Sentence Connection

There are certain devices used to connect different units of a sentence. These devices may occur to connect different sentences and make them compound and complex but sometimes these devices may occur also withen the sentence Once you have mastered the basics of correct usage in written English, you will want to express yourself in increasingly complex ways. One of the best ways to improve your writing style is to use sentence connectors. Sentence connectors are used to express relationships between ideas and to combine sentences. The use of these connectors will add sophistication to your writing style. Some examples of sentence connectors:

! "ood and drink prices in #ew $ork are very high. %! &enting an apartment in #ew $ork is very expensive. Using a sentence connector: Food and drink prices in New York are very high; furthermore, renting an apartment is very expensive.

! 'ife in #ew $ork is very expensive. %! 'ife in #ew $ork can be extremely exciting. Using a sentence connector: Despite the fact that life in New York is very expensive, it can be extremely exciting.

! 'ife in #ew $ork is very expensive. %! (any people would love to live in #ew $ork. Using a sentence connector: any people would love to live in New York; conse!uently, life in New York is very expensive.

Traditionally used sentence connectors

Sentence Connectors - showing Cause / Effect
for "cause#, so "effect#, because, since, therefore, as a result, conse!uently, because of, due to, as a result of Professionals can sometimes be extremely impatient, for their positions are at times rather stressful.

Since high level positions are at times rather stressful, professionals can sometimes be extremely impatient.

Due to the stressful nature of high level positions, professionals can sometimes be extremely impatient.

Sentence Connectors - showing Opposition

$ut, although, despite the fact that, however, nevertheless, despite, in spite of High level positions are stressful at times, but professionals can learn to manage their stress levels. He was ill, so he is absent.

Sentence Connectors - Showing Addition

%nd, in addition, additionally, furthermore, moreover, also, not only...but also, in addition to, along with, as well as High level positions are stressful at times, and can be harmful to your health. High level positions are stressful at times; furthermore, they can be harmful to your health

Sentence Connectors - Showing Comparison

and...too, &ust as, similarly, in comparison, like, similar to High level positions are stressful, and can be harmful to your health too. Just as high level positions are stressful, they can be harmful to your health.

Sentence Connectors - Showing Contrast

$ut, whereas, while, in contrast, on the other hand High level positions are stressful at times, but the financial rewards make these positions very desirable indeed. While high level positions are stressful at times, the financial rewards make these positions very desirable indeed.

Sentence Connectors - Showing Condition

if, unless, only if, even if, otherwise If you consider the financial rewards of high level positions, the stressful nature of these positions becomes less important. You should remember the financial rewards of high level positions; otherwise, you might find the stressful nature of these positions too demanding.

Using Sentence Connectors

Coordinating conjunctions are used in compound
sentences.

Conjunctive Adverbs are also used in compound

sentences.

Subordinating conjunctions are used in complex

sentences.

Compound-complex Sentences
Additions can be made to compound and complex sentences to create compound-complex sentences. A compound-complex sentence must have at least three clauses, and one of them must be an independent clause.

LOGICAL CO

ECTO!S

prepositions / conjunctions / transitions

addition " contrast " causality " se#uence " other " practice prepositions$
(followed by a NOUN)

%+N SV con& SV

coordinating con&unctions:
(between clauses or other equal structures)

su'ordinating con&unctions: (at be!innin! of dependent ad"erb

clause) (clauses can be re"ersed)

SV con& SV or Con& SV SV SV$ S conn SV$ Conn V$ SV$ or SV% S conn SV% conn SV$ V$ ,0V-12 *+,US-S
su'ordinating con&unctions

sentence connectors:
(#n second clause)

SV$ SV conn$ or SV% SV conn( S-*ON0 S-N'-N*sentence connectors (ad"erbials / transitions conjuncti"e ad"erbs)

)EA I G

&#'(#N . /,#N *+,US-S ) *+,USprepositions coordinating and correlati*e con&unctions

Tammat +il ,hair

A Gift from Your Jaaaaaaaaaaaani.

Clause connectors
*lauses are joined to 3a4e "arious types of sentences$ 'hree !roups of words are used to connect clauses in order to do this$ )$ su'ordinators (subordinatin! conjunctions) .$ coordinators (coordinatin! conjunctions) and 5$ con&uncti*e ad*er's (sentence connectors)$ 666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666 66 'he basic part of any word is the root% to it you can add a prefi- at the be!innin! and/or a suffi- at the end to chan!e the 3eanin!$ 7or e8a3ple in the word 9unflatterin! 9 the root is si3ply 9flatter 9 while the prefi8 9un:9 3a4es the word ne!ati"e and the suffi8 9:in!9 chan!es it fro3 a "erb into an adjecti"e (specifically a participle)$ -n!lish itself does not use prefi8es as hea"ily as it once did but 3any -n!lish words co3e fro3 +atin which uses prefi8es and suffi8es (you can use the word affi- to refer either to a prefi8 or a suffi8) quite e8tensi"ely$ 7or e8a3ple the words 9prefi8 9 9suffi8 9 and 9affi89 the3sel"es are all for3ed fro3 9fi89 by the used of prefi8es:

9ad9 (to) + 9fi89 (attached) ; 9affi89 9pre9 (before) + 9fi89 ; 9prefi89 9sub9 (under) + 9fi89 ; 9suffi89

Note that both the 9:d9 of 9ad9 and the 9:b9 of 9sub9 chan!e the last letter$

,inds of Sentences
, sentence is a !roup of words that you use to co33unicate your ideas in writin! or in spea4in!$ -"ery sentence is co3posed of one or 3ore clauses and e8presses a co3plete thou!ht$ 'here are basically four 4inds of sentences% simple. compound. comple- and compound-comple-$ 'he 4ind of sentence is deter3ined by the 4inds of clauses used to for3 it$

Sentence Type /$ Simple sentences

, simple sentence is one independent clause$ # enjoy playin! bas4etball with 3y friends e"ery wee4end$ # enjoy playin! bas4etball and loo4 forward to it e"ery wee4end$ /y friends and # play bas4etball and !o surfin! e"ery wee4end$ 'he second sentence has two "erbs enjoy and loo4 forward to$ 'his is called a compound *er'$ 2ecause there is only one clause this is a si3ple sentence$ 'he third sentence has a compound su'&ect as well as a co3pound "erb but it is still a si3ple sentence because it has only one clause$

Sentence Type 0$ Compound Sentences

, compound sentence is two or 3ore independent clauses joined to!ether$ -ach clause is of equal i3portance and could stand alone$ 'here are three ways to join independent clauses to for3 a co3pound sentence$ &ith a coordinator: # enjoy playin! tennis but # hate playin! !olf$ &ith a con&uncti*e ad*er': # enjoy playin! tennis% howe"er # hate playin! !olf$ &ith a semicolon: # enjoy playin! tennis% # hate playin! !olf$

Sentence Type 1$ Comple- Sentences

, comple- sentence contains one independent clause and one (or 3ore) dependent clause$ #n a co3ple8 sentence one idea is !enerally 3ore i3portant than the other one$ 'he 3ore i3portant idea is placed in the independent clause and the less i3portant idea is placed in the dependent clause$ 'his is called su'ordination$ Subordinators or subordinatin! conjunctions chan!e an independent clause in a dependent clause$ -8a3ple: #ndependent clause: # !ot up early$ 0ependent clause: ,lthou!h # !ot up early 'he dependent clause now beco3es subordinate to or depends on the addition of an independent clause to co3plete the idea$ #n the followin! co3ple8 sentences the independent clause is underlined with a solid line and the dependent clause is underlined with a bro4en line$ )$ ,lthou!h wo3en could own property they could not "ote$ .$ &o3en could not "ote althou!h they could own property$ 5$ /en who are not 3arried are called bachelors$ <$ +ast su33er we rented a house in +u8e3bour! which is a s3all country in -urope$ =$ 'hat the -arth>s te3perature is risin! concerns scientists$ ?$ Scientists belie"e that the -arth>s te3perature is risin!$ 'here are three 4inds of dependent clauses used in co3ple8 sentences: ad*er' ad&ecti*e and noun$ 'his is an o"er"iew only$ , dependent ad*er' clause be!ins with an ad"erbial subordinator such as when, while because, even though, so that, if etc$ 'here are two possible positions for a dependent ad"erb clause: before or after the independent clause$ #f it co3es before the independent clause it is followed by a co33a (sentence ) abo"e)$ #f the dependent ad"erb clause co3es after the independent clause no co33a is used (sentence .)$ ('he Comma !ule$ #n a co3ple8 sentence if the dependent clause co3es first put a co33a after it$ @ou 3ay write the clauses in either order$

E-amples$

%attern /$ #ndependent clause + 0ependent clause She s3o4es hea"ily e"en thou!h she is an athlete$ %attern 0$ 0ependent clause + #ndependent clause -"en thou!h she is an athlete she s3o4es hea"ily$) , dependent ad&ecti*e (relati"e) clause be!ins with a relati"e pronoun such as who, whom which, whose, or the relati"e ad"erbs where, when and why$ , dependent adjecti"e clause functions as an adjecti"e% that is it 3odifies a noun (sentences 5 and < abo"e)$ , dependent noun clause be!ins with that, a wh:question word whether and so3eti3es if$ , noun clause functions as a noun% that is it can be a subject (Sentence =) or an object (Sentence ?) of the independent clause$

Sentence Type 2 CompoundComple- Sentences

, compound-comple- sentence is a co3bination of two or 3ore independent clauses and one or 3ore dependent clauses$ E-amples$ ,fter # !raduated fro3 hi!h school # wanted to tra"el but # had to wor4 in 3y fa3ily>s business$ 'he word root multi which 3eans many co3es fro3 +atin and the word root poly which also 3eans many co3es fro3 Aree4$ ,lthou!h wo3en could own property they could not "ote nor could they be elected to public office$

Summary
These are the important points so far$ )$ Clauses are the 3ain buildin! bloc4s of sentences$ 'here are two 4inds of clauses: independent and dependent$ a$ ,n independent clause e8presses a co3plete thou!ht and can stand alone as a sentence by itself$ # hate jo!!in!$ b$ , dependent clause be!ins with a subordinator and cannot stand alone$ 'here are three 4inds of dependent clauses: ad*er'. ad&ecti*e and noun$ -ach 4ind is punctuated differently$ B althou!h # hate jo!!in! $$$ B which people of all a!es can enjoy $$$ B that people with wea4 bones shouldn>t jo! $$$ .$ 'here are four 4inds of sentences in -n!lish$ a$ , simple sentence is one independent clause$ # hate jo!!in!$ b$ , compound sentence is two independent clauses joined by a coordinator a conjuncti"e ad"erb or a se3icolon alone$ Cunctuate co3pound sentences carefully$ # hate jo!!in! but # lo"e hi4in!$ # hate jo!!in! howe"er # lo"e hi4in!$ # hate jo!!in! # lo"e hi4in!$

c$ , comple- sentence is one independent and one (or 3ore) dependent clause$ 'he punctuation of co3ple8 sentences "aries accordin! to the 4ind of dependent clause it contains$

,lthou!h # hate jo!!in! # lo"e hi4in!$ ,d"erb: # lo"e hi4in! althou!h # hate jo!!in!$ ,djecti"e: Noun:

Hiking is a sport which people of all ages can enjoy. My doctor told me that people with weak bones shouldn't jog.

d$ , compound-comple- sentence contains two independent clauses and one (or 3ore) dependent clause$ # hate jo!!in! but # lo"e hi4in! because it is a sport which people of all a!es can enjoy$ 5$ ,lthou!h !ood writers use all four 4inds of sentences the use of subordination (co3ple8 and co3pound:co3ple8 sentences) is considered a 3ore 3ature interestin! and effecti"e writin! style$