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Lecture 1 Lecture 2
Lecture 3 Lecture 4
Water
Earth
Pressure
NUS CE5104 DWen L4
EPBM
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Slurry IN
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1 3 2
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slurry
soil
If the permeability of the ground is relatively low (fine or medium sands) and the bentonite content is sufficient the suspension will enter the ground under the differential pressure and seal the tunnel face with the solid matter particles contained in it, thus creating a thin but impermeable film (filter cake) through which the support pressure can be applied. This process takes place in a short time of 1 to 2 seconds.
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In coarse-grained more permeable ground, a filter cake cannot always be formed, even with a high bentonite content. The bentonite suspension penetrates into the face and, due to its thixotropic properties, transfers shear forces into the grain skeleton.
slurry
soil
where p is the pressure difference between supporting fluid and the ground water; d10 is diameter corresponding to 10% passing or finer in sieve analysis and f is the yield strength of the slurry
The extent of slurry penetration does not depend on the complete particle size distribution; but rather is governed by the finer particle fraction.
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TBM SELECTION
EPB / Slurry Range
Clay Fine Silt Medium Coarse Fine Sieve Size Sand Medium Coarse Fine Gravel Medium Coarse
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
0,001 0,002
0,006
0,02
0,06
0,2
0,6
2,0
6,0
20.0
60,0
EPB Methods
Slurry Methods
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TBM SELECTION
EPB Slurry
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TBM SELECTION
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TBM SELECTION
100 90 80 P ercent age P assin g (%) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 Particle size (mm) 1 10 100
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TBM SELECTION
Kallang Formation, Old Alluvium, Residual soils (Weathering Grade VI) or completed weathered rocks (weathering grade V): EPBM Tunnelling through mixed face of rock and soil, in particular in Bukit Timah Granite Formation: Slurry TBM
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(zO + q t) N= cu
C zo D t P
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N = o / cu < 6
NUS CE5104 DWen L4
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9.0 8.6
2.5
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Load Factor =
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0.49 0.42
Load Factor =
1 F
1.5
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v v
Target Pressure
v v
where v is the max variation of face pressure due to control accuracy (+/20 kPa or 0.2 bar) and is the unit weight of the spoil in the chamber
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P = 0 or P = Length of shield, L
zo
C D t P
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D = 6m
= FD + P (where F = 0.4 for medium sands) = 0.4 x 10 x 6 + (130+20) = 174 kPa (SLS at tunnel crown for 1% volume loss) Target pressure at crown, considering a variation of 20 kPa: 194 kPa, or 2 bars.
NUS CE5104 DWen L4
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FACE PRESSURES
Kallang Formation
In Kallang Formation maintain between 0.9 and 1.2 x total overburden for <2% Volume Loss Need to apply this pressure when cover to Kallang formation is less than about 3m careful consideration needed in build-up of pressure entering Kallang filled valleys, also in reducing pressure when leaving such valleys
NUS CE5104 DWen L4
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FACE PRESSURES
Stiff / Hard Soils
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FACE PRESSURES
Variable Strata
Bukit Timah Granite Formation, Jurong Formation and Old Alluvium contain zones, beds or lenses of material which act like a sand. In these areas a face pressure of about one half of overburden pressure is required for stability. The strata are variable and it can be difficult to identify these conditions in advance, so it is necessary to tunnel on the assumption the conditions are the most adverse.
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FACE PRESSURES
Variable Strata Face pressure needed to control the ground is almost identical to that which would allow slurry to escape up a disturbed zone / opening to the ground surface All known open piezometers and boreholes must be sealed by grouting A close watch on slurry escape and a contingency plan to contain escape now common in urban tunnelling
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Flow meter
Belt weigher for EPB use two, for crosschecking Slurry TBM flow and density, in and out
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METHOD STATEMENTS
Method statements have to give assurance that tunnelling will be carried out in a way that minimises the risk to the structures / the public. The method statements must be fully detailed, cover the major areas of risk, and provide realistic contingency measures.
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METHOD STATEMENTS
Areas to be Covered
Ground interpretation, particularly identification of interfaces, ground behaviour Machine configuration Lining method Face stability (pressure and volume control) Additives Grouting - mixes, pressure and volume control Break-in (launch)
NUS CE5104 DWen L4
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METHOD STATEMENTS
Areas to be Covered
Break-out (docking) Head access Maintenance Personnel Site organisation and levels of authority Monitoring - layout and review levels Risk Assessment Contingency planning
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METHOD STATEMENTS
Ground Interpretation
Enough information is required to make a sensible interpretation. It is easy to miss a valley of soft ground or an area of rock if the boreholes are widely spaced. Rock/soil interfaces do not work in simple straight lines Permeability is the key to soil behaviour during tunnelling. There is no correlation between SPT and permeability Depending on the face pressure to be used, may need to be supplemented by probing
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METHOD STATEMENTS
Machine Configuration
A section through the actual machine to be used Show the key features - head configuration (cutting tool type and locations, openings), pressure monitoring locations, conditioning ports, screw conveyor or slurry transport arrangement, manlocks, probing arrangements and possible locations, tail seals, grouting ports.
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METHOD STATEMENTS
Lining Type
The type of lining to be used i.e. segmental, sprayed concrete, pipe. A GA for the lining showing jointing systems and grout ports.
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METHOD STATEMENTS
Face Stability
A detailed plan for the face pressures to be used, justified by calculation and previous experience. The plan must be for the whole drive, and prepared prior to starting tunnelling A procedure for changing the target face pressure from that planned. Method(s) for measuring the volume of material removed Procedure for identifying over-excavation during advance, after taking into account the volume of conditioner used
NUS CE5104 DWen L4
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METHOD STATEMENTS
Conditioning Agent Types of conditioning agents to be used Typical mixes for conditioning agents proposed
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METHOD STATEMENTS
Grouting of Lining
How the lining is to be grouted, and when in the tunnelling process Grout mixes to be used Pressure AND volume controls (Min. Volume, Min. Pressure, Max. Pressure)
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METHOD STATEMENTS
TBM Break-in / Launching Requirements for ground treatment and/or probing in the launching area Sequence of ground treatment/probing/tunnel eye removal Details of seal to be used at eye Procedure for Break-in, particularly when the annulus around the lining can be grouted
NUS CE5104 DWen L4
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METHOD STATEMENTS
TBM Break-out / Docking Requirements for ground treatment and/or probing in the break-out area Sequence of ground treatment/probing/tunnel eye removal Details of seal to be used at eye Procedure for Break-out, particularly when the annulus around the lining can be grouted
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METHOD STATEMENTS
Head Access If compressed air is to be used for head access, the planned air pressure if an intervention is required, for the whole drive If compressed air is not proposed, how the stability of the ground will be verified prior to head access Procedure for head access
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METHOD STATEMENTS
Maintenance
Statement as to how often the cutting tools, main bulkhead, screw conveyor/slurry pipes and tail seals will be checked for wear.
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METHOD STATEMENTS
Personnel / Organisation Chart
Organisation chart - Identify key personnel (Project Manager, QP, engineers, machine operators) Give CVs for each of the key personnel If the QP is providing representative(s) to supervise the work, name(s) and CV(s) of the representative(s) Identify what levels of authority each key person has to vary the operating parameters and implement contingency measures.
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METHOD STATEMENTS
Monitoring Provide location map for monitoring instruments. Tip levels for piezometers, inclinometers, extensometers Reading frequency Review levels, and actions on exceedance
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METHOD STATEMENTS
Risk Assessment
A statement that the use of an EPB or slurry shield, with experienced operator and pressure controls results in negligible risk of damage will NOT be accepted The risk assessment needs to consider, separately, all of the high risk areas identified previously, as well as general tunnelling in each of the ground conditions present
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METHOD STATEMENTS
Contingency Measures
Accept that there is a need for contingency planning in case a sudden loss of ground is detected Need contingency plans that ensure the safety of the public and minimise disruption to road users
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