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Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION
The cyborg is a cybernetic organism, a fusion of the organic and the technical forged in particular, historical, cultural practices. The concept of a man-machine mixture was widespread in science fiction before World War II. In 190 !ean de la "ire introduced #yctalope $perhaps the first true superhero was also the first literary cyborg% in the no&el '()"omme *ui +eut ,i&re dans l)-au. $'The man who could li&e in water.%. -dmond "amilton presented space explorers with a mixture of organic and machine parts in his no&el 'The /omet 0oom. in 191 . "e later featured the tal2ing, li&ing brain of an old scientist, 3imon Wright, floating around in a transparent case, in all the ad&entures of his famous hero, /aptain 4uture. In the short story '#o Woman 5orn. in 1966, /. (. 7oore wrote of 0eirdre, a dancer, whose body was burned completely and whose brain was placed in a faceless but beautiful and supple mechanical body. The term was created by 7anfred -. /lynes and #athan 3. 8line in 1990 to refer to their conception of an enhanced human being who could sur&i&e in extraterrestrial en&ironments. Their concept was the outcome of thin2ing about the need for an intimate relationship between human and machine as the new frontier of space exploration was beginning to ta2e place. : designer of physiological instrumentation and electronic data-processing systems, /lynes was the chief research scientist in the 0ynamic 3imulation (aboratory at ;oc2land 3tate "ospital in #ew <or2. :ccording to some definitions of the term, the metaphysical and physical attachments humanity has with e&en the most basic technologies ha&e already made us cyborgs. In a typical example, a human fitted with a heart pacema2er or an insulin pump $If the person has diabetes% might be considered a cyborg, since s=he is incapable of sur&i&ing without the mechanical part. :s a more extreme example, clothing can be seen as a cybernetic modification of s2in> enabling us to sur&i&e in drastically different en&ironments by constructing things that aren)t naturally existing in those en&ironments. Dept. of ECE P C 1 AWH

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Chapter 2 ORIGIN OF CYBORG

The idea of the cyborg has been with us for decades, but it is only in recent years that the science fiction has started to become reality. The artist 3telarc implanted electrodes in his muscles to allow his limbs to be operated o&er the Internet, and researcher 8e&in Warwic2 has gi&en himself an implant to open doors in his lab.

2.1. First cyborg:

In reality, the claim to being the first cyborg probably belongs to a lab rat. In 7ay 1001 researcher 3an?i& Talwar of the 3tate @ni&ersity of #ew <or2 re&ealed ';obo;at. A a rat whose e&ery action could be controlled by a computer up to B00 metres $1,900ft% away. Talwar and his colleagues implanted an electrode in the part of the brain that senses reward and two more in the areas stimulated by the left and right whis2ers, then connected them to a radio recei&er in a bac2pac2 &ia a port in the rat.s s2ull. They then Capped the whis2er areas to stimulate turning left and right, and the reward area when the animal reacted correctly. The animal swiftly became entirely under human control and could be made to do things it would ne&er normally Dept. of ECE P C 2 AWH

Seminar Report 2013-14 around an assault course.

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do, li2e wal2ing into brightly lit areas and ?umping off ledges, and could be steered

Chapter 3. !"T !"##$N% !$N &"N I% &$RG$D CO&#UT$R'

DE4D;0, -ngland -- : 5ritish uni&ersity professor has been fitted with cyborg technology enabling his ner&ous system to be lin2ed to a computer. The ground-brea2ing surgery on +rofessor 8e&in Warwic2 effecti&ely ma2es him the world)s first cyborg -- part human, part machine.

IT!

4igure F.1 shows +rofessor 8e&in Warwic2. Dn 7onday 16th :ugust 199 , at 6G00pm, +rofessor 8e&in Warwic2 underwent an operation to surgically implant a silicon chip transponder in his foream. 0r. Heorge 5oulous carried out the operation at Tilehurst 3urgery, using local anaesthetic only. This experiment allowed a computer to monitor 8e&in Warwic2 as he mo&ed through nhalls and offices of the 0epartment of /ybernetics at the @ni&ersity of ;eading, using a uniIue identifying signal emitted by the implanted chip. "e could operate doors, lights, heaters and other computers without lifting a finger. The chip implant technology has the capability to impact our li&es in ways that ha&e been pre&iously thought possible in only sci-fi mo&ies. The implant could carry all sorts of information about a person, from :ccess and ,isa details to your #ational Insurance number, blood type, medical records etc., with the data being updated where necessary. The second phase of the experiment +ro?ect /yborg 1.0 got Dept. of ECE P C 3 AWH

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underway in 7arch 1001. This phase will loo2 at how a new implant could send signals bac2 and forth between Warwic2)s ner&ous system and a computer. If this phase succeeds with no complications, this will allow the in&estigation of how mo&ement, thought or emotion signals could be transmitted from one person to the other, possibly &ia the Internet. The Iuestion is how much can the brain process and adapt to unfamiliar information coming in through the ner&e branchesJ Will the brain accept the informationJ Will it try to stop it or be able to copeJ

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Chapter (. BODY &ODIFIC"TION:

Technology was once something a ob?ected from the indi&idual, it was clearly outside of the body - similar to an ob?ect that indi&iduals used. -specially during the :ge of IndustrialiCation $19th century%, machines, tools, and de&ices of all sorts were de&eloped as extensions and prosthesis of the human body. This not only to fulfill certain functions but also to replace parts of the imperfect human body. The main aim of cyborg technology is to help people with disabilities or augment their nexisting abilities. 3ome of the important de&elopments under way are cochlear implants, eyes that transmit electronic signals to the brain, artificial limbs that use signals from a person.s own muscles, artificial cardiac pacema2ers, s2in replacement with tissue engineering and microchip implants for the brain. 3ome of them are explained below.

(.1. Bio)ic heart:

When both the left and right &entricles of your heart are damaged, only a donor heart transplantation, or a replacement heart can sa&e your life. The :bio/or Implantable ;eplacement "eart is designed for patients whose hearts ha&e suffered irreparable damage to both &entricles.. ;eplacement "eart replaces diseased entricles of failing heart. (.1.1. !o* +o these rep,ace-e)t .hearts/ *or0 ' The :bio/or Implantable ;eplacement "eart is intended as a substitute for se&erely diseased human hearts in patients suffering from coronary heart disease. When these patients are at ris2 of death, the :bio/or is designed to both extend life and pro&ide a reasonable Iuality of life. :fter implantation, the de&ice does not reIuire any tubes or wires to pass through the s2in. +ower to dri&e the prosthetic heart is transmitted across the intact s2in. Dept. of ECE P C ! AWH

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(.1.2. !o* +oes the bio,ogica, heart *or0' The four chambers of the heart are each made of cardiac muscle which contracts automatically, powerfully and without tiring as fast as F times per second for up to 100 years. The energy for a natural heart comes from respiration. The release of energy from glucose using oxygen, to ma2e carbon dioxide and water. The glucose and the oxygen are carried to the heart in the blood, through the coronary artery $see figure 6.1%.

/oronary heart disease pre&ents the supply of blood to the heart muscle and it stops pumping. T*o hearts as o)e: In the natural hearts of all birds and mammals the blood flows separately through the two sides. In effect there are two pumps. -ach pump is made from two heart chambersG 1. :n :trium, which collects blood from the &eins and pumps it into the &entricle. Dept. of ECE P C " AWH

Seminar Report 2013-14 high pressure into the arteries

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1. : ,entricle, which has a strong muscular wall and pumps blood in pulses, at

The right &entricle pumps blood to the lungs and the left &entricle pumps the blood into the aorta and around the head and body. The pulse rate is controlled by two sets of ner&es which come from the brain. Dne set slows the heart rate and the others speed it up. This enables you to increase the supply of blood to your body organs when you increase your le&el of acti&ity. $e.g. to your leg muscles when you run%

B,oo+ F,o* i) bio,ogica, heart: 5lood flows through the body with pulsing action. The walls of the aorta contain elastic fibres and muscle fibres which stretch in response to the pulse of blood each time the heart beats. 4igure shows a natural heart. : coronary artery and &ein are clearly &isible.

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(.1.3.!o* +oes the "bioCor I-p,a)tab,e Rep,ace-e)t !eart *or0' The !eart o1 the %ysteThe hydraulic pump shuttles fluid bac2 and forth across an artifical septum. The pressure this mo&ement generates pushes blood out of one of the &entricles, while drawing blood into the other. The blood heads out to either the lungs or the rest of the body.

%tro)g a)+ F,e2ib,e

The :bio/orK is made of titanium, plastic and :ngioflexK, a uniIue plastic. @nli2e commercially a&ailable plastic that would crac2 if flexed that many times, :ngioflexK was de&eloped to withstand beating 60 million times a year for twenty years. /ompared to your own 10-ounce, fist-siCed heart, the softball-siCed :bio/orK is hea&ier. :t two pounds it is only suitable for half of all men and a fifth of all women. Ta0es a Beati)g To test the reliability of the :bio/orK system, e&ery &al&e, tube, hydraulic membrane, and co&ering was sub?ected to rigorous testing in tan2s of salt water. 3alt water mimics the corrosi&e action of blood and other bodily fluids that the artifical Dept. of ECE P C $ AWH

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heart will encounter once inside your body. To get 40: appro&al, the components of the :bio/orK heart had to beat 100 million times-enough to sustain life for about fi&e years. Batteries I)c,3+e+ The :bio/orK uses a wireless power transfer system. :n external battery worn on the waist connects to an external coil placed on the chest. :nother coil implanted inside the chest recei&es the current without wires puncturing the s2in, thereby a&oiding a route of infection. The battery supplies 6-B hours of power before needing a recharge. : smaller rechargeable battery is implanted in the abdomen and can pro&ide up to F0 minutes worth of power when the external battery is disconnected, enough time to, say, ta2e a shower

" Cha)ge o1 !eart: %3rgery "eart transplants are complex procedures lasting o&er se&en hours. To implant the :bio/orK, the surgical team first positions the energy transfer coil in the patient)s abdomen. The patient is hoo2ed up to a heart-lung machine, and the left and right &entricles of the diseased heart are remo&ed. :trial cuffs are sewn to the patient)s right and left atria and grafts are attached to the aorta and pulmonary artery. The :bio/orK is positioned in the chest ca&ity and four Iuic2 snaps on the :bio/orK are used to connect it to the grafts on the right and left atria, aorta and pulmonary artery. :ir is remo&ed from the de&ice and the patient is ta2en off the heart-lung machine. The team ma2es sure that the :bio/orK system is functioning properly before transferring the patient to reco&ery.

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The :bio/or "eart is made from titanium metal and a special type of plastic. 4igure shows the :bio/or "eart. : rechargeable internal battery allows the patient to be completely free of the external power transmission unit for some period of time. #ormally an external power pac2 transmits power across the s2in.

T*o hearts as o)e: !ust li2e the natural heart, the :bio/or Implantable ;eplacement "eart consists of two blood pumps. The right chamber supplies blood to the lungs, while the left pump pro&ides blood to other &ital organs and the rest of the body. -ach of the two pumps is capable of deli&ering more than eight litrers of blood e&ery minute. The replacement heart is compact $about the siCe of a grapefruit% and Iuiet. : stethoscope is reIuired to listen to the Lheart sounds.L B,oo+ F,o* i) bio)ic heart: The :bio/or system is designed to increase or decrease its pump rate in response to the body)s needs. It will generate pulsatile blood flow which safely mimics the heart.s pumping action. The :bio/or also includes an acti&e monitoring Dept. of ECE P C 10 AWH

Seminar Report 2013-14 irregularities.

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system that pro&ides detailed performance feedbac2 and alarms in the e&ent of

(.2. The Bio)ic $ar:

(.2.1. !o* +oes a bio,ogica, ear *or0' The human ear is a &ulnerable organ. It is di&ided into three parts the outer ear, the middle ear, which is made up of the ear drum $tympanic membrane% and a chain of tiny bones called ossicles, and the inner ear $the cochlea%. The cochlea contains hair cells which, when stimulated, generate an electrical current in the auditory ner&e which then transmits the signals to the hearing centres of teh brain. -ach region of the ear can suffer damage and e&en the most powerful hearing aids are ineffecti&e if the function of both inner ears is impaired.

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(.2.2. Coch,ear i-p,a)t 4Bio)ic ear5: The cochlear implant is designed to stimulate the user)s auditory ner&e directly and it has been de&eloped by +rofessor Hraham /lar2 and his colleagues at the @ni&ersity of 7elbourne. Whereas the con&entional hearing aid uses sound &ibrations, the implant con&erts sound &ibrations into electrical stimuli which are pic2ed up by the auditory.

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ner&e and transmitted to the brain. 4igure shows the structure of the ear showing placement of the recei&er and electrodes. 3ounds are collected by a microphone and are then con&erted into electrical signals by a speech processor. This processor passes on the signals to 11 electrodes surgically implanted inside the cochlea, which send the impulses to the brain &ia the auditory ner&e. The microphone and transmitter are fitted behind the ear and are held in place by a magnet on the recei&er which is buried under the s2in. /hildren who ha&e been deafened since birth ha&e been recei&ing the implant as a priority because they already ha&e some experience of normal hearing. -&en then, the implant is only used where the con&entional hearing aid would be of no use. "owe&er, more recent de&elopments ha&e allowed congenitally deaf children to ha&e the operation. 5ut, because of the expense and the intensi&e rehabilitation period, implants ha&e not been generally a&ailable to adults.

(.3 . Bio)ic eye:

(.3.1. !o* +oes a bio,ogica, eye *or0' In a normal-functioning eye, a spot of incident light cast upon the retina triggers a cascade of physiological e&ents. This cascade culminates with an electrochemical signal, propagating from a particular type of ner&e cell, tra&eling along the optic ner&e to the &ision centres of the brain for interpretation as a spot of light. In cases where the retina fails, the ner&es behind the retina, which carry electrical impulses, still function. The damaged light receptors of the retina interrupt the connection between the eye and brain and cause blindness. In bionic eye mechanism, the tric2 is to wor2 around the damaged retina to stimulate those ner&es. (.3.2. !o* +oes a bio)ica, eye *or0'

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Seminar Report 2013-14 4igure shows a wor2ing of a bionic eye.

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It comprises a computer chip that sits in the bac2 of the indi&idual)s eye, lin2ed up to a mini &ideo camera built into glasses that they wear. Images captured by the camera are beamed to the chip, which translates them into impulses that the brain can interpret. Images captured by the camera are beamed to the chip, which translates them into impulses that the brain can interpret. The electrochemical signal is capable of being initiated through artificial $electronic% bstimulation. :n electronic circuit can be used for deli&ering controlled, electronic stimulation to sur&i&ing ner&e cells of the retina. 5y deli&ering a controlled, localiCed electronic pulse to the appropriate ner&e cells, the electrochemical signal can be initiated, thus replacing the cascade of physiological e&ents that initiates the signal in a normal eye. The region of the brain that controls &ision is li2ely to interpret this signal as a spot of light in the same fashion as in the normal case, owing to the fact that the signal is the same irrespecti&e of the fact that the way in which it is initiated. :n artificial retina, which uses a microchip etched with thousands of solar cells to gather light, could e&entually help blind people to see. Their &ision can be restored by creating an electrically induced prosthesis to place into the eye. This prosthesis includes design of a &ery complex silicon chip that is capable of deli&ering highly controlled electronic impulses to 100 indi&idual sites on the retina.

4igure shows a bionic eye by which blind people would ultimately be able to recogniCe faces with the de&ice.

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Chapter 6 FURT!$R %CO#$ FOR CYBORG

/o-operation is reIuired between the post body and the artificial bionic prosthesis because information is continuously transmitted through the ner&ous systems to all organs throughout the body. 5ionic medicine aims at achie&ing artificial organs. It is feasible for the host body to control the artificial organs using ner&e acti&ity, or to replace parts of the biological control system with the microprocessor. 5ionic artificial organs reIuire a logical interface for extracting the necessary information from the neural acti&ity $decoding%, con&ersion of the information into neurotransmittable data $encoding% and an electrode for reliable information exchange with the ner&ous system o&er an extended period. "opefully, scientists will be able to o&ercome all the issues, ma2ing it possible to de&elop an immortal super human.

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Chapter 7 "D8"NT"G$% "ND DI%"D8"NT"G$%

Whether it be a new emerging technology, a new instrument or a new eIuipment, e&erything has got its ad&antages and disad&antages. It depends on the user to ma2e a proper use of eIuipped de&ices M the technologies. 3o, here are the set of ad&antages and disad&antages of /<5D;H. "D8"NT"G$%: The human cyborg represents a 'transitional species. of sorts,before the human enters total post-biological obsolescence. If e&olution is theoriCed from an abstract perspecti&e as an attempt to increase the information processing power latent in matter, in the struggle against entropy, it is clear that :rtificial life will e&entually win out against organic life since it is more durable and more efficient. These extropians see this as perhaps bad news for the human race, but in the long term at least good news for the planet and apparently the uni&erse. There are others who foresee perhaps a more peacable coexistence for human beings and electronic 'life., howe&er . one recent theory that has been bantered about lately is that the human race may ha&e reached the saturation point for economic growth, but this is fortunate since it has arri&ed in time for it to wor2 on 'human growth., i.e. the re-engineering of the human species. We can 'graducate. from being &ictims of natural selection to masters of selfselection. It seems hard to argue against increasing human longe&ity, intelligence, or strength , since human beings seem to li&e too short a span, to ma2e too many mista2es in reasoning, and to to lac2 the physical endurance necessary to ma2e great accomplishments.

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(astly , there are the postmodern theorists , normally noted for their anti technological stance, who ha&e ta2en a fa&orable position on the coming of the cyborg.

DI%"D8"NT"G$% The critics of bioelectronics and biocomputing foresee numerous potential negati&e social conseIuences from the technology. Dne is that the human race will di&ide along the lines of biological ha&es and ha&e-nots. +eople with enough money will be able to argument their personal attributes as they see fit as well as to utiliCe cloning , organ replacement, etc. to sta&e off death for as long as they wish , while the ma?ority of humanity will continue to suffer from hunger, bad genes, and infirmity. /ertainly, it would be easy to utiliCe bio-implants that would allow people to trace the location and perhaps e&en monitor the condition and beha&ior of implanted persons. This would be tremendous &iolation of human pri&acy , but the creators of human biotech might see it as necessary to 2eep their sub?ects under control. Dnce implanted with bio-implant electronic de&ices , 'cyborg. might become highly dependent on the creators of these de&ices for their repair, recharge, and maintenance. It could be possible to modify the person technologically so that body would stop producing some essential substance for sur&i&al , thus placing them under the absolute control of the designer of the technology. -&en those not spiritually inclined who still ne&ertheless posses the feeling that there is something within humanity which is not found in animals or machines and which ma2es us uniIuely human, worry that the essence of our humanity will be lost to this technology.

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Chapter 9 "##:IC"TION%
In medicine, there are two important and different types of cyborgsG these are the restorati&e and the enhanced. ;estorati&e technologies Nrestore lost functions, organs and limbsO. The 2ey aspect of restorati&e cyborgiCation is the repair of bro2en or lost processes to re&ert to a healthy or a&erage le&el of function. There is no enhancement to the original faculty and processes that were lost. The enhancement cyborgation follows the +rinciple of Dptimal performanceG maximiCing the output with a minimiCed input. Thus, the enhanced cyborg intend to exceed normal processes or e&en gain new functions that were not originally present.

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Chapter ; CONC:U%ION
1. There are many definitions of cyborgs and not one that explains it all. basically, anybody could be a cyborg. cyborgs are ... flesh, hardware, software, culture and imagination. 1. '/yborg. is a science-fictional shorting of 'cybernetic organism.. The idea is that, in the near future, we may ha&e more and more artificial body parts arms, legs, hearts, eyes - and digital computing and communication supplements. The logical conclusion is that one might become a brain in a wholly artificial body. :nd the step after that is to replace your meat brain by a computer brain F. 4inally, we can say that cyborg technology is disco&ered not only to fulfill certain functions but also to replace parts of the imperfect human body.

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