Unit 5 Test Review

Ch. 18
1. What was the nature of Russian expansion under the Ivans? a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. early expansion focused on central Asia - need to drive Mongols farther from Russia extended to Urals on west and Caspian Sea to the south recruited peasants to migrate to newly conquered territories served both agricultural and military purposes; Cossac s; !ew territories similar to Western colonialism became economically dependent on Russia eliminated independent central Asia as a source of nomadic invasions incorporated many ethnic and religious groups into empire

2.

In what way did Peter the a. Economy" i.

reat refor! the e"ono!y and #overn!ent of Russia throu#h Westerni$ation?

#uilt up metallurgical and mining industries; primary purpose was to make military technology, remain independent of the West supplied industries with cheap labor source from serfs

ii. b. Politics" i. ii. iii. iv.

Sei$ed on absolutist form of government in %est organi$ed military along Western lines; built navy completed destruction of noble councils, provincial governors appointed from center; rationali$ed la coed; ne ta! system installed

%.

In what ways were the po&i"ies of Westerni$ation underta'en (y Peter the su(stan"e? a" Peter the #reat i. ii. iii. b"

reat and Catherine the

reat !ore appearan"e than

Cultural changes only affected elite; no attempt to extend reforms to the masses &conomic reforms significant' but no attempt to establish e!porting industries (nly interested in military technology

Catherine the #reat i. ii. iii. )nterested in *rench &nlightenment' but introduced no meaningful reform along Enlightenment lines !o attempt to cure problems of coercive labor system; legal system actually made harsher; $obility given almost absolute control over the masses; government lost contact with serfs in return for aristocratic government service

).

What were the pri!ary differen"es (y the 18th "entury (etween Russia and the West? a. b. c. d" e. f. g. %ominance of the nobility greater than in %est +ependent on increasingly coercive system of serfdom as %est was developing different labor patterns #y ,-./ serfdom was a hereditary caste; &ailure of urbani'ation (ack of substantial merchant class left state in control of capitali'ing industrial development Remained almost entirely agricultural Could not avoid dependence on West

5.

*o"a(u&ary+ Cossa"'s, Ro!anov -ynasty, Pu#a"hev Re(e&&ion Ch. 1.

1.

In what way "an it (e said that the nature of the /atin 0!eri"an "o&onies was si!p&y a ref&e"tion of I(erian so"iety? a. 0eavily urbani$ed society in )berian 1eninsula was reproduced in 2merican colonies; use of planned cities; tendency to population agglomeration rather than even distribution; emphasis on nobility carried over to 2merica; belief of conquerors of right to )ndian labor a new form of serfdom; patriarchal society replicated in household of 2merica' also encomienda system; tradition of slaveholding indigenous to )beria; already established system of slave trading from 2frican colonies; system of plantation agriculture also apparent in 2frica.

b. c.

2.

Co!pare and "ontrast the "o&onia& e"ono!ies of 1panish 0!eri"a and 2ra$i&. a. Spanish 2merica" 2lthough ma3ority of people involved in agriculture' hear of economy was mining' production of silver; based on )ndian labor' some slaves; #ra$il" from outset based on plantation estate system producing sugar; based on slave labor almost exclusively; in ,4 th century discovery of gold in Minas 5erais altered economy to more emphasis on mining; shift aided by failure of #ra$il to maintain monopoly of sugar production; greater development of small industries in Spanish 2merica

b.

%.

3ow was the so"iety of the /atin 0!eri"an "o&onies or#ani$ed? What deter!ined the so"ia& hierar"hy? a. Miscegenation and racial mixture made 2merican society fundamentally different than %estern society; social hierarchy based on race and place of birth; whites at top with those born in &urope given precedence over Creoles; mixed races intermediary position s; 2frican slaves )ndians at bottom of social order.

).

What was the intent of the 1panish refor!s of the 18th "entury? To what extent were they su""essfu&? a. Spanish possessions were threatened militarily and economically by *rance' &ngland' and 0olland; !eed to restore colonial economies; improve efficiency of colonial government' improve military security; positive results; introduction of commercial libre imporved trade' expanded economy of Caribbean' #uenos 2ires; introduced *rench )ntendancy' improved administration of colonies eliminated Creoles from upper bureaucracy; regular troops sent to 2merica' led to expansion of frontiers; !egative results; alienated creoles' created sense of self-identity' prelude to revolts.

b.

c. 5.

*o"a(u&ary+ 4erdinand of 0ra#on and Isa(e&&a of Casti&e, en"o!ienda, 3ernan Corte$, 5o"te$u!a II, 6ew 1pain, mita, Potosi, #a&&eons, Treaty of Tordesi&&as, vi"eroys, Rio de 7aneiro, Creo&es, Ch. 28

1.

Whi"h parties were 9invested: in the 0t&anti" s&ave trade ; e.#. who had so!ethin# si#nifi"ant to &ose in the event of a "essation of the trade? a. African kingdoms such as Dahomey and Asante who expanded based on their ability to purchase firearms due to profits they made from the slave trade. The European slave traders Caribbean plantation owners North American um !anufacturers ive exa!p&es

b. c. d. 2.

Were the <uropeans the on&y s&avers? a.

African states had slaves" especially in places where the king owned all the land and the only way one could increase wealth and status was by owning slaves. Arabs in north sub#$aharan African and east Africa.

b. %.

The area of southern 0fri"a saw a different type of <uro=0fri"an en"ounters (e#innin# to deve&op. -es"ri(e it. a. %oer farmers were coming into conflict with native population over control of land.

).

Tra"e how the s&ave trade "a!e to an end. a. b. c. The key influences leading to the end of the slave trade and slavery were external to Africa. Enlightenment thinkers during the &'th century condemned slavery and the slave trade as immoral and cruel. The abolitionist movement gained strength in England and won abolition of the slave trade for %ritons in &'(). The %ritish pressured other nations *effectively" due to their navy+ to follow course" although the final end of New ,orld slavery did not occur until %ra-ilian abolition in &'''. reat Tre', 5fe"ane, 5idd&e Passa#e,

5.

*o"a(u&ary+ fa"tories, trian#u&ar trade, 0sante <!pire, -aho!ey, Ch. 21

1.

Co!pare and "ontrast the three 5us&i! #unpowder e!pires (y fo"usin# on+ a. their rise >under&yin# reasons for? and fa&& >rate of de"&ine? i. ii. iii. (. .ttomans/ religious leadership 0 fall was slow $afavids/ religiously oriented around $hi1ism 0 fall was very fast !ughal/ 2ain booty to recon3uer its heartlands 0 fall was moderate

&o"ation >where was the heart of the e!pire &o"ated?? i. ii. iii. .ttoman 0 Turkey *Anatolian 4eninsula+ $afavid 0 .ld 4ersia *!odern 5ran+ !ughal # 5ndia

".

their use of s&aves >and its unintended i!pa"t on po&iti"s? i. $afavid and .ttomans used Christian slaves as an important part of the army *firearms groups+ which gave them a lot of power" which they would later use as kingmakers and breakers.

d.

the re&ationship with the fa&& of the 5on#o& <!pire i. They were all able to take advantage of the chaos following the fall of the .ttoman Empire.

e.

Re&i#ion

i. f.

.ttoman were strongly $unni" $afavids were strongly $hi1ia" !ughal1s were sunni

treat!ent of wo!en i. Akbar *!ughal+ was an important reformer in the treatment of women" encouraging widows to remarry and discouraging child marriages. 6e prohibited sati and tried to provided relief to women stuck in 4urdah by encouraging merchants of Delhi to have women#only market days.

#.

treat!ent of warrior aristo"ra"y >and its &ater i!p&i"ations? i. They gave them lands in the outlying areas for their support. %ut over time these peripheral areas could pose a threat to weak emperors. reat, i!a!s and !u&&ahs,

2.

*o"a(u&ary+ @tto!an, 1afavid and 5u#ha& -ynasties, 7anissaries, vi$ier, Cha&diran, 0((as the Isfahan, 2a(ur, 0'(ar, sati, Purdah, TaA 5aha&, 5arattas, 1i'hs Ch. 22

1.

2.

%.

).

5.

B.

C.

8. =.

-es"ri(e the nature of the 0sian sea=tradin# networ'. >Why put <uropean traders at a disadvanta#e? Who had (een the do!inant for"e in the Indian @"ean trade? What were the !ain tradin# $ones and upon whi"h !ain "u&ture was ea"h se#!ent (ased? What were so!e of the i!portant "ho'e points and why were they i!portant?? ,hen the first Europeans arrived in Asia they discovered that their products were too primitive for profitable exchange for Asian goods. !uslim traders dominated 5ndian .cean and southeast Asian commerce" and 5slam blocked the spread of Catholic Christianity. The trading network stretched from the !iddle East and Africa to east Asia" and was divided into three main -ones/ an Arab division in the ,est" 5ndia in the center" and China in the East. Also" there were peripheral regions in 7apan" southeast Asia" and east Africa. !ost of the trade passed along safer coastal routes" converging in vital intersections at the openings of the ed $ea and 4ersian 2ulf" and the $trait of !alacca. The system had two critical characteristics/ central control and military force were absent. -es"ri(e the Portu#uese dis"overies at Ca&i"ut and their response to those dis"overies. The 4ortuguese did not have commodities that were acceptable for profitable trade with Asia. Therefore" the 4ortuguese used force to enter the network. Their superior ships and weaponry were unmatched except by the Chinese. Taking advantage of the divisions between Asians" the 4ortuguese won supremacy on the African and 5ndian coasts. The 4ortuguese aimed to monopoli-e the spice trade. -es"ri(e the ori#ins of the <uropean tri(ute syste!s. Europeans were able to control Asian seas but not inland territories. The vast Asian armies offset European technological and organi-ational advantages. Europeans were forced to accept the power of Asian rulers in return for permission to trade. The Europeans established tribute systems resembling the $panish system in the New ,orld. Tra"e the su""ess of the <uropean Christian !issionary efforts. The 4rotestant Dutch and English were not much interested in winning converts. Catholic 4ortugal and $pain were" but success in Asia was minimal. The world religions of 5slam" 6induism" and %uddhism made it difficult to find converts. Conversion occurred only in isolated regions like the northern 4hilippines. Tra"e the 5in# restoration of traditiona& Chinese for!s of #overn!ent. 8hu 9uan-hang" a military commander of peasant origins" became the first !ing emperor" with the name of 6ongwu. 6e was suspicious of the scholar#gentry class: however" he reali-ed that an alliance between himself and the scholar#gentry class was a necessity. 6ongwu reinstated and greatly expanded the civil service examination system. %y reinstating this exam system and Confucian ideas" !ing rulers were embracing the 6an dynasty. Tra"e the Chinese withdraw fro! "o!!er"ia& expansion. The Chinese" ;( years after the last of the 8henghe expeditions" developed a policy of isolation. 5n &<=(" the first decree limiting overseas commerce appeared" and the navy was allowed to decline. Europeans exacerbated the situation by being drawn to the great empire. !issionaries sought access to the !iddle >ingdom. -es"ri(e the steps whi"h &ed to the restoration of the 7apanese 1ho#unate. >4o"us on To'u#awa Ieyasu? Tokugawa 5eyasu rose to power from a minor daimyo house in 7apan. 5nstead of seeking overseas expansion" Tokugawa concentrated on consolidating power in 7apan. 6e was granted the title of shogun" which formali-ed rule by the Tokugawa $hogunate. This action led to the consolidation of power being granted from the daimyos. The Tokugawa shogunate brought an end to a century of civil war and led to political unity in 7apan. Why did the 7apanese resort to iso&ation as a response to <uropean expansion? ?ear of subversion of the existing order by European missionaries was the main reason for the self#imposed isolation. *o"a(u&ary/ caravels" mercantilism" .rmu-" 2oa" factories" %atavia" Dutch Trading Company" @u-on" !indanao" ?rancis Aavier" 6ongwu" !acao" Canton" !atteo icci" .da Nobunaga" 6ideyoshi Toyotomi" 5eyasu Tokugawa" Edo