Sistemi Mobili e Wireless

Mobile and wireless technologies

Stefano Burigat
Laboratorio di Interazione Uomo-Macchina Dipartimento di Matematica e Informatica Universit di Udine www.dimi.uniud.it/burigat stefano.burigat@uniud.it

Part of the content is an excerpt of the slides made available b ! Prof. Jochen H. Schiller - Freie Universitt Berlin - Computer Systems & Telematics

Cellular networks #$M

"

&verview
' ()*+s! in ,urope different analog mobile phone s stems coexisted -e.g. .M/ 01+2 /34$2 ...52 running on slightl different carrier fre6uencies ' ()*" ! #roupe $p7ciale Mobile was founded to design a s stem supporting the seamless roaming within ,urope ' /he ,uropean /elecommunications $tandardi8ation Institute published the first #$M -#lobal $ stem for Mobile 4ommunication5 specification in ())+ -1+++ pages95 ' /oda man providers all over the world use #$M -"() countries in 3sia2 3frica2 ,urope2 3ustralia2 3merica5
: #$M networ;s cover more than )+< of the world=s population

#$M versions
Uplink
M!z"

#ownlink
M!z"

$SM %&& #CS $SM '(&&"

-digital cellular s stem5

*)+ > )(1 (@(+ > (@*1 (*1+ > ()(+ 01+.0 > 01@.? 0@*.* > 0*?

)%1 : )?+ (*+1 > (**+ ()%+ > ())+ 0?+.0 > 0?@.? 0**.* > 0)?

Initiall deplo ed in ,urope

)CS $SM '%&&"

-personal communications service5

Developed for U$ Proposal for replacing analog s stems in sparsel populated areas Introduced in several ,uropean countries

$SM *&& $SM-+ail ' '

Please note! fre6uenc ranges ma var depending on the countr 9 4hannels at the lower/upper edge of a fre6uenc band are t picall not used
0

#$M cellular networ;

' #$M is based on segmenting an area into cells
possible radio coverage of the cell

cell

ideali8ed shape of the cell

: use of several carrier fre6uencies : not the same fre6uenc in adAoining cells : cell si8es var from some (++ m up to %1 ;m depending on user densit 2 geograph 2 transceiver power2 etc. : hexagonal shape of cells is ideali8ed -cells overlap2 shapes depend on geograph 5 : if a mobile user changes cells2 handover of the connection to the neighbor cell

#$M vs. 3nalog s stems

' 4ommunication
: support for voice and data circuit>switched services

' /otal mobilit

: international access2 use of access points of different providers

' Borldwide connectivit

: one number2 the networ; handles locali8ation

' Cigh capacit

: better fre6uenc efficienc 2 smaller cells2 more customers per cell

' Cigh transmission 6ualit

: high audio 6ualit 2 uninterrupted phone calls at higher speeds -e.g.2 from cars2 trains5

' $ecurit functions

: access control2 authentication via PI.
?

#$M services
' #$M offers several services
: mo ile telephony! primar goal of #$M was to enable mobile telephon offering the traditional bandwidth of %.( ;C8 : emer"ency num er! common number throughout ,urope -(("5D mandator for all service providersD free of chargeD connection with the highest priorit -preemption of other connections possible5 : Short #essa"e Service -$M$5!
' alphanumeric data transmission to/from the mobile terminal -(?+ characters5 ' exploits unused capacit in the signaling channel -thus2 sending and receiving $M$ is possible during data or voice transmission5 ' $M$ was in the standard from the beginning2 initiall designed for EseriousF purposes -e.g.2 displa road conditions5 ' huge business for networ; operators and man content providers ' t picall the onl wa to reach a mobile phone from within the networ; -e.g.2 used for updating mobile phone $B5

#$M services
' #$M offers several services
: $ata services! data rate up to ).? ;bit/s -original standard5D data transmission has a constant dela and throughput if no transmission errors occurD toda 2 better data rates are possible : "roup % fa& : voice mail o& -implemented in the fixed networ; supporting the mobile terminals5 : num er i$entification! forwarding of caller number2 suppression of number forwarding : call for'ar$in" : call arrin" -incoming or outgoing calls5 : call 'aitin" : a$vice of char"e : conferencin" -with up to @ participants5 : ...

#$M components
' MaAor components of a #$M networ;
: : : : : : : Mobile devices 3ntennas Gase stations $witching centers Databases Monitoring centers 4abling2 ...

#$M components! mobile phones2 PD3s2 H co.

/he visible but smallest part of the networ;9

(+

#$M components! antennas

$till visible : cause man discussionsI

((

#$M components! infrastructure

Gase $tations

4abling
("

#$M components! infrastructure

.ot EvisibleF2 but comprise the maAor part of the networ; -also from an investment point of viewI5

Data bases

$witching units Monitoring

(%

#$M architecture

+adio Subs,stem
covers all radio aspects

-etwork and Switching Subs,stem

call forwarding2 handover2 switching

.peration Subs,stem
management of the networ;

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Gase station subs stem

Interface containing all mechanisms necessar for wireless transmission -/DM32 JDM32 I5

BSS
radio cell

MS Um

MS

Base Station Subs stem

Mobile Station radio cell

B/S

MS

Base /ransceiver Station comprises antennas2 signal processing2 amplifiers necessar for radio transmission

B/S
Base Station Controller manages G/$s2 e.g.2 reserving radio fre6uencies2 handling the handover from one G/$ to another within the G$$

BSC

(1

Mobile station
' Mobile e6uipment!
: identified via the International Mobile ,6uipment Identit -IM,I5 : transmit power! #$M )++ up to "B2 #$M (*++ (B -due to smaller cell si8e5

'

$ubscriber Identit Module -$IM5

: used for charging2 authentication2 etc. : without $IM2 onl emergenc calls are possible : contains static information2 such as
' ' ' ' ' ' ' 4ard>t pe $erial number Kist of subscribed services Personal Identit .umber -PI.5 PI. Unbloc;ing Le -PUL5 International Mobile $ubscriber Identit -IM$I5 Mobile $tation I$D. .umber -M$I$D.52 i.e.2 telephone number

: contains d namic information2 such as

' Kocation 3rea -K35 ' /emporar mobile subscriber identit -/M$I5
(?

Madio interface
' #aussian Minimum $hift Le ing for modulation ' Jre6uenc Division Duplexing
: Downlin; and uplin; use different fre6uencies : Kower fre6uencies for the uplin; to save batter power

' C brid JDM3//DM3 access scheme

: Uplin; and downlin; spectrum partitioned into ("0 "++LC8 carriers -%@0 carriers for #$M (*++5 : ,ach carrier partitioned into * time slots : ,ach time slot carries one data burst : 3 combination of carrier number and time slot number identifies a ph sical channel uni6uel : .ot all ph sical channels can be assigned to users to carr user pa load

' &ptional slow fre6uenc hopping mechanism

(@

Media access
downlin;
)%1>)?+ MC8 ("0 channels -"++ ;C85 *)+>)(1 MC8 ("0 channels -"++ ;C85

fre

6u en c

uplin;

time #$M /DM3 frame ( " % 0 1 ? @ * 0.?(1 ms #$M time>slot

guard space tail user data $ /raining $ user data guard tail space

% bits

1@ bits

( "? bits (

1@ bits

10?.1 Ns 1@@ Ns

(*

Media access
' /wo factors allow for the use of simple transmitters
: slots for up and down lin;s are separated in fre6uenc -01 MC82 #$M )++5 : frames are shifted in time for three slots!
' i.e.2 if the G/$ sends data at time t+ in slot one on the downlin;2 the M$ assesses slot one on the uplin; at time t+O%P1@@ Ns

downlin; )%1 MC8 uplin; 01 MC8

*)+ MC8

t+

t+O%P1@@
()

Gase transceiver station and Gase station controller

' /as;s of a G$$ are distributed over G$4 and G/$
: G/$ comprises radio specific functions : G$4 is the switching center for radio channels
0unctions Management of radio channels Jre6uenc hopping -JC5 Management of terrestrial channels Mapping of terrestrial onto radio channels 4hannel coding and decoding Mate adaptation ,ncr ption and decr ption Paging Uplin; signal measurements /raffic measurement 3uthentication Kocation registr 2 location update Candover management B/S Q Q Q Q Q Q BSC Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
BSC

BSS
MS MS

B/S

MS

B/S

"+

.etwor; and switching subs stem

' /he .etwor; $witching $ubs stem -.$$5 is the EheartF of the #$M s stem
: : : : 4onnects the wireless networ; with standard public networ;s Performs handovers between different G$$s 4omprises functions for worldwide locali8ation of users $upports charging2 accounting and roaming of users between different providers in different countries

"(

.etwor; and switching subs stem

networ; subs stem
L2

fixed partner networ;s

Mobile $ervices Switching Center Cigh>performance digital switchD handles all signaling needed for connection setup2 connection release and handover of connections to other M$4s. $everal G$4 can connect to a M$4 1isitor Location +egister Kocal database for a subset of user data2 including data about all users currentl in the domain of the RKM If a new M$ comes into an K3 the RKM is responsible for2 it copies all relevant information for this user from the CKM /his hierarch of RKM and CKM avoids fre6uent CKM updates !ome Location +egister 4entral master database containing user data -one provider can have several CKMs5 3ll these user>specific information elements onl exist once for each user in a single CKM. CKM comprises! ' static information -e.g.2 subscribed services2 the international

BSC

MSC

RKM

BSC

CKM

MSC

RKM I$D. P$/.

mobile subscriber identit 2 M$I$D.2 I5 ' $ynamic information -e.g.2 current location area and M$45

+SS

-SS

3s soon as a M$ leaves the current K32 the information in the CKM is updated. /his information is necessar to locali8e a user into the worldwide #$M networ;

""

#estione di una chiamata nel #$M

1isitor Location +egister

2 BSC B/S MSC RKM

$upponiamo che all=interno di una rete ci siano due utenti mobili 3 e G che vogliono comunicare tra di loro

CKM B BSC B/S MSC RKM

!ome Location +egister Mobile $ervices Switching Center

"%

#estione di una chiamata nel #$M

1isitor Location +egister

2 BSC B/S MSC RKM

$upponiamo che all=interno di una rete ci siano due utenti mobili 3 e G che vogliono comunicare tra di loro 3 compone il numero telefonico di G -e.g.2 %1*00@+***5

essendo un utente mobile2 l=analisi del numero composto non consente di determinare la posi8ione di G -contrariamente alle reti fisse5

CKM B BSC B/S MSC RKM

!ome Location +egister Mobile $ervices Switching Center

"0

#estione di una chiamata nel #$M

1isitor Location +egister

2 BSC B/S MSC RKM

$upponiamo che all=interno di una rete ci siano due utenti mobili 3 e G che vogliono comunicare tra di loro 3 compone il numero telefonico di G -e.g.2 %1*00@+***5

essendo un utente mobile2 l=analisi del numero composto non consente di determinare la posi8ione di G -contrariamente alle reti fisse5

CKM B BSC B/S MSC RKM

M$4 anali88a il numero!

il prefisso S%1*S identifica che G T un abbonato di una certa rete #$M

le prime due cifre dopo il prefisso2 cioT S00S2 identificano un determinato CKM -CKM>005 M$4 di 3 effettua 6uindi unUopera8ione ibrida! con le prime cin6ue cifre chiama CKM> 00 e poi gli trasferisce le seconde cin6ue -@+***5
!ome Location +egister Mobile $ervices Switching Center

"1

#estione di una chiamata nel #$M

CKM>002 anali88ato il numero -@+***52 riconosce lUabbonato e ne ricava il suo codice IM$I e il sistema RKM in cui lUutente T registrato

KUutente

2 BSC B/S MSC RKM

G potrebbe anche non essere registrato in nessun RKM della rete sia perch7 fuori copertura radio sia perch7 non ha acceso il suo telefonino

CKM B BSC B/S MSC RKM

!ome Location +egister Mobile $ervices Switching Center

"?

#estione di una chiamata nel #$M

CKM>002 anali88ato il numero -@+***52 riconosce lUabbonato e ne ricava il suo codice IM$I e il sistema RKM in cui lUutente T registrato

KUutente

2 BSC B/S MSC RKM

G potrebbe anche non essere registrato in nessun RKM della rete sia perch7 fuori copertura radio sia perch7 non ha acceso il suo telefonino

CKM>00 prende contatto col RKM> %1+1111?0? e gli trasferisce il codice IM$I

CKM B BSC B/S MSC RKM

RKM verifica se il codice IM$I ricevuto T attualmente registratoD in caso affermativo restituisce a CKM>00 un numero telefonico detto M$M. -Mobile $tation Moaming .umber5

!ome Location +egister Mobile $ervices Switching Center

"@

#estione di una chiamata nel #$M

CKM>002 anali88ato il numero -@+***52 riconosce lUabbonato e ne ricava il suo codice IM$I e il sistema RKM in cui lUutente T registrato

KUutente

2 BSC B/S MSC RKM

G potrebbe anche non essere registrato in nessun RKM della rete sia perch7 fuori copertura radio sia perch7 non ha acceso il suo telefonino

CKM>00 prende contatto col RKM> %1+1111?0? e gli trasferisce il codice IM$I

CKM B BSC B/S MSC RKM

RKM verifica se il codice IM$I ricevuto T attualmente registratoD in caso affermativo restituisce a CKM>00 un numero telefonico detto M$M. -Mobile $tation Moaming .umber5 CKM>00 trasferisce il numero M$M. alla centrale M$4 di origine

!ome Location +egister Mobile $ervices Switching Center

"*

#estione di una chiamata nel #$M

Il numero M$M. T un numero di telefono temporaneo che ogni RKM assegna a tutti gli utenti registrati M$I$D. non puV essere usato dalla rete per instradare direttamente la chiamata a causa della mobilit degli utenti CKM T in grado di raggiungere 6ualsiasi sistema M$4/RKM2 poich7 esso T collegato direttamente a tutti i sistemi M$4/RKM per la commuta8ione di circuito tra una centrale M$4 e lUaltra2 la prima deve conoscere il M$M. poich7 puV non esistere un collegamento diretto

2 BSC B/S MSC RKM

CKM B BSC B/S MSC RKM

!ome Location +egister Mobile $ervices Switching Center

")

$ignaling needed for connection setup

M$

M/C
paging re6uest channel re6uest immediate assignment paging response authentication re6uest

G/$

M$

M.C
channel re6uest immediate assignment service re6uest authentication re6uest

G/$

authentication response ciphering command ciphering complete setup call confirmed assignment command assignment complete alerting connect connect ac;nowledge data/speech exchange

authentication response ciphering command ciphering complete setup call confirmed assignment command assignment complete alerting connect connect ac;nowledge data/speech exchange
%+

&peration subs stem

' /he &peration $ub$ stem -&$$5 enables centrali8ed operation2 management2 and maintenance of all #$M subs stems ' 4omponents
: &peration and Maintenance 4enter
' different control capabilities for the radio subs stem and the networ; subs stem ' e.g.2 management functions li;e traffic monitoring2 status reports of networ; entities2 securit management2 accounting and billing

: 3uthentication 4enter
' generates user specific authentication parameters on re6uest of a RKM

: ,6uipment Identit Megister

' registers #$M mobile stations and user rights ' stolen or malfunctioning mobile stations can be loc;ed and sometimes even locali8ed

%(

#$M handover
' 4ellular s stems re6uire handover of mobile stations between base stations ' /here are two basic reasons for a handover!
: /he mobile station moves out of the range of a G/$. /he received signal level decreases continuousl until it falls below the minimal re6uirements for communication. /he error rate ma grow due to interference : /he wired infrastructure -M$42 G$45 ma decide that the traffic in one cell is too high and shift some M$ to other cells with a lower load -if possible5. Candover ma be due to load balancing

' /he smaller the cell si8e and the faster the movement of a mobile station through the cells -up to "1+ ;m/h for #$M52 the more handovers of ongoing calls are re6uired
%"

/ pes of handover
intra>cell handover inter>cell intra>G$4 handover inter>G$4 intra>M$4 handover inter>M$4 handover

( M$

" M$

% M$

0 M$

B/S

MS

G/$

G/$ G$4

G/$ G$4 M$4

G/$ G$4 M$4

%%

B/S BSC BSC MSC

Candover decision
' ' ' M$ and G/$ both perform periodic measurements of the downlin; and uplin; 6ualit respectivel Kin; 6ualit comprises signal level and bit error rate Measurement reports are sent b the M$ about ever half>second and contain the 6ualit of the current lin; used for the transmission as well as the 6ualit of certain channels in the neighbouring cells

receive level G/$

receive level G/$

C&WM3M#I. M$ G/$old M$ G/$new

%0

Inter>G$42 intra>M$4 handover

i3e3 fre4uencies and time slots
M$ measurement report G/$old measurement result C& decision C& re6uired C& re6uest resource allocation ch. activation C& command C& access Kin; establishment clear command clear complete C& complete C& complete C& re6uest ac; ch. activation ac; G$4old G$4new G/$old G$4old M$4 G$4new G/$new

M$
G/$new

C& command

C& command

M$4

clear command clear complete

%1

Initial enhancements
' Data transmission standardi8ed with onl ).? ;bit/s
: advanced coding allows (0.0 ;bit/s : not enough for Internet and multimedia applications

' C$4$D -Cigh>$peed 4ircuit $witched Data5

: : : : abilit to use multiple time slots -max is 05 into a single frame possible as mmetrical assignment -e.g.2 more slots for the downlin;5 advantage! read to use -sw update52 constant 6ualit 2 simple disadvantage! connection>oriented2 not suitable for burst and as mmetrical data traffic2 charging on connection time2 channels bloc;ed for voice transmission
kbit5s 0.* ).? (0.0 ()." "*.* %*.0 0%." 1@.? *3( kbit5s ( " % 0 %36 kbit5s ( ( " % 0 " % 0 '*3* kbit5s

%?

4urrent enhancements
' #PM$ -#eneral Pac;et Madio $ervice5
: extends the existing #$M architecture : pac;et>oriented -li;e internet5D no connection has to be set up prior to data transfer

%@

4urrent enhancements
' #PM$ -#eneral Pac;et Madio $ervice5
: the s stem can allocate between one and eight time slots within a frameD these slots can be shared -allowing broad/multi cast services5 : time slots are not allocated in a fixed2 pre>determined manner but on demand : uplin; and downlin; are allocated separatel : allocation of slots is based on the current load and operator preferences : transfer rate depends also on the M$ capabilities : all services can be used in parallel to conventional services : more flexible than C$4$D2 charging on volume of data : more investment needed -re6uires new CD and $B5

%*

4urrent enhancements
' #PM$ data rates
: Depend on the used coding scheme -how much error correction is supported5 and the number of assigned time slots : 0 possible schemes! 4$>( -).+1 ;bit/s52 4$>" -(%.0 ;bit/s52 4$>% -(1.? ;bit/s52 4$>0 -"(.0 ;bit/s5
' 4$>0 is the least robust but fastest coding schemeD available near a G/$ -"1< cell coverage5 ' 4$>( is the most robust scheme -)1< cell coverage5
Coding scheme
4$>( 4$>" 4$>% 4$>0

' slot
).+1 (%.0 (1.? "(.0

7 slots
(*.( "?.* %(." 0".*

8 slots
"@.(1 0+." 0?.* ?0."

* slots
%?." 1%.? ?".0 *1.?

9 slots
01."1 ?@ @* (+@

6 slots
10.% *+.0 )%.? ("*.0

: slots
?%.%1 )%.* (+)." (0).*

( slots
@".0 (+@." ("0.* (@(."

%)

4urrent enhancements
' ,D#, -,nhanced Data Mates for #$M ,volution5
: enhances the radio interface of #PM$ b using better coding and modulation schemes -M4$5 : a rate adaptation algorithm chooses the best M4$ according to the radio channel 6ualit

0+

4urrent enhancements
' 4omparison of possible #$M>#PM$>,D#, data rates
/echnolog,
4$D C$4$D C$4$D #PM$ #PM$ ,D#, ,D#,

#ownload kbit5s"
).? "*.* 0%." *1.? -4$>05 ?".0 -4$>05 "%?.* -M4$>)5 (@@.? -M4$>)5

Upload kbit5s"
).? (0.0 (0.0 "(.0 -4$>05 0".* -4$>05 1)." -M4$>)5 ((*.0 -M4$>)5

/#M2 /imeslots allocated

(O( "O( %O( 0O( %O" 0O( %O"

0(