EE2401 Power System Operation & Control UNIT-I INTRODUCTION 1. What is load curve?

? The curve drawn between the variations o load on the !ower station with re erence to ti"e is #nown as load curve. There are three t$!es% Dail$ load curve% &onthl$ load curve% 'earl$ load curve. (. What is dail$ load curve? The curve drawn between the variations o load with re erence to various ti"e !eriod o da$ is #nown as dail$ load curve. ). What is "onthl$ load curve? It is obtained ro" dail$ load curve. *vera+e value o the !ower at a "onth or a di erent ti"e !eriods are calculated and !lotted in the +ra!h which is #nown as "onthl$ load curve ,. What is $earl$ load curve? It is obtained ro" "onthl$ load curve which is used to ind annual load actor. -. What is connected load? It is the su" o continuous ratin+s o all the e.ui!"ents connected to su!!l$ s$ste"s. /. What is &a0i"u" de"and? It is the +reatest de"and o load on the !ower station durin+ a +iven !eriod. 1. What is De"and actor? It is the ratio o "a0i"u" de"and to connected load. De"and actor2 3"a0 de"and45 3connected load4 6. What is *vera+e de"and? The avera+e o loads occurrin+ on the !ower station in a +iven !eriod 3da$ or "onth or $ear4 is #nown as avera+e de"and. Dail$ av+ de"and 2 3no o units +enerated !er da$45 3(, hours4 &onthl$ av+ de"and 2 3no o units +enerated in "onth45 3no o hours in a "onth4 'earl$ av+ de"and 2 3no o units +enerated in a $ear45 3no o hours in a $ear4 7. What is 8oad actor? The ratio o avera+e load to the "a0i"u" de"and durin+ a +iven !eriod is #nown as load actor. 8oad actor 2 3avera+e load45 3"a0i"u" de"and4 19. What is Diversit$ actor? The ratio o the su" o individual "a0i"u" de"and on !ower station is #nown as diversit$ actor Diversit$ actor 2 3su" o individual "a0i"u" de"and453"a0i"u" de"and4.

EE2401 Power System Operation & Control 11. What is Ca!acit$ actor? This is the ratio o actual ener+$ !roduced to the "a0i"u" !ossible ener+$ that could have been !roduced durin+ a +iven !eriod. Ca!acit$ actor2 3actual ener+$ !roduced45 3"a0i"u" ener+$ that have been !roduced4. 1(. What is :lant use actor? It is the ratio o units +enerated to the !roduct o !lant ca!acit$ and the nu"ber o hours or which the !lant was in o!eration. Units +enerated !er annu"2 avera+e load ; hours in a $ear 1). What is 8oad duration curve? When the load ele"ents o a load curve are arran+ed in the order o descendin+ "a+nitudes the curve then obtained is called load duration curve.

EE2401 Power System Operation & Control UNIT-II R<*8 :OW<R =R<>U<NC' CONTRO8 1. What is the "a?or control loo!s used in lar+e +enerators? The "a?or control loo!s used in lar+e +enerators are 1.auto"atic volta+e re+ulator 3*@R4 (.auto"atic load re.uenc$ control 3*8=C4. (. What is the use o secondar$ loo!? * slower secondar$ loo! "aintains the ine ad?ust"ent o the re.uenc$% and also b$ reset action "aintains !ro!er &W interchan+e with other !ool "e"bers. This loo! is insensitive to ra!id load and re.uenc$ chan+es but ocuses instead on dri t li#e chan+es which ta#e !lace over !eriods o "inutes. ). What is the adv o *@R loo! over *8=C? *@R loo! is "uch aster than the *8=C loo! and there ore there is a tendenc$% or the *@R d$na"ics to settle down be ore the$ can "a#e the"selves elt in the slower load re.uenc$ control channel. ,. What is the di .between lar+e and s"all si+nal anal$sis? 8ar+e si+nal anal$sis is used where volta+e and !ower "a$ under+o sudden chan+es o "a+nitude that "a$ a!!roach 199 !ercent o o!eratin+ values. Usuall$ this t$!e o anal$sis leads to di erential e.uations o non-linear t$!e. A"all si+nal ana$sis is used when variable e0cursions are relativel$ s"all% t$!icall$ at "ost a ew !ercent o nor"al o!eratin+ values. -. What is the e0citer? The e0citer is the "ain co"!onent in *@R loo!. It delivers the DC !ower to the +enerator ield. It "ust have ade.uate !ower ca!acit$ and su icient s!eed o res!onse 3rise ti"e less than 9.1 sec4. /. What is the unction o *@R? The basic role o the *@R is to !rovide constanc$ o the +enerator ter"inal volta+e durin+ nor"al% s"all and slow chan+es in the load. 1. <0!lain about static *@R loo!? In a static *@R loo!% the e0ecution !ower is obtained directl$ ro" the +enerator ter"inals or ro" the station service bus. The *C !ower is recti ied b$ th$ristor brid+es and ed into the "ain +enerator ield via sli! rin+s. Atatic e0citers are ver$ ast and contribute to i"!roved transient stabilit$. 6. Write the static !er or"ance o *@R loo!? The *@R loo! "ust re+ulate the ter"inal B@B to within re.uired static accurac$ li"it. Cave su icient s!eed o res!onse. De stable.

EE2401 Power System Operation & Control 7. What is the dis.adv o hi+h loo! +ain? Cow is to be eli"inated? Ci+h loo! +ain is needed or static accurac$ but this causes undesirable d$na"ic res!onse% !ossibl$ instabilit$. D$ addin+ series *ND5OR eedbac# stabilit$ co"!ensation to the *@R loo!% this con lictin+ situation can be resolved. 19. What are the e ects o +enerator loadin+ in *@R loo!? *dded load does not chan+e the basic eatures o the *@R loo!% it will however a ect the values o both +ain actor E and the ield constant. Ci+h loadin+ will "a#e the +enerator wor# at hi+her "a+netic saturation levels. This "eans s"aller chan+es in B<B or incre"ental increases in i % translatin+ into the reduction o E=. The ield ti"e constant will li#ewise decreases as +enerator loadin+ closin+ the ar"ature current !aths. This circu"stance !er"its the or"ation o transient stator currents the e0istence o which $ields a lower e ective ield induction. 11. What are the unctions o *8=C? The basic role o *8=CFs is to "aintain desired &W out!ut o a +enerator unit and assist in controllin+ the re.uenc$ o lar+e interconnection. The *8=C also hel!s to #ee! the net interchan+e o !ower between !ool "e"bers at !redeter"ined values. Control should be a!!lied in such a ashion that hi+hl$ di erin+ res!onse characteristics o units o various t$!es are reco+niGed. *lso unnecessar$ !ower out!ut chan+es should be #e!t at a "ini"u" in order to reduce wear o control valves. 1(. A!eci $ the dis.adv o *8=C loo!? The *8=C loo! will "ain control onl$ durin+ nor"al chan+es in load and re.uenc$. It is t$!icall$ unable to !rovide ade.uate control durin+ e"er+enc$ situations% when lar+e &W i"balances occur. 1). Cow is the real !ower in a !ower s$ste" controlled? The real !ower in a !ower s$ste" is bein+ controlled b$ controllin+ the drivin+ tor.ue o the individual turbines o the s$ste" 1,. What is the need or lar+e "echanical orces in s!eed-+overnin+ s$ste"? @er$ lar+e "echanical orces are needed to !osition the "ain valve a+ainst the hi+h strea" !ressure and these orces are obtained via several sta+es o h$draulic a"!li iers.

EE2401 Power System Operation & Control UNIT-III - R<*CTI@< :OW<R -@O8T*H< CONTRO8 1. What are the sources o reactive !ower? Cow it is controlled? The sources o reactive !ower are +enerators% ca!acitors% and reactors. These are controlled b$ ield e0citation. Hive so"e e0citation s$ste" a"!li ier. The e0citation s$ste" a"!li iers are% a4 &a+netic a"!li ier b4 Rotatin+ a"!li ier c4 &odern electronic a"!li ier . (. When is eedbac# stabilit$ co"!ensation used? Ci+h loo! +ain is needed or static accurac$ but this causes undesirable d$na"ic res!onse% !ossibl$ instabilit$. This con lictin+ situation is resolved b$ addin+ eedbac# stablin+ co"!ensation to the *@R loo!. ). Hive the characteristics o line co"!ensators? The characteristics o line co"!ensators are% a. =erranti e ect is "ini"iGed. b. Under e0cited o!eration o s$nchronous +enerator is not re.uired. ,. What is #nown as ban# o ca!acitors? Cow it is ad?usted? When a nu"ber o ca!acitors are connected in !arallel to +et the desired ad?usted ca!acitance% it is #nown as ban# o ca!acitors. These can be in ste!s b$ switchin+ 3"echanical4. -. What is the disadvanta+e o switched ca!acitors are e"!lo$ed or co"!ensation? When switched ca!acitors are e"!lo$ed or co"!ensation% these should be disconnected i""ediatel$ under li+ht load conditions to avoid e0cessive volta+e rise and =erro resonance in !resence o trans or"ers. /. What are the e ects o ca!acitor in series co"!ensation circuit? The e ects o ca!acitor in series co"!ensation circuit are% 314 @olta+e dro! in the line reduces. 3(4 :revents volta+e colla!se. 3)4 Atead$ state !ower trans er increases. 3,4 Transient stabilit$ li"it increases. 1. Hive two #inds o ca!acitors used in shunt co"!ensator? The two #inds o ca!acitors used in shunt co"!ensator are% a. Atatic @ar Co"!ensator 3A@C4 I These are ban#s o ca!acitors b. 3 so"eti"es inductors also or use under li+ht load conditions4. 6. What is s$nchronous condenser? It is a s$nchronous "otor runnin+ at no-load and havin+ e0citation ad?ustable over a wide ran+e. It eeds !ositive @*Rs into the line under overe0cited conditions and ne+ative @*Rs when under e0cited.

EE2401 Power System Operation & Control 7. Write about Atatic @*R Co"!ensator 3A@C4. These co"!rise ca!acitor ban# i0ed or switched or i0ed ca!acitor ban# and switched reactor ban# in !arallel. These co"!ensators draw reactive !ower ro" the line thereb$ re+ulatin+ volta+e% i"!rove stabilit$ 3stead$ state and d$na"ic4% control overvolta+e and reduce volta+e and current unbalances. In C@DC a!!lication these co"!ensators !rovide the re.uired reactive !ower and da"! out sub har"onic oscillations. 19. What is Atatic @*R Awitches or A$ste"s? Atatic @*R co"!ensators use switchin+ or var control. These are also called static @*R switches or s$ste"s. It "eans that ter"inolo+$ wise A@C2A@A. *nd we will use these interchan+eabl$. 11. Hive so"e o the Atatic co"!ensators sche"es. a. Aaturated reactor b. Th$ristor- Controlled Reactor 3TCR4 c. Th$ristor Awitched ca!acitor 3TAC4 d. Co"bined TCR and TAC co"!ensator. 1(. What is ta! chan+in+ trans or"ers? *ll !ower trans or"ers and "an$ distribution trans or"ers have ta!s in one or "ore windin+s or chan+in+ the turnFs ratio. It is called ta! chan+in+ trans or"ers 1). Write the t$!es o ta!e chan+in+ trans or"ers. a. O - load ta! chan+in+ trans or"ers. b. Ta! chan+in+ under load trans or"ers. 1,. What is the use o o -load ta! chan+er and TCU8 ? The o - load ta! chan+ers are used when it is e0!ected that the ratio will need to be chan+ed onl$ in re.uentl$% because o load +rowth or so"e seasonal chan+e. TCU8 is used when chan+es in ratio "a$ be re.uent or when it is undesirabl$ to de-ener+iGe the trans or"er to chan+e the ta!.

EE2401 Power System Operation & Control UNIT-I@ CO&&IT&<NT *ND <CONO&IC DIA:*TCC 1. De ine econo"ic dis!atch !roble"? The ob?ective o econo"ic dis!atch !roble" is to "ini"iGe the o!eratin+ cost o active !ower +eneration (. De ine incre"ental cost? The rate o chan+e o uel cost with active !ower +eneration is called incre"ental cost. Write the load balance e.uation? :+-!d-!l29. ). De ine base !oint? The !resent o!eratin+ !oint o the s$ste" is called base !oint. ,. De ine !artici!ation actor? The chan+e in +eneration re.uired to "eet !ower de"and is called as !artici!ation actor. -. De ine h$drother"al schedulin+ !roble"? The ob?ective is to "ini"iGe the ther"al +eneration cost with the constraints o water availabilit$. /. De ine Unit co""it"ent? It is the Co""it"ent o "ini"u" +enerator to "eet the re.uired de"and. 1. De ine s!innin+ reserve? It is the ter" describes the total a"ount o +eneration availabilit$ ro" all units s$nchroniGed on the s$ste". 6. What is "eant b$ scheduled reserve? These include .uic# start diesel turbine units as well as "ost h$dro units and !u"!ed stora+e h$dro units that can be brou+ht online% s$nchroniGed and brou+ht u! to ull ca!acit$ .uic#l$. 7. What is the ther"al unit constraint? &ini"u" u! ti"e% "ini"u" down ti"e crew constraints. 19. De ine "ini"u" u! ti"e? Once the unit is runnin+% it should not be turned o i""ediatel$. 11. De ine "in.down ti"e? Once the unit is deco""ited% there is a "ini"u" ti"e be ore it can be reco""ended. 1(. De ine crew constraints? I a !lant consist o two 3or4 "ore units% all the units cannot be turned on at the sa"e ti"e since there are not enou+h crew "e"bers to attend both units while startin+ u!.

EE2401 Power System Operation & Control 1). What are the two a!!roaches to treat a ther"al unit to o!eratin+ te"!erature? The irst allow the unit boiler to cool down and then heat bac#u! to o!eratin+ te"!erature in ti"e or a scheduled turn on. The second re.uires that su icient ener+$ be in!ut to the boiler to ?ust "aintain o!eratin+ te"!erature. 1,. What are the techni.ues or the solution o the unit co""it"ent !roble"? :riorit$ list "ethod d$na"ic !ro+ra""in+ 8a+ran+e relation 1-. What are the assu"!tions "ade in d$na"ic !ro+ra""in+ !roble"? * state consists o an arra$ o units with s!eci ied units o!eratin+ and the rest o the ti"e. The startu! cost o a unit is inde!endent o the ti"e it has been o line There are no costs or shuttin+ down the units. 1/. De ine lon+ ran+e h$dro schedulin+ !roble"? The !roble" involves the lon+ ran+e o water availabilit$ and schedulin+ o reservoir water releases. =or an interval o ti"e that de!ends on the reservoir ca!acities. 11. What are the o!ti"iGation techni.ues or lon+ ran+e h$dro schedulin+ !roble"? D$na"ic !ro+ra""in+ co"!osite h$draulic si"ulation "ethods statistical !roduction cost. 16. De ine short ran+e h$dro schedulin+ !roble"? It involves the hour b$ hour schedulin+ o all +enerators on a s$ste" to achieve "ini"u" !roduction condition or the +iven ti"e !eriod. 17. De ine s$ste" blac#out !roble"? I an$ event occurs on a s$ste" that leaves it o!eratin+ with li"its violated% the event "a$ be ollowed b$ a series o urther actions that switch other e.ui!"ent out o service. I the !rocess o cascadin+ ailures continues% the entire s$ste" o it "a$ co"!letel$ colla!se. This is re erred as s$ste" blac#out. (9. What is "eant b$ cascadin+ outa+es? I one o the re"ainin+ lines is now too heavil$ loaded% it "a$ o!en due to rela$ action% thereb$ causin+ even "ore load on the re"ainin+ lines. This t$!e o !rocess is o ten ter"ed as cascadin+ outa+e.

EE2401 Power System Operation & Control UNIT-@ CO&:UT<R CONTRO8 O= :OW<R A'AT<&A 1. What are the unctions o control center? A$ste" "onitorin+ contin+enc$ anal$sis securit$ constrained o!ti"al !ower low. (. What is the unction o s$ste" "onitorin+? A$ste" "onitorin+ !rovides u!to date in or"ation about the !ower s$ste". ). De ine scada s$ste"? It stands or su!ervisor$ control and data ac.uisition s$ste"% allows a ew o!erators to "onitor the +eneration and hi+h volta+e s$ste"s and to ta#e trans"ission action to correct overloads. ,. What are the states o !ower s$ste"? Nor"al state alert "ode contin+enc$ "ode e"er+enc$ "ode. De ine nor"al "ode? The s$ste" is in secure even the occurrence o all !ossible outa+es has been si"ulated the s$ste" re"ain secure is called nor"al "ode. -. De ine alert "ode? The occurrence o all !ossible outa+es the s$ste" does not re"ain in the secure is called alert "ode . /. What are the distribution actors? 8ine outa+e distribution actor% +eneration outa+e distribution actor. 1. De ine state esti"ation? Atate esti"ation is the !rocess o assi+nin+ a value to an un#nown s$ste" state variable based on "easure"ents ro" that s$ste" accordin+ to so"e criteria. 6. De ine "a0. li#elihood criterion? The ob?ective is to "a0i"iGe the !robabilit$ that esti"ate the state variable 0% is the true value o the state variable vector 3i.e% to "a0i"iGe the :304204. 7. De ine wei+hted least-s.uares criterion? The ob?ective is to "ini"iGe the su" o the s.uares o the wei+hted deviations o the esti"ated "easure"ents G% ro" the actual "easure"ent. 19. De ine "ini"u" variance criterion? The ob?ective is to "ini"iGe the e0!ected value o the s.uares o the deviations o the esti"ated co"!onents o the state variable vector ro" the corres!ondin+ co"!onents o the true state variable vector. .

EE2401 Power System Operation & Control 11. De ine "ust run constraint? Ao"e units are +iven a "ust run status durin+ certain ti"es o the $ear or reason o volta+e su!!ort on the trans"ission networ#. 1(. De ine uel constraints? * s$ste" in which so"e units have li"ited uel or else have constraints that re.uire the" to burn a s!eci ied a"ount o uel in a +iven ti"e. 1). What are the assu"!tions "ade in !riorit$ list "ethod? Out!ut and ull load there are no other restrictions No load cost are Gero unit in!ut-out!ut characteristics are linear between Gero startu! cost are a i0ed a"ount. 1,. Atate the adv o orward D: a!!roach? I the start u! cost o a unit is a unction o the unit is a unction o the ti"e it has been o line% then a orward d$na"ic !ro+ra" a!!roach is "ore suitable since the !revious histor$ o the unit can be co"!uted at each sta+e. 1-. Atate the dis.adv o d$na"ic !ro+ra""in+ "ethod? It has the necessit$ o orcin+ the d$na"ic !ro+ra""in+ solution to search over a s"all nu"ber o co""it"ent states to reduce the nu"ber o co"binations that "ust be tested in each !eriod. 1/. What are the #nown values in short ter" h$dro schedulin+ !roble"? The load% h$draulic in lows J uit availabilities are assu"ed #nown. What is "eant b$ tele"etr$ s$ste"? The states o the s$ste" were "easured and trans"itted to a control center b$ "eans o tele"etr$ s$ste". 11. What are the unctions o securit$ constraints o!ti"al !ower low? In this unction% contin+enc$ anal$sis is co"bined with an o!ti"al !ower low which see#s to "a#e chan+es to the o!ti"al dis!atch o +eneration. *s well as other ad?ust"ents% so that when a securit$ anal$sis is run% no contin+enc$ result in violations. 16. De ine the state o o!ti"al dis!atch? This is the state that the !ower s$ste" is in !rior to an$ contin+enc$. It is o!ti"al with res!ect to econo"ic o!eration but "a$ not be secure. 17. De ine !ost contin+enc$? This is the state o the !ower s$ste" a ter a contin+enc$ has occurred. De ine secure dis!atch? This is state o the !ower s$ste" with with no contin+enc$ outa+es%but with correction to the o!eratin+ !ara"eters to account or securit$ violations. (9. What are the !riorities or o!eration o "odern !ower s$ste"? O!erate the s$ste" in such a wa$ that !ower is delivered reliabl$. Within the constraints !laced on the s$ste" o!eration b$ reliabilit$ considerations% the s$ste" will be o!erated "ost econo"icall$

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EE2401 Power System Operation & Control (1. What is "eant b$ linear sensitivit$ actor? &an$ outa+es beco"e ver$ di icult to solve i it is desired to !resent the results .uic#l$. <asiest wa$ to !rovide .uic# calculation o !ossible overloads is linear sensitivit$ actors. ((. What are linear sensitivit$ actors? Heneration shi t actors line outa+e distribution actors. (). What are the uses o line distribution actor? It is used to a!!l$ to the testin+ or overloads when trans"ission circuits are lost.

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