AP US HISTORY 1.5 01.

The "Zimmerman Papers" were infamous because they (A) exposed German atrocities a ainst !ews and other prisoners of war and contributed direct"y to the #.$. entry into %or"d %ar & (') exposed a German p"ot to en"ist (exico into an a""iance with Germany in a war a ainst the #nited $tates ()) exposed corruption in the #.$. !ustice *epartment "eadin to a tota" reor ani+ation of the department and the formation of the ,'& (*) exposed a 'ritish p"ot to dis uise their warships as American merchant ships- encoura in German submarines to attac. any ship f"yin the American f"a - hopefu""y "urin the #nited $tates into %or"d %ar & (/) re0ea"ed the existence of )ommunist spies in the hi hest "e0e"s of American o0ernment- fo""owin %or"d %ar &- and "ed to the "1ed $care" in which hundreds of innocent peop"e were 0ictimi+ed in witch hunts tryin to weed out )ommunists. 02. The term "robber baron" refers to (A) wea"thy "andowners in the antebe""um $outh (') "ate 13th century industria"ists ()) ear"y 13th century ,edera"ists (*) ear"y 20th century Popu"ists (/) "ate 14th century 'ritish mercanti"ists. 05. The estab"ishment of penitentiaries durin the 1460s ref"ected (A) a pub"ic desire to comp"ete"y remo0e crimina"s from pub"ic 0iew and permanent"y separate them from society so women and chi"dren wou"d not be offended by ha0in to "oo. at them (') a new attitude by the pub"ic that crimina"s were sinners who were beyond redemption- therefore they shou"d be forced into iso"ation to protect society from their depredations ()) a new attitude that emphasi+ed more intense corpora" punishment for crimina"s rather than the o"d re"i ious7based efforts which had emphasi+ed for i0eness (*) the shorta e of space to house crimina"s durin the massi0e crime wa0es that sur ed throu h /ast )oast cities be innin in 1462 (/) a new attitude that "oo.ed upon crimina"s as mis uided- in need of he"p- and penitentiaries were desi ned to he"p these mis uided sou"s reform. 06. The Trent Affair was important because (A) it discredited the re0o"utionary o0ernment in ,rance in the eyes of most Americans (') it pre0ented the )onfederacy from bein ab"e to purchase se0era" warships from 'ritain and ,rance for use a ainst #nion shippin ()) it was the first c"ear case of treason by a #nited $tates officia" and it bad"y embarrassed the administration of !ohn Adams (*) it resu"ted in the sin.in of the )onfederate raider- the A"abama (/) it near"y "ed to 'ritish reco nition of the )onfederacy and war between 'ritain and the #nion. 08. "!im )row" "aws were "aws that (A) effecti0e"y prohibited b"ac.s from 0otin in state and "oca" e"ections (') restricted American &ndians to #.$. o0ernment reser0ations ()) restricted open7 ran e ranchin in the Great P"ains (') restricted American &ndians to #.$. o0ernment reser0ations ()) restricted open7ran e ranchin in the Great P"ains (*) estab"ished separate se re ated faci"ities for b"ac.s and whites (/) restricted the consumption and distribution of a"coho" within the "imits of pro7temperance communities.

09. The $moot7:aw"ey Tariffs and other protectionist trade measures had the "on 7term effect of (A) impro0in the competiti0eness of #.$. industry in forei n mar.ets (') impro0in #.$. economic stren th in the "on 7term- a"thou h short term economic performance was wea.ened ()) ma.in "itt"e difference in the economies of /urope and the #.$ (*) spar.in reta"iatory measures from /urope which wea.ened both their economies and ours (/) pro0idin /uropean "eaders with the incenti0e to fina""y put their differences aside and form an economic confederation- which wou"d e0entua""y e0o"0e into the /uropean )ommon (ar.et. 0;. The &ran7)ontra affair upset most Americans because it in0o"0ed (A) i""e a" support for the )ontra rebe"s in <icara ua (') i""e a" support for o0ernment bac.ed "death s=uads" in /" $a"0ador ()) a presidentia" co0er7up simi"ar to- and to some extent worse than- the %ater ate Affair (*) tradin arms to &ran for re"ease of American hosta es (/) pro0idin fundin for )ontra rebe"s to be trained by &ranians in terrorist tactics to be used a ainst the <icara uan o0ernment. 04. )o"onies such as the )aro"inas were .nown as "restoration co"onies" because (A) their creation was main"y due to the restoration of the $tuarts to the /n "ish throne (') they were created as p"aces to send crimina"s to restore them to ci0i"i+ed beha0ior and i0e them a chance to "ead decent- honest "i0es ()) their creation was main"y due to an effort by the /n "ish o0ernment to restore a ba"ance of power in the <ew %or"d between the thri0in /n "ish co"onies in <ew /n "and and the "ess successfu" /n "ish co"onies in the $outh (*) their creation was main"y due to the restoration of the power of /n "ish Par"iament o0er the .in (/) their creation was an attempt to restore the supremacy of the An "ican church in the co"onies. 03. The phrase "/i ht hours for wor.- ei ht hours for rest- and ei ht hours for what we wi""" emphasi+es a turn7of7the7century trend toward (A) more dai"y de0otion to re"i ious acti0ities (') a reater emphasis on 0o"unteerism and ci0ic acti0ities amon the wea"thy industria"ists and "andowners ()) a reater emphasis on the Protestant wor. ethic by the midd"e and upper c"asses (*) a reater a0ai"abi"ity of "eisure time for wor.in Americans (/) the deterioration of mora" standards amon the midd"e c"ass at this time. 10. The (or an Affair of 1429 was responsib"e for (A) the re0o"t by Texans to obtain their independence from (exico (') the co""apse of !ohn >uincy Adams? presidency and his "oss of the 1424 e"ection to Andrew !ac.son ()) the co""apse of efforts to re0i0e a nationa" ban. (*) the estab"ishment of the anti7(asonic mo0ement (/) the foundin of the modern temperance mo0ement. 11. 'y 1;90- the bi est prob"em with the economy of the /n "ish co"onies was (A) smu "in (') a trade surp"us so "ar e that /n "and was threatenin to confiscate American assets to he"p ba"ance the /n "ish economy ()) a "ac. of demand for the 0ast =uantities of hi h =ua"ity American manufactured oods now bein produced- "eadin to hi h unemp"oyment in the American co"onies (*) a hu e ba"ance7of7trade deficit that threatened the so"0ency of the co"onia" economy (/) a "ac. of ade=uate deep7water ports to pro0ide "oadin and un"oadin faci"ities for the "ar e number of ships now tryin to brin oods to or carry oods from the co"onies.

12. The :artford )on0ention of 1416 focused on (A) the <ortheast re ion (') the @"d $outh ()) the (id7At"antic re ion (*) 1epub"ican desires for "essened federa" contro" and increased states? ri hts in matters of internationa" trade critica" to <ew /n "and?s sur0i0a" (/) de0isin p"ans to con0ince )anada to Aoin the #nited $tates in its war a ainst /n "and (the %ar of 1412) in return for )anadian independence after the war. 15. 'etween 1490 and 1310- the area of the #nited $tates which underwent the "ar est P/1)/<TAG/ increase of popu"ation was (A) the <ortheast re ion (') the @"d $outh ()) the (idat"antic re ion (*) the ,ar %est (/) the Great P"ains re ion. 16. The .ey issue that pre0ented the American co"onists from reso"0in their prob"ems with /n "and without open rebe""ion was (A) the so0erei nty of Bin Geor e &&& o0er the co"onies (') the so0erei nty of Par"iament?s edicts o0er the co"onies ()) the stationin of 'ritish so"diers on American soi" (*) American desire for tota" independence from 'ritain (/) the use of boycotts by American co"onists to resist taxes passed by Par"iament. 18. Andrew !ohnson was impeached primari"y because (A) he was an a"coho"ic and made se0era" maAor speeches whi"e tota""y drun. (') an ry <orthern )on ressmen resented the fact that !ohnsona $outherner (from Tennessee) had become president fo""owin Cinco"n?s death and was administerin $outhern 1econstruction ()) members of )on ress fe"t that !ohnson?s 1econstruction po"icies were too harsh and unfair"y pena"i+ed former )onfederate "eaders tryin to rebui"d their economy (*) he demanded suffra e for b"ac.s in addition to the abo"ition of s"a0ery (/) he obstructed the enforcement of con ressiona" 1econstruction po"icies that he fe"t were too harsh. 19. The cana" bui"din period of the 1420s resu"ted primari"y from (A) the need for a more effecti0e pub"ic transportation system between maAor <ortheastern cities and towns (') specu"ators tryin to rind a =uic. and cheap method of mo0in /uropean immi rants to unexp"ored frontiers in the %est ()) the need to mo0e #.$. na0a" forces =uic."y from the At"antic to the Great Ca.es and the (ississippi 1i0er (*) a shorta e of usab"e fresh water in the trans7Appa"achian states (/) the need for an economica" method of shippin farm oods from the %estern states and territories direct"y to /astern mar.ets. 1;. The 16th Amendment to the )onstitution was important because it (A) prohibited s"a0ery within the #nited $tates (') uaranteed e=ua" protection under the "aw for e0ery American citi+en ()) prohibited any state from denyin an American citi+en the ri ht to 0ote based on raceDethnic bac. round- co"or- or ha0in pre0ious"y been a s"a0e (*) prohibited any state from denyin women the ri ht to 0ote (/) pro0ided )on ress with the power to estab"ish and co""ect income taxes. 14. The recession of 135;- was primari"y caused by (A) o0erextension of easy credit and hi h inf"ation (') excess business specu"ation in the reboundin stoc. mar.et ()) fai"ure of <ew *ea" pro rams to effecti0e"y "ower unemp"oyment and restore faith in the economy (*) o0erre u"ation of .ey nationa" industries- resu"tin in massi0e "ayoffs (/) premature ti htenin of credit and cutbac.s in spendin for "<ew *ea"" pro rams. 13. A "eader of the <ationa"ist mo0ement in the #nited $tates in the 1;40s was (A) A"exander :ami"ton (') Thomas !efferson ()) $amue" Adams (*) 1ichard :enry (/) Thomas Paine.

20. The o0era"" strate ic po"icy of the #nion to destroy the )onfederacy throu h a combination of constant pressure and s"ow"y wearin down the $outh?s abi"ity to wa e war was ca""ed (A) the nutcrac.er p"an (') the anaconda p"an ()) the s=uee+e p"an (*) the attrition p"an (/) the sauso"ito p"an. 21. The rowth of (@$T American cities in 1440 was determined primari"y by (A) urban p"annin by "oca" officia"s (') pub"ic needs ()) federa" re u"ations (*) 'ritish mode"s of idea" urban rowth patterns (/) profit moti0es. 22. The EFZ Affair was important in that it (A) under"ined the importance of a stron - impartia" federa" Audiciary in reso"0in )onstitutiona" disputes between the state and federa" o0ernments (') "ed to #.$. abro ation of the 1;;4 peace treaty and brou ht the #.$. into a =uasi7war with ,rance ()) near"y brou ht 'ritain into the )i0i" %ar on the side of the )onfederacy (*) discredited Aaron 'urr and forced his remo0a" from the 1400 presidentia" e"ection tic.et as Thomas !efferson?s runnin mate (/) "ed the #.$. to see. a dec"aration of war a ainst 'ritain in 1412 for impressin American seamen onto 'ritish ships. 25. %hat e0ent made Bennedy a nationa" hero in 1392 due to the way in which peop"e be"ie0ed he successfu""y stood up to the 1ussiansG (A) the 'er"in '"oc.ade (') the 'er"in %a"" )risis ()) the Pueb"o &ncident (*) the )uban (issi"e )risis (/) the Gu"f of Ton.in &ncident. 26. The (arbury 0s. (adison case was important because it (A) firm"y estab"ished the princip"e of one man- one 0ote (') affirmed the $upreme )ourt?s power to Aud e the constitutiona"ity of "aws passed by )on ress ()) "imited the power of the indi0idua" states to interfere with "e a" business contracts or commercia" acti0ity (*) found that )on ress had the constitutiona" power to issue ban. charters- thus openin the door for a stron nationa" ban. (/) ru"ed that s"a0ery cou"d not be prohibited from #.$. territories- in creasin tensions which wou"d e0entua""y exp"ode in the )i0i" %ar. 28. The first texti"e wor.ers in America were primari"y (A) farmers? dau hters from <ew /n "and (') freed s"a0es who mo0ed <orth from the repressi0e "abor mar.ets in the $outh ()) &rish immi rants (*) ex7so"diers and war 0eterans who often cou"d find wor. nowhere e"se (/) uneducated ma"es from the wor.in c"ass who comprised America?s first eneration of "b"ue co""ar" wor.ers. 29. The $panish7American %ar resu"ted in which of the fo""owin territories bein ceded by $pain to the #nited $tatesG (A) )uba (') :awaii ()) $amoa (*) the Hir in &s"ands (/) Puerto 1ico. 2;. The %ater ate scanda" "ed to 1ichard <ixon?s downfa"" primari"y because (A) of his ro"e in p"annin and coordinatin the %ater ate brea.7in and other i""e a" campai n acti0ity (') the pressthe *emocrats- and some "ibera" 1epub"icans united to rid themse"0es of <ixon and his conser0ati0e phi"osophy ()) he was a"ready so unpopu"ar because of his Hietnam %ar po"icies that 0irtua""y anythin he did wron wou"d ha0e been used as an excuse to remo0e him from office (*) of his ro"e in directin the co0er7up of the %ater ate Affair (/) of his in0o"0ement with or ani+ed crime in carryin out po"itica" "dirty tric.s" a ainst his *emocratic opponent- Geor e (cGo0ern.

24. The in0ention of the cotton in by /"i %hitney was important because it (A) reduced the need for "ar e numbers of s"a0es to pic. $outhern cotton- pro0idin abo"itionists with one more ar ument for the e"imination of s"a0ery (') a""owed cotton to be rown in areas that had pre0ious"y been unsuitab"e for cotton production ()) "ed to the de0e"opment of the $outh?s first "ar e texti"e factories and the be innin s of a stron $outhern manufacturin base (*) a""owed cotton to be pic.ed and processed much more =uic."y- thus 0ast"y increasin the profitabi"ity of cotton and the need for more s"a0es to pic. it (/) re=uired s.i""ed wor.ers to operate it "eadin to the de0e"opment of the $outh?s most prominent educationa" and trainin institutions which pro0ided wor.ers with the necessary education and s.i""s. 23. The *ominion of <ew /n "and was estab"ished by the /n "ish o0ernment in 1949 to (A) increase the power of the Puritans (') end the G"orious 1e0o"ution and restore !ames && to the /n "ish throne ()) stimu"ate trade amon the f"ed "in <ew /n "and co"onies (*) increase the effecti0eness of the 0arious <ew /n "and "e is"atures (/) increase the authority of the /n "ish o0ernment o0er the <ew /n "and co"onies. 50. The "ar est batt"e e0er fou ht- which historians consider the turnin point of %or"d %ar && in /urope- was the batt"e of (A) $ta""in (') Cenin rad ()) <ormandy (*) Bie0 (/) the 'u" e. 51. %oodrow %i"son?s "<ew ,reedom" and ?Theodore 1oose0e"t?s "<ew <ationa"ism" were simi"ar in that both (A) remo0ed restrictions on the ri hts of women and minorities (') remo0ed restrictions on the ri hts of unions to or ani+e within the wor.p"ace ()) expanded the ri hts of states to re u"ate business operations within state borders (*) expanded the o0ernment?s ro"e in re u"atin businesses and business monopo"ies (/) expanded the notion of indi0idua"ism inherent in their "aisse+7faire economic po"icies. 52. The "Trai" of Tears" refers to (A) the @re on Trai"- o0er which many fami"ies died or "ost a"most e0erythin they possessed on their tre. from (issouri to the Pacific <orthwest (') the route ta.en by the ci0i"i+ed &ndian tribes in their forced Aourney from the #.$. southeast to @."ahoma Territory ()) the <ationa" 1oad stretchin from 'a"timore to )o"umbus- @hio- whose bui"din cost the "i0es of hundreds of the construction wor.ers tryin to comp"ete it (*) the main south7to7north route used by runaway s"a0es tryin to escape northward to freedom on the "under round rai"road" (/) the rai"road route ta.en by Abraham Cinco"n?s funera" train as it carried Cinco"n?s coffin from %ashin ton to his buria" site. 55. The At"antic )harter (A) set co""ecti0e war strate y and "on 7term war oa"s for 'ritain and the #nited $tates (') uaranteed American neutra"ity &n %or"d %ar && as "on as American warships stayed out of 'ritish territoria" waters ()) p"ed ed $outh and )entra" American neutra"ity after Germany and !apan dec"ared war on the #nited $tates (*) pro0ided 'ritain with 80 %or"d %ar & 0inta e American destroyers in return for American contro" of 'ritish mi"itary bases in the )aribbean and the (id7At"antic (/) repea"ed the American arms embar o and a""owed 'ritain and ,rance to buy American war materia"s on a cash7and7carry basis.

56. The prominent issue in nationa" po"itics in the 1460s was (A) the abo"ition of s"a0ery (') the temperance mo0ement ()) the westward expansion of #.$. territory (*) the creation of a new nationa" ban. (/) women?s ri hts. 58. !ohn ,oster *u""es is most c"ose"y associated with the (A) po"icy of mutua""y assured destruction (') f"exib"e response po"icy ()) +ero option po"icy (*) $trate ic *efense &nitiati0e (/) po"icy of massi0e reta"iation. 59. *orothea *ix was most we""7.nown for her wor. in (A) reforms in treatment of the menta""y i"" (') pioneerin the women?s suffra e mo0ement ()) reformin the education process to a""ow women access to free pub"ic education (*) the temperance mo0ement (/) the abo"itionist mo0ement. 5;. &n the /n "ish co"onies in the mid7&4th century- forma" education beyond minima" readin and writin s.i""s was considered (A) essentia" for both ma"es and fema"es (') essentia" for ma"es- but not for fema"es ()) essentia" for the chi"dren of poor co"onists so the chi"dren wou"d ha0e a better chance of obtainin wea"th (*) somethin e0ery co"onia" o0ernment shou"d pro0ide for its co"onists (/) non7essentia" for both ma"es and fema"es- except as a status symbo" for those who cou"d afford to pay for it. 54. The (issouri )ompromise of 1420 had the effect of (A) pro0idin a compromise that offered on"y "imited expansion of s"a0ery into territories west of the (ississippi- satisfyin both pro7s"a0ery $outherners and abo"itionist <ortherners- and reso"0in the issue of s"a0ery west of the (ississippi (') postponin and e0adin - rather than reso"0in - the prob"ems re"ated to s"a0ery in American territories west of the (ississippi ()) endin $outhern demands for the expansion of s"a0ery into American territories west of the (ississippi (*) endin <orthern demands for the prohibition of s"a0ery in American territories west of the (ississippi (/) pro0idin a compromise that a""owed a"" American territories west of the (ississippi to decide the s"a0ery issue for themse"0es. 53. Theodore 1oose0e"t?s po"icy toward business trusts was to (A) support dere u"ation of business trusts so they cou"d conso"idate and better compete with internationa" competition (') =uash reform efforts aimed at re u"atin business trusts because he be"ie0ed the reformers were "ed by socia"ists and (arxists ()) see. re u"ation of on"y those trusts who used their powers to unfair"y manipu"ate their mar.ets and the economy (*) see. to bust- or destroy- a"" business trusts as antidemocratic and harmfu" to free competition (/) "et the indi0idua" states dea" with trusts as they chose. :e did not be"ie0e that the federa" o0ernment had the power to inter0ene. 60. %hat specific disa reement too. a fu"" year to rectify before peace ne otiations actua""y be an to end the Hietnam %arG (A) the city in which the ne otiations wou"d be he"d (') the o0ernments which wou"d be a""owed to attend the ne otiations ()) the shape of the ne otiatin tab"e (*) the actua" border between <orth and $outh Hietnam (/) the participation of representati0es from the Peop"e?s 1epub"ic of )uba as moderators of the ne otiations.

61. The batt"es of Cexin ton and )oncord were si nificant because (A) they con0inced the 'ritish that the co"onists cou"d not be defeated mi"itari"y and "ed to the 'ritish abandonment of the port of 'oston (') they pro0ed the superiority of /uropean mi"itary tactics as we"" as the superiority of 'ritish re u"ars to the ra ta American mi"itias ()) they mar.ed the first or ani+ed batt"es between 'ritish re u"ars and co"onia" mi"itiamen and ended any hopes for a peacefu" reso"ution to the disa reement between /n "and and its co"onies (*) they mar.ed the turnin point of the American 1e0o"ution. After )oncord- the 'ritish were ne0er a ain ab"e to re ain the offensi0e a ainst the Americans (/) they "ed to 'enedict Arno"d?s betraya" of the American cause when he fe"t he wasn?t i0en enou h reco nition for his ro"e in "eadin the Americans to 0ictory. 62. Abraham Cinco"n too. the #nion into war a ainst the )onfederate $tates of America with the stated purpose of (A) protectin federa" insta""ations in )onfederate territories (') freein the s"a0es and abo"ishin s"a0ery from American soi" ()) preser0in the #nion (*) punishin the $outh for its arro ance- rebe""iousness- and the ens"a0ement of b"ac.s by $outhern s"a0eho"ders (/) protectin the #nion from $outhern attac.s on #nion territories in the border states remainin "oya" to the #nion. 65. 'enAamin ,ran."in was an American whose "ife exemp"ified which of the fo""owin socia" mo0ementsG (A) the Great Awa.enin (') the 1estoration ()) the 1e u"ator (*) the /n"i htenment (/) the Abo"itionist mo0ement. 66. The !apanese surprise attac. on Pear" :arbor succeeded for a"" of the fo""owin reasons /E)/PTI (A) a conspiracy by the #nited $tates o0ernment to "et the !apanese attac. Pear" :arbor by surprise so America wou"d ha0e a "e itimate excuse to enter %or"d %ar && (') commanders at Pear" :arbor were con0inced that the on"y rea" threat to the base was from "oca" saboteurs- not a !apanese na0a" attac. ()) a messa e orderin the base on maximum war a"ert was sent 0ia commercia" te"e raph rather than mi"itary cab"e and did not arri0e unti" the day after the attac. (*) Americans did not be"ie0e the !apanese wou"d dare attempt such a ris.y attac.- and did not be"ie0e the !apanese )@#C* pu"" it off if they tried (/) interser0ice ri0a"ry effecti0e"y .ept the mi"itary inte""i ence ser0ices from sharin and coordinatin the information they had co""ected which cou"d ha0e a""owed them to anticipate the Pear" :arbor attac.. 68. The ,rench co"onies in )anada durin the 1;th and 14th centuries de0e"oped an economy dependent primari"y on (A) a ricu"tura" exports (') the fur trade ()) the minin of precious meta"s such as o"d and si"0er (*) fishin (/) hea0y manufacturin . 69. President )arter?s administration had its reatest difficu"ties with its (A) )entra" American po"icy (') ener y conser0ation po"icy ()) "and conser0ation po"icy (*) (idd"e /ast po"icy (/) economic po"icy. 6;. The estab"ishment of transcontinenta" rai" "ines and the construction of America?s massi0e rai" networ. had a"" of the fo""owin effects /E)/PTI (A) they "ed to the rapid industria"i+ation of the @"d $outh fo""owin the )i0i" %ar (') they a""owed for rapid distribution of oods throu hout the country ()) their bui"din spurred a series of important technica" ad0ances (*) they made the country sma""er in the sense that they dramatica""y reduced the time needed to tra0erse this continent (/) they resu"ted in the estab"ishment of standardi+ed time +ones throu hout the country.

64. Thomas Paine?s pamph"et- Common Sense was si nificant in that it (A) emotiona""y aroused thousands of co"onists to the abuses of 'ritish ru"e- the oppressi0eness of the monarchy- and the ad0anta es of co"onia" independence (') ra""ied American spirits durin the b"ea. winter of 1;;9when it appeared that %ashin ton?s forces- free+in and star0in at Ha""ey ,or e- had no hope of sur0i0in the winter- much "ess defeatin the 'ritish ()) ca""ed for a stron centra" o0ernment to ru"e the new"y independent American states and foresaw the difficu"ties inherent within the Artic"es of )onfederation (*) asserted to its 'ritish readers that they cou"d not beat the American co"onists mi"itari"y un"ess they cou"d iso"ate <ew /n "and from the rest of the American co"onies (/) exp"ained the ur ent need for a "bi"" of ri hts" to express"y uarantee certain freedoms not specifica""y "aid out in the new"y adopted #nited $tates )onstitution. 63. The dec"ine of "open ran e" ranchin in the west resu"ted primari"y from (A) "ow beef prices which made "open ran e" ranchin unprofitab"e (') o0ernment po"icies i0in priority use of the ran e to sheepherders thus denyin catt"emen e=ua" access to the open ran e ()) o0er ra+in and intense competition for use of the "and between ranchers and farmers (*) the increased use of sharecroppin techni=ues by catt"e ranchers which "essened their need for open ran e po"icies (/) the hi h cost of rep"acin catt"e which constant"y wandered off in the open ran e. 80. The forei n po"icy that was ad0ocated by %i""iam :oward Taft was .nown as (A) "*o""ar *ip"omacy" (') the "'i $tic." po"icy ()) the "@pen *oor" po"icy (*) the "Good <ei hbor" po"icy (/) "Appeasement." 81. &n 1389- / ypt nationa"i+ed the $ue+ )ana" primari"y to (A) b"oc. &srae"i usa e of the )ana" (') use it to b"ac.mai" %estern nations into bac.in off on their po"itica" suppose for &srae" ()) fund the construction of the Aswan *am after America had withdrawn its fundin offer (*) open it to use by / ypt?s a""y- the $o0iet #nion (/) fund the bui"din of / ypt?s mi"itary forces for a p"anned attac. a ainst &srae" in 138;. 82. The 'ritish and ,rench po"icy of appeasement toward (usso"ini and :it"er (A) curtai"ed :it"er?s expansionism unti" the po"icy was abandoned by both the 'ritish and ,rench durin the $udeten"and crisis (') bou ht time for the 'ritish and ,rench to effecti0e"y rebui"d their mi"itaries so they wou"d be better ab"e to confront :it"er when they were mi"itari"y ready ()) con0inced :it"er that both 'ritain and ,rance were spine"ess and "ed him to acce"erate the rate of German expansion (*) forced :it"er to temporari"y s"ow down his expansion p"ans so he cou"d a0oid bein portrayed as a b"atant a ressor in the face of ,rench and 'ritish passi0ity and humanitarianism (/) created temporary di0isions between (usso"ini who wanted to attac. the 'ritish and ,rench immediate"y and :it"er who wanted to wait unti" he had an excuse to ma.e his a ression "oo. Austified. 85. The "Gospe" of %ea"th" referred to the idea that (A) excess wea"th wou"d pre0ent those who possessed it from oin to hea0en. Therefore the on"y way they cou"d et to hea0en was to i0e away their wea"th to charities and phi"anthropic causes (') rea" wea"th comes from the "o0e of those around you- not from money ()) money ta".s (*) bein wea"thy wasn?t sinfu" so "on as you didn?t hurt other peop"e in the process of atherin that wea"th (/) rich peop"e obtained their wea"th because God a0e it to them.

86. The use of a"ternatin current to a""ow transmission of e"ectric power o0er "on distances was perfected by (A) Thomas /dison (') Geor e %estin house ()) !.P.(or an (*) !ohn G. 1oc.efe""er (/) Andrew )arne ie. 88. %hat was the main oa" of the Truman doctrineG (A) enforcement of the "*omino Theory" (') containment of communism ()) endin nationa"istic re0o"ts in American territories and co"onies (*) e"imination of communism (/) rebui"din %estern /urope after %or"d %ar &&. 89. !oseph Pu"it+er was a pioneer in the de0e"opment of (A) news Aourna"s aimed exc"usi0e"y at the upper c"ass and socia" e"ites in America (') wee."y Aourna"s focusin exc"usi0e"y on economic news ()) ye""ow Aourna"ism (*) ethics in Aourna"ism "aws to pre0ent s"anderous news stories which often ruined innocent peop"es "i0es (/) the nation?s first nationa" "wire ser0ice-" #P&. 8;. &n the 1440s- the issue of tariffs on imported oods became a maAor contro0ersy because (A) the free trade po"icies in effect at that time were a""owin under priced forei n oods to destroy f"ed "in American industries and 0irtua""y e"iminate American crop exports to /urope (') indi0idua" states refused to i0e up their ri ht to enact tariffs on oods brou ht across state "ines from nei hborin states ()) hi h tariffs were resu"tin in unnecessari"y hi h prices on manufactured oods- hurtin both farmers and consumers whi"e protectin se0era" wea"thy manufacturers (*) *emocrats forced the enactment of free trade "e is"ation in the #.$. but /uropean countries responded by raisin their tariffs on #.$. manufactured oods- throwin the #.$. economy into a depression (/) *emocrats a""owed tariffs to be enacted on"y on imported farm oods- which protected American farmers but "eft #.$. manufacturers 0u"nerab"e to /uropean tariffs. 84. The popu"ar press?s nic.name for the %hite :ouse durin !ohn Bennedy?s administration was (A) $outh 'oston (') Ha"ha""a ()) )ame"ot (/) Tara (*) $han ri7Ca. 83. !acob )oxey is most we"" .nown for (A) "eadin an army of unemp"oyed wor.ers on a march from @hio to %ashin ton *.). in 1436 to protest for a federa" Aobs pro ram (') "eadin an army of %or"d %ar & 0eterans on a march from <ew For. )ity to %ashin ton *.). in 1352 to demand payment of mi"itary pensions to 0eterans promised by )on ress bac. in 1314 ()) "eadin the Popu"ist mo0ement in its campai n for free coina e of si"0er in the 1439 presidentia" e"ection campai n (*) or ani+in the first nationa" mo0ement for nationa" pub"ic hea"th "e is"ation to curb the spread of communicab"e diseases (/) his wor. in the $ocia" Gospe" mo0ement in which he or ani+ed the first sett"ement houses. 90. %hat incident "ed to Cyndon !ohnson esca"atin American in0o"0ement in Hietnam by sendin more than 880-000 American so"diers to acti0e"y fi ht the Hiet )on and the <orth HietnameseG (A) the (aya ue+ Affair (') the Pueb"o &ncident ()) the Gu"f of Ton.in &ncident (*) the attac. on Bhe $ahn (/) the Tet @ffensi0e.

91. The $u ar Act and the Townshend Acts differed from the pre0ious"y passed <a0i ation Acts in that (A) the <a0i ation Acts taxed oods imported to the co"onies direct"y from 'ritain- whereas the $u ar Act and the Townshend Act taxed on"y oods imported to the co"onies from outside of 'ritain (') the <a0i ation Acts taxed on"y the ships on which oods were transported to the co"onies- not the merchandise carried by those ships. The $u ar Act and the Townshend Acts taxed specific merchandise carried by the ships to the co"onies ()) the <a0i ation Acts taxed oods based on the distance the oods tra0e"ed to reach America- whereas the $u ar Act and the Townshend Acts taxed the oods themse"0es- re ard"ess of how far they tra0e"ed to reach America (*) the <a0i ation Acts taxed on"y oods imported to the co"onies from outside of 'ritain- whereas the $u ar Act and the Townshend Acts taxed oods imported to the co"onies direct"y from 'ritain (/) the $u ar Act and the Townshend Acts put specific "imits on which oods imported to the co"onies cou"d be taxed- whereas the <a0i ation Acts "aid taxed 0irtua""y e0erythin transported by ship from 'ritain to the )o"onies. 92. $ecretary of $tate %i""iam $eward?s purchase of A"as.a from the 1ussians in 149; was based primari"y on (A) his rea"i+ation that fishin ri hts in A"as.an waters wou"d be a boon to American fishermen (') his desire to secure the 0ast oi" reser0es rumored to be hidden deep within A"as.a?s forbiddin interior ()) fears of 1ussian attempts to expand their contro" into western )anada and possib"y the northwestern #nited $tates (*) his desires to he"p the 1ussians- who desperate"y needed the money they wou"d et for dumpin this "waste"and" on the Americans (/) his dream of an American empire that wou"d subsume a"" of <orth America- inc"udin )anada- (exico- and Green"and. 95. $hays? 1ebe""ion ser0ed to (A) con0ince peop"e of the need for s"a0ery to be prohibited within the #nited $tates (') point out the need to reform corrupt territoria" o0ernments in the American %est ()) point out the need for reform in the way peacefu" American &ndians were treated on &ndian reser0ations by corrupt o0ernment a ents and reedy- dishonest businessmen (*) hi h"i ht the inade=uacies of the #nited $tates o0ernment under the Artic"es of )onfederation and point out the need for drastic reform (/) con0ince Americans sti"" "oya" to 'ritain durin the 1e0o"utionary %ar that they wou"d not be accepted here once the war was o0er. 96. &ndustria" committees which he"ped mobi"i+e the country?s war efforts durin %or"d %ar & were (A) instrumenta" in pro0idin corruption and "abor dissension from cripp"in the mobi"i+ation campai n (') so dominated by reedy businessmen cashin in on the war they were disbanded and rep"aced by the %ar &ndustries 'oard ()) the .ey to an efficient war effort fo""owin the co""apse of the %ar &ndustries 'oard (*) ru"ed unconstitutiona" by the conser0ati0e $upreme )ourt and were forced to reor ani+e as unfunded pri0ate consu"tin roups (/) not formed unti" so "ate in the war effort that they had "itt"e impact other than to stream"ine the process for the transfer of men and e=uipment from the #nited $tates to ,rance. 98. &n 1450- about JJJJJ of white $outhern fami"ies owned s"a0es. (A) one7fourth (') one7third ()) one7ha"f (*) two7thirds (/) three7fourths.

99. The reAection of the Hersai""es Treaty by the #nited $tates $enate si na"ed what future for American forei n po"icyG (A) The #nited $tates retreated into iso"ationism and bac.ed away from a wor"d "eadership ro"e (') The #nited $tates reAected p"ayin a secondary ro"e to the /uropean powers and too. a more a ressi0e ro"e in dominatin wor"d po"itics ()) The #nited $tates be an ta.in an acti0e part in promotin internationa"ism throu h its "eadership in the Cea ue of <ations (*) the #nited $tates formed a defensi0e a""iance with 'ritain and ,rance to protect a ainst any further abuses by the Germans (/) The #nited $tates "aunched an a ressi0e campai n to force a"" the /uropean powers to re"in=uish their co"onia" ho"din s to American contro" and e0entua" independence. 9;. :ardin ?s administration- in particu"ar- was .nown for its (A) conser0ationism (') competition ()) inte rity (*) Pro ressi0ism (/) internationa"ism. 94. The $copes Tria" had the effect of (A) e"iminatin state restrictions on the teachin of e0o"ution in schoo"s (') hi h"i htin the into"erance of re"i ious fundamenta"ism and its conf"ict with contemporary science and secu"arism ()) emphasi+in the importance of the ,irst Amendment when a person?s ideas are not popu"ar amon the maAority of Americans (*) pointin out the necessity of pre0entin the state from interferin in re"i ious matters (/) reestab"ishin the predominance of fundamenta"ist re"i ious ideas o0er secu"ar scientific pronouncements which had dominated American thou ht throu hout the ear"y 1320s. 93. A"" of the fo""owin factors in 18th and 19th century /urope contributed to the exp"oration and co"oni+ation of the <ew %or"d /E)/PTI (A) an increase in /urope?s popu"ation (') an increase in the wea"th of the maAor /uropean powers ()) maAor technica" ad0ances in na0i ationa" e=uipment (*) the o0erthrow of the traditiona" hierarchica" socia" structure (/) an increase in the power of /urope?s abso"ute monarchs. ;0. &n 1364- what city did the #.$.- 'ritain- and ,rance ha0e to .eep supp"ied for o0er 500 days in a massi0e air"ift due to the $o0iets cuttin off a"" "and7based supp"y routes in an effort to dri0e the %esterners out of the cityG (A) :e"sin.i (') %arsaw ()) 'onn (*) 'er"in (/) Pra ue. ;1. The phi"osophy behind the "<ew *ea"" was primari"y to (A) restore the "aisse+7faire capita"ism which had wor.ed so we"" in the ear"y 1320s (') e"iminate the massi0e federa" deficit which had "ed to the Great *epression by mandatin a ba"anced federa" bud et ()) estab"ishin a socia"ist system in which o0ernment wou"d ta.e o0er pri0ate industry- set a"" prices- and uarantee emp"oyment for wor.ers (*) cut down the si+e of o0ernment- which had become a massi0e drain on the nation?s economy- and return more power to the states so they cou"d each dea" with their specific economic prob"ems in their own way (/) expand the ro"e of federa" o0ernment in pro0idin Aobs- re"ief for the unemp"oyed- better wa es- and re u"ation of industry to contro" the abuses of the past which had "ed to the current depression. ;2. ,earin the #.$. $upreme )ourt wou"d find much of his second term "<ew *ea"" "e is"ation unconstitutiona"- as it had done for much of the "<ew *ea"" "e is"ation passed durin his first term,ran."in 1oose0e"t responded by (A) withdrawin the proposed "e is"ation (') i norin the court?s ru"in s ()) strippin the court of its power (*) threatenin to increase the number of Austices (/) offerin babes to se0en of the nine Austices.

;5. The Bansas7<ebras.a Act of 1486 created a firestorm of opposition because it (A) prohibited s"a0ery in Bansas and <ebras.a as we"" as confirmin the ri hts of <ew (exico and Ari+ona sett"ers to prohibit s"a0ery (') extendin the northernmost boundary for s"a0ery- as defined in the (issouri )ompromise- from the southern border of (issouri and the western border of the Couisiana territory to the Pacific @cean ()) a""owed s"a0ery north of the "ine a reed upon in the (issouri )ompromise- effecti0e"y repea"in it (*) mandated the extension of s"a0ery in a"" %estern territories except )a"ifornia in return for the creation of the <ebras.a and Bansas territories (/) "e a""y repea"ed the doctrine of popu"ar so0erei nty in the %estern territories. ;6. The "Panic of 145;" was in "ar e part precipitated by (A) unrestricted "and specu"ation in the new territories west of the (ississippi 1i0er (') fears of a war with 'ritain o0er disputed territory a"on the border between )anada and (aine ()) fears of a war with (exico o0er disputed territory in Texas (*) ti ht monetary po"icies by !ac.sonian *emocrats cu"minatin in the issuance of the $pecie )ircu"ar (/) uncontro""ed inf"ation fo""owin actions by !ac.sonian *emocrats to ta.e the #.$. do""ar off the " o"d standard." ;8. Today- an a0era e of one in fi0e Americans mo0es to a new residence each year. &n American cities of 1300 that fi ure was c"oser to (A) one in e"e0en (') one in nine ()) one in se0en (*) one in fi0e (/) one in three. ;9. The con=uistador responsib"e for the con=uest of (onte+uma and the A+tec /mpire in (exico was (A) ,rancisco Pi+arro (') :ernando )ortes ()) Has=ue+ de )oronado (*) Gio0anni da Herra+ano (/) :ernando *e $oto. ;;. %hich of the fo""owin was the (A!@1 reason Truman used to Austify his decision to drop the atomic bomb on :iroshima in Au ust 1368G (A) :e fe"t it wou"d shorten the war and e"iminate the need for an in0asion of !apan (') :e fe"t it wou"d end up sa0in !apanese ci0i"ian "i0es- when compared to the casua"ties expected from an in0asion of !apan ()) :e wanted to send a stron warnin messa e to the 1ussians to watch their step in the Pacific after !apan was defeated (*) :e be"ie0ed it wou"d be an appropriate re0en e for the !apanese attac. on Pear" :arbor (/) @nce the bomb was comp"eted- Truman fe"t he had to use it in order to Austify the hu e in0estments in timeresources- scientific expertise- and expense in0o"0ed in de0e"opin it. ;4. The (exican %ar of 1469 was fou ht primari"y to (A) a0en e the s"au hter of 149 Texans at the A"amo by $anta Anna?s (exican force (') dri0e the $panish from (exico and estab"ish (exican freedom once and for a"" ()) stop raids by (exican "bandits" into #.$. territory in Texas and Ar.ansas (*) ac=uire )a"ifornia- <ew (exico and disputed territory a"on Texas? southern and western borders from (exico (/) depose the (exican dictator $anta Anna- and rep"ace his re ime with a democratica""y e"ected o0ernment friend"y to the #nited $tates.

;3. The #nited $tates dec"ared war on 'ritain in !une of 1412 for a"" of the fo""owin reasons /E)/PTI (A) 'ritish occupation of the (ississippi 1i0er de"ta south of <ew @r"eans (') desires by some Americans to occupy )anada and annex it to the #.$ ()) the 'ritish na0y?s impressment of American sai"ors from American ships at sea (*) 'ritish sei+ure of American merchant ships (/) 'ritish co""usion with &ndian tribes in the <orthwest Territory- aidin &ndian efforts to pre0ent American sett"ement of this re ion. 40. The Taft7:art"ey Cabor Act of 136; had the effect of (A) prohibitin stri.es by o0ernment emp"oyees (') rantin 1ai"road wor.ers the ri ht to stri.e and to or ani+e unions ()) extendin the ri ht to stri.e and to or ani+e unions- pre0ious"y a""owed to rai"road wor.ers on"y- to a"" wor.ers (*) a""owin unions to force mana ement into bindin arbitration when contract ne otiations bro.e down (/) forbiddin unions from c"osin shops to nonunion emp"oyees. 41. Turn7of7the7century American artists of the 1ea"ist schoo" tended to ma.e the subAect of most of their paintin s (A) urban scenes (') American frontier "ife ()) rura" fami"y "ife (*) wi"d natura" "andscapes (/) pastora" scenes. 42. The )oerci0e Acts were passed in reaction to (A) the $e0en Fears? %ar (') the 'oston (assacre ()) the *ec"aration of &ndependence (*) the formation of the $ons of Ciberty (/) the 'oston Tea Party. 45. !ohn 'rown?s raid on the federa" arsena" at :arper?s ,erry and his subse=uent tria" and execution had the effect of (A) ma.in a martyr of !ohn 'rown and con0incin many $outherners that secession from the #nion was the on"y way they cou"d pre0ent the increasin "y abo"itionist <orth from interferin with s"a0ery in the $outh (') discreditin the abo"itionist mo0ement in the eyes of most peop"e and con0incin most $outherners that the <orth wou"d not support forcefu" efforts to end s"a0ery- despite 0erba" attac.s on s"a0ery by <orthern abo"itionists ()) incitin a series of s"a0e re0o"ts that resu"ted in the deaths of thousands of $outhern s"a0es- further enra in both <orthern abo"itionists and $outhern s"a0eho"ders (*) spar.in a 0irtua" ci0i" war in the state of <ebras.a o0er the issue of s"a0ery (/) exposin a pro7s"a0ery p"ot to assassinate the "eaders of se0era" abo"itionist roups and discreditin the prosecution despite 'rown bein found ui"ty. 46. The 0eto of the (ays0i""e 1oad 'i"" of 1450 was spar.ed by (A) Andrew !ac.son?s be"ief that it was unconstitutiona" for the federa" o0ernment to pro0ide funds for a road bui"t within the borders of a sin "e state (') Andrew !ac.son?s be"ief that it was unconstitutiona" for the federa" o0ernment to pro0ide funds for a road bui"t across the borders of two or more states ()) Andrew !ac.son?s resentment that the (ays0i""e 1oad wou"d be bui"t in Bentuc.y- a state he had fai"ed to carry in the 1424 e"ection (*) Andrew !ac.son?s rea"i+ation that the (ays0i""e 1oad wou"d be bui"t by unpaid b"ac. s"a0es rather than paid wor.ers (/) Andrew !ac.son?s be"ief that it was unconstitutiona" for the federa" o0ernment to pro0ide funds for any type of road bui"din or road impro0ement proAect- whether or not it crossed state borders. 48. %here did (acArthur "and his forces behind <orth Borean "ines in an effort to trap the <orth Borean Army and =uic."y win the Borean %arG (A) Pusan (') $eou" ()) &nchon (*) Pan (un !on (/) Pyon Fan .

49. The batt"e between the (onitor and the (errimac. was important because (A) it was the first successfu" effort by the )onfederate na0y to brea. the #nion na0a" b"oc.ade (') it si nified the "ast maAor effort by the )onfederate na0y to brea. the #nion na0a" b"oc.ade ()) it bro.e the #nion stran "eho"d on :ampton 1oads- Hir inia and opened the door for Genera" Cee?s offensi0e into (ary"and (*) it si na"ed the end of the wooden warship as the u"timate na0a" 0esse" and mar.ed the be innin of the a e of ironDstee" warships (/) the (errimac.?s fai"ure to brea. the #nion na0a" b"oc.ade cost the )onfederacy its "ast hope of achie0in officia" reco nition by ,rance or 'ritain. 4;. !ane Addams was a turn7of7the century acti0ist- (@$T we""7.nown for her wor. in (A) sett"ement houses (') the temperance mo0ement ()) nursin home care for war 0eterans (*) suffra e mo0ement (/) chi"dren?s "iterature. 44. %hich country did the #.$. ha0e to "protect" Panama from after Panamanian re0o"utionaries successfu""y o0erthrew their ru"ers and announced their independenceG (A) )o"ombia (') (exico ()) 'o"i0ia (*) Hene+ue"a (/) Ar entina. 43. The (issouri )ompromise of 1420 (A) prohibited the admission of any more s"a0e states into the #nion in return for a""owin (issouri to be admitted as a s"a0e state (') a""owed (issouri to enter the #nion as a s"a0e state in return for a prohibition of s"a0ery in the rest of the Couisiana Territory north of (issouri?s southern border ()) a""owed Ar.ansas to be admitted to the #nion as a s"a0e state in return for (issouri bein admitted to the #nion as a free state (*) a""owed (aine and (issouri to enter the #nion as free states in return for no further restrictions on s"a0ery in territories west of the (ississippi 1i0er (/) a""owed (aine to enter the #nion as a free state in return for "ettin Couisiana enter the #nion as a s"a0e state. (issouri was to remain a territory unti" it abo"ished s"a0ery. 30. The primary reason for ,rench aid to the American co"onists was (A) ,rench be"ief in the idea"s for which the American re0o"ution stood (') /n "ish attac.s a ainst ,rench na0a" 0esse"s a"on the ,rench coast ()) American promises to restore Couisiana and >uebec to ,rench contro" in return for ,rench aid (*) ,rench desires for re0en e a ainst /n "and and hopes to re ain much of the territory "ost to the 'ritish in the $e0en Fears? %ar (/) ,rench be"ief that aid to the Americans wou"d force 'ritain to consider formin a confederation with ,rance- a""owin them to Aoint"y dominate /uropean affairs. 31. %hat effect did the Tet offensi0e ha0e on President Cyndon !ohnsonG (A) &t a0e him an excuse to esca"ate the war e0en further (') &t united Americans e0en more a ainst the <orth Hietnamese and bo"stered (stren thened) !ohnson?s campai n for re7e"ection ()) &t had "itt"e- if any effect on !ohnson or his hand"in of the war (*) "t caused him to withdraw from the 1394 presidentia" race and "ed Americans to "ose faith in American po"icies in Hietnam (/) &t forced him to send :enry Bissin er to ne otiate with the <orth Hietnamese.

32. The rotation system of o0ernment espoused by Andrew !ac.son refers to (A) the practice of o0ernment officia"s periodica""y switchin - or rotatin - their Aob duties with other officia"s so they cou"d "earn a wider 0ariety of administrati0e s.i""s (') the "spoi"s system" in which an e"ected officia" rep"aced appointed officeho"ders with new appointees who were po"itica" friends and supporters ()) the practice of rotatin - or rep"acin - members of the president?s cabinet e0ery two years to pro0ide his administration with new ideas and pre0ent it from rowin "sta"e" (*) the mandatory rotation- or switchin - of nationa" power from one po"itica" party to the other at "east once e0ery ei ht years (/) a f"uid- bac. and forth f"ow of power between the states and the federa" o0ernment in which they wou"d act as e=ua" partners in o0ernin the country. 35. &n enera"- state o0ernments in the $outh durin 1econstruction (A) were ineffecti0e because they were dominated by freed s"a0es and others who were incompetent to ho"d office (') were tota""y ineffecti0e because of the restricti0e ru"e of the #nion mi"itary bureaucracy- which .ept a ti ht rei n on state o0ernments ()) had some notab"e accomp"ishments- but basica""y s=uandered their opportunity to effecti0e"y rebui"d the @"d $outh because of the reed and corruption of "sca"awa s-" and Fan.ee "carpetba ers" (*) were much more successfu" than the pre7)i0i" %ar o0ernments that preceded them (/) accomp"ished some notab"e achie0ements- and were comparab"e in their effecti0eness to the pre7)i0i" %ar o0ernments that preceded them. 36. The internment of !apanese7Americans by the #nited $tates durin %or"d %ar && was primari"y because (A) of e0idence and suspicions that they were in0o"0ed in treasonous acti0ity (') they were !apanese ()) of desires by business "eaders to rab 0a"uab"e !apanese7owned properties in )a"ifornia (*) many of them open"y supported !apanese o0ernment po"icies- e0en after Pear" :arbor- a"thou h none of them actua""y en a ed in treasonous beha0ior (/) most of them refused to ta.e oaths of "oya"ty to the #nited $tates e0en thou h they a"so pub"ic"y denounced !apanese o0ernment actions and condemned the Pear" :arbor attac.. 38. The use of s"a0ery in the /n "ish co"onies became widespread after 1990 because (A) it was rea"i+ed that s"a0es made better wor.ers than did indentured ser0ants (') /n "ish common "aw was chan ed to a""ow "e a"i+ed s"a0ery ()) the a0ai"abi"ity of indentured ser0ants dropped dramatica""y (*) s"a0es became a symbo" of status amon the wea"thy at about this time (/) the price to buy a s"a0e dropped dramatica""y at about this time. 39. The "1ed $care" of 1313 was caused primari"y by (A) the re"ease of the Zimmerman papers (') bombin s of o0ernment faci"ities and industria" p"ants by a ents from )omintern ()) Cenin?s promise to bury capita"ism- startin with the #nited $tates (*) a rash of massi0e "abor stri.es and disputes affectin mi""ions of American wor.ers (/) the in0asion of Po"and by $o0iet mi"itary forces. 3;. 1osa Par.s is .nown for (A) foundin the <ationa" 1i ht to Cife @r ani+ation (') startin the modern ci0i" ri hts mo0ement ()) or ani+in the <ationa" @r ani+ation for %omen (*) or ani+in ProAect :eadstart for preschoo" chi"dren (/) becomin the first fema"e enera" in the #nited $tates Army.

34. &n the 1450s- states? ri hts and the concept of nu""ification were championed (@$T notab"y by (A) $tephen *ou "as (') *anie" %ebster ()) !ohn ). )a"houn *) <icho"as 'idd"e (/) !ames B. Po".. 33. The 'onus /xpeditionary ,orce was formed primari"y to (A) protest bonuses )on ress 0oted itse"f in 1352- durin the worst days of the Great *epression (') demand price supports for farm produce- uaranteein farmers cou"d turn a profit from their crop production ()) demand passa e of "e is"ation fundin pensions "on promised to %or"d %ar & 0eterans (*) he"p the re u"ar army mobi"i+e fo""owin the !apanese attac. on Pear" :arbor (/) he"p :oo0er?s administration combat star0ation by recruitin 0o"unteers to wor. at soup .itchens feedin the poor. 100. !ohn Adams was defeated by Thomas !efferson in the e"ection of 1400 primari"y due to (A) the p"atform of stron er federa" defense po"icies ad0ocated by !efferson (') the presence of the hated Aaron 'urr as 0ice presidentia" candidate on Adams? tic.et ()) di0isions within the ,edera"ist party o0er Adams refusa" to dec"are war on ,rance (*) Adams? promises to abo"ish s"a0ery if ree"ected (/) ,edera"ist fears that a""owin a president to ser0e two consecuti0e terms wou"d ine0itab"y "ead to abuses of power.