Documenti di Didattica
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Robert W. Erickson
University of Colorado, Boulder
Control
input
Control
input
feedforward feedback
Controller
reference
Pout
η= 1
Pin
η
1 –1
Ploss = Pin – Pout = Pout η
0.8
0.6
High efficiency leads to low
power loss within converter
Small size and reliable operation 0.4
is then feasible
Efficiency is a good measure of 0.2
converter performance 0 0.5 1 1.5
Ploss / Pout
Pin Pout
Converter
+
–
DT T
linear- s s
mode switched-mode
Resistors Capacitors Magnetics Semiconductor devices
+
–
DT T
linear- s s
mode switched-mode
Resistors Capacitors Magnetics Semiconductor devices
+
–
DT T
linear- s s
mode switched-mode
Resistors Capacitors Magnetics Semiconductor devices
I
10A
+
Vg + Dc-dc
converter R V
– 5Ω 50V
100V
–
I
10A
+
+ 50V –
Vg + Ploss = 500W R V
– 5Ω 50V
100V
–
Pin = 1000W Pout = 500W
I
1 10A
+ +
Vg 2
+ vs(t) R v(t)
– 50V
100V
– –
vs(t)
Vg
Vs = DVg
0
DTs (1–D) Ts t
switch
position: 1 2 1
vs(t)
Vg D = switch duty cycle
Vs = DVg 0≤D≤1
0 Ts = switching period
DTs (1 – D) Ts t
switch fs = switching frequency
position: 1 2 1
= 1 / Ts
vg + v
–
sensor
– H(s) gain
transistor error
gate driver signal
δ pulse-width vc G (s) ve –+ Hv
δ(t) modulator c
compensator
reference
dTs Ts t input vref
2
+
L
1
Vg + C R V
–
5Vg
4Vg
3Vg
V
2Vg
Vg
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
D
Fundamentals of Power Electronics 18 Chapter 1: Introduction
A single-phase inverter
vs(t)
1 + – 2
Vg +
– + v(t) –
2 1
load
vs(t) “H-bridge”
Modulate switch
duty cycles to
obtain sinusoidal
t low-frequency
component
regulated
dc outputs
iac(t) +
Rectifier Dc-dc
vac(t) converter
–
ac line input
85-265Vrms dc link loads
Dissipative
shunt regulator
+
Solar
array vbus
–
Batteries
Payload Payload
variable-frequency
+ variable-voltage ac
+
–
+
DTs D'Ts
t Vg + V R
–V – I
switch
position: 1 2 1 –
iL(t)
iL(DTs)
ΔiL
Predicted efficiency
I
iL(0) Vg – V –V
100%
0.002
L L 90%
0.01
80%
0 DTs Ts t
70% 0.02
60% 0.05
40%
20%
0%
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
iA(t)
The IGBT collector
Switching loss
transistor
waveforms Qr
Vg
gate iL
vA(t)
0 0
emitter t
Emitter iB(t)
diode
waveforms iL
vB(t)
Gate 0 0
t
area
–Qr –Vg
n n n n
p p
minority carrier
n- injection tr
p pA(t)
= vA iA
area
~QrVg
Collector area
~iLVgtr
t0 t1 t2 t
4. Switch realization
6. Converter circuits
vg(t) + v(t) R
–
feedback
connection t
–
dTs Ts t t
Controller
Vg – V d(t)
L
1:D D' : 1
+
–
+
Small-signal
averaged vg(t) +
– I d(t) I d(t) C v(t) R
equivalent circuit –
7. Ac modeling
9. Controller design
10. Ac and dc equivalent circuit modeling of the discontinuous
conduction mode
n1 : n 2
current
density
J
4226
2616 2616
2213 2213
switching
Bmax (T)
0.06
1811 1811
0.04
frequency 0.02
0
25kHz 50kHz 100kHz 200kHz 250kHz 400kHz 500kHz 1000kHz
Switching frequency
– –
vcontrol(t) vg(t) ig(t)
PWM
Rs
multiplier X va(t)
v (t)
+– err Gc(s)
vref(t)
= kx vg(t) vcontrol(t) compensator
controller
100%
100%
91%
percent of fundamental
Harmonic amplitude,
THD = 136%
80% 73% Distortion factor = 59% iac(t) Ideal rectifier (LFR) i(t)
60% 52% + 2
p(t) = vac / Re +
40%
32%
Model of
vac(t) Re(vcontrol) v(t)
20% 19% 15% 15%
13% 9% the ideal
0%
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19
rectifier – –
Harmonic number ac dc
input output
vcontrol
Q1 Q3 L C
D1 D3 1:n
+
Vg +
– R V
Q2 Q4
–
D2 D4
Zero voltage
switching
1 Q = 0.2 vds1(t) Vg
0.9
Q = 0.2
0.8
0.35
0.7
0.5
0.6
0.35 Q1 X D2 t
conducting
M = V / Vg
0.75 devices: Q4 D3
0.5
0.5 1
0.4 turn off commutation
0.75
1 1.5 Q1, Q4 interval
0.3
1.5
2
2
0.2
Dc 0.1
3.5
5
3.5
5
10 10
characteristics 0
Q = 20
F = f s / f0