Dot Point Physics Preliminary

PRELIMINARY PHYSICS
Brian Shadwick
Science Press 2007

First published 2007
Reprinted 2007, 2008, 2011
Science Press
Private Bag 7023 Marrickville NSW 1475 Australia
Tel: (02) 9516 1122 Fax: (02) 9550 1915
sales@sciencepress.com.au
www.sciencepress.com.au
All rights reserved. No part of this publication

may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording
or otherwise, without the prior permission of
Science Press. ABN 98 000 073 861
Contents
Introduction
Verbs to Watch
vi
Dot Points
Moving About
vii
The World Communicates
ix
Electrical Energy in the Home
xi
The Cosmic Engine
xiii
Questions
Moving About
45
77
The Cosmic Engine
113
Answers
Moving About
147
157
167
The Cosmic Engine
179
Appendix
Data Sheet
187
Formula Sheet
188
Periodic Table
189
Science Press
Dot Point Preliminary Physics
iii
Contents
Notes
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Science Press
Contents
iv
Introduction
What the book includes
,QWKLVERRN\RXZLOOQGW\SLFDOH[DPLQDWLRQTXHVWLRQVDQGDQVZHUVIRUHDFKGRWSRLQWLQWKH%RDUGRI6WXGLHV
syllabus for each topic in the Year 11 Physics course:
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(OHFWULFLW\LQWKH+RPH
7KH:RUOG&RPPXQLFDWHV
7KH&RVPLF(QJLQH
Also included are typical experimental results for students to analyse if the third column of the syllabus indicates
WKDWVWXGHQWVVKRXOGFDUU\RXWUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQV
Format of the book

The book has been formatted in the following way:
1. Main topic statement (column 1 of syllabus)
1.1etc Syllabus requirement from columns 2 and 3.
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TXHVWLRQVDQGDQVZHUVFOHDUHU7KHLQGLYLGXDOUHTXLUHPHQWVDUHQRWQXPEHUHGLQWKHV\OODEXVWKH\DUHVLPSO\
EXOOHWHGKHQFHRXUXVHRIGRWSRLQWVZKHQZHUHIHUWRWKHP
1.1.1 )LUVWW\SLFDOTXHVWLRQZKLFKFRXOGEHDVNHGLQDQH[DPLQDWLRQIRUWKLVV\OODEXV

UHTXLUHPHQW
1.1.2 6HFRQGW\SLFDOTXHVWLRQZKLFKFRXOGEHDVNHGLQDQH[DPLQDWLRQIRUWKLVV\OODEXV

UHTXLUHPHQWHWF
7KHQXPEHURIOLQHVSURYLGHGIRUHDFKDQVZHUJLYHVDQLQGLFDWLRQRIKRZPDQ\PDUNVWKHTXHVWLRQPLJKWEH
worth in an examination. As a rough rule, every two lines of answer might be worth one mark. Note that in any
DQVZHUVWKUHHOLQHVKDYHEHHQSURYLGHGDVWKHDPRXQWRIZULWLQJUHTXLUHGH[FHHGVWZROLQHVEXWWKHSK\VLFV
involved is worth only one mark.
How to use the book
&RPSOHWLQJDOOTXHVWLRQVZLOOSURYLGH\RXZLWKDVXPPDU\RIDOOWKHZRUN\RXQHHGWRNQRZIURPWKHV\OODEXV
You may have done work in addition to this with your teacher as extension work. Obviously this is not covered,
but you may need to know this additional work for your school exams.
:KHQZRUNLQJWKURXJKWKHTXHVWLRQVZULWHWKHDQVZHUV\RXKDYHWRORRNXSLQDGLIIHUHQWFRORXUWRWKRVH\RX
NQRZZLWKRXWKDYLQJWRUHVHDUFKWKHZRUN7KLVZLOOSURYLGH\RXZLWKDTXLFNUHIHUHQFHWRZRUN\RXVKRXOG
spend more time revising later, and allow you to spend your study time more productively.
Science Press
Introduction
Verbs to Watch
account/account for
State reasons for, report on, give an account of,
narrate a series of events or transactions.
distinguish
Recognise or note/indicate as being distinct or
different from, note difference between things.
analyse
Identify components and the relationships among
them, draw out and relate implications.
evaluate
Make a judgement based on criteria.
examine
,QTXLUHLQWR
apply
Use, utilise, employ in a particular situation.
explain
Relate cause and effect, make the relationship
between things evident, provide why and/or how.
appreciate
Make a judgement about the value of something.
extract
Choose relevant and/or appropriate details.
assess
0DNHDMXGJHPHQWRIYDOXHTXDOLW\RXWFRPHV
results or size.
extrapolate
Infer from what is known.
calculate
'HWHUPLQHIURPJLYHQIDFWVJXUHVRULQIRUPDWLRQ
identify
Recognise and name.
clarify
Make clear or plain.
interpret
Draw meaning from.
classify
Arrange into classes, groups or categories.
investigate
3ODQLQTXLUHLQWRDQGGUDZFRQFOXVLRQVDERXW
compare
Show how things are similar and different.
justify
Support an argument or conclusion.
construct
Make, build, put together items or arguments.
outline
Sketch in general terms; indicate the main features.
contrast
Show how things are different or opposite.
predict
Suggest what may happen based on available data.
critically (analyse/evaluate)
Add a degree or level of accuracy, depth, knowledge
DQGXQGHUVWDQGLQJORJLFTXHVWLRQLQJUHHFWLRQDQG
TXDOLW\WRDQDQDO\VLVRUHYDOXDWLRQ
propose
Put forward (a point of view, idea, argument,
suggestion etc) for consideration or action.
deduce
Draw conclusions.
recall
Present remembered ideas, facts or experiences.
GHQH
6WDWHWKHPHDQLQJRIDQGLGHQWLI\HVVHQWLDOTXDOLWLHV
recommend
Provide reasons in favour.
demonstrate
Show by example.
recount
Retell a series of events.
describe
Provide characteristics and features.
summarise
Express concisely the relevant details.
discuss
Identify issues and provide points for and against.
synthesise
Put together various elements to make a whole.
Science Press
Verbs to Watch
vi
Moving About
Dot Point
Page
1.
Speed changes
1.1
Identify that a typical journey

involves speed changes.
Distinguish between average and

instantaneous speed.
1.2
1.3
Distinguish between scalar and

YHFWRUTXDQWLWLHV

'HQHDYHUDJHYHORFLW\DV
vav rt
Compare instantaneous and
average speed and velocity.
1.5
1.6
'HQHWKHWHUPVPDVVDQGZHLJKW
with reference to effects of gravity.
16
18
2.12 Solve problems and analyse

LQIRUPDWLRQXVLQJF = ma
19
2.13 Identify the net force in a wide

variety of transport situations and

H[SODLQLWVFRQVHTXHQFHVLQWHUPVRI

1HZWRQV6HFRQGODZ


information involving: F = mv2/r
for vehicles travelling around curves.
24
3HUIRUPUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQVWR
show the relationship between force,
mass and acceleration.
26
2.16 Solve problems using vector

GLDJUDPVWRQGUHVXOWDQWYHORFLW\
acceleration and force.
28
3HUIRUPDUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ
to demonstrate vector addition and
subtraction.
29
3.
Motion and energy changes
30
3.1
Identify that a moving object has

kinetic energy and that work done
on it can increase that energy.
30
Solve problems involving the kinetic

energy of vehicles and the work
done using: Ek = mv2 and W = Fs
30
Describe the energy transformations

that occur in collisions.
31
1.10 Present graphically velocity vs. time

data for objects with uniform linear
velocity.
11
1.11 Present graphically velocity vs. time

GDWDIRUREMHFWVZLWKQRQXQLIRUP
linear velocity.
12
2.
Forces, acceleration and deceleration
13
2.1
Describe the motion of one body

relative to another.
13
Identify the usefulness of using

vector diagrams.
13
Explain the need for a net external

force to act to change velocity.
14
Describe the actions that must be

taken for a vehicle to change
direction, speed up and slow down.
14
2.6
16
Graph displacement vs. time data

IRUREMHFWVZLWKQRQXQLIRUPYHORFLW\
2.5
Gather information about different

situations where acceleration is
positive and negative.
,QWHUSUHW1HZWRQV6HFRQG/DZRI

0RWLRQDQGUHODWHLWWRF = ma
2.4
15
17
Graph displacement vs. time data

for objects with uniform linear velocity.
2.3
'HQHDYHUDJHDFFHOHUDWLRQDV
aav vt = (v u)/t
2.2
Page
2.10 Outline forces involved in causing

a change in the velocity of a vehicle.
3HUIRUPDUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQWR
measure average speed of an object.
1.9
2.8

1.8

Solve problems and analyse

information using:
vav rt

Dot Point
Describe effects of external forces

on bodies including friction and
air resistance.
15
Analyse the effects of external

forces on vehicles.
15
3.2
3.3
Science Press
vii
Moving About
Dot Point
3.4
Page
Analyse information to trace the energy

transfers and transformations in collisions
leading to irreversible distortions.
32

'HQHWKHODZRIFRQVHUYDWLRQRIHQHUJ\

4.
Momentum
33

'HQHPRPHQWXPDVp = mv
33

'HQHLPSXOVHDVI = Ft
33
4.3
Explain conservation of momentum

LQWHUPVRI1HZWRQV7KLUG/DZ

4.4
Solve problems and analyse data

using: p = mv and I = Ft
33
Perform investigations to analyse

data for the change in momentum
in collisions.
36
Solve problems to apply the law of

conservation of momentum to
describe the collision between a
moving and a stationary vehicle.
37
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8

conservation of momentum to
describe the collision of a moving
vehicle with an immovable object.
conservation of momentum to the
collision between objects moving
in opposite directions.
Dot Point
4.9

conservation of momentum to the
collision between objects moving
in the same direction.
38
5.
Safety devices
40

'HQHWKHLQHUWLDRIDYHKLFOHDVLWV
tendency to remain in uniform
motion or at rest.
40
$QDO\VHUVWRUVHFRQGKDQGGDWD
about the potential danger presented
by loose objects in a vehicle.
40
'LVFXVVUHDVRQVZK\1HZWRQV
)LUVW/DZRI0RWLRQLVQRWDSSDUHQW
in many real world situations.
41
Assess reasons for low speed zones

LQEXLOWXSDUHDVDQGWKHDGGLWLRQRI
airbags and crumple zones to vehicles
with respect to impulse and momentum.
41
Evaluate the effectiveness of some

safety features of motor vehicles.
42
$VVHVVEHQHWVRIWHFKQRORJLHVIRU
avoiding or reducing the effect of a
collision.
43

5.4
5.5

37
Page
Answers to Moving About
147
38
Science Press
Moving About
viii

Dot Point
1.
1.1
1.2
1.3

1.5
1.6
1.7

1.8

1.9
The wave model and information

transfer
in one of: mobile telephone, fax or
modem, radio, TV (see 3.9).
Page
46
Identify that mechanical waves need

a medium while electromagnetic
ZDYHVGRQW

Describe the relationship between

particle motion and direction of
energy transfer in waves.
Draw diagrams for transverse and
longitudinal waves, directions of
particle movement and propagation.
Quantify the relationship between
YHORFLW\IUHTXHQF\DQGZDYHOHQJWK
Y I
Perform an experiment to gather
LQIRUPDWLRQDERXWWKHIUHTXHQF\
and amplitude of waves.
Solve problems and analyse data
by applying: Y I to a range of
situations.
1.10 Present and analyse information

IURPGLVSODFHPHQWWLPHJUDSKVIRU
transverse wave motion.
1.11 Perform an experiment to identify
the relationship between the

IUHTXHQF\DQGZDYHOHQJWKRID
sound wave at constant velocity.
1.12 Perform an experiment to observe
the transfer of waves in slinky springs,
water and ropes.
Sound waves
54
2.1
Identify that sound waves are

vibrations of particles in a medium.
54
Relate compressions and rarefactions

of sound waves to crests and troughs
of transverse waves.
54
([SODLQTXDOLWDWLYHO\WKDWSLWFKLV
UHODWHGWRIUHTXHQF\DQGYROXPHWR
amplitude of sound waves.
54
([SODLQDQHFKRDVDUHHFWLRQRID
sound wave.
54
Describe the principle of superposition

and compare the resulting waves to the
original waves in sound.
55
Present graphs, solve problems and

analyse data for superposition of waves.
55
observe the superposition of two waves
using a CRO or computer.
56
analyse sound waves.
57
3.
Using the electromagnetic spectrum
58
3.1
Describe emr in terms of their speed

in space and their lack of need of a
medium for propagation.
58
3.2

Identify electromagnetic wavebands

OWHUHGRXWE\WKHDWPRVSKHUH
HVSHFLDOO\89;UD\VDQGUD\V

3.3
Identify methods for the detection

of various wave bands in the em
spectrum.
59
Explain the relationship between the

intensity of emr and the distance
from a source as an example of the
LQYHUVHVTXDUHODZ

PRGHOWKHLQYHUVHVTXDUHODZ

2XWOLQHKRZDPSOLWXGHRUIUHTXHQF\
modulation of visible light, microwaves
and/or radio waves is used to transmit
information.
61
2.2
46

2.5
2.6
47

48

48
49
50
50
3.4
51
53
53
Page
2.
46
Describe waves as a transfer of energy

that may occur in 1, 2, or 3 dimensions.
'HQHDQGDSSO\WKHWHUPVPHGLXP
displacement, amplitude, period,
compression, rarefaction, crest,
trough, transverse, longitudinal,
ZDYHVIUHTXHQF\ZDYHOHQJWKDQG
velocity to the wave model.
Dot Point
Science Press
ix
Dot Point
Page
Dot Point
'HQHUHIUDFWLYHLQGH[LQWHUPVRI
the changes in velocity of a wave in
passing from one medium to another.
68

'HQH6QHOOV/DZ

62
4.9
Solve problems and analyse

LQIRUPDWLRQXVLQJ6QHOOV/DZ


UHTXLUHGLQRQHRIPRELOHWHOHSKRQH
fax or modem, radio, TV.
62
Analyse data to identify the waves

involved in the transfer of energy in
one of: mobile telephones, TV or radar.
4.10 Perform an investigation to graph

the angle of incidence and refraction
for light encountering a medium
change showing the relationship
between these angles.
71
63
5HHFWLRQDQGUHIUDFWLRQRI
electromagnetic waves
64
calculate the refractive index of glass
or perspex.
72
4.1

Describe and apply the law of

UHHFWLRQDQGH[SODLQWKHHIIHFWRI
UHHFWLRQIURPDSODQHVXUIDFHRQZDYHV
4.12 Identify the conditions necessary for

WRWDOLQWHUQDOUHHFWLRQZLWKUHIHUHQFH
to the critical angle.
73
4.2
Perform an experiment to observe

the path of light rays and draw
diagrams to show direction of travel
of light rays and wavefronts.
2XWOLQHKRZWRWDOLQWHUQDOUHHFWLRQ

LVXVHGLQRSWLFDOEUHV

5.
Technology and electromagnetic waves
75
64
5.1
Present information using ray

diagrams to show the path of waves
UHHFWHGIURPYDULRXVVXUIDFHV

Identify types of communication data

that are stored or transmitted in
digital form.
75
'HVFULEHRQHDSSOLFDWLRQRIUHHFWLRQ
for various surfaces.
66
Describe ways in which applications

of light, radio and microwaves have
helped information transfer.
Discuss some of the physical

principles used in one application of
physics related to waves in one of the
following: GPS, CD technology, DVD
technology, the Internet.
76
67
Explain that refraction is related to

the velocity of a wave in different
media and outline how this may
result in the bending of a wavefront.
67
3.7
3.8
1.1

3.9
4.
4.3

4.5
4.6
Analyse data to identify the em

spectrum range used in modern
communications.
Discuss problems produced by the
limited range of the em spectrum
available for communications.

Page
61
5.2
Answers to The World Communicates
157
Science Press

Dot Point
Page
1.
History of electricity
1.1
Discuss how the main sources of domestic

energy have changed over time.
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
Assess some of the impacts of changes

in, and increased access to, sources
of energy.
Discuss some of the ways on which
electricity can be provided in remote
locations.
Analyse differing views of Volta and
Galvani on animal and chemical electricity.
Dot Point
78
78
78
79
79
Page
2.11 Discuss how potential difference

changes at points around a circuit.
88
2.12 Perform an experiment to show how

potential difference varies between
points in a circuit (also 3.3).
89
2.13 Perform an experiment to show the

relationship between voltage across,
and current in, a circuit (also 3.3).
90

information using: R = V/I
91
2.15 Identify differences between conductors

and insulators.
92
'HQHUHVLVWDQFHDVWKHUDWLRRIYROWDJH
to current for a particular conductor.
92
92
Discuss whether their (Volta and

Galvani) different views contributed
to increased understanding of electricity.
81
2.
Electricity and electric circuits
82
2.1
Describe the behaviour of electrostatic

charges.
82
'HVFULEHTXDOLWDWLYHO\KRZYDULRXV
factors affect the movement of
electricity through a conductor.

2.18 Identify materials used as conductors

to provide household electricity.
93
3.
Series and parallel circuits
95
3.1
Identify differences between series

and parallel circuits.
95
Compare parallel and series circuits

in terms of voltage across components
and current through them.
96
Perform experiments to compare

current and voltage in series circuits
(see 2.12 and 2.13).
97
3HUIRUPUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQVWR
compare measurements of current
and voltage in parallel circuits.
97
3.5
Identify uses of ammeters and voltmeters.
98
3.6
Explain why ammeters and voltmeters

are connected differently in a circuit.
98
Explain why there are different circuits

for lighting, heating and other
appliances in a house.
99
Construct a model to show household

circuits.
100
2.2
Describe the behaviour of

HOHFWURVWDWLFHOGV
2.3
Present diagrams to describe electric

HOGVWUHQJWKDQGGLUHFWLRQEHWZHHQ
parallel plates.
2.4

2.7
83
Present diagrams to describe electric

HOGVWUHQJWKDQGGLUHFWLRQDERXWDQG
between positive and negative point
charges.
84
'HQHWKHXQLWRIHOHFWULFFKDUJHDV
the coulomb.
84
3.2
'HQHHOHFWULFHOGDVDHOGRIIRUFH
ZLWKVWUHQJWKHTXDOWRWKHIRUFHSHU
unit charge at that point, i.e. E = F/Q
85
Solve problems and analyse information

using: E = F/Q
85

'HQHHOHFWULFFXUUHQWDVWKHUDWHDW
ZKLFKFKDUJHRZVXQGHUWKHLQXHQFH
RIDQHOHFWULFHOG

2.9
Identify that current can be either

direct or alternating.
87
2.10 Describe electric potential difference

(voltage) between points as the change
in potential energy per unit charge
moving from one point to the other.
3.3
3.7
3.8
87
Science Press
xi
Dot Point
Page
4.
Electrical power
4.1
Explain that power is the rate at which

energy is transformed from one form
to another.
101
Identify the relationship between

power, potential difference and current.
101
4.2

4.4
4.5

4.6
demonstrate the relationship between
current, voltage and power.
Explain why the kWh is used to
measure electrical energy consumption
rather than the joule.
Identify that the total amount of energy
used depends on the length of time
FXUUHQWLVRZLQJDQGFDQEH
calculated using: Energy = VIt
Dot Point

101
'HVFULEHWKHPDJQHWLFHOGDURXQG
pairs of magnetic poles.
106
Describe the production of a magnetic

HOGE\DQHOHFWULFFXUUHQWFDUU\LQJ
conductor and how the right hand
JULSUXOHFDQQGWKHGLUHFWLRQRI
FXUUHQWDQGHOGOLQHV

build an electromagnet.
107
Compare the nature and generation

RIPDJQHWLFHOGVE\VROHQRLGVDQG
a bar magnet.
108
Perform an experiment to observe

PDJQHWLFHOGVDURXQGEDUPDJQHWV
straight conductors and solenoids.
108
5.9
Explain one application of magnetic

HOGVLQKRXVHKROGV

110
5.5

101
5.7

103
5.8

104
Page
Solve problems using:

P = VI and Energy = VIt
104
6.
Safety devices
5.
0DJQHWLFHOGV
106
6.1
5.1
Describe the behaviour of the magnetic

poles of bar magnets when they are
brought close together.
106
Discuss the dangers of electric shock

from both 240 volt AC mains supply
and various DC voltages, from appliances,
on the muscles of the human body.
110
6.2
Describe the functions of circuit breakers,

fuses, earthing, double insulation and
other safety devices in the home.

5.3
'HQHWKHGLUHFWLRQRIWKHPDJQHWLF
HOGDWDSRLQWDVWKHGLUHFWLRQRI
force on a small north magnetic pole
when placed at that point.
106
and to show the direction

Use
of current and and to show the
GLUHFWLRQRIDPDJQHWLFHOG

Answers to Electrical Energy in the Home
110
167
Science Press
xii
The Cosmic Engine

Dot Point
Page
1.
Models of the Universe
114
1.1
Outline historical models of the

Universe from the time of Aristotle
to that of Newton.
114
1.2
115
2.
Origins of the Universe
118
2.1
Describe probable origins of the

Universe.
118
122
Describe the transformation of

radiation into matter following the
Big Bang.
123
2.4
Identify that Einstein described the

HTXLYDOHQFHRIPDVVDQGHQHUJ\

2.5
Outline how the accretion of galaxies

and stars occurred through expansion
and cooling of the Universe,
VXEVHTXHQWORVVRISDUWLFOHNLQHWLF
energy, gravitational attraction of
particles, and lumpiness of gas clouds
that allows gravitational collapse.
124
3.
Stars and their life cycles
127

'HQHWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKH
temperature of a body and the
dominant wavelength of the radiation
emitted from that body.
3.2
3.3
3.4
8VHWKH+HUW]VSUXQJ5XVVHOOGLDJUDP
to examine the variety of star groups
LQFOXGLQJ0DLQ6HTXHQFHUHGJLDQWV
and white dwarfs.
134
Identify energy sources characteristic

of each star group including Main
6HTXHQFHUHGJLDQWVDQGZKLWHGZDUIV

4.
The Sun
138
4.1
Identify that energy may be released

from the nuclei of atoms.
138
Describe the nature of emissions

from the nuclei of atoms as radiation
of alpha and beta particles and gamma
rays in terms of ionising power,
penetrating power, effect of magnetic
HOGHIIHFWRIHOHFWULFHOG

compare the penetrating power of
alpha, beta and gamma radiation.
139
Identify the nature of emissions

reaching Earth from the Sun.
140
Describe the particulate nature of the

solar winds.
141
Outline the cyclic nature of sunspot

activity and its impact on Earth
through solar winds.
141
Describe sunspots as representing

regions of strong magnetic activity
and lower temperature.
142
Assess the effect of sunspot activity

RQ(DUWKVSRZHUJULGDQGVDWHOOLWH
communications.
143
3.7
4.2

4.5
4.6
4.7
127
127
Relate the brightness of an object to

its luminosity and distance.
128
Solve problems to apply the inverse

VTXDUHODZRILQWHQVLW\RIOLJKWWRUHODWH
the brightness of a star to its luminosity
and distance from the observer.
133
4.4
Identify that the surface temperature

of a star is related to its colour.
Page
'HVFULEHD+HUW]VSUXQJ5XVVHOO
GLDJUDPDVWKHJUDSKRIDVWDUV
luminosity against its colour or
surface temperature.
Outline the discovery of the expansion

of the Universe by Hubble, following
its earlier prediction by Friedmann.
2.3

Assess one model of the Universe

developed from the time of Aristotle
to the time of Newton to identify
limitations placed on the development
of each by available technology.
2.2
Dot Point
4.8
Answers to The Cosmic Engine
179
131
Science Press
xiii
The Cosmic Engine
Notes
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Science Press
The Cosmic Engine
xiv
DOT POINT
Moving About
Science Press
Moving About
1. Vehicles do not typically travel at a constant speed.

1.1
Identify that a typical journey involves speed changes.

1.1.1
Describe two speed changes which occur during typical journeys in a car and state one reason
for each change.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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1.2
Distinguish between the average and instantaneous speed of vehicles and other bodies.
1.2.1
Compare average and instantaneous speed.
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1.3
Distinguish between scalar and vector quantities in equations.

1.3.1
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...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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1.3.2
&RPSOHWHWKHWDEOHE\LGHQWLI\LQJYHH[DPSOHVHDFKRIVFDODUDQGYHFWRUTXDQWLWLHV
Scalar quantities
1.3.3
Vector quantities
Compare the distance travelled by an object with its displacement.
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Science Press
Moving About
1.3.4
Three objects travel from X to Y by three different roads as shown in the diagram. Y is due
east of X.
Road 1 = 75 km
Road 2 = 50 km
Road 3 = 150 km
Use the information to complete the table.

Object travelling by
Distance travelled (km)
Displacement (km)
Road 1
Road 2
Road 3
1.3.5
Clarify the idea of expressing direction of travel as a bearing.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1.3.6
The diagram shows the paths taken by four wombats as they came out of their burrow to
search for food. The diagram is drawn to scale where 1 cm = 10 m.
N
Wombat 1
Wombat 2
Wombat 3
Wombat 4
Use the information to complete the table.

Wombat
Displacement (m) (directions

as compass readings)
Distance travelled (m)
Displacement (m)
(directions as bearing)
1
2
3
4
Science Press
Moving About

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1.4.1
av
,GHQWLI\WKHTXDQWLW\UHSUHVHQWHGE\rLQWKHDERYHHTXDWLRQ
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1.4.2
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1.5
Compare instantaneous and average speed with instantaneous and average velocity.
1.5.1
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1.5.2
([SODLQKRZWKLVHTXDWLRQGLIIHUVIURPWKHRQHJLYHQLQDERYH
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1.5.3
Identify the essential difference between instantaneous speed and instantaneous velocity.
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1.5.4
Identify the essential difference between average speed and average velocity.
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1.5.5
A car takes 2.5 hours to travel along the 150 km road from X and Y as shown in the diagram
at a constant speed of 60 kph. X and Y are 120 km apart.
Y
Science Press
Moving About
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6ROYHSUREOHPVDQGDQDO\VHLQIRUPDWLRQXVLQJ
av
1.6.1
A swimmer dives from the blocks into the pool and races 50 m to the other end of the pool.
This takes her 32.6 s.
(a)
Calculate her average speed.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(b)
Calculate her average velocity.
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1.6.2
/DWHULQWKHPHHWWKHVDPHVZLPPHUVZLPVLQWKHPHYHQW7KLVWDNHVKHUV
(a)
Calculate her average speed.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(b)
Calculate her average velocity.
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Science Press
Moving About
1.6.3
Consider three cars travelling from X to Y along three roads shown. Y is due east of X.
Road 1 = 120 km
Road 2 = 90 km
Road 3 = 200 km
Use this information to complete the table.

Car
travelling
by

Distance
travelled (km)
Displacement
(km)
Time taken (hr)
Road 1
3.0
Road 2
2.0
Road 3
5.0
Average speed
of cars (kph)
Average velocity
of cars (kph)
3HUIRUPDUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQWRPHDVXUHWKHDYHUDJHVSHHGRIDQREMHFW
1.7.1
In an experiment, a ball was rolled down a ramp from rest, from various starting positions as
shown in the diagram. The results of the experiment are shown in the table.
T
S
R
Q
P
Starting
position
Distance up
the slope
(m)
1.0
0.64
0.65
0.63
1.5
0.76
0.79
0.79
2.0
0.92
0.91
0.87
2.5
1.03
0.99
1.01
3.0
1.14
1.09
1.10
Time to roll down slope (s)
Average time
to roll down
slope (s)
Average
speed down
slope (m s1)
Average
speed
squared
(m2 s2)
(a)
Complete the table by calculating values for the missing data (to 2 decimal places).
(b)
If you were to draw a graph to show the relationship between the distance the object started
up the slope and its average speed as it rolled down the slope, identify the:
independent variable ..............................................................................................................................................................
dependent variable
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Science Press
Moving About
(c)
Draw this graph.
(d)
What conclusion can be made from this graph?
............................................................................................................................
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(e)
Explain your answer.
............................................................................................................................
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(f)
Calculate appropriate values and write them in

the last column of the results table and then use
these to draw another graph which will enable
you to make a conclusion for the experiment.
(g)
Write your conclusion for the experiment based

on this second graph.
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(h)
Use your graph to predict the average speed of the ball if it was rolled down the slope from a
1.25 m starting position.
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Science Press
Moving About
Present information graphically of displacement vs. time for objects with uniform linear
velocity.
1.8.1
Consider the following graph

representing the motion of a car.
(a)
How far did the car travel in the

UVWV"
.......................................................................................................
(b)
Displacement (m north)
1.8
20
15
10
5
0
0
Determine its change in displacement.
10
15
20
Time (s)
.......................................................................................................
(c)
Calculate the average velocity of the car.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(d)
Determine the velocity of the car at time 8 s.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(e)
Predict the velocity of the car at time 30 s.
1.8.2
(a)

How far did the car travel in the
UVWV"
......................................................................................................
(b)
Determine its change in displacement.
......................................................................................................
(c)
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
10
15
20
Time (s)
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(d)
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(e)
Describe the journey of the car.
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Science Press
Moving About
D

20
1.8.3
+RZIDUGLGWKHFDUWUDYHOLQWKHUVW
10 s?
..................................................................................................
(b)
Calculate the average speed of the

car.
10
0
5
10
15
20
-10
-20
Time (s)
..................................................................................................
(c)
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(d)
Determine its displacement after 16 s.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(e)
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
UHVHQWLQIRUPDWLRQJUDSKLFDOO\RIGLVSODFHPHQWYVWLPHIRUREMHFWVZLWKQRQXQLIRUPOLQHDU
3
velocity.
1.9.1
D

+RZIDUGLGLWWUDYHOLQWKHUVWV"
..................................................................................................
(b)
Determine its total displacement.

60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
..................................................................................................
(c)
10
15
20
Time (s)
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(d)
Determine the velocity of the car at time 12.5 s.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(e)
Describe the journey of the car.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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Science Press
Moving About
D

40
+RZIDUGLGWKHFDUWUDYHOLQWKHUVWV"
..................................................................................................
(b)
1.9.2
20
10
0
-10
10
15
20
-20
-30
-40
..................................................................................................
(c)
30
Time (s)
Calculate the average speed of the car.
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(d)
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(e)
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1.9.3
Consider the following graph representing the motion of a car.
D
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+
12 s?
(b)
..................................................................................................
(c)
Calculate the average speed of the

car.
..................................................................................................
80
60
40
20
0
-20
10
15
20
-40
-60
Time (s)
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(d)
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(e)
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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Science Press
Moving About
10
1.10 Present information graphically of velocity vs. time for objects with uniform linear velocity.
1.10.1 Consider the following graph
Velocity (m/s east)
(a)
18
How far did the car travel in 20 s?
........................................................................................
(b)
Find its displacement after 10 s.
12
6
0
5
-6
10
15
20
-12
-18
........................................................................................
Time (s)
(c)
Calculate the average velocity

of the car.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(d)
Calculate the acceleration of the car.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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1.10.2 Consider the following graphs representing the motion of four cars.
20
Velocity (m/s north)
15
10
B
C
5
0
5
10
-5
15
20
D
-10
-15
-20
Time (s)
Use this information to complete the table.

Car
Average speed
(m s1)
Average velocity
(m s1)
Acceleration
(m s2)
Displacement after
10 s
A
B
C
D
Science Press
11
Moving About
3UHVHQWLQIRUPDWLRQJUDSKLFDOO\RIYHORFLW\YVWLPHIRUREMHFWVZLWKQRQXQLIRUPOLQHDUYHORFLW\
1.11.1 Consider the following graph representing the motion of a car.
(a)
.....................................................................................................
Calculate the average velocity of the

car.
.....................................................................................................
(c)
Calculate the acceleration of the car

at time 12 s.
Velocity (m/s north)
(b)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
.....................................................................................................
10
15
20
Time (s)
.....................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................
(d)
Calculate the average acceleration of the car.
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1.11.2 Consider the following graph representing the motion of a car.

(a)

15
(b)
Calculate its displacement at time 20 s.
......................................................................................................
(c)
Calculate the average speed of the car.
......................................................................................................
......................................................................................................
Velocity (m/s south)
......................................................................................................
10
5
0
-5
10
15
20
-10
......................................................................................................
(d)
Time (s)
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(e)
Determine the acceleration of the car at times 3, 7 and 16 s.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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Science Press
Moving About
12
2. An analysis of the external forces on vehicles helps us understand the effects of

acceleration and deceleration.
2.1
Describe the motion of one body relative to another.

2.1.1 Object X is moving east at 30 m s1. Object Y is moving west at 25 m s1. Object Z is
moving east at 15 m s1. Calculate the velocity of:
(a)
X relative to Y
...........................................................................................................................................................................
(b)
X relative to Z
...........................................................................................................................................................................
(c)
Y relative to X
...........................................................................................................................................................................
(d)
Y relative to Z ............................................................................................................................................................................
(e)
Z relative to X
(f)
Z relative to Y ............................................................................................................................................................................
2.1.2
From your answers above, identify the relationship between the velocity of object A relative
to object B and the velocity of object B relative to object A.
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.1.3
A person can row a boat at 1.75 m s1LQVWLOOZDWHU+HURZVRQDULYHUZKLFKRZVDW

0.45 m s1. Calculate the velocity of the person relative to the banks of the river if he rows:
D
ZLWKWKHRZ...............................................................................................................................................................................
E
DJDLQVWWKHRZ .........................................................................................................................................................................
Calculate the velocity of the boat relative to the water if he rows:
2.2
F
ZLWKWKHRZ...............................................................................................................................................................................
G
DJDLQVWWKHRZ .........................................................................................................................................................................
Identify the usefulness of using vector diagrams to assist in solving problems.

2.2.1
Object X is moving east at 24 m s1. Object Y is moving north at 18 m s1. With the aid of an
appropriate vector diagram, calculate the velocity of:
(a)
X relative to Y
........................................................................
........................................................................
........................................................................
........................................................................
........................................................................
........................................................................
........................................................................
Science Press
13
Moving About
(b)
Y relative to X
........................................................................
........................................................................
........................................................................
........................................................................
........................................................................
........................................................................
........................................................................
........................................................................
2.3
Explain the need for a net external force to act in order to change the velocity of an object.
2.3.1
5HFDOO1HZWRQV)LUVW/DZRI0RWLRQ
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.3.2
*LYHDQH[DPSOHRI1HZWRQV)LUVW/DZRI0RWLRQ
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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2.3.3
Describe a situation where an object is travelling with constant speed and yet its velocity is
constantly changing.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.3.4
Describe the force acting on the object in 2.3.3 above.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.4
Describe the actions that must be taken for a vehicle to change direction, speed up and slow
down.
2.4.1
Identify what is needed to change the direction or speed of an object.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.4.2
What is an object doing if its speed is changing?
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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Science Press
Moving About
14
2.4.3
&ODULI\WKHWHUPVSRVLWLYHDQGQHJDWLYHIRUFHDVWKH\DUHXVHGLQ3K\VLFV
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.5
Describe the typical effects

of external forces on bodies
including friction and air
resistance.
2.5.1
A car travels along a

straight road at constant
speed. Draw a diagram
to show all the forces
acting on it.
2.5.2
Describe what each of these forces does to the car.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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2.5.3
What is the net force on the car? Explain how you determine this.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.6
Analyse the effects of external forces operating on a vehicle.

2.6.1
Identify three changes a force acting on a vehicle can cause to its motion.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

'HQHDYHUDJHDFFHOHUDWLRQDV
2.7.1
aav = v/t = (v u)/t
'HQHDFFHOHUDWLRQ
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.7.2
A force acts on a car for 4.0 s to increase its velocity from 5 m s1 to 25 m s1. Calculate the
acceleration of the car.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Science Press
15
Moving About
2.7.3
A car accelerates at 4.0 m s2IRUV&DOFXODWHLWVQDOYHORFLW\
(a)
if its initial velocity was 2.0 m s1 in the same direction as the force
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(b)
if its initial velocity was 3.5 m s1 in the opposite direction to the force
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

*DWKHUUVWKDQGLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWGLIIHUHQWVLWXDWLRQVZKHUHDFFHOHUDWLRQLVSRVLWLYHDQG
negative.
2.8.1
&ODULI\WKHFRQFHSWVRISRVLWLYHDQGQHJDWLYHDFFHOHUDWLRQV
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.8.2
Identify three different situations where the acceleration of a car would be considered to be
positive.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.8.3
Identify three different situations where the acceleration of a car would be considered to be
negative.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

'HQHWKHWHUPVPDVVDQGZHLJKWZLWKUHIHUHQFHWRWKHHIIHFWVRIJUDYLW\
2.9.1
'HQHPDVV
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.9.2
'HQHZHLJKW
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Science Press
Moving About
16
2.9.3
Complete the table by comparing various properties of mass and weight.

Mass
Weight
2XWOLQHWKHIRUFHVLQYROYHGLQFDXVLQJDFKDQJHLQWKHYHORFLW\RIDYHKLFOHZKHQ
2.10.1 It is coasting on a horizontal surface with no pressure on the accelerator.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.10.2 The car is moving on a horizontal surface with the driver pressing on the accelerator.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.10.3 The car is moving on a horizontal surface with the driver pressing on the brakes.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.10.4 The vehicle is passing over an icy patch on a horizontal road.

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.10.5 The vehicle is climbing a hill.

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.10.6 The vehicle is descending a hill.

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Science Press
17
Moving About
2.10.7 The vehicle is following a curve on a horizontal road.

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
,QWHUSUHW1HZWRQV6HFRQG/DZRI0RWLRQDQGUHODWHLWWR
F = ma
2.11.1 5HFDOO1HZWRQV6HFRQG/DZRI0RWLRQ
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.11.2 A car is accelerating uniformly along a road. Sketch graphs on the axes below to show the
relationships indicated.
F
2.11.3 Forces act on several cars of different masses to produce identical accelerations. Sketch
graphs on the axes below to show the relationships indicated.
v
2.11.4 Forces act on several cars of different masses to produce identical velocity changes. Sketch
graphs on the axes below to show the relationships indicated.
F
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Moving About
18
6ROYHSUREOHPVDQGDQDO\VHLQIRUPDWLRQXVLQJ
F = ma
2.12.1 Calculate the force acting on a 5.0 kg mass which accelerates for 3.0 s. During this time its
velocity changes from 2.5 m s1 east to 17.5 m s1 west.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.12.2 A 12 N force acts on a body and accelerates it from rest to 4.5 m s1 south. This takes 15 s.
Calculate the mass of the body.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.12.3 An 80 g object is initially at rest. A 0.16 N force to the north acts on it for 5 s. Calculate:
(a)
the acceleration produced by the force
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
E
WKHQDOYHORFLW\RIWKHREMHFW
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(c)
its displacement after 5 s
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.13 Identify the net force in a wide variety of situations involving modes of transport and explain
the consequences of that net force in terms of Newtons Second law of Motion.
Note that the syllabus says a wide variety of situations. If you have not studied the examples given
here in class, then you dont have to do them.
2.13.1 Consider the two blocks shown in the diagram. They are resting on a surface which provides
a frictional force of 0.25 N kg1.
Y
X
18 N
2.5 kg
5.5 kg
Science Press
19
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(a)
Calculate the acceleration of the system.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(b)
Calculate the net force on each block.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(c)
Calculate the force block X puts on block Y.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(d)
Calculate the force block Y puts on block X.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.13.2 Consider the two blocks shown in the diagram. They are resting on a smooth surface.
Y
X
36 N
(a)
3.0 kg
string
6.0 kg
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(b)
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(c)
Calculate the force tension in the string.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.13.3 Consider the object shown in the diagram.

Several forces act on this object which is at rest
on a smooth, horizontal surface.
15 N
6N
26 N
4 kg
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20
(a)
Calculate the net force on the object.

.........................................................................
.........................................................................
.........................................................................
.........................................................................
.........................................................................
.........................................................................
.........................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(b)
Calculate the acceleration of the object.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(c)
Calculate its velocity after 5.0 s.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(d)
Calculate its displacement after 5 s.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.13.4 Consider the two blocks shown in the diagram. They are connected by a light string over a
frictionless pulley.
D
/DEHODOOWKHIRUFHVDFWLQJLQWKLVSXOOH\V\VWHP
(b)
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
X
....................................................................................................................................................................
2 kg
....................................................................................................................................................................
4 kg
(c)
....................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(d)
Calculate the tension in the string connecting the blocks.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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21
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2.13.5 Consider the two blocks

shown in the diagram. They
are connected by a light
string over a frictionless
pulley. Block X is resting
on a smooth surface.
2 kg
X
D
DEHODOOWKHIRUFHVDFWLQJLQ
/
this pulley system.
(b)
5 kg
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(c)
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(d)
Calculate the tension in the string connecting the blocks.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.13.6 A 3 kg mass is resting on a Newton balance in an elevator. Complete the table to show the
reading on the balance in each of the following situations.
Movement of elevator
Reading on Newton balance
(a) Stationary
(b) Moving up at 2.0 m s1
(c) Moving down at 2.0 m s1
(d) Moving up at 2.0 m s2
(e) Moving down at 2.0 m s2
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22
2.13.7
Two masses are connected by a string and are hanging from

the ceiling of an elevator as shown. Complete the table to
show the tensions in each string in the following situations.
Movement of elevator
Tension in
String 1 (N)
Tension in
String 2 (N)
String 1
4 kg
(a) Stationary
String 2
(b) Moving up at 3.0 m s1

(c) Moving down at 3.0 m s1
(d) Moving up at 3.0 m s2
6 kg
(e) Moving down at 3.0 m s2
2.13.8 A ball is hanging by a string from the ceiling of a bus.

Describe the motion of the bus when the string is:
(a)
hanging straight down
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(b)
hanging down towards the rear of the bus
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(c)
hanging down towards the front of the bus
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.13.9 A 3.0 kg ball is hanging by a string from the ceiling of a bus as

shown in the diagram.
D
/DEHOWKHIRUFHVDFWLQJRQWKHEDOO
(b)
Using an appropriate vector diagram, calculate the tension in the

string when the ball is in the position shown.
.....................................................................................................................................................................
10
.....................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................
3 kg ball
.....................................................................................................................................................................
(c)
Calculate the acceleration of the bus.
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(d)
See over page.
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23
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(d) At what angle would the ball and string hang if the bus was
braking at 2.5 m s2?
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
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.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
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.............................................................................................................................................
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.............................................................................................................................................
6
ROYHSUREOHPVDQGDQDO\VHLQIRUPDWLRQLQYROYLQJ
around curves.
F = mv2/r
for vehicles travelling
2.14.1 Two 60 kg boys on 20 kg bikes are riding at 15 m s1 directly towards a wall which is 30 m
from them. X continues towards the wall, but slams on his brakes applying a 400 N force.
Y does not put on his brakes, but turns his bike with the same force in a circular path in the
hope of not hitting the wall.
Analyse this information to determine whether or not the boys hit the wall.
For X
For Y
.........................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................
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24
2.14.2 A toy racing car of mass 150 g is racing around a circular track of diameter 80 cm. It takes
8.4 s to do one lap of the track. Calculate:
(a)
the speed of the car
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(a)
the acceleration of the car
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(b)
the centripetal force acting on the car
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.14.3 A 1500 kg racing car goes around a circular track of radius 200 m at a constant speed of 270 kph.
(a)
Calculate the speed of the car in m s1.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(b)
Calculate the acceleration of the car.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(c)
What force holds the car to the road as it speeds around this corner.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(d)
Calculate the value of this force.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(e)
State the direction this force acts.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(f)
Predict the value of this force if the speed of the car was to halve.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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25
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3HUIRUPUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQVWRVKRZWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQIRUFHPDVVDQGDFFHOHUDWLRQ
2.15.1 Experiment 1
Trolley
In this experiment, a trolley of

mass 1.5 kg was placed on the
bench accelerated by a force
attached to it by a string, which
passed over a pulley. The mass
of the trolley was kept constant
and different forces used to
accelerate it from rest across the
bench top. The time it took the
trolley to travel 1.0 m across the
benchtop was measured. The
results are shown in the table.
Run
Accelerating
Force (N)
Time to travel
1.0 m (s)
1F
0.89
2F
0.63
3F
0.52
4F
0.45
5F
0.40
Pulley
Mass
Initial speed of
trolley (m s1)
Average speed
of trolley
(m s1)
Final speed of
trolley (m s1)
Acceleration
of trolley
(m s2)
(a)
Complete the table by calculating values for all missing data.
(b)
Draw a graph to show the relationship between the force and acceleration produced. (Place
force on the yD[LV
(c)
Use your graph to write a conclusion for the experiment.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Science Press
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26
2.15.2 Experiment 2
The students did another experiment using the same apparatus. This time they kept the
accelerating force constant, and changed the mass of the trolley. They measured how long it
took the trolley to move 1.0 m across the benchtop.
Run
Trolley
mass (kg)
Time to
travel
1.0 m (s)
1.0
1.83
2.0
2.58
3.0
3.16
4.0
3.65
5.0
4.08
Average
speed of
trolley
(m s1)
Initial speed
of trolley
(m s1)
(a)
Complete the table of results by

calculating values for all missing
TXDQWLWLHV
(b)
Graph mass vs. (acceleration)1.
(c)
Use your graph to write a conclusion for

the experiment.
Final speed
of trolley
(m s1)
Acceleration
of trolley
(m s2)
(Acceleration)1
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Combining your conclusions for Experiments 1 and 2

G
8VHWKHFRQFOXVLRQV\RXKDYHZULWWHQWRZULWHDPDWKHPDWLFDOHTXDWLRQZKLFKVKRZVWKH
relationship between the mass of an object, the force acting on it, and the acceleration the
force produces.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
H
8VHWKHUHVXOWVRIWKHH[SHULPHQWVWRQGWKHYDOXHRIWKHDFFHOHUDWLQJIRUFHVLQWKHWZR
experiments above.
Experiment 1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Experiment 2
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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2.16 Solve problems using vector diagrams to determine resultant velocity, acceleration and force.
2.16.1 A 2.5 kg object moving at 5.0 m s1 east is acted upon by a force which changes its velocity to
12 m s1 south over a period of 4 s. By drawing an appropriate vector diagram, calculate:
(a)
the change in velocity of the object
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
(b)
the acceleration of the object
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
(c)
the force that acted on the object
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
2.16.2 The velocity of an object changes from 6.0 m s1 west to 8.0 m s1 north when a force of 12 N
acts on it for 1.25 s. By drawing an appropriate vector diagram, calculate:
(a)
the change in velocity of the object
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
(b)
the acceleration of the object
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
(c)
the direction of the force that acted on the object
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
(d)
the mass of the object
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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28
3HUIRUPDUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQWRGHPRQVWUDWHYHFWRUDGGLWLRQDQGVXEWUDFWLRQ
2.17.1 A group of students set up the following apparatus to investigate the addition of vectors. They
hung masses on mass carriers to produce forces F1 and F2 on the ends of a long string, then
placed a third mass carrier and masses, F3 on the string between the pulleys. They adjusted
WKHPDVVHVRQHDFKFDUULHUXQWLOWKHV\VWHPZDVLQHTXLOLEULXPWKHQPHDVXUHGDQJOH. Their
results for three sets of forces are shown in the table.
F1
F1
F2
F3
60 g
90 g
132 g
59
40 g
70 g
95 g
68
45 g
55 g
70 g
93
F2
F3
By drawing appropriate vector diagrams, show that these results are consistent with F3 being the
resultant of F1 and F2.
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29
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3. Moving vehicles have kinetic energy and energy transformations are an important aspect
in understanding motion.
3.1
Identify that a moving object possesses kinetic energy and that work done on that object can
increase that energy.
3.1.1
Explain, in terms of the law of conservation of energy, the relationship between the work
done on a falling object and its kinetic energy.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3.2
Solve problems and analyse information to determine the kinetic energy of vehicles and the
ZRUNGRQHXVLQJ
Ek = mv2
and
W = Fs
3.2.1
A 12 kg car, at rest, is acted upon by a force acting towards the north, for 5 s. This changes its
kinetic energy by 2400 J.
(a)
Calculate the work done on the object by the force.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
E
&DOFXODWHWKHQDOYHORFLW\RIWKHREMHFW
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(c)
Calculate how far the object moves while the force is acting on it.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(d)
Calculate the acceleration of the object.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(e)
Calculate the magnitude of the force acting on the object.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Science Press
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30
3.2.2
If the car in Question 3.2.1 had been moving at 10 m s1 south initially, and the same force
acted on it for the same time, calculate:
(a)
the initial kinetic energy of the car
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
E
WKHQDOYHORFLW\RIWKHFDU
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
F
WKHQDONLQHWLFHQHUJ\RIWKHFDU
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(d)
the displacement of the car during the 5 seconds
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
H
LYHQWKDWWKHZRUNGRQHLVHTXDOWRWKHFKDQJHLQHQHUJ\RIWKHFDUFDOFXODWHWKHZRUNGRQH
*
on the car by the force.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(f)
Account for your answer to (e).
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3.3
Describe the energy transformations that occur in collisions.

3.3.1
A car of mass 1000 kg is moving at 15 m s1 when the driver loses control and it runs off the
road, slamming into a tree and stopping.
(a)
Calculate the initial kinetic energy of the car.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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31
Moving About
(b)
Calculate the kinetic energy of the car after it has hit the tree.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(c)
Account for the difference.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3.4
Analyse information to trace the energy transfers and transformations in collisions leading to
irreversible distortions.
3.4.1
Explain the role of each of the following forms of energy in collisions between moving
objects.
(a)
Potential energy of deformation
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(b)
Sound energy
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(c)
Thermal energy
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

'HQHWKHODZRIFRQVHUYDWLRQRIHQHUJ\
3.5.1
Recall the law of conservation of energy.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3.5.2
A car has kinetic energy before collision and this is changed to the energy forms above during
collision. Identify where all this energy ends up.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Science Press
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32
4. Change of momentum relates to the forces acting on the vehicle or the driver.

'HQHPRPHQWXPDV
4.1.1
p = mv
'HQHPRPHQWXP
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

'HQHLPSXOVHDV
4.2.1
I = Ft
'HQHLPSXOVH
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4.2.2
Clarify the relationship between impulse and momentum change.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4.3
Explain conservation of momentum in terms of Newtons Third Law.

4.3.1
VLQJDSSURSULDWHHTXDWLRQVVKRZKRZ1HZWRQV7KLUG/DZFDQEHXVHGWRH[SODLQWKH
8
conservation of momentum during a collision.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

6ROYHSUREOHPVDQGDQDO\VHGDWDXVLQJ
p = mv
and
I = Ft
4.4.1
A model of a 60.0 kg man and one of a 25 kg child were placed in an 1000 kg car and secured
with seatbelts. The car was moving at 70.0 kph as it crashed into a brick wall.
(a)
Predict what would happen to the models during the collision.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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33
Moving About
(b)
Identify the law of Physics you are using in your answer to (a).
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(c)
Explain how and why the effect on the models would differ if the front section of the car was
specially designed to concertina on impact.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(d)
If the collision took 0.2 s, calculate the average force exerted on each model by its seatbelt.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
H
&DOFXODWHWKHVSHHGDWZKLFKHDFKPRGHOZRXOGEHWKURZQIRUZDUGV
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
I
7KHXVHRIWKHSKUDVHWKURZQIRUZDUGVLQHLVLQFRUUHFW([SODLQZK\
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
J
5HZULWHTXHVWLRQHPRUHFRUUHFWO\DVIDUDVWKHSK\VLFVLVFRQFHUQHG
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(h)
By making appropriate calculations, assess if it would be possible for a mother to nurse a

child and protect it from a collision like this.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Science Press
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34
(a)
The graph shows how the

force acting on a 0.6 kg object
changes with time.
10
Force (N east)
4.4.2
Calculate the acceleration of

the object at t = 5 s.
.......................................................................................
8
6
4
2
0
.......................................................................................
Time (s)
(b)
Calculate the impulse applied

to the object during the 5 s.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
F
&DOFXODWHWKHREMHFWVFKDQJHLQVSHHGGXULQJWKHV
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(d)
If its initial velocity was 22 m s1ZHVWFDOFXODWHLWVQDOYHORFLW\
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4.4.3
A 150 g toy car collides with a padded lounge chair at 0.20 m s1. The collision takes 0.3 s.
The toy car stops after the collision.
(a)
Calculate the impulse the car applies to the lounge.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(b)
Calculate the impulse the lounge applies to the car.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(c)
Calculate the average force the car applies to the lounge.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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35
Moving About
(d)
Calculate the average force the lounge applies to the car.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(e)
What law are you using to answer Questions (b) and (d)?
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4.4.4
$NJSDVVHQJHULQDFDULVKHOGUPO\E\KHUVHDWEHOWGXULQJDFROOLVLRQ7KHVHDWEHOWLQ
stopping her, puts an average force of 12 000 N on her for 1.0 x 102 s. Calculate:
(a)
the impulse of the force
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(b)
the impulse of the force if the collision time was 0.1 s.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(c)
the initial speed of the car
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

3HUIRUPUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQVWRDQDO\VHGDWDIRUWKHFKDQJHLQPRPHQWXPGXULQJFROOLVLRQV
4.5.1
The diagrams show the results of a experiment where trolley X, mass 200 g, collided with
trolley Y, 300 g. The results were produced using 10 Hz stroboscopic photography. Analyse
the results to determine if momentum was conserved.
Before collision
X
After collision
X
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36
4.6
Solve problems that apply the principle of conservation of momentum to qualitatively and
quantitatively describe the collision of a moving vehicle with a stationary vehicle.
4.6.1
A 3.0 kg block, at rest, is hit by a 4.0 kg block moving at 1.5 m s1. After collision, the 4 kg
block stops. Calculate the velocity of the 3 kg block after the collision.
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4.6.2
A 6.0 103 kg train engine, moving at 2.5 m s1 collides, and couples with a stationary
carriage. They move at 1.2 m s1&DOFXODWHWKHFDUULDJHVPDVV
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4.6.3
A 1200 kg car moving at 60 kph collides with an 800 kg parked car. As a result of this collision,
the parked car is pushed forwards at 40 kph. Determine what happens to the other car.
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4.7
Solve problems that apply the principle of conservation of momentum to qualitatively and
quantitatively describe the collision of a moving vehicle with an immovable object.
4.7.1
A two tonne truck moving at 15.0 m s1 collides with a concrete retaining wall. The wall does not
EUHDN$WUVWDSSHDUDQFHVWKLVZRXOGVHHPWRFRQWUDYHQHWKHODZRIFRQVHUYDWLRQRIPRPHQWXP
(a)
Recall the law of conservation of momentum.
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(b)
Explain how this collision does not contravene the law of conservation of momentum.
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Science Press
37
Moving About
4.7.2
A 12 kg ball moving at 2.5 m s1 collides with a brick wall and rebounds at 1.75 m s1.
(a)
Calculate the change in momentum of the ball.
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(b)
Calculate the impulse the ball applies to the wall.
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(c)
If the collision lasts 0.15 s, calculate the force the wall places on the ball.
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4.8
Solve problems that apply the principle of conservation of momentum to describe the collision
of a moving vehicle with another vehicle moving in the opposite direction.
4.8.1
A 900 kg car, moving at 6.0 m s1 east collides with a 150 kg motorbike moving west at
8.0 m s1. The car slows to 4.0 m s1. Calculate what happens to the motorbike.
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4.8.2
NJJRFDUWFUDVKHVLQWRDNJJRFDUWPRYLQJLQWKHRSSRVLWHGLUHFWLRQDWPV1.
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The 30 kg cart rebounds at 4.0 m s1 while the 45 kg cart rebounds at 2.0 m s1. Calculate the
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4.9
Solve problems that apply the principle of conservation of momentum to describe the collision
of a moving vehicle with another vehicle moving in the same direction.
4.9.1
A 350 g toy train engine is moving at 12 cm s1 when it collides, and couples with a 200 g
carriage moving at 5 cm s1 in the same direction. Calculate their combined speed.
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4.9.2
A 400 g toy engine pulls four 150 g carriages. They move at 0.3 m s1 when they run into, and
couple with, two identical carriages moving at 0.15 m s1 in the same direction. Calculate the
speed of the combination.
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39
Moving About
5. Safety devices are utilised to reduce the effects of changing momentum.

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5.1.1
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5.1.2
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vehicle.
5.2.1
Explain, in terms of the principles of Physics involved, why it is potentially dangerous to

leave loose objects on the back shelf of a car.
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5.2.2
Explain, in terms of the principles of Physics involved why it is dangerous to drive a car
without wearing a seatbelt.
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5.3
Discuss reasons why Newtons First law of Motion is not apparent in many real world
situations.
5.3.1
, GHQWLI\WZRUHDOOLIHVLWXDWLRQVZKHUH1HZWRQV)LUVW/DZRI0RWLRQLVDSSDUHQWDQGH[SODLQ
how this affects the person involved.
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5.3.2
, GHQWLI\WZRUHDOOLIHVLWXDWLRQVZKHUH1HZWRQV)LUVW/DZRI0RWLRQLVQRWDSSDUHQWDQG
explain why it is not apparent.
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airbags and crumple zones to vehicles with respect to the concepts of impulse and momentum.
5.4.1
With reference to the concepts of impulse and momentum, assess the reasons for the
introduction of:
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ORZVSHHG]RQHVLQEXLOWXSDUHDV
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(b)
the use of airbags in collisions
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(c)
the inclusion of crumple zones in vehicles
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5.5
Evaluate the effectiveness of some safety features of motor vehicles.

5.5.1
Evaluate the relative safety of the seatbelt harness worn by racing car drivers and the lap/sash
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5.5.2
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0
LIDLUEDJVDUHWWHG3UHGLFWZK\WKLVFRXOGEHXQVDIHIRUVPDOOFKLOGUHQEXWVDIHIRUDGXOWV
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5.3.3
A passenger in a car that has a synthetic plastic bumper bar will usually sustain less injury than
a passenger in a car with a solid, chromed metal bumper bar. Explain how this is possible.
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42

VHDYDLODEOHHYLGHQFHWRDVVHVVEHQHWVRIWHFKQRORJLHVIRUDYRLGLQJRUUHGXFLQJWKHHIIHFWRID
8
collision.
5.6.1
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5.6.2
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Notes
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DOT POINT
Answers
Science Press
145
Answers
Notes
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146
Moving About
General comment: Given that we measure things slightly differently from each other and that our measuring instruments might not be
totally accurate, consider all numerical answers derived through measurement as correct if they lie within +1 or 1 of the given answers.
For example, if the given answer is 58, then accept 57, 58 and 59 as correct.
1.1.1
Car may slow down (reaches a corner, up a hill, speed bump, pedestrian crossing etc) or speed up (down hill, moving away
from stop lights, as it starts etc). In each case the change is caused by the force on the car changing due to some factor like
increased friction during braking, gravitational force etc.
1.2.1
$YHUDJHVSHHGLVDFDOFXODWHGYDOXHHTXDOWRWKHWRWDOGLVWDQFHWUDYHOOHGGLYLGHGE\WKHWRWDOWLPHWDNHQZKLOHLQVWDQWDQHRXV
speed is the actual speed of a vehicle at a particular instant of time.
1.3.1
Scalars have magnitude only while vectors have both magnitude and direction. Vectors can be represented by scale diagrams.
Scalars are not represented in this way.
1.3.2
Examples include:
Scalar quantities
1.3.3
Vector quantities
Mass
Displacement
Time
Velocity
Speed
Acceleration
Distance
Force
Length
Momentum
Distance travelled is a measure of the total length of the path an object has travelled. Displacement indicates how far, in a
VWUDLJKWOLQHDQREMHFWLVIURPLWVVWDUWLQJSRLQWDQGWKHGLUHFWLRQRILWVQLVKSRVLWLRQIURPLWVVWDUWLQJSRVLWLRQ
1.3.4
1.3.5
Object travelling by
Distance travelled (km)
Displacement (km)
Road 1
75
50 east
Road 2
50
50 east
Road 3
150
50 east
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1.3.6
Wombat
Distance travelled (m)
Displacement (m)
(directions as compass readings)
Displacement (m)
(directions as bearing)
58
58 N 62 W
55 b298
63
63 N 65 E
58 b065
32
32 S 46 E
30 b134
33
33 S 22 W
32 b202
1.4.1
r = change in displacement of the object.
1.4.2
Displacement indicates how far, in a straight line, an object is from its starting point, and we must also state the direction it
ZRXOGKDYHWUDYHOOHGLILWKDGPRYHGGLUHFWO\VWUDLJKWOLQHIURPLWVVWDUWLQJSRLQWWRLWVQLVKLQJSRLQW
1.5.1
Average speed = total distance covered total time taken.
1.5.2
Difference is in the use of distance travelled and displacement, hence average speed instead of average velocity.
1.5.3
Instantaneous speed measures the speed of on object at a particular instant of time while instantaneous velocity measures the
YHORFLW\DWWKDWLQVWDQWDQGWKHUHIRUHUHTXLUHVWKHGLUHFWLRQRIWUDYHODWWKDWLQVWDQWWREHVWDWHGDOVR
1.5.4
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object while average speed uses total distance travelled.
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1.5.5
1.6.1
1.6.2
(a)
They will be the same, 60 kph.
(b)
At P instantaneous velocity is 60 kph b160 while at Q it is 60 kph b055.
(c)
72 kph
(d)
48 kph b083
(a)
1.53 m s1
(b)
1.53 m s1 towards the end of the pool
(a)
1.47 m s1
(b)
zero (she ends up at her starting position)
1.6.3
1.7.1
Car travelling by
Distance travelled
(km)
Displacement (km)
Time taken (hr)
Average speed of
cars (kph)
Average velocity of
cars (kph)
Road 1
120
90 east
3.0
40
30 east
Road 2
90
90 east
2.0
45
45 east
Road 3
200
90 east
5.0
40
18 east
(a)
(b)
Starting
position
Distance up the
slope (m)
Time to roll down slope (s)
Average time
to roll down
slope (s)
Average speed
down slope
(m s1)
Average speed
squared
(m2 s2)
1.0
0.64
0.65
0.63
0.64
1.56
2.43
1.5
0.76
0.79
0.79
0.78
1.92
3.69
2.0
0.92
0.91
0.87
0.90
2.22
4.93
2.5
1.03
0.99
1.01
1.01
2.48
6.15
3.0
1.14
1.09
1.10
1.11
2.70
7.29
Independent variable: distance up the slope.

Dependent variable: average speed.
(c)
Average speed (m/s)
(d)
H
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Distance up slope (m)
2.5
Average speed down slope increases as distance up slope increases but at a progressively slower rate.
/LQHLVFXUYHGVRUHODWLRQVKLSFDQQRWEHVWDWHGPRUHSUHFLVHO\WKDQLQFUHDVHV,IWKHJUDSKLVDVWUDLJKWOLQHWKHQZH
can conclude that the plotted variables are directly proportional to each other.
Average speed (m/s)
(f)
J
(h)
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Distance up slope (m)
2.5
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2.6 m s1
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148
1.8.1
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
8m
15 m north
0.75 m s1 north
0.75 m s1 north
0.75 m s1 north
1.8.2
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
7m
20 m south
1.0 m s1 south
1.33 m s1 south
Car is stationary at displacement 20 m north for 5 seconds then moves at 1.33 m s1 south for 15 s at which time it is
at displacement zero.
1.8.3
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
15 m
1.5 m s1
1.5 m s1 south
9 m south
1.5 m s1 south
1.9.1

D
E
F
(d)
(e)
DERXWP
DERXWPQRUWK
DERXWPV1 north
about 3.5 m s1 north
Car starts at displacement zero and travels for 20 s with increasing velocity (accelerating) until it reaches displacement
56 m north.
1.9.2
D
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
P
70 m south
3.5 m s1
3.5 m s1 south
about 2.2 m s1 south
1.9.3
D
E
(c)
(d)
H
DERXWP
DERXWPQRUWK
5.5 m s1
5.5 m s1 north
DERXWPV1 north
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
150 m
75 m west
0
1.5 m s2 east

1.10.1
1.10.2
Average speed
(m s1)
Car
Average velocity
(m s1)
Acceleration (m s2)
Displacement after 10 s
12
12 north
120 m north
about 5.1
1.25 north
1.0 north
38 m south
about 7.5
about 0.1 north
0.5 north
about 70 m south
5 south
0.5 south
25 m south
1.11.1
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
about 390 m
2.75 m s2 north
1.11.2
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
about 152 m
about 60 m
about 70.8 m s1
about 2.0 m s1 south
at time 3, a = 0
at time 7, a = 4 m s2 north
at time 16, a = 2.5 m s2 south
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55 m s1 east
15 m s1 east
55 m s1 west
40 m s1 west
15 m s1 west
40 m s1 east
2.1.1
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
2.1.2
Velocity of A relative to B = velocity of B relative to A (i.e. opposite direction).
2.1.3
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
2.2 m s1 downstream
1.3 m s1 upstream
1.75 m s1 downstream
1.75 m s1 upstream
2.2.1
(a)
(b)
30 m s1 E 37 S (or b127)
30 m s1 W 37 N (or b307)
2.3.1
An object at rest or moving with constant velocity will remain ar rest or moving with constant velocity while no net
(unbalanced) force acts on it.
2.3.2
A car on an icy road will continue with the same speed in the same direction until the wheels stop sliding allowing the road to
exert a frictional force on the car through the tyres.
2.3.3
Any object moving with constant speed and turning a corner, for example a geostationary satellite in orbit above Earth.
2.3.4
Force acts towards the centre of curvature of the corner. It is also called a centripetal force.
2.4.1
An unbalanced force from outside the system.
2.4.2
Accelerating.
2.4.3
This idea depends on the convention we choose to make for each situation we deal with. One viewpoint of this is that a
positive force acts in the direction of motion of an object causing it to go faster while a negative force acts against the
direction of the motion of the object causing it to go more slowly. A positive force could also be considered to be an attractive
force (between oppositely charged objects) and a negative force a repulsive force between like charges.
2.5.1
Your diagram should show air resistance acting against the motion, and friction between the tyres and the road acting forwards
in the direction of the motion, gravity vertically down and reaction force to gravity perpendicularly up from surface. (Note
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HQJLQHEXWWKLVLVQRWDQH[WHUQDOIRUFHDFWLQJWRUHGXFHWKHVSHHGRIWKHFDUDVUHTXLUHGE\1HZWRQVVHFRQGODZ
2.5.2
Air resistance and friction act against the driving force to reduce its effect. The driving force causes the forward movement.
*UDYLW\JLYHVWKHFDULWVZHLJKWDQGWKHUHDFWLRQIRUFHVWRSVWKHFDUVLQNLQJLQWRWKHHDUWK
2.5.3
Zero car is moving with constant speed i.e. no acceleration therefore no net force.
2.6.1
Speed it up, slow it down or change its direction of travel.
2.7.1
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2.7.2
5.0 m s2 in the direction of the applied force.
2.7.3
(a)
(b)
2.8.1
A positive acceleration is in the direction of motion of an object causing it to go faster while a negative acceleration is
opposite the direction of the motion of the object causing it to go more slowly.
2.8.2
Accelerating from rest, accelerating away from a corner, coasting downhill.
2.8.3
Braking as it approaches a corner or stop sign, coasting uphill (i.e. foot not on accelerator).
2.9.1
0DVVLVWKHDPRXQWRIPDWWHULQDQREMHFW,WLVDVFDODUTXDQWLW\PHDVXUHGLQNJ
2.9.2
Weight is a measure of the gravitational force acting on an object. Weight is given by W = mg, is measured in newtons and is
DYHFWRUTXDQWLW\DFWLQJYHUWLFDOO\GRZQZDUGV
12.0 m s1 in the direction of the original motion.

6.5 m s1 in the direction the force acts.
Science Press
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150
2.9.3
Mass
Weight
Measured in kg
Measure in newtons
Cannot be zero
Can be zero (if no gravitational eld)
Does not change with position
Changes according to position of object
Measure of amount of matter in an object
Measure of force of gravity on an object
Is a scalar quantity
Is a vector quantity
2.10.1
Forward force = friction between the tyres and the road

Retarding forces = air resistance
2.10.2

2.10.3

Retarding forces = air resistance, friction between brake pads and wheel drums
2.10.4

2.10.5

Retarding forces = air resistance, component of gravity down the slope
2.10.6
Forward force = friction between the tyres and the road, component of gravity down the slope
2.10.7

Turning force = component of the frictional force between the tyres and the road perpendicular to the direction of travel
produced as the wheels change direction.
2.11.1
The acceleration caused by a net force acting on an object is directly proportional to the force and inversely proportional to the
PDVVRIWKHREMHFW25ZLWKLQDSDUWLFXODUIUDPHRIUHIHUHQFHWKHUDWHRIFKDQJHLQWKHPRPHQWXPRIDERG\LVHTXDOWRWKHQHW
force acting on it (see Year 12 work).
2.11.2
2.11.3
2.11.4
2.12.1
About 33.3 N against the motion.
2.12.2
40 kg
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2.12.3
(a)
(b)
(c)
2 m s2 north
10 m s1 north
25 m north
2.13.1
(a)
(b)
2 m s2 right
Force on X = 5 N right
Force on Y = 11 N right
11 N right
11 N left
(c)
(d)
(c)
4 m s2 left
Force on X = 12 N left
Force on Y = 24 N left
24 N both directions
2.13.3
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
6.25 m s2 b307
6.25 m s2 b307
About 31 m s1 b307
About 78 m b307
2.13.4
(a)
(b)
(c)
Show gravity down on each mass, and tension in each side of the string acting both ways.
3.27 m s2 Y moving down
Force on X = about 6.5 N up
Force on Y = about 13 N down
About 26.1 N acting both ways in string
2.13.2
(a)
(b)
(d)
2.13.5
(a)
(d)
Show gravity down on each mass, reaction force up on mass X and tension in both bits of the string acting in both
directions.
7 m s2 Y moving down
Force on X = 14 N right
Force on Y = 35 N down
14 N acting in both directions
2.13.6
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
29.4 N
29.4 N
29.4 N
35.4 N
23.4 N
2.13.7
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
98 N, 58.8 N
98 N, 58.8 N
98 N, 58.8 N
127.4 N, 88.2 N
68.6 N, 29.4 N
2.13.8
(a)
(b)
(c)
Stopped or moving with constant velocity.

Accelerating forwards.
Accelerating backwards or braking.
2.13.9
(a)
Weight force vertically down, tension in string (acting both ways) and a third force (= ma) horizontally to the left
(pulling the ball aside).
29.85 N
1.73 m s2
14.3 towards the front of the bus
(b)
(c)
(b)
(c)
(d)
2.14.1
X stops in 22.5 m so does not hit the wall.

Y turns a curve with a radius of 45 m, so Y hits the wall.
2.14.2
(a)
(b)
(c)
0.3 m s1
0.225 m s2
0.034 N towards centre of curve
Science Press
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152
2.14.3
75 m s1
28.125 m s2
Friction between the tyres and the road the inertia of the car tries to keep it going straight and the friction opposes
this, pulling the car around in the curve.
4.21 104 N
Towards the centre of the curve.
Will be four times smaller = 1.05 104 N.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
2.15.1
(a)
Accelerating force
(N)
Time to travel
1.0 m (s)
Initial speed of
trolley (m s1)
Average speed of
trolley (m s1)
Final speed of
trolley (m s1)
Acceleration of
trolley
(m s2)
0.89
1.12
2.25
2.53
2F
0.63
1.59
3.17
5.03
3F
0.52
1.92
3.85
7.40
4F
0.45
2.22
4.44
9.87
5F
0.40
2.50
5.00
12.5
Run
(b)
6
Force (F units)
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
(c)
2.15.2
5
10
Acceleration (m s2)
15
The acceleration produced by forces applied to a constant mass is directly proportional to the force applied.
(a)
Run
Trolley mass
(kg)
Time to
travel
1.0 m (s)
Initial speed
of trolley
(m s1)
Average
speed of
trolley
(m s1)
Final speed
of trolley
(m s1)
Acceleration of
trolley
(m s2)
(Acceleration)1
1.0
1.83
0.55
1.09
0.60
1.67
2.0
2.58
0.39
0.78
0.30
3.33
3.0
3.16
0.32
0.63
0.20
5.00
4.0
3.65
0.27
0.55
0.15
6.67
5.0
4.08
0.25
0.49
0.12
8.33
(b)
Mass (kg)
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
4
6
1/Acceleration (s2 m1)
10
Science Press
153
Moving About
(c)
(d)
(e)
The acceleration produced by a constant force acting on various masses is indirectly proportional to the mass.
F = ma
Experiment 1, force = 3.75 N (use gradient of graph).
Experiment 2, force = 0.6 N.
2.16.1
(a)
(b)
(c)
13 m s1 b203
3.25 m s2 b203
8.125 N b203
2.16.2
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
10 m s1 b037
8 m s1 b037
b037
1.5 kg
2.17.1
You need to draw vectors to add F1 and F2DQGVKRZWKDWWKHWKLUGYHFWRULVHTXDOWR)3. If all angles are drawn correctly, F3
will be vertical. If you get lost, ask your teacher for help.
3.1.1
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potential energy the objects loses).
3.2.1
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
2400 J
20 m s1 north
50 m
4 m s2
48 N
3.2.2
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
600 J
10 m s1
600 J
0
0
I
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(
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600 J done to accelerate it in the opposite direction.
3.3.1
(a)
(b)
(c)
1.125 105 J
0
Kinetic energy has been changed into other forms sound during the collision, deformation of the car, heat involved
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of air particles.
3.4.1
(a)
The bending of car panels and other metal parts, the breaking of glass and plastic absorbs most of the kinetic energy
of the car.
The sound associated with collisions as parts break and bend and move into and across each other absorbs some of the
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(b)
F
3.5.1
In the absence of any external forces, the total energy of a system remains constant.
3.5.2
The energy eventually dissipates as molecular motion of the molecules in the air.
4.1.1
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4.2.1
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)
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impulse on object B, i.e. (Ft)A = (FT)B or IA = IB
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Science Press
Moving About
154
4.4.1
(a)
E
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
They would continue to move forwards at 70 kph because of their inertia until the force of their seatbelts stopped
them.
1HZWRQV)LUVW/DZ
Crumple sections increase the time of the collision and therefore reduce the forces involved in the collision (I = FT),
so, while the models would still continue to move forwards until their seatbelts stopped them, the decelerating force
of the belts would be less (acting over a longer time) so any detrimental effect on the models would be reduced.
Man = 5833.3 N opposing the motion.
Child = 2430.6 N opposing the motion.
19.44 m s1 (70 kph)
There is no forward force acting on them, they simply continue forwards because they are moving forwards until a
backward force stops them.
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would be strong enough, so for most mums impossible to hold the child.

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4.4.2
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
16.6 m s2 east
25 Ns east
41.67 m s1 east
19.67 m s1 east
4.4.3
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
H
0.03 Ns onto the lounge

0.03 Ns onto the car
0.1 N onto the lounge
0.1 N onto the car
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4.4.4
(a)
(b)
(c)
1.2 Ns backwards
12 Ns backwards
2.4 m s1
4.5.1
Momentum is conserved. If you have problems with this analysis, see your teacher for assistance.
4.6.1
2.0 m s1 north
4.6.2
6500 kg
4.6.3
The car continues forwards at 33.3 kph.
4.7.1
(a)
(b)
In the absence of external forces, the total momentum of a system remains the same.
When the truck hits the wall it puts an impulse on the wall. This, while not collapsing the wall, will cause it to move
(vibrate, shake) a little. Hence the momentum of the truck transfers to the wall and then into molecular motion of air
SDUWLFOHVLQFRQWDFWZLWKWKHZDOO7KHZDOOSXWVDQHTXDOEXWRSSRVLWHLPSXOVHRQWKHWUXFN7KLVVWRSVWKHWUXFN
4.7.2
(a)
(b)
(c)
51 kg m s1 away from the wall

51 kg m s1 onto the wall
340 N away from the wall
4.8.1
The bike rebounds at 4.0 m s1
4.8.2
2.67 m s1
4.9.1
9.45 cm s1
4.9.2
0.26 m s1
5.1.1
An object will stay at rest or moving with constant velocity until an unbalanced force acts on it.
5.1.2
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5.2.1
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5.2.2
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hit (the net force) the windscreen and go through it, or hit the steering wheel and dash and receive injuries.
Science Press
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Moving About
5.3.1
When you walk along and then step off a moving walkway at normal walking speed, the inertia you have due to the motion of
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:
actually your forward inertia trying to keep you moving straight ahead.
If you are sitting in a car moving with constant velocity in a straight line, your inertia is not apparent. It only becomes
noticeable when the car brakes.
5.4.1
(a)
(b)
(c)
If you are travelling more slowly, then your momentum is less, so in the event of a collision, the impulse on you due
to the collision will be less, both because you do not have as much momentum to lose and also because the time of the
collision will probably be shorter.
During a collision, as your inertia causes you to continue to move forwards, the airbag ensures that you lose
your momentum slowly, by making the time of collision with the bag much longer than it would be if you hit the
windscreen. Therefore, while the impulse will be the same, the force involved will be less.
Crumple zones in vehicles are designed to increase the time of the collision and so while the momentum lost (the
impulse imparted to the car and you) is the same, the forces involved will be smaller.
5.5.1
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7
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5.5.2
One reason is that the impulse of the airbag on the child, whose bones are softer can cause more injury than a similar impulse
on an adult.
5.5.3
The plastic bumper bar crumples more easily than a steel bar and so momentum of the collision is absorbed in the crumpling,
LQFUHDVLQJWKHWLPHRIWKHFROOLVLRQDQGVRUHGXFLQJWKHIRUFHRQWKHFDUDQGLWVRFFXSDQWV/HVVLQMXU\ZLOOWKHUHIRUHEHD
possibility.
5.6.1
Crumple bars, airbags, plastic components instead of all steel, seatbelts, engines that move downwards under the driver
instead of straight back into the driver.
5.6.2
7KHVHDUHDOOEHQHFLDODVWKH\DUHDOOGHVLJQHGWRUHGXFHWKHIRUFHVLPSDFWLQJRQSDVVHQJHUVLQYHKLFOHVHLWKHUE\H[WHQGLQJ
the time of the collision or, in the case of the engine movement, totally avoiding an impact.
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PRELIMINARY PHYSICS

Science Press 2007

All rights reserved. No part of this publication

The World Communicates

Electrical Energy in the Home

The Cosmic Engine

The World Communicates

Electrical Energy in the Home

The Cosmic Engine

The World Communicates

Electrical Energy in the Home

The Cosmic Engine

Dot Point Preliminary Physics

Dot Point Preliminary Physics

Format of the book

Dot Point Preliminary Physics

Dot Point Preliminary Physics

Identify that a typical journey

Distinguish between average and

Distinguish between scalar and

2.12 Solve problems and analyse

2.13 Identify the net force in a wide

2.14 Solve problems and analyse

2.16 Solve problems using vector

Motion and energy changes

Identify that a moving object has

Solve problems involving the kinetic

Describe the energy transformations

1.10 Present graphically velocity vs. time

1.11 Present graphically velocity vs. time

Forces, acceleration and deceleration

Describe the motion of one body

Identify the usefulness of using

Explain the need for a net external

Describe the actions that must be

Graph displacement vs. time data

Gather information about different

Graph displacement vs. time data

2.10 Outline forces involved in causing

Solve problems and analyse

Describe effects of external forces

Analyse the effects of external

Dot Point Preliminary Physics

Analyse information to trace the energy

Explain conservation of momentum

Solve problems and analyse data

Perform investigations to analyse

Solve problems to apply the law of

Solve problems to apply the law of

Solve problems to apply the law of

Assess reasons for low speed zones

Evaluate the effectiveness of some

Answers to Moving About

Dot Point Preliminary Physics

The World Communicates

The wave model and information

Identify that mechanical waves need

Describe the relationship between

1.10 Present and analyse information

Identify that sound waves are

Relate compressions and rarefactions

Describe the principle of superposition

Present graphs, solve problems and