of R are readily obtained, and expressed respectively as B= (12) min(Bs, Bc)Tofdm

= 0.423 . (5) 16 fd2 fd Channel frequency-selectivity is described by coherence bandwidth Bc , which is affected by the channel holding time distribution in [9]. Assuming the time-domain correlation coefficient = 0.9 , Bc is determined by (6) and (7) in [10] Tc
= pi p j cos [ 2 ( i j ) Bc ]
i =0 j =0 Q 1 Q 1

(6)

T = min(Ts, Tc) Tofdm

(13)

363

where Bs is the signal bandwidth, Ts is one symbol period, in which one bit is transmitted, is the ratio of the symbol period minus the total guard time and symbol period, Tofdm is the length of one chip in time-domain after adding guard time, min ( ) denotes the operation of extracting the minor one, and denotes the operation of rounding down to the closest integer. The number of coherence rows B P and the number of are obtained respectively as coherence columns T P of H BP = B (14) T P = T 2. (15) D The number of coherence rows B and the number of are obtained respectively as coherence columns T D of S BD = B (16) T D = T 2. (17) are and S From top to bottom and from left to right, H divided into N B NT sub-matrixes, respectively, each of which is called one coherence area, where NB = B (18) BT s ofdm NT = (19) Ts TTofdm . Without loss of generality, it is assumed that the fading channel coefficients are identical over one coherence area, but statistically independent when located in different coherence areas. Then the channel estimation for each coherence area is expressed as

2 * D = 1 B2T 2bD Psi b H xy + 1 BT Psi H xy nxyk + 4 2 x =1 y =1 x =1 y =1 k =1 BT 2 BT 2 NB NT N B NT BT 2 P * P * D + 1 BTbD Psi H xy (nxyk + (nxyk nxyk ) ) 2 x =1 y =1 k =1 x=1 y =1 k =1 k =1

N B NT

N B NT

BT 2

(24)

where H xy denotes the fading channel coefficient in the


P coherence area of the xth row and yth column, nxyk

denotes the noise of the kth pilot element in the coherence D area of the xth row and yth column, and nxyk denotes the noise of the kth data element in the coherence area of the xth row and yth column. It is readily obtained that

H
m =1 n =1

N B NT

2 mn

follows the chi-

xy = H

B P ( x +1) T P ( y +1) m = B P x +1 n =T P y +1

mn H

(20)

mn denotes the mth row and nth column of H . where H The data estimation for each coherence area is expressed as xy = S
B D ( x +1) T D ( y +1) m = B D x +1 n =T D y +1

mn S

(21)

. mn denotes the mth row and nth column of S where S is represented as Then, the decision variable b
= * xy b S xy. H
x =1 y =1 N B NT

(22)

square distribution with 2N B NT degrees of freedom, for H mn is a zero-mean complex Gaussian random variable with unit variance. Therefore, the output signal power and noise power is respectively represented as Pso = 1 B4T 4 N B NT ( N B NT + 1) Psi2 (25) 16 2 Pno = 1 B3T 3N B NT Pni Psi + 1 B2T 2 N B NT Pni (26) . 4 4 Equation (23) can be simplified to B2T 2 (1 + N B NT ) Psi Pni . G=1 (27) BT Psi Pni + 1 4 By considering the joint algorithm of coherent detection and non-coherent detection, equation (27) shows the processing gain of spreading signal, which is two-dimensional spread spectrum signal, relative to BPSK and transmitted in rich scattering multipath fading channels. In order to simplifying (27), assumptions below are given. Assumption 1 is the numerical effect, of the operation of rounding down to the closest integer in (12), (13), (18) and (19), is ignored. Assumption 2 is that Eb N0 = BsTs P si P ni is constant. There are 4 different cases when we simplify (27). A. Bs Bc, Ts Tc The processing gain of spreading signal is expressed as 2BsTs Eb N0 G= Bs Bc, Ts Tc. (28) 2 ( Eb N0 + 1) B. Bs > Bc, Ts Tc The processing gain of spreading signal is expressed as 2Ts Bc Eb N0 (1 + Bc Bs ) G= Bs > Bc, Ts Tc (29) 4 ( Bc Eb ( N0Bs ) + 1) then 0.0124 2Ts Eb N0 (30) lim G = Bs > Bc, Ts Tc. Bs tm
C. Bs Bc, Ts > Tc The processing gain of spreading signal is expressed as 2BsTc Eb N0 (1 + 0.423 ( fdTs ) ) G= Bs Bc, Ts > Tc (31) 4 ( 0.423 Eb ( N0 fdTs ) + 1) then

, the detection value b D After BPSK demodulation of b is obtained.


III. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS The processing gain of spreading signal is defined as the ratio between the input and output signal to noise ratio as in [1] P P G = so no (23) Psi Pni where P so P no is the input signal to noise ratio, and P si P ni is the output signal to noise ratio. D of (22) can be rewrote as The detection value b

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Ts

lim G =

0.10575 2Bs Eb N0 fd

Bs Bc, Ts > Tc.

(32)

bandwidth or symbol period increases infinitely. IV.NUMERICAL AND SIMULATION RESULTS


TABLE I. THE LIMITS OF THE PROCESSING GAIN.
Eb N 0 fd
Ts Bs

D. Bs > Bc, Ts > Tc The processing gain of spreading signal is expressed as 2 BcTcEb N0 (1+ 0.423Bc ( Bs fdTs ) ) G= Bs > Bc, Ts > Tc (33) 4 ( 0.423 Bc Eb ( N0Bs fdTs ) +1) then
Bs

lim G

lim G =

0.005245 2 Eb N0 fdtm 0.10575 2Bc Eb N0 fd

Bs > Bc, Ts > Tc Bs > Bc, Ts > Tc

(35) (36)

10dB 10dB 20dB 20dB

10Hz 100Hz 10Hz 100Hz

29.2dB 19.2dB 39.2dB 29.2dB

Ts

lim G =
Bs

0.005245 2 Eb N0 Bs > Bc, Ts > Tc. (37) fdtm From (28), (29), (31), and(34), the processing gain increases as Eb N0 increases, and it increases similarly as lim G =

fd increases. From (28), in the case where the signal bandwidth is smaller than the coherence bandwidth, and the symbol period is smaller than the coherence time, the processing gain increases linearly as the signal bandwidth or the symbol period increases. From (30), in the case where the signal bandwidth is larger than the coherence bandwidth, and the symbol period is smaller than the coherence time, the limit of the processing gain exists as the signal bandwidth increases. From (32), in the case where the signal bandwidth is smaller than the coherence bandwidth, and the symbol period is larger than the coherence time, the limit of the processing gain exists as the symbol period increases. From (35), (36), and (37), in the case where the signal bandwidth is larger than the coherence bandwidth, and the symbol period is larger than the coherence time, the limit of the processing gain exists as the signal bandwidth or the symbol period increases. In conclusion, by considering the joint algorithm of coherent detection and non-coherent detection, and given Eb N0 and channel parameters, the limit of the processing gain of spreading signal exists, which is two-dimensional spread spectrum signal transmitted in rich scattering multipath fading channels, as the signal bandwidth or the symbol period increases. In (28), (29), (31), and (34), the processing gain is constructed by one polynomial dividing another, moreover, the limit of the processing gain exists as the signal bandwidth or the symbol period increases. Therefore the processing gain is a continuous function on Bs and Ts , when Bs [ 0 , ] , and Ts [ 0 , ] . There exists the maximum of the continuous function in a closed interval [11], explains that by considering the joint algorithm of coherent detection and non-coherent detection, the maximum processing gain of spreading signal, which is two-dimensional spread spectrum signal transmitted in rich scattering multipath fading channels, exists and is determined by Eb N0 and channel parameters, as signal

To validate the analytical results, some basic simulation parameters are given as follows. Firstly, BPSK modulation is considered. Then, the sub-carrier length of two dimensional spread spectrum is 1KHz, while the numbers of subcarriers and chips in time-domain are determined by signal bandwidth and symbol rate respectively, and the guard time is 1/9 of the total symbol period. What's more, tm = 5 106 , fd = 10Hz ,

100Hz and Eb N0 = 10dB, 20dB . Consequently, the limits of the processing gain of spreading signal are shown in TABLE. I. As shown in Fig. 3-6, the simulation results approximately agree with the analytical processing gain results. The gap between the simulation results and the analytical results is approximately 3dB, for it is assumed that the fading channel coefficients are identical over one coherence area in analysis, while the fading channel coefficients are only partial correlation in reality. From Fig. 3 and Fig. 4, we can observe that as signal bandwidth increases linearly, the processing gain of spreading signal does not increases linearly, but approximately yields the limits shown in (30), (35). Since the coherence bandwidth has a major influence on the processing gain, while the signal bandwidth has a minor influence, when the signal bandwidth is larger than the coherence bandwidth. From Fig. 5 and Fig. 6, we can observe that as symbol period increases linearly, the processing gain of spreading signal does not increase linearly, but approximately yields the limits shown in (32), (36). Since the coherence time has a major influence on the processing gain, while the symbol period has a minor influence, when the symbol period is larger than the coherence time. From Fig. 3 and Fig. 5, it can be observed that the processing gain increases with the increase of Eb N0 . From Fig. 4 and Fig. 6, it can be observed that the processing gain increases with the decrease of fd . In conclusion, by considering the joint algorithm of coherent detection and non-coherent detection, the processing gain of spreading signal, which is two-dimensional spread spectrum signal in rich scattering multipath fading channels, does not increase infinitely as signal bandwidth or symbol period increases infinitely. According to TABLE. I and Fig. 3-6, the processing gain of spreading signal is not more than 30dB, when the spreading signal is relative to BPSK, with Eb N0 20dB, the maximum Doppler shift 100Hz, and the negative exponential factor 5E-6.

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V. CONCLUSION In this paper, considering the joint algorithm of coherent detection and non-coherent detection, we derived the processing gain of spreading signal, which is two-dimensional spread spectrum signal relative to BPSK, and transmitted in rich scattering multipath fading channels. It is shown that as signal bandwidth or symbol period increases infinitely, the processing gain of spreading signal does not increase infinitely, and the maximum processing gain exists. ACKNOWLEDGMENT This work was supported by the National 863 High Technology Development Project (No.2009AA01Z236), National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.60902027, No.60832007, No.60901018), and Important National Science & Technology Specific Projects. (No.2009ZX03003008-01). REFERENCES
[1] [2]

[3]

K. H. Li, L. B. Milstein. Optimizing the Processing Gain for Coded DS Spread Spectrum, in proc. ICC '89, Boston, America, Jun 1989, vol.2, pp. 874-878. Rate Proc. Spec2002,

A. Wong, V. Leung. High Processing Gain, High Data Spread-spectrum Signaling for Wireless Communications, in IEEE MTTTWA' 95, Vancouver, BC, Canada, Feb. 1995, pp. 45-50. [5] Y. X. Tang. A Column-Orthogonal Two Dimensional Spread trum Technique, in proc. IEEE ICCCAS, Chengdu, China, Jun. pp. 689-691.
[4] [6]

S. Coleri, M. Ergen, A. Puri, and A. Bahai. A. Channel estimation techniques based on pilot arrangement in OFDM systems, IEEE Broadcasting. Mag., vol. 48, pp. 223-229, Sep 2002. J. G. Proakis. Digital Communications. 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001. A. F. Molisch. Wideband Wireless Digital Communications. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2001. T. S. Rappaport. Wireless Communication Principles and Practice. 2nd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2001. Q. T. Zhang, and S. H. Song. Exact Expression for the Coherence Bandwidth of Rayleigh Fading Channels, IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 55, pp. 1296-1299, July 2007.

[7] [8] [9] [10]

R. C. DIXON, Spread Spectrum Systems, 2nd ed. New York, Wiley 1984. R. Scholtz. The Spread Spectrum Concept, IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 25, pp. 748-755, Aug 1977. 26
24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 104 105
Eb Eb Eb Eb N 0 =10dB N 0 =20dB N 0 =10dB N 0 =20dB

Analysis Analysis simulation simulation 107

Eb Eb Eb Eb

N 0 =10dB N 0 =20dB N 0 =10dB N 0 =20dB

Bs(Hz)

106

Figure 5. The processing gain performance versus the symbol period.


6 BPSK, Bs = 8KHz , f d = 100Hz , tm = 5 10 .

Figure 3. The processing gain performance versus the signal bandwidth. BPSK, Ts = 0.005625s , f d = 100Hz , tm = 5 10 .
6

G(dB)

f d =10Hz f d =100Hz f d =10Hz f d =100Hz

f d =10Hz f d =100Hz f d =10Hz f d =100Hz

Figure 6. The processing gain performance versus the symbol period. Figure 4. The processing gain performance versus the signal bandwidth. BPSK, Ts = 0.005625s , Eb N 0 = 20dB , tm = 5 10 .
6

6 BPSK, Bs = 8KHz , Eb N 0 = 20dB , tm = 5 10 .

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