Botta Daniels Bahill Zachman Framework Pop W BB Models Thrust-Clarify

Keynote address at Asia-Pacific Congress on Sports Technology held at the Tokyo Institute of Technology in September 200 !
The Zachman Framework Populated with Baseball Models

Rick Botta1 Jesse Daniels1 and Terry Bahill1,2,*
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#A$ S%ST$&S' "0(20 Technology Place' San )iego' CA (2"2* Systems and Industrial $ngineering' +ni,ersity of Ari-ona' Tucson' A. / *2"-0020
0Author to 1hom correspondence should be addressed 2e-mail terry3sie!ari-ona!edu4! 5unning head6 &odels of #aseball Key 1ords6 systems analysis' enterprise architecture' science of baseball' modeling methodology ABSTRACT There are guidelines for making good models! Amongst these are frame1orks' 1hich help people organi-e integrated models of their enterprises! This organi-ation helps ensure interoperability of systems and helps control the cost of de,eloping systems! The .achman frame1ork for enterprise architecture is a si7 by si7 classification schema' 1here the si7 ro1s represent different perspecti,es of the enterprise and the si7 columns illustrate different aspects! In this paper' a .achman frame1ork is populated 1ith models for #aseball! These models should be easy to understand 1ithout a steep learning cur,e! &ost of the cells in this e7ample are filled 1ith 8uantitati,e simulatable models that ha,e been published in peer re,ie1ed 9ournal papers! The other cells are filled 1ith simple thought models! :ac8ues #ar-un 2"( ;4 1rote' <=hoe,er 1ants to kno1 the heart and mind of America had better learn baseball' the rules and realities of the game!> ?rom the perspecti,e of the .achman frame1ork' the 1ay to learn #aseball is to define the models 1ithin the frame1ork' as presented in this paper!
1. FRAME !R"S A#D !R$A#%&ED M!DE'S

?rame1orks help people organi-e integrated models of their enterprises! Se,eral popular frame1orks ha,e been used to architect enterprises' such as the )epartment of )efense Architecture ?rame1ork 2)o)A?4' the ?ederal $nterprise Architecture ?rame1ork 2?$A?4' the Treasury $nterprise Architecture ?rame1ork 2T$A?4' the A@SIAI$$$ ";*" Standard B&aier' $mery and Cilliard' 200;D and the .achman frame1ork B"(/*D! The .achman frame1ork' like many others' considers multiple perspecti,es of an enterprise! +nfortunately' 1e ha,e fe1
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e7amples a,ailable in the public domain illustrating a complete set of models that comply 1ith the .achman frame1ork! This paper 1ill attempt to fill a complete frame1ork for the game of #aseball! +se of the #aseball <enterprise> as an e7ample allo1s us to use non-proprietary models that can be understood by a large number of people 1ithout a steep learning cur,e! A limitation of this paper is that 1e do not model the entire game of baseball due to the comple7ities in,ol,ed and the number of models that 1ould be re8uired! The concept of e7amining a system at many orders of magnitude 1as presented by #oeke B"( *D! Gater Charles and 5ay $ames B"(E/D created a film of this concept and finally Philip and Phylis &orrison B"(**D populari-ed the idea 1ith the book Powers of Ten! 5ouse et al! B"((2D added the other dimension 2=hat' Co1 and =hy4 to make it a matri7! Co1e,er' these authors treated the decomposition as more and more le,el of detail! .achman made it different perspecti,es on the enterprise! Ce also added the other aspects of =ho' =hen and =here! ?rame1orks pro,ide an organi-ational schema by 1hich enterprises can be de,eloped! Co1e,er' they alone are not sufficient! A complete enterprise engineering de,elopment toolkit 1ould be comprised of a frame1ork' a process 2such as the I#& 5ational +nified Process or
SI&IGA5 B#ahill and Hissing' "((/D4' a method B&artin' "((*D' a notation 2such as +&G4 and
tools 2such as I#& 5ational 5ose' $nterprise Architect' or a mass spectrometer4! TodayIs businesses are comple7! The systems that implement those business processes are e8ually comple7! #ut people ha,e a hard time agreeing on ho1 to define comple7ity! Jne 1ay to define comple7ity is as a measure of ho1 1ell 1e can predict e7pected performance! The more comple7 a system is' the harder it is to predict actual performance! =e can deal 1ith comple7ity and performance predictions using integrated models and simulations of a business! ?rame1orks can help organi-e these models into multiple le,els of abstraction to better understand ho1 the business rules' organi-ational strategies and resources are turned into a physical system! This paper has more to do 1ith the concept of frame1orks and integrated models for dealing 1ith comple7ity than it does 1ith the game of baseball! Then 1hy should 1e model baseball using a 2.achman4 ?rame1orkK =e can use it as a 1ay to easily con,ey the concept of integrated models and simulations 1hen de,eloping enterprise and system architectures that is independent of any business domain! #ecause most people understand baseball' 1hich itself is a comple7 enterprise!
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)ifferent people use sets of models that comply 1ith a frame1ork for different reasons! Cigh-le,el planners use them because they help ensure interoperability of systems and help control the cost of de,eloping systems! #usiness people use them to help predict return on in,estment! )irectors of Systems $ngineering use them to better understand ho1 the business rules' organi-ational strategies and resources are turned into a physical system! Go1-le,el researchers' designers and engineers use them to understand their enterprises so that they can understand 1here the money comes from! In this conte7t' 1e are not talking about the source of money! The source of money is 2"4 farmers 1ho gather 1heat and trees or collect 1ind and sunrays' 224 miners 1ho dig out of the ground copper' silicon' oil and 1ater and 2F4 kno1ledge engineers 1ho in,ent theories' processes and designs! This money is processed by middlemen 1ho control the purse strings as it goes to C$Js and =ashington! $,entually it comes back through more middlemen! If 1e 1ant to be able to do our research and design' then 1e must understand the flo1 of money! Sets of models that comply 1ith a frame1ork can help us understand our organi-ations and the flo1 of money 1ithin and 1ithout! =e ha,e found the .achman frame1ork to be useful for organi-ing the models of our business enterprise and of our customer! In this paper' 1e e7amine the .achman frame1ork' sho1 1hat kinds of models go in each of its cells and look at its strengths and 1eaknesses! =e 1ant to help our readers to decide 1hether or not the .achman frame1ork 1ould help them to organi-e the models in their businesses!
2. &AC(MA# FRAME !R"

The .achman frame1ork is a normali-ed si7 by si7 classification schema for organi-ing descripti,e representations of an enterprise! The ro1s represent different stakeholder perspecti,es of an enterprise' 1hile the columns depict different areas of interest 1ithin those perspecti,es! The .achman frame1ork is simply a frame1ork L it is not a process' a method' a notation or a tool! #ecause the frame1ork is normali-ed' ro1s and columns cannot be added and still be called the .achman frame1ork! $,erything fits into the .achman-defined si7 by si7 schema! The forte of the .achman frame1ork is that it is a normali-ed schemaM it pro,ides an e,en co,erage of important topics and does not ha,e redundancy built into it! $ach cell in the schema can be thought of as ha,ing t1o dimensions L scope 21idth4 and le,el of detail 2depth4!
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$ach cell in the schema contains at least one <primiti,e> model or artifact! A primiti,e model consists of information specific to a single column! Table I illustrates the .achman frame1ork schema! +sing common stakeholders as kno1n from the building industry' the ro1s of the schema pro,ide multiple perspecti,es of the o,erall architecture from the points of ,ie1 of the planner 2ro1 "4' the o1ner 2ro1 24' the designer or architect 2ro1 F4' the builder 2ro1 ;4 and subcontractors 2ro1 4! The columns present a classification of the ,arious items of interest' or dimensions' of the architecture from each of those perspecti,es! BTable I goes here!D 2.1 The Ro)s The follo1ing description of the .achman frame1ork ro1s is based on a Soft1are $ngineering Institute document http6AA111!soft1are!orgApubAafcA-achman!asp! The frame1ork contains si7 ro1s and si7 columns yielding FE uni8ue cells as sho1n in Table I! The ro1s represent different perspecti,es 2,ie1s4 and roles of the enterprise! Sco*e describes the systemIs ,ision' mission' conte7t' boundaries' architecture and constraints! The scope states 1hat the system is to do! It is called a black bo7 model' because 1e see the inputs and outputs' but not the inner 1orkings! This ro1 is also referred to as the Conte7t ro1! B+siness ,odel defines goals' strategies' structure and processes that are used to support the mission of the system or enterprise! This ro1 is also referred to as the Concept ro1! Syste, ,odel contains system re8uirements' ob9ects' acti,ities and functions that implement the business model! The system model states ho1 the system is to perform its functions! It is called a 1hite bo7 model' because 1e see its inner 1orkings! This ro1 is also referred to as the Gogical ro1! Technolo-y ,odel considers the constraints of humans' tools' technology and materials! This ro1 is also referred to as the Physical ro1! Detailed re*resentation presents indi,idual' independent components that can be allocated to contractors for implementation! This ro1 is also referred to as the
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Jut-of-Conte7t ro1 since models in this ro1 are typically so detailed that they are essentially <out of conte7t> 1ith models in the upper ro1s of the frame1ork! Real syste, depicts the operational system 2or the sli,er of that system4 that is under consideration! The ro1s do not represent a physical decomposition of the system! @or do they portray finer and finer le,el of detail! 5ather the ro1s sho1 different perspecti,es 2or ,ie1s4 of the enterprise! Table II 2from the .achman Institute 1eb site 111!-ifa!com4 sho1s an e7ample of these perspecti,es for a house! The left column identifies the perspecti,e and defines the role in the enterprise that 1ould o1n that perspecti,e! Some modelers ignore the perspecti,e and focus on the roles! Jthers ignore the roles and focus on the perspecti,e! In this paper' 1e 1ill try to co,er both the perspecti,e and the roles! BTable II goes here!D &any roles are possible' such as Planner' J1ner' Architect' )esigner' #uilder' C$J' President' )irector' Chief Systems $ngineer' Program &anager' Systems $ngineering Team' Systems Analyst' 5e8uirements $ngineer' +se Case $ngineer' +ser Interface )esigner' Architect' Component $ngineer' Test $ngineer' System Integrator' Integration Tester' System Tester' Assembler' Technician' &achinist' +ser and &aintainer! The identified roles 1ill be the primary stakeholders for that ro1 2,ie14! ?or the #aseball e7ample in this paper' the o1ner of 2and the person most interested in4 the scope models in ro1 " 1ill be an $7ecuti,e' like the Commissioner of #aseball! The o1ner of the business models in ro1 2 1ill be an J1ner of a baseball team! The o1ner of the system models in ro1 F 1ill be a Heneral &anager of a baseball team! The o1ner of the technology models in ro1 ; 1ill be a Team &anager! The o1ner of the detailed models in ro1 1ill be the Scientist' $ngineer or Coach 1ho created each model! And finally' the o1ner of the real system in ro1 E 1ill be an indi,idual ma9or-league #aseball Player! The o1ner should be the role that controls the flo1 of money in that ro1! 2.2 The Col+,ns I Keep six honest serving men (They taught me all I knew):
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Their names are What and Why and When And How and Where and Who ! "rom The Elephants Child #y $udyard Kipling %&'()* In 9ournalism class' 1e 1ere taught to start e,ery story 1ith 1ho' 1hat' 1hen' 1here' 1hy and sometimes ho1! This is also good ad,ice for understanding a system! The columns of a .achman frame1ork present these aspects of the enterprise! hat .data/ describes the entities that are considered important to the business' as ,ie1ed from each perspecti,e! These entities are the things for 1hich information is to be maintained! $7amples include e8uipment' business ob9ects and system data! (o) .0+nctions/ defines the functions' or acti,ities' the enterprise is concerned about relati,e to each perspecti,e! Inputs and outputs are also considered in this column! here .net)orks/ sho1s geographical locations and interconnections bet1een acti,ities 1ithin the enterprise! This includes ma9or business geographical locations' net1orks and the playing field! ho .*eo*le/ represents the people 1ithin the enterprise and metrics for assessing their capabilities and performance! The design of the enterprise has to do 1ith the allocation of 1ork and the structure of authority and responsibility! This column also deals 1ith human-machine interfaces and relationships bet1een people and the 1ork they perform! hen .ti,e/ represents time' or the e,ent relationships that establish performance criteria! This is useful for designing schedules' the processing architecture' the control architecture and timing systems! hy .,oti1ation/ describes the moti,ations of the people and the enterprise! This re,eals the enterprise goals' ob9ecti,es' business plan' kno1ledge architecture' and reasons for thinking' doing things and making decisions! It is concerned 1ith ho1 the goals and strategies are translated into specific ends and means! 2.2 (ori3ontal and 4ertical %nte-ration The models organi-ed by ro1 and column in the .achman frame1ork should be hori-ontally and ,ertically integrated! This means that you should not 1ork models in a gi,en cell 1ithout considering impacts to other cells in the same ro1 and in the same column! As an e7ample of
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hori-ontal integration' consider a functional model de,eloped in the Co1 column! The inputsAoutputs' resources' deployment' time constraints' and goals related to each function should be considered in the =hat' =ho' =here' =hen' and =hy columns' respecti,ely' in the same ro1! As an e7ample of ,ertical integration' consider a re8uirement in the Physical ro1' =hy column for the performance of some aspect of a soft1are component! This re8uirement should be linked to other moti,ational models in higher ro1s' such as an ob9ecti,e re8uirements document in the Concept ro1' =hy column! This is nothing more than re8uirements traceability and is a common best practice for systems engineering! Through this traceability' 1e call the re8uirement in the Physical ro1 ,ertically integrated 1ith the re8uirements in the Concept ro1! These impacts and traceabilities can be modeled 1ith dependency relationships! This means that no cell is an island! $ach cell is fundamentally related 1ith other cells in the same ro1 and same column! ?rom a practical standpoint' information in multiple columns is typically disco,ered simultaneously 1hile constructing models in a gi,en ro1! It is suggested that this information be captured in models in the appropriate cell! $ach ro1 2,ie14 has at least one role 2stakeholder4! That stakeholderIs concerns 1ould be the primary focus of the Why cell in that ro1!
2. BASEBA'' E5AM6'E
@o1 1e 1ill take models from #aseball and sho1 1here they fit 1ithin the conte7t of the .achman frame1ork! =hen possible' 1e selected models that ha,e been published in peerre,ie1ed 9ournals! Although in Tables I to IN 1e print the cells from top to bottom' 1e think they are best read and discussed from bottom to top for the purpose of this paper! #ote to re1ie)ers7 The follo1ing material is duplicated in the Tables on pages FF to F/! =e ha,e no desire to publish both formats! =e are asking the re,ie1ers to e7press their preferences! Col+,n 1, hat .data/. The physical product 2data item4 depicted in column " is the baseball
batM column 1 (what), row 6 (real system)! There are many models for a baseball bat that e7plain the Center of Percussion 2CoP4' moment of inertia 2&oI4' coefficient of restitution 2Co54' etc BAdair' "((;M Cross' "((/M @athan' 2000 and 200FM Sa1icki' Cubbard and Stronge' 200FM #ahill' 200;D! ?rom the perspecti,e of a bat manufacturer' this detailed representation of the bat can be represented as a model depicting
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the re8uired length' the taper of the handle' the 1idth of the barrel' the bat 1eight' etc! This model maps to column 1 (what), row 5 (detailed representation). The s1ing of a bat can be modeled 1ith a translation and t1o rotations' one about the batterIs spine and the other bet1een the t1o hands B#ranca-io' "(/*M =atts and #ahill' 2000DM column 1 (what), row 5 (detailed representation). There is an ideal bat 1eight and a best 1eight distribution for each batter B#ahill and Karna,as' "(/( and "(("M #ahill and &orna ?reitas' "(( M #ahill' 200;D! The team helps the indi,idual select and ac8uire the right batM column 1 (what), row 4 (technology model)! $ach organi-ation pro,ides facilities for batting practice' conditioning and skills de,elopmentM column 1 (what), row (system model)! The @ational Collegiate Athletic Association 2@CAA4 controls college sports! In this role' it has created rules go,erning the allo1ed dimensions and performance of aluminum bats! ?or e7ample' the bat shall not 1eigh less 2in ounces4 than its length 2in inches4 BCrisco' "((*6 @athan' 200FD! ?inancial models could be in e,ery column! Those appropriate for column " include cost of e8uipment such as the bats' cost of training facilities and cost of physical conditioning e8uipmentM column 1 (what), row ! ("usiness model)! $aston Sports and Cillerich O #radsby Company gi,e 1ooden bats to ma9or league players for free! =hyK To build their brand image' so that they can sell more of their regular sports e8uipmentM column 1 (what), row ! ("usiness model)! The creator of baseball' until recently belie,ed to be Abner )oubleday' 1ould ha,e listed rules' bats' balls' players' and fields among the list of things important to the game! The rules of ball-and-stick games 2baseball' softball' cricket' tennis' etc!4 are 1ritten to challenge the physiological limits of the human in many dimensions B5egan' "((2D! The bat is regulated to make the game e7citing' but traditionalM column 1 (what), row 1 (scope)! #y considering other ball-and-stick games' 1e are testing and defining the scope of our chosen enterprise! =e do not ha,e enough room to co,er all of #aseball! That 1ould take thousands of models! Therefore' 1e only sho1 sli,ers of #aseball! ?or e7ample' in column "' 1e only looked at the baseball bat! In contrast' 1e could ha,e looked at the ball' or the bat and the ball! =e used a different sli,er for each column' but e,en at that' 1e did not restrict our models to only that one
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sli,er! ?or e7ample' sometimes 1e talk about ma9or league baseball and sometimes 1e talk about uni,ersity baseball go,erned by the @ational Collegiate Athletic Association 2@CAA4! Table III sho1s the 1hole .achman frame1ork for #aseball! =e no1 continue to describe the models cell by cell! BTable III goes here!D Col+,n 2, (o) .0+nction/. The acti,ity modeled in column 2 is one pitch and peopleIs response to itM column ! (how), row 6 (real system). Jnce the ball is in the air' the mo,ement of the pitch depends only on ,elocity' spin rate and spin a7is B=atts and #ahill' 2000M #ahill and #ald1in' 200;DM column ! (how), row 5 (detailed representation). T1o strategies are used by the batter for tracking the pitch using the saccadic and smooth pursuit eye mo,ement systems B#ahill and Ga5it-' "(/;M &cCugh and #ahill' "(/ DM column ! (how), row 5 (detailed representation). A neurophysiological model sho1s ho1 the batter predicts 1here and 1hen the ball 1ill cross the plate B#ahill and! Karna,as' "((FM #ahill and #ald1in' 200;DM column ! (how), row 5 (detailed representation). +nderestimating the pitch speed can induce the perceptual illusion of the rising fastball BKarna,as' #ahill and 5egan' "((0M #ahill and! Karna,as' "((FDM column ! (how), row 5 (detailed representation)! Team1ork and signals enable the manager' the batter and the runners to e7ecute tactics such as hit and run' bunt' steal' take the pitch' s1ing a1ay' etc!M column ! (how), row 4 (technology model). The pitcher pitches the ball! The batter s1ings and hits the ball! Ce runs to1ard first base! $tc! Jur acti,ity diagram of ?igure " sho1s one pitch and subse8uent acti,itiesM column ! (how), row 4 (technology model). B?igure " goes here!D Stadiums can be e8uipped 1ith a ,ariety of optional e8uipment that can record and playback the pitch' such as the multiple tele,ision cameras used to aid the umpires B111!PuesTec!comD and the stadium instant replay screens for the benefit of the players and spectatorsM column ! (how), row (system model).
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Armstrong 2"((/4 applied the Capability &aturity &odel to impro,e the performance of his softball teamM column ! (how), row (system model). The umpire calls balls and strikes! Co1e,er' there has been ,ariability in the strike -one! To reduce this ,ariability' multiple tele,ision cameras track each pitch and computers reconstruct the tra9ectory of each pitch B111!PuesTec!comD! After the game' the umpireIs decisions are compared to the computerIs decisions! This feedback helps the umpires impro,e their decision-makingM column ! (how), row ! ("usiness model). &a9or Geague #aseball Inc! defines the strike -one and manages umpiresM column ! (how), row 1 (scope). The rules of baseball e,ol,ed o,er its first 0 years' but ha,e been relati,ely constant o,er the last century BHould' 200FDM column ! (how), row 1 (scope). Col+,n 2, here .net)ork/. The topic of column F is the baseball fieldM column (where),
row 6 (real system). The human brain does not ha,e 7' y and - coordinates of ob9ects! Cumans must track ob9ects using neurophysiological parameters! As a result outfielders run a cur,ed path 1hen tracking do1n fly balls B&c#eath' Shaffer and Kaiser' "(( M Shaffer and &c#eath' 2002DM column (where), row 5 (detailed representation) (where), row 5 (detailed representation)! #atters must predict 1here and 1hen the ball 1ill cross the plate BKarna,as' #ahill and 5egan' "((0M #ahill and #ald1in' 200;DM column #efore e,ery pitch all fielders mentally rehearse 1here they 1ill thro1 the ball if they recei,e a ground ball or a fly ball and they establish understandings 1ith nearby fielders about 1here each player 1ill goM column (where), row 4 (technology model) The placement in the stadium of home plate effects the area behind the plate' the design of protecti,e netting' the orientation to the sun' the distance to the fences and therefore safety and playing performanceM column e,entsM column (where), row (system model)! Stadiums can be designed for baseball only or they may be shared by baseball' football and other (where), row ! ("usiness model). (where), row 1 (scope). (where), #aseball is played in stadiums and broadcast on tele,isionM column row 1 (scope).
The teams are organi-ed into leagues and di,isions according to geographyM column
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"0
Col+,n 8,
ho .*eo*le/. The people modeled in column ; are ma9or-league baseball playersM
column 4 (who), row 6 (real system)! The physiological state of indi,idual players determines 1hether and ho1 1ell they play an indi,idual game' or if they are put on the disabled listM column 4 (who), row 5 (detailed representation)! The count is the model for ho1 the batter is doing during an at-batM column 4 (who), row 5 (detailed representation). )efining and locating the s1eet spot of the bat is a human-machine interface problem6 the teams help indi,iduals understand this issue B#ahill' 200;D! The s1eet spot of the bat is four inches 1ide' but only one-third of an inch high! This 1as determined using a ne1 criterion function of getting a hit' rather than the old criterion function of getting a home run B#ald1in and #ahill' 200;DM column 4 (who), row 4 (technology model)!. In section 2!F' 1e discussed hori-ontal and ,ertical integration of models! The t1o pre,ious paragraphs offer an opportunity to e7plore this for the baseball models! In basic research' one team often uses the results of another team' but they seldom use the actual products! An e7ception to this 1as the model of #ald1in and #ahill B200;D! This model used ne1 programs as 1ell as the e8uations and the actual programs of @athan B200FD' Sa1icki' Cubbard and Stronge B200FD' and #ahill and Karna,as B"((FD! #ecause the models 1ere not designed to be used by others' 1e encountered the follo1ing interoperability problems6 SI ,ersus $nglish units' righthanded ,ersus left-handed coordinate systems' bat mass ,ersus effecti,e bat mass' different nomenclature' and most seriously lack of stated assumptions Indi,idual player performances are published daily in the bo7 scores in the sports sections of ne1spapers! Player a,erage performances are published 1eeklyM column 4 (who), row 4 (technology model). Indi,idual player statistics' &arko, models and manager decisions 2such as batting order4 are used to simulate games and seasons6 this is called fantasy baseball B#urkiet' Carold and Palacios' "((*M 111!stats!comD! Scouts make obser,ations and e,aluations of playersI performances and report this information back to their organi-ationsM column 4 (who), row (system model)!
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The Heneral &anager 2H&4 creates the 2 -man roster and trades players to impro,e it! It must contain a balance of players at each position' including short relie,ers' long relie,ers' etc!M column 4 (who), row (system model)! #illy #eane' Heneral &anager 2H&4 of the Jakland Athletics' e,aluates the 1orth of players 1ith inno,ati,e high-le,el metrics' and he has the most successful lo1-salary team in the ma9or leagues BGe1is' 200FD! The H& must consider player positions' salaries' performance' etc!M column 4 (who), row (system model)! Heorge Steinbrenner' o1ner of the @e1 %ork %ankees' e,aluates the 1orth of his players 1ith traditional metrics' and he has the most successful high-salary team in the ma9or leagues! The team o1ner must consider return on in,estmentM column 4 (who), row ! ("usiness model). Creating rules for selecting members of the Jlympic team effects the enterpriseM column 4 (who), row ! ("usiness model). #ecause ro1 2 e7amines the system boundaries' it 1ill often contain models that are outside of the organi-ation! #efore the 200" season began' the o1ners of the Te7as 5angers created a ten-year Q2 2 million contract for Ale7 5odrigue- 2A-5od4! Their comple7 contract analysis included pro9ected team re,enue' team performance and franchise ,alue as 1ell as salary' bonuses' ta7es and contract insurance! Applying an /R discount rate to the re,enues and e7penses' they obtained a net present ,alue of negati,e Q"!F million' 1hich is close to break-e,en! So they signed the contract BCohen and =allace' 200FM Cohen' 200FDM column 4 (who), row ! ("usiness model). The Commissioner of #aseball coordinates the teamsM the &a9or Geague #aseball Players Association and playersI agents orchestrate the acti,ities of the players! The Commissioner must consider salary caps' retirement plans' drug testing' re,enue sharing and the reser,e clauseM column 4 (who), row 1 (scope). Col+,n 9, hen .ti,e/. The fundamental unit of time in a baseball game is one pitchM column
5 (when), row 6 (real system)! The batterIs mental model for the pitch is based on the last one or t1o pitches or perhaps on the last 20 seconds B#ahill and #ald1in' 200;M Hray' 2002 and 200FDM column 5 (when), row 5 (detailed representation).
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"2
A successful tactic of pitchers is <1ork fast and change speed on e,ery pitchM> B#ahill and #ald1in' 200;DM column 5 (when), row 5 (detailed representation)! Pitch count - pitchers are often remo,ed after' say' "20 pitchesM column 5 (when), row 4 (technology model). Sometimes pitching rotations are planned' but sometimes they are merely a default' e!g!' <Spahn and Sain and pray for rainM> column 5 (when), row (system model). Season schedules for all of the teams are comple7 because of the many constraintsM column 5 (when), row ! ("usiness model) )ecisions must be made about interleague play' playoff structure' e7pansion teams' etc!M column 5 (when), row 1 (scope). Col+,n :, hy .,oti1ation/. Column E concerns 1hy people think the things they do and (system model) Tele,ision net1orks determine the starting times of many gamesM column 5 (when), row
make the decisions they doM column 6 (why), row 6 (real system)! =hy does the pitcher decide to thro1 a fastball' a slider' a cur,eball or a changeupK column 6 (why), row 5 (detailed representation). Critical flicker fusion fre8uency 2C???4 e7plains 1hy pitchers think there is a difference bet1een the t1o-seam and the four-seam fastballs although physics sho1s no difference B#ahill and #ald1in' 200 M #ahill' 200 DM column 6 (why), row 5 (detailed representation). #atters use many heuristics to decide 1hat to do! Among them is' 1ith a F-0 count e7pect a fastball because the pitcher 1ill ha,e the greatest confidence in thro1ing it for a strike B=illiams and +nder1ood' "(/2M #ahill and #ald1in' 200;DM column 6 (why), row 5 (detailed representation)! The manager moti,ates his players by kno1ing 1hen blame and 1hen not to B#ald1in' 200"DM column 6 (why), row 4 (technical model). =hy does a manager decide to pitch to a famous slugger rather than intentionally 1alk himK In making this decision the manager considers the score' runners on base' batting a,erage' slugging a,erage' etc! B5eiter' 200;D# column 6 (why), row 4 (technical model). Heneral &anagers trade players in order to ha,e a 1inning season 1ithin their constraints! They are moti,ated by their dri,e for success# column 6 (why), row
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(system model).
"F
=hat moti,ates ma9or league baseball playersK &oney' prestige and pride! The top players can also get money from endorsements of clothing' e8uipment' ,ideo games' ,ideos and booksM column 6 (moti$ation), row ! ("usiness model) =hat moti,ates baseball team o1nersK Po1er' ego' moneyM column 6 (moti$ation), row ! ("usiness model) The purpose of baseball is entertainment 1ith t1o ma9or subdi,isions6 tele,ision and baseball stadiumsM column 6 (why), row 1 (scope). Hould B200FD e7plains the intellectual comple7ity that causes sagacious Americans to be fascinated 1ith baseballM column 6 (why), row 1 (scope).
8. 'ESS!#S 'EAR#ED
8.1. 'e1el o0 Detail %ncreasin- detail. ?or practical applications' more detail is typically introduced in the lo1er ro1s of the frame1ork than the upper ro1s' especially if a real system is to be de,eloped and deployed! This is not a hard and fast rule and .achman 1ould argue that the le,el of detail is decided 1ithin a cell and not across ro1sM ho1e,er' 1e ha,e found it to be generally true in practice! =e ha,e obser,ed that the number and si-e of the models in each cell generally increases from top to bottom! Thus' a ro1 cell could contain on the order of "00 times the mass 2money' effort' pages of documentation' lines of code' number of diagrams' etc!4 of a ro1 " cell! Jur tables do not sho1 this mushrooming' because 1e concentrated on only a sli,er of the problem! In contrast' instead of focusing on the bat in Table III' the lo1er ro1s of column " could ha,e included other e8uipment' such as balls' glo,es' bases' masks' and the scoreboard! They could ha,e included system state' 1hich is composed of total runs scored by the ,isiting and home teams' inning' 1hether it is the top or the bottom of the inning' last person 1ho batted for each team' outs in this half of the present inning' balls and strikes on present batter' the names of the runners on first' second and third base' and a list of players 1ho ha,e been remo,ed from the game6 the system state contains the things that 1ould be needed to restart a rain-delayed game! In addition' the lo1er ro1s of column " could ha,e contained models for the pitcher such as the grip' the deli,ery 2o,erhand' three-8uarters' side arm4' and 1rist snap! And they could ha,e included models for team1ork such as signals 2catcher-pitcher' manager-coach-batter' fielder-fielder4 for hit and run' bunt' steal and e7ecuting double plays! And the lo1er ro1s of
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column " could also ha,e included models for indi,idual finances' battersI physiology' the minor league structure' TN time outs' 1eather' altitude' etc! &organ1alp and Sage B200FD ha,e handled this increasing detail by creating a threedimensional $nterprise Architecture ?rame1ork 2F) $A?4! Their ro1s and columns are similar to the .achman frame1ork' but they add another dimension to handle physical decomposition! This dimension contains $nterprise' ?amily of Systems' Systems' Subsystems' Components and Parts! They say that the number of models increases e7ponentially in this dimension! A;straction mo,es in the direction of decreasing detail B#ahill' #otta and Smith' 200 D! In "(; ' Pablo Picasso made a 1ash dra1ing of a bull! A month later' he finished his ""th state of abstraction' 1hich 1as composed of si7 lines! CSlestin said' <1hen you stand before his ele,enth bull' itIs hard to imagine the 1ork that 1ent into it> 2http6AAmourlot!free!frAfmtaureauenglish!html4! (ierarchy. A .achman frame1ork is hierarchical6 each cell could contain a frame1ork of its o1n! ?or e7ample' 1e could populate a frame1ork for #aseball! Jr 1e could populate a frame1ork for the ma9or leagues! Jr 1e could populate a frame1ork for the Ari-ona )iamondbacks! Jr 1e could populate a frame1ork for 5andy :ohnson' etc! $ran+larity! The models in a ro1 of a .achman frame1ork should be of e8ual granularity! Hranularity refers to the le,el of detail or the le,el of abstraction of each model! The analogy is to rocks! Tiny rocks are called sand' small rocks are called gra,el' larger rocks are called pebbles' e,en larger ones are ri,er stones and big ones are called boulders! A dri,e1ay is often pa,ed 1ith gra,el' 1here each rock is of the same si-e! Cockburn 2200"4 says that you raise the le,el by asking' <=hy is the actor doing thisKI and you lo1er the le,el by asking' <Co1 is the actor going to do thisKI The follo1ing are the models in Table III ro1 E6 =hat' the baseball batM Co1' one pitch and responsesM =here' the baseball fieldM =ho' ma9or league baseball playersM Time' the pitch inter,alM and =hy' moti,ation for decisions! These si7 things are at e8ui,alent le,els of detail! $7amples of bad granularity 1ould be a time scale based on 2"4 the orbital duration of a Fd electron of an atom in the cork center or 224 the earthIs orbital duration! The follo1ing are the models in Table III ro1 "6 =hat' e8uipment rulesM Co1' #aseball rulesM =here' baseball is played in stadiums and broadcast on tele,isionM =ho' Commissioner of #aseball coordinates the teams' &a9or Geague #aseball Players Association and playersI agents
""A2EA20"F "
orchestrate playersI acti,itiesM =hen' chronologyM decisions about interleague play' playoff structure' 1orld series datesM and =hy' the purpose of baseball is entertainment! These models are also at e8ui,alent le,els of abstraction! An e7ample of bad granularity for ro1 " of this frame1ork 1ould be using a team manager or the president of the +nited States for =ho! To help 1ith hori-ontal granularity' you could consider time scales as 1ell as perspecti,es and roles! In this #aseball e7ample' the models in ro1 " should run 1ith time scales of a fe1 years! The models in ro1 2 should deal 1ith seasonal e,ents! The models in ro1 F should ha,e time scales on the order of one game! The models in ro1 ; should ha,e time scales of one at-bat! And the models in ro1 should ha,e time scales of one s1ing! It might be desirable to ha,e the same real system in each column! In Table III' 1e did not ha,e room to co,er all of #aseball! That 1ould take thousands of models! =e only sho1ed sli,ers of #aseball! ?or e7ample' in column "' 1e only looked at the baseball bat and this produced the rules about baseball bats in ro1 "! In contrast' 1e could ha,e looked at the ball' or the bat and the ball! If 1e had looked at all possible sli,ers' then ro1 " 1ould ha,e contained all baseball rules! 5o1 E had e,en granularity' but each column looked at a different thing' e! g! column " had the bat' column F had the field and column ; had the baseball players! ?or a more uniform frame1ork 1e could ha,e looked at =hat' the bat and ballM Co1' the pitch and collisionM =here' the pitching rubber' the flight path' the plate' and the batterIs bo7M =ho' the batterM =hen' the duration of the pitch and s1ingM and =hy' to out1it the opponent! $7amining the granularity of a frame1ork is a 1ay of ,alidating the frame1ork! Modelin- $eneralities. =hen architecting an enterprise' either generate models that address all of the cells' or document rationale for 1hy certain cells 1ere left out! This best practice ensures that there is complete co,erage and that the modelers ha,e at least considered each and e,ery aspect and perspecti,e of the problem in the conte7t of the frame1ork! In other 1ords' this helps ensure that nothing has been inad,ertently ignored! In our e7perience' 1e ha,e found that complete co,erage is typically necessary in the top three ro1s! Cere are t1o additional generali-ations about modeling! All elements in the same model should be at the same le,el! &odels should e7change inputs and outputs only 1ith other models of the same le,el' or maybe one le,el higher or lo1er! Consider the #atter in the acti,ity diagram of ?ig! "! =e could model the state of his mind 1ith the follo1ing attributes and states6
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e<*erience7 rookie' ,eteran' imminent free agent salary6 considered too lo1' considered too high' commensurate 1ith earned respect *hysiolo-y7 age' health' on disabled list co,*etition7 other players at his position )oes this model fit 1ith the acti,ity diagramK @o' because it is at a different le,el! If the #atter considered these factors 1hile hitting' he may introduce confusion into his batting decision process! @o1 let us reconsider the #atter in the acti,ity diagram! =e could model the state of his mind 1ith the follo1ing attributes and states6 co+nt7 balls' strikes' outs ,entalModels7 speed of last pitch' umpireIs last call sit+ation7 runners on base si-nals7 last signal from coach )oes this model fit 1ith the acti,ity diagramK %es' because it is at the same le,el! A batter considering these attributes and states is focusing on the le,el of model needed to increase his hitting performance! Table INa is a class diagram at the same le,el as the #atter in the acti,ity diagram of ?ig! "! Table INb is a class diagram at the 1rong le,el BTables INa and INb go here!D A model 1ith elements at different le,els of detail 1ill be hard to understand! In #ahillIs e7perience' the most common student mistake in modeling is creating elements at different le,els' for e7ample 1riting a use case at one le,el and a creating a class diagram at another le,el! All components in a model should be at the same le,el' but models can be broken into submodels that are arranged hierarchically in le,els! &odels should only e7change inputs and outputs 1ith other models of the same le,el' or maybe one le,el higher or lo1er! In ?ig! 2' models 0' " and 2 are at one le,el! They e7change information 1ith each other! &odel " has been decomposed into submodels "!"' "!2 and "!F! These submodels e7change information 1ith each other' 1ith model " in the le,el abo,e and 1ith models "!F!"' "!F!2 and "!F!F in the le,el belo1! Co1e,er' as sho1n in ?ig! 2' models should not skip le,els in e7changing information! B?igure 2 goes here!D 8.2. 'inka-es!
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In going from the bottom to the top' ro1
models indi,idual componentsM ro1 ; models the
interfaces bet1een these components and the resulting subsystems of ro1 ;M and ro1 F models the interfaces bet1een the subsystems of ro1 ; and the resulting systems of ro1 F! Methodolo-y! A process or methodology should be follo1ed 1hen generating models according to a frame1ork! The frame1ork by itself is simply not enough for practical implementation! The frame1ork can and should be used to tailor and structure a process so that the process prescribes that models be built to sufficiently address each aspect and perspecti,e in the frame1ork! Process also can enforce ,ertical and hori-ontal integration and consistency among models! To* do)n or ;otto, +*= In this paper' 1e discussed the models from bottom to top! That is the 1ay many of these models 1ere deri,ed' because in basic research' ne1 models are built on pre,ious research! Co1e,er' in designing ne1 systems or modeling e7isting systems' better results 1ill usually be obtained 1ith a top-do1n approach! Architects and Systems $ngineers start at the top and 1ork do1n! =hereas discipline engineers and physicists usually start at the bottom and 1ork up! Soft1are engineers often start in the middle 1ith use cases' ob9ects and class diagrams! People usually start at the le,el that they are most familiar 1ith! +nfortunately' this means different people may be 1orking at different le,els! Therefore' not e,eryone 1ill be designing to the same re8uirements! .achman does not impose any order in 1hich the ro1s or columns are populated! The decision of the order in 1hich ro1s and columns are addressed is in the domain of the methodology follo1ed by the architecting team and not the frame1ork itself! 8.2. >sin- the Fra,e)ork as an Assess,ent Tool. In addition to organi-ing the de,elopment of ne1 architecture products' the .achman frame1ork has also been sho1n to be useful as a general assessment tool! The frame1ork' as a normali-ed schema for organi-ing a complete and holistic set of architecture descriptions can be effecti,ely applied to assess e7isting artifact sets' or e,en determine an optimal skills mi7 for architecture de,elopment! =hen first embarking on an architecture de,elopment effort' it is useful to gather e7isting models and documentation about the sub9ect of the architecture and arrange them into appropriate cells 1ithin the frame1ork! This gi,es the architecture team an idea of the e7tent to 1hich e7isting models' graphics' documents' etc!' pro,ide co,erage in terms of a holistic description of the architecture! The results of this mapping of e7isting information into the
""A2EA20"F "/
frame1ork can be depicted graphically and can be used to identify gaps in information and can further be used to focus artifact de,elopment efforts to fill the gaps! Another e7ample of using the frame1ork to assess e7isting information is in the analysis of a set of customer re8uirements! $ach re8uirement in the re8uirements set can be mapped to a particular cell 1ithin the frame1ork! After mapping the re8uirements to the appropriate cell' the results can again be used to identify gaps in re8uirements definition! This information can be useful for prompting and guiding discussions 1ith the customer to produce a more refined set of re8uirements for a system! In some cases' a gi,en re8uirement may span multiple columns! This indicates that the re8uirement is probably too general and 1ould likely be made more concise through additional decomposition! The frame1ork can also be used to determine the optimal skills mi7 for a company or architecting team! &apping indi,idual team memberIs skills against the .achman schema can pro,ide insight into the breadth and depth of the teamAcompany skill mi7! It is usually necessary to ha,e a set of skills co,ering most of the frame1ork L that implies that the team should be able to model from the Planner' J1ner' )esigner' etc!' ,ie1points 1ith respect to moti,ation' data' function' people' net1ork' and time' in order to effecti,ely model all aspects of the enterprise! hy collect a set o0 Base;all ,odels that co,*ly )ith the &ach,an 0ra,e)ork= If a young engineering researcher 1ants to start a research program in baseball' then he or she must find a continuing funding source! This 1ill not be possible if he or she does not understand the flo1 of money in the #aseball enterprise! #ahill has spent three decades doing baseball research! Ce has recei,ed ,ery limited funding' because he did not understand the flo1 of money! A young researcher cannot e7pect to get money from the ma9or league teams6 all of their money is committed to player salaries6 there is no money for research' de,elopment or training! The ma9or league teams are interested in something that could help them 1in games ne7t 1eek6 they are not interested in something that could help them ne7t year! In the +SA' in 200; there are only about three uni,ersity laboratories that are continually funding graduate students in baseball and softball research! In contrast' there is more money for research in golf and tennis! Jf the "*2 papers presented at the $ngineering of Sport conference BCubbard' &ehta and Pallis' 200;D "F 1ere about baseball or softball' 2; 1ere about golf and " 1ere about tennis!
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"(
If a young researcher 1ants to do research in #aseball' then he or she had better understand the funding mechanisms' the flo1 of money! Jne 1ay to do this is to create a collection of models for the #aseball enterprise that comply 1ith the .achman frame1ork! Jn the other hand' if a young engineer 1ants to start a research program in Jptimi-ation &ethods for 5outing Problems on @et1orks 1ith Stochastic ?ailures' then he or she should populate a .achman frame1ork for the Jptimi-ation &ethods for 5outing Problems on @et1orks 1ith Stochastic ?ailures enterprise! 8.8. Content and Arran-e,ent o0 the Cells The ri-ht tool. There is no correct modeling tool for any particular cell! ?or each cell' use 1hich e,er modeling tool is most appropriate' e! g!' physical analogs' analytic e8uations' state machines' functional flo1 block diagrams' block diagrams of linear systems theory' transfer functions' state-space models' differential or difference e8uations' ob9ect-oriented models' +&G diagrams' &onte Carlo simulations' statistical distributions' graphical 2animated4 simulations' mathematical programming' &arko, processes' time-series models' financial models' Pert charts' Hantt charts' computer programs' use cases or mental models! $ach entity in a cell should be a model 2a system4 in its o1n right! That means it should ha,e defined inputs' functions' outputs' states' ob9ects' figures of merit' metrics' technical performance measures' interfaces' etc! If a different modeling tool is used for each model' then the interfaces 1ill be harder to design! That is one ad,antage of the +&G6 it allo1s the models to communicate better! Col+,n order. A ne1spaper article should start 1ith 1ho' 1hat' 1hen' 1here' 1hy and sometimes ho1' usually in that order' but 1e ha,e seen .achman frame1orks 1ith many different column orders! In fact' .achman e7plicitly says that the ordering of the columns is not important! Co1e,er' 1e think column order is important! 2?or the reasons gi,en in the ne7t t1o paragraphs4 1e suggest the original .achman column order6 =hat' Co1' =here' =ho' =hen and =hy! hich cells are ,ost i,*ortant= To increase the performance of baseball players' the lo1er-left cells are the most important and the upper-right cells are least important 21ith the column order that 1e ha,e used4! +&G diagrams are also most useful in the lo1er-left corner! In contrast' a C$J 1ould be interested in the top ro1s and in particular the upper-right corner! &odels in ro1s " and 2 are the domain of the President' C$J' board of directors and rule making
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organi-ations! &odels in ro1s F and ; are o1ned by managers! 5o1 the most engineers! The Sports $ngineering
tasks are performed by
conference 1as held at the +ni,ersity of California at )a,is in
September 200;! "*2 papers 1ere presented BCubbard' &ehta and Pallis' 200;D! These papers as 1ell as those published by Cung and Pallis B200;D 1ere categori-ed into the cell that best represented the fundamental characteristic of each paper! This categori-ation is sho1n in Table N! The authors' for the most part' 1ere research engineers! As can be seen' most of the papers fall into the lo1er left-hand corner! A re,ie1er of this paper 1rote' <@o doubt the authors could find a different emphasis at a meeting of sports agents' financial analysts or la1yers!> BTable N goes here!D The contract for Ale7 5odrigue- 1as cited in ro1-2 2Team J1ner4 and column-; 2People4! The case study discussing this contract BCohen and =allace' 200FM Cohen' 200FD mentions do-ens of things that 1ere considered6 all of them are in the upper-right corner' none of them are in the lo1er-left corner! 6ri,iti1es. A pure .achman frame1ork contains primiti,e models' that is' models that deal 1ith only one column at a time! &ost practical models' like ?igure "' are called composite models' because they form a composite of primiti,e elements from more than one .achman column! .achman says that composite models should be deri,ed from primiti,e models6 if composite models are built from the beginning' you 1ill likely end up 1ith point-in-time solutions that do not consider enterprise-1ide implications! 8.9. 6+r*ose. The purpose of identifying a set of models is to understand enterprises consisting of organi-ations and systems! The purpose of the indi,idual models could be to 2"4 understand an e7isting system or organi-ation' 224 create a ne1 design or system' 2F4 control a system' 2;4 impro,e performance' 2 4 impro,e a system or an organi-ation 2E4 increase return on in,estment' 2*4 plan system de,elopment' 2/4 point out important assumptions' 2(4 help formulate system structure' 2"04 suggest ne1 e7periments' 2""4 guide future data collection efforts' 2"24 suggest accuracy for calculating parameters' 2"F4 ad9ust numerical ,alues of parameters' 2";4 allocate resources' 2" 4 detect critical criteria' 2"E4 identify cost dri,ers' 2"*4 identify bottlenecks' 2"/4 help sell the product and 2"(4 reduce risk
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2"
Modelin- ;+siness *rocesses. To understand a business process such as modeling and simulation in a particular company' that company could create a database that contains data that ans1ers these 8uestions for each model and simulation they ha,e created! PurposeK J1nerK ArchitectureK InputsK JutputsK ?unctionsK InterfacesK Interacts 1ithK CostK #usiness caseK Ge,elK =hoK =hatK =henK =hereK =hyK Co1K Standard 2e!g! +&G' 5+P' CJ5#A4K &odeling toolK Simulation toolK .achman ro1K .achman columnK Then they could reduce the number of classes using affinity analysis! And finally' they could abstract this into a metamodel that sho1s ho1 that company does modeling and simulation! As a summary e7ample' Table NI sho1s a .achman frame1ork for another sport' Holf! It does not ha,e models that 1ere published in peer-re,ie1ed 9ournalsM rather it contains simple thought models! It should pro,ide another e7ample of the lessons learned of this paper! ?or e7ample' it repeats the message that there can be se,eral roles per ro1 depending on the sli,er that you are e7amining' e! g! ro1 " uses City 5ecreation )epartment' +nited States Holf Association 2+SHA4' @ational Collegiate Athletic Association 2@CAA4' Professional Holf Association 2PHA4' and a uni,ersity Athletic )irector 2A)4! BTables NIa and NIb go here! They should be on facing pages!D 9. S>MMAR? The .achman frame1ork pro,ides a general si7-by-si7 schema that can be used to organi-e and assess completeness of descripti,e representations for any comple7 enterprise such as an organi-ation' your customer' a system or a sport! To ensure a complete and holistic understanding of the enterprise architecture' it is necessary to de,elop models that address the perspecti,es and interrogati,es that constitute the ro1s and columns' respecti,ely' of the frame1ork! =hen constructing these models it is important to use 1hiche,er modeling notation and tool that is most appropriate for con,eying the ,alue of the information captured in the models! This may lead to a list of entities' a differential e8uation model' a set of )o)A? artifacts using +&G or I)$? notation' or may simply be a paragraph describing some aspect of the enterprise! ?or systems engineering applications' a .achman frame1ork is typically used to organi-e models 1hose ultimate purpose is to better understand and communicate the conte7t' re8uirements' and detailed design for a system or a system of systems that is to be built and deployed! As a result' there is typically more detail in the models arranged in the lo1er ro1s of
""A2EA20"F 22
the frame1ork! These detailed models are used to e7plain to engineers and customers ho1 the system should be structured and implemented to most effecti,ely reali-e the capabilities and re8uirements that are identified by analy-ing models describing the Planner and #usiness J1ner perspecti,es of the enterprise! Cells in the top ro1s typically contain models that e7press the organi-ationIs ,ision and mission statements' hard technical problems' and concept of operational! Cells in the lo1er ro1s describe the logical' technical and physical solutions that ideally pro,ide a better' more re1arding 1ay to conduct business! &odels de,eloped in a gi,en ro1 should contain information that is roughly at the same le,el of detail 2granularity4 as other models in the same ro1! This helps keep the models understandable and allo1s for better correlation 2integration4 bet1een models in the same ro1! &odels organi-ed 1ithin the .achman frame1ork should be hori-ontally and ,ertically integrated in terms of ro1s and columns of the schema! This implies that models in a gi,en ro1 should e7hibit consistency in terms of ho1 the primiti,e moti,ational' data' function' people' net1ork' and time elements are used' re-used' and depicted in the models! Nertical integration means that models in a gi,en column should demonstrate traceability 1hen mo,ing from one ro1 to the ne7t! ?inally' the .achman frame1ork can be used as a ,aluable assessment tool to determine the 8uality of co,erage for e7isting artifacts such as re8uirements and diagrams' as 1ell as identify gaps in skills 1ithin a company or architecture team! =e ha,e found the .achman frame1ork to be useful! Jur intention in this paper 1as to e7amine it' e7plain ho1 to use it and look at its strengths and 1eaknesses! =e 1anted to help the reader to decide 1hether or not the .achman frame1ork 1ould help him or her to organi-e the models in his or her business! AC"#! 'ED$EME#T =e thank )a,e #ald1in' &ark Nriesenga and 5euben Settergren for comments on the manuscript! This paper 1as partially supported by A?JS5A&+5I ?;(E20-0F-"-0F**!
REFERE#CES
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2F
:! 5! Armstrong' Co1 maturity modeling sa,ed my softball team' Proceedings of the &th 'nnual (nternational )ymposium of the (nternational *ouncil on )ystems +ngineering 2I@CJS$4' Nancou,er' #ritish Columbia' Canada' :uly 2E-F0' "((/ A! T! #ahill' The ideal moment of inertia for a baseball or softball bat' (+++ Transactions on )ystem, ,an, and *y"ernetics - Part '. )ystems and /umans' 28224' 2200;4' "(*-20;! )! .! #ahill' #aseball ,ideo! http6AAsie!ari-ona!eduAsysengrAbaseballA2Seam-;Seam-Nideo!ANI' 200 ! A! T! #ahill and )! H! #ald1in' Predicting a #aseballIs path' 'merican )cientist, @22F4' pp! 2"/22 ' 200 ! A! T! #ahill and )! H! #ald1in' The rising fastball and other perceptual illusions of batters' in H! K! Cung and :! &! Pallis 2$ditors4' %iomedical +ngineering Principles in )ports' Klu1er Academic' 200;' pp! 2 *-2/*! A! T! #ahill' 5! #otta and $! Smith' =hat Are Ge,elsK Proceedings of the 15th 'nnual (nternational )ymposium of the (nternational *ouncil on )ystems +ngineering 2I@CJS$4' :uly "0-" ' 200 ' 5ochester' @% A! T! #ahill and :! )aniels' +sing ob9ect-oriented and +&G tools for hard1are design6 a case study' )ystems +ngineering' :2"4' 2200F4' 2/-;/! A! T! #ahill and =! :! Karna,as' )etermining ideal baseball bat 1eights using muscle force,elocity relationships' %iological *y"ernetics' :26 2"(/(4' /(-(*! A! T! #ahill and =! :! Karna,as' The ideal baseball bat' 0ew )cientist' 12A2"*EF46 E April 2"(("4' 2E-F"! A! T! #ahill and =! :! Karna,as' The perceptual illusion of baseballTs rising fastball and breaking cur,e ball' 1ournal of +2perimental Psychology. /uman Perception and Performance, 1@6 2"((F4' F-";! A! T! #ahill and T! Ga5it-' =hy canTt batters keep their eyes on the ball' 'merican )cientist' B2' &ay-:une 2"(/;4' 2;(-2 F! A! T! #ahill and &! &orna ?reitas' T1o methods for recommending bat 1eights' 'nnals of %iomedical +ngineering' 22C8' 2"(( 4' ;FE-;;;! )! H! #ald1in' Co1 to 1in the blame game' /ar$ard %usiness 3e$iew' :uly-August 2200"4' 50"0*C!
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)! H! #ald1in and A! T! #ahill' A model of the batTs ,ertical s1eetness gradient' in &! Cubbard' 5! )! &ehta and :! &! Pallis 2$ditors4' The +ngineering of )port 5' ,ol! 2' Proceedings of the th International $ngineering of Sport Conference' September "F-"E' 200;' )a,is' CA' International Sports $ngineering Association 2IS$A4' Sheffield' +K' pp! F0 -F""! :! #ar-un' 4od5s *ountry and ,ine# ' declaration of lo$e spiced with a few harsh words, Atlantic-Gittle' #ro1n and Company' "( ;! K! #oeke' *osmic 6iew, the 7ni$erse in 48 1umps' :ohn )ay Company' @e1 %ork' "( *! P! #ranca-io' <S1inging for the ?ences6 The Physics of the #aseball #at'> paper presented at the @e1 $ngland section of the American Physical Society meeting' Jctober "(/*! #! #urkiet' $! Carold and :! G! Palacios' A &arko, chain approach to baseball' 9perations 3esearch, 892"4 2"((*4' ";-2F! A! Cockburn' Writing effecti$e use cases' Addison-=esley' 200"! 5! #! Cohen' Teaching @ote on A-5od6 Signing the best player in baseball' /ar$ard %usiness )chool *ase )tudy -20F-0("' April "E' 200F! 5! #! Cohen and :! =allace' A-5od6 Signing the best player in baseball' /ar$ard %usiness )chool *ase )tudy (-20F-0;*' :anuary 2*' 200F! :! :! Crisco' 0*'' 3esearch Program on %at and %all Performance' final report' @o,ember "2' "((*! 5! Cross' The s1eet spot of the baseball bat! 'm 1 Physics ::' 2"((/4' **2-**(! )! : de Nilliers' +sing the .achman frame1ork to assess the 5ational +nified Process' The 5ational $dge' http6AA111!therationaledge!comAcontentAmarU0"AtU-achmanUd,!html' 200"! C! $ames and 5! $ames' A 5ough Sketch for a Proposed ?ilm )ealing 1ith the Po1ers of Ten and the 5elati,e Si-e of the +ni,erse' Presented at the annual meeting of the Commission on College Physics' / minutes' color' "(E/! )! S! ?rankel' P! Carmon' :! &uker9i' :! Jddel' &! J1en' P! 5i,itt' &! 5osen' 5! &! Soley' The .achman frame1ork and the J&HIs model dri,en architecture' %usiness Process Trends' 111!omg!orgAmdaAmda-filesA' September 200F! S! :! Hould' Triumph and Tragedy in ,ud$ille, =! =! @orton' @%' 200F! 5! Hray' #eha,ior of college baseball players in a ,irtual batting task' 1ournal of e2perimental psychology. /uman Performance and Perception! 2D' @o! ' 220024' ""F"L"";/!
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5! Hray' &arko, at the bat6 a model of cogniti,e processing in baseball batters' Psychological )cience' 122E46 2200F4' ;2- ;*! &! Cubbard' 5! )! &ehta and :! &! Pallis' 2$ditors4' The +ngineering of )port 5' International Sports $ngineering Association 2IS$A4' Sheffield' +K' 200;! H! K! Cung and :! &! Pallis' 2$ditors4' %iomedical +ngineering Principles in )ports' Klu1er Academic' 200;! I#& 5+P' 5ational +nified Process' http6AA111!rational!comAproductsArupAinde7!9sp' 200F! =! :! Karna,as' A! T! #ahill and )! &! 5egan' A model for the rising fastball and breaking cur,e ball' Proceedings of the 1::8 (+++ (nternational *onference on )ystem, ,an, and *y"ernetics' (2 -(2/! &! Ge1is' ,oney"all. The 'rt of Winning an 7nfair 4ame' =!=! @orton O Company' 200F! &! =! &aier' )! $mery and 5! Cilliard' A@SIAI$$$ ";*" and systems engineering' )ystems +ngineering' *2F4' 2 *-2*0' 200;! :! @! &artin' )ystems +ngineering 4uide"oo;. ' process for de$eloping systems and products' C5C Press' "((*! )! $! &cCugh and A! T! #ahill' Gearning to track predictable target 1a,eforms 1ithout a time delay' (n$estigati$e 9phthalmology and 6isual )cience' 2E' 2"(/ 4' (F2-(F*! &! K! &c#eath' )! &! Shaffer and &! K! Kaiser' Co1 baseball outfielders determine 1here to run to catch fly balls' )cience' 2:D' April 2"(( 4' E(- *F' :! A! &oody' =! G! Chapman' ?! )! Nan Noorhees and A! T! #ahill' ,etrics and *ase )tudies for +$aluating +ngineering <esigns' Chapter ;' #at Chooser' Prentice Call PT5' +pper Saddle 5i,er' @:' "((*! :! &organ1alp and A! Sage' A system of systems focused enterprise architecture frame1ork and an associated architecture de,elopment process' (nformation, =nowledge, )ystems ,anagement, IJS Press' 2' 22002A200F4' /*-"0 ! P! &orrison and P! &orrison' The Powers of Ten' Scientific American #ooks' =! C! ?reeman' "(**! This book has been con,erted into many 1eb sites including http6AA111!1ord1i--!comAp1rsof"0!htm A! &! @athan' )ynamics of the baseball-bat collision! 'm 1 Physics' :D6 220004' (*(-((0! A! &! @athan' Characteri-ing the performance of baseball-bats! 'm 1 Physics' B16 2200F4' "F;";F!
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)! &! 5egan' Nisual 9udgments and mis9udgments in cricket' and the art of flight' Perception' 216 2"((24' ("-"" ! :! P! 5eiter' Should teams 1alk or pitch to #arry #ondsK %ase"all 3esearch 1ournal, 22' 2200;4' EF-E(! =! #! 5ouse' :! A! Cannon-#o1ers and $! Salas' The role of mental models in team performance in comple7 systems' (+++ Transactions on )ystems, ,an, and *y"ernetics' 222E4' 2"((24' "2(E-"F0/! H! S! Sa1icki' &! Cubbard and =! :! Stronge' Co1 to hit home runs6 Jptimum baseball bat s1ing parameters for ma7imum range tra9ectories' 'm. 1. Phy! B12""4' 2200F4' "" 2-""E2! )! &! Shaffer and &! K! &c#eath' #aseball outfielders maintain a linear optical tra9ectory 1hen tracking uncatchable fly balls' 1ournal of +2perimental Psychology. /uman Perception and Performance' 2D' 220024' FF -F;/! 5! H! =atts and A! T! #ahill' =eep >our +ye on the %all. *ur$e %alls, =nuc;le"alls and ?allacies of %ase"all, =!C! ?reeman' 2000! T! =illiams and :! +nder1ood! The )cience of /itting, @e1 %ork6 Simon and Schuster' "(/2! :! A! .achman' A frame1ork for information systems architecture' (%, )ystems 1ournal' 2:2F4' "(/*!http6AAresearch1eb!1atson!ibm!comA9ournalAs9AF/2A-achman!pdf
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Fi-+re 'e-ends and Ta;le Titles

Table I! An $mpty .achman ?rame1ork Table II! &odels for #uilding a Couse that )iffer in )etail and @ature Table III! A .achman ?rame1ork Populated 1ith #aseball &odels Table INa! Go1-le,el Class )iagram for the #atter! Table INb! Cigh-le,el Class )iagram for the #atter! Table N! @umber of Papers 1ith Primary $mphasis in $ach Cell Table NIa! A .achman ?rame1ork for Holf Table NIb! A .achman ?rame1ork for Holf 2continued4 ?igure "! An acti,ity diagram for a pitch and a partial response to it 2Assuming it is a groundball hit into fair territory! The fielder on first base catches the thro1! There are no other base runners!4! Copyright ' 200;' #ahill' from http6AA111Asie!ari-ona!eduAsysengrAslidesA used 1ith permission! ?igure 2! &odels should not skip le,els in e7changing information! Copyright ' 200;' #ahill' from http6AA111Asie!ari-ona!eduAsysengrAslidesA used 1ith permission!
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Table I! An $mpty .achman ?rame1ork "! =hat 2! Co1 F! =here @ame of $nterprise 2data4 2function4 2net1ork4 "! Scope 2conte7t4 2! #usiness model 2concept4 F! System model 2logical4 ;! Technology model 2physical4 ! )etailed representation 2component4 E! 5eal system
;! =ho 2people4
! =hen 2time4
E! =hy 2moti,ation4
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Table II! &odels for #uilding a Couse that )iffer in )etail and @ature A Couse &odel @ature or Purpose "! Scope #ubble charts' i! e! #asic concepts for the building rough sketches Hross si-e' shape and relationships Architect-o1ner mutual understanding 2Planner4 Initiate pro9ect 2! #usiness model ArchitectIs dra1ings ?inal building as seen by the o1ner ?loor plans' site plans Architect-o1ner agreement on the building 2Come J1ner4 $stablish a contract F! System model ArchitectIs plans ?inal building as seen by the designer Translation of o1nerIs ,ie1 into a product )etailed dra1ings in a do-en categories 2)esigner4 #asis for negotiation 1ith general contractor ;! Technology ContractorIs plans ?inal building as seen by the builder model ArchitectIs plans constrained by technology Co1 to build descriptions 2#uilder4 )irects construction acti,ities ! )etailed $lectrical schematics' Subcontractors plans representation Plumbing blueprints )etailed stand-alone model Specification of 1hat is to be built 2Subcontractor4 )irects installation of specific items! E! 5eal system Couse Physical building 2+ser' &aintainer4
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Table III. A Zachman Framework Populated with Baseball Models Baseball 1. What 2. ow !. Where ". Who 1. &cope +,uipment -ules o) &tadiums . -e3enue sharin20 '(ommissioner rules baseball T/0 1ea2ues . -eser3e clause o) Baseball* di3isions 2. Business 5(AA bat 6mpire calls &hared use o) A7-od0 4l%mpic model rules0 Free balls . strikes stadiums teams 'Team 4wner* bats !. &%stem Battin2 Pitch tracker0 Placement o) Fantas% baseball0 model practice &tadium home plate Pla%er contracts0 '8eneral )acilities instant repla% 2#7man roster0 Mana2er* ". Technolo2% Ideal bat Teamwork . Mental Weekl% statistics0 model wei2ht . si2nals )or hit rehearsal . Bo9 scores0 'Team wei2ht . run0 bunt0 understandin2s &weet spot Mana2er* distribution etc. #. :etailed A swin20 -isin2 Predict where Pla%ers; representation (oP0 MoI0 )astball0 +%e . when0 ph%siolo2ical '&cientist0 (omo3ement Fielders run state0 The count +n2ineer0 strate2ies0 cur3ed paths (oach* &peed . spin $. -eal s%stem Baseball 4ne pitch . Baseball )ield Ma=or lea2ue 'Baseball bat responses baseball pla%ers Pla%er*
#. When (hronolo2% &eason schedules Pitchin2 rotations Pitch count
$. Wh% +ntertainment0 Intellectual stimulation Mone%0 Power0 Pride Wants a winnin2 season Intentional walks0 The blame 2ame (FFF0 +9pect )astball with !7 < count Moti3ation )or decisions
Mental models0 Work )ast . chan2e speeds Pitch inter3al
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Keynote address at Asia-Pacific Congress on Sports Technology held at the Tokyo Institute of Technology in September 200 ! The #aseball $nterprise' Column "' =hat 2data4 Specific models
5o1 number' 5o1 name' 2typical stakeholder4 "! Scope 2Commissioner of #aseball4 2! #usiness model 2Team J1ner4
5eferences
F! System model 2Heneral &anager4 ;! Technology model 2Team &anager4 ! )etailed representation 2Scientist' $ngineer' Coach4
The creator of baseball' until recently belie,ed to be Abner )oubleday' 1ould ha,e listed rules' bats' balls' players' and fields among the list of things important to the game! The rules of ball-andstick games 2baseball' softball' cricket' tennis' etc!4 are 1ritten to challenge the physiological limits of the human in many dimensions The @ational Collegiate Athletic Association 2@CAA4 controls college sports! In this role' it has created rules go,erning the allo1ed dimensions and performance of aluminum bats! ?or e7ample' the bat shall not 1eigh less 2in ounces4 than its length 2in inches4 $aston Sports and Cillerich O #radsby Company gi,e 1ooden bats to ma9or league players for free! =hyK To build their brand image' so that they can sell more of their regular sporting e8uipment! $ach organi-ation pro,ides facilities for batting practice' conditioning and skills de,elopment There is an ideal bat 1eight and a best 1eight distribution for each batter! The team helps the indi,idual select and ac8uire the right bat!
B5egan' "((2D
BCrisco' "((*6 @athan' 200FD!
E! 5eal system 2#aseball Player4
The s1ing of a bat can be modeled 1ith a translation and t1o rotations' one about the batterIs spine and the other bet1een the t1o hands There are many models for a baseball bat that e7plain the Center of Percussion 2CoP4' moment of inertia 2&oI4' coefficient of restitution 2Co54' etc ?rom the perspecti,e of a bat manufacturer' this detailed representation of the bat can be represented as a model depicting the re8uired length' the taper of the handle' the 1idth of the barrel' the bat 1eight' etc! The baseball bat
B#ahill and Karna,as' "(/( and "(("M #ahill and &orna ?reitas' "(( M #ahill' 200;D B#ranca-io' "(/*M =atts and #ahill' 2000DM BAdair' "((;M Cross' "((/M @athan' 2000 and 200FM Sa1icki' Cubbard and Stronge' 200FM #ahill' 200;D!
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The #aseball $nterprise' Column 2' Co1 2function4 Specific models
5eferences
F! System model 2Heneral &anager4 ;! Technology model 2Team &anager4
! )etailed representation 2Scientist' $ngineer' Coach4
The rules of baseball e,ol,ed o,er its first 0 years' but ha,e been relati,ely constant o,er the last century &a9or Geague #aseball Inc! defines the strike -one and manages umpires! The umpire calls balls and strikes! Co1e,er' there has been ,ariability in the strike -one! To reduce this ,ariability' multiple tele,ision cameras track each pitch and computers reconstruct the tra9ectory of each pitch After the game' the umpireIs decisions are compared to the computerIs decisions! This feedback helps the umpires impro,e their decision-making! Stadiums can be e8uipped 1ith a ,ariety of optional e8uipment that can record and playback the pitch' such as the multiple tele,ision cameras used to aid the umpires and the stadium instant replay screens for the benefit of the players and spectators! The C&& can impro,e performance! Team1ork and signals enable the manager' the batter and the runners to e7ecute tactics such as hit and run' bunt' steal' take the pitch' s1ing a1ay' etc! The pitcher pitches the ball! The batter s1ings and hits the ball! Ce runs to1ard first base! $tc! Jur acti,ity diagram of ?igure " sho1s one pitch and subse8uent acti,ities! +nderestimating the pitch speed can induce the perceptual illusion of the rising fastball! A neurophysiological model sho1s ho1 the batter predicts 1here and 1hen the ball 1ill cross the plate! T1o strategies are used by the batter for tracking the pitch using the saccadic and smooth pursuit eye mo,ement systems! Jnce the ball is in the air' the mo,ement of the pitch depends only on ,elocity' spin rate and spin a7is!
BHould' 200FD
B111!PuesTec!comD!
B111!PuesTec!comM Armstrong' "((/D
?igure " BKarna,as' #ahill and 5egan' "((0M #ahill and! Karna,as' "((FD B#ahill and! Karna,as' "((FM #ahill and #ald1in' 200;D B#ahill and Ga5it-' "(/;M &cCugh and #ahill' "(/ DM B=atts and #ahill' 2000M #ahill and #ald1in' 200;DM
The acti,ity modeled in column 2 is one pitch and peopleIs response to it
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5o1 number' 5o1 name' 2typical stakeholder4 "! Scope 2Commissioner of #aseball4 2! #usiness model 2Team J1ner4 F! System model 2Heneral &anager4 ;! Technology model 2Team &anager4 ! )etailed representation 2Scientist' $ngineer' Coach4
The #aseball $nterprise' Column F' =here 2net1ork4 Specific models
5eferences
The teams are organi-ed into leagues and di,isions according to geography! #aseball is played in stadiums and broadcast on tele,ision! Stadiums can be designed for baseball only or they may be shared by baseball' football and other e,ents! The placement in the stadium of home plate effects the area behind the plate' the design of protecti,e netting' the orientation to the sun' the distance to the fences and therefore safety and playing performance! #efore e,ery pitch all fielders mentally rehearse 1here they 1ill thro1 the ball if they recei,e a ground ball or a fly ball and they establish understandings 1ith nearby fielders about 1here each player 1ill go! #atters must predict 1here and 1hen the ball 1ill cross the plate The human brain does not ha,e 7' y and - coordinates of ob9ects! Cumans must track ob9ects using neurophysiological parameters! As a result' outfielders run a cur,ed path 1hen tracking do1n fly balls! The topic of column F is the baseball field!
BKarna,as' #ahill and 5egan' "((0M #ahill and #ald1in' 200;D B&c#eath' Shaffer and Kaiser' "(( M Shaffer and &c#eath' 2002D
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The #aseball $nterprise' Column ;' =ho 2people4 Specific models
5eferences
F! System model 2Heneral &anager4
;! Technology model 2Team &anager4
! )etailed representation 2Scientist' $ngineer' Coach4 E! 5eal system 2#aseball Player4
The Commissioner of #aseball coordinates the teamsM the &a9or Geague #aseball Players Association and playersI agents orchestrate the acti,ities of the players! The Commissioner must consider salary caps' retirement plans' re,enue sharing and the reser,e clause! #efore the 200" season began' the o1ners of the Te7as 5angers created a ten year Q2 2 million contract for Ale7 5odrigue- 2A5od4! Their comple7 contract analysis included pro9ected team re,enue' team performance and franchise ,alue as 1ell as salary' bonuses' ta7es and contract insurance! Applying an /R discount rate to the re,enues and e7penses' they obtained a net present ,alue of negati,e Q"!F million' 1hich is close to break-e,en! So they signed the contract! Creating rules for selecting members of the Jlympic team affects the enterprise! #ecause ro1 2 e7amines the system boundaries' it 1ill often contain models that are outside of the organi-ation! Heorge Steinbrenner' o1ner of the @e1 %ork %ankees' e,aluates the 1orth of his players 1ith traditional metrics' and he has the most successful high-salary team in the ma9or leagues! The team o1ner must consider return on in,estment! #illy #eane' Heneral &anager 2H&4 of the Jakland Athletics' e,aluates the 1orth of players 1ith inno,ati,e high-le,el metrics' and he has the most successful lo1-salary team in the ma9or leagues! The H& must consider player positions' salaries' performance' etc! The Heneral &anager 2H&4 creates the 2 -man roster and trades players to impro,e it! It must contain a balance of players at each position' including short relie,ers' long relie,ers' etc! Indi,idual player statistics' &arko, models and manager decisions 2such as batting order4 are used to simulate games and seasons6 this is called fantasy baseball! Scouts make obser,ations and e,aluations of playersI performances and report this information back to their organi-ations Indi,idual player performances are published daily in the bo7 scores in the sports sections of ne1spapers! Player a,erage performances are published 1eekly! )efining and locating the s1eet spot of the bat is a human-machine interface problem6 the teams help indi,iduals understand this issue! The ,ertical si-e of the s1eet spot of a bat is about one-third of an inch! This 1as determined using a ne1 criterion function of getting a hit' rather than the old criterion function of getting a home run! The count is the model for ho1 the batter is doing during an at-batM column ; 21ho4' ro1 2detailed representation4! The physiological state of indi,idual players determines 1hether and ho1 1ell they play an indi,idual game' or if they are put on the disabled listM column ; 21ho4' ro1 2detailed representation4! The people modeled in column ; are ma9or-league baseball players!
BCohen and =allace' 200FM Cohen' 200FDM
BGe1is' 200FD
B#urkiet' Carold and Palacios' "((*M 111!stats!comD
B#ahill' 200;D B#ald1in and #ahill' 200;D
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Keynote address at Asia-Pacific Congress on Sports Technology held at the Tokyo Institute of Technology in September 200 ! The #aseball $nterprise' Column ' =hen 2time4 Specific models
5o1 number' 5o1 name' 2typical stakeholder4 "! Scope 2Commissioner of #aseball4 2! #usiness model 2Team J1ner4 F! System model 2Heneral &anager4 ;! Technology model 2Team &anager4 ! )etailed representation 2Scientist' $ngineer' Coach4 E! 5eal system 2#aseball Player4
5eferences
)ecisions must be made about interleague play' playoff structure' e7pansion teams' etc! Season schedules for all of the teams are comple7 because of the many constraints! Tele,ision net1orks determine the starting times of many games! Sometimes pitching rotations are planned' but sometimes they are merely a default' e!g!' <Spahn and Sain and pray for rain!> Pitch count - pitchers are often remo,ed after' say' "20 pitches! A successful tactic of pitchers is <1ork fast and change speed on e,ery pitch!> The batterIs mental model for the pitch is based on the last one or t1o pitches or perhaps on the last 20 seconds! The fundamental unit of time in a baseball game is one pitch! B#ahill and #ald1in' 200;D B#ahill and #ald1in' 200;M Hray' 2002 and 200FD
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5o1 number' 5o1 name' 2typical stakeholder4 "! Scope 2Commissioner of #aseball4 2! #usiness model 2Team J1ner4 F! System model 2Heneral &anager4 ;! Technology model 2Team &anager4
The #aseball $nterprise' Column E' =hy 2moti,ation4 Specific models
5eferences
! )etailed representation 2Scientist' $ngineer' Coach4
Hould e7plains the intellectual comple7ity that causes sagacious Americans to be fascinated 1ith baseball! The purpose of baseball is entertainment 1ith t1o ma9or subdi,isions6 tele,ision and baseball stadiums! =hat moti,ates baseball team o1nersK Po1er' ego' money! =hat moti,ates ma9or league baseball playersK &oney' prestige and pride! The top players can also get money from endorsements of clothing' e8uipment' ,ideo games' ,ideos and books! Heneral &anagers trade players in order to ha,e a 1inning season 1ithin their constraints! They are moti,ated by their dri,e for success! =hy does a manager decide to pitch to a famous slugger rather than intentionally 1alk himK In making this decision the manager considers the score' runners on base' batting a,erage' slugging a,erage' etc! The manager moti,ates his players by kno1ing 1hen blame and 1hen not to! #atters use many heuristics to decide 1hat to do! Among them is' 1ith a F-0 count e7pect a fastball because the pitcher 1ill ha,e the greatest confidence in thro1ing it for a strike! Critical flicker fusion fre8uency e7plains 1hy pitchers think there is a difference bet1een the t1o-seam and the four-seam fastballs although physics sho1s no difference! =hy does the pitcher decide to thro1 a fastball' a slider' a cur,eball or a changeupK Column E concerns 1hy people think the things they do and make the decisions they do
Hould B200FD
B5eiter' 200;D
B#ald1in' 200"D B=illiams and +nder1ood' "(/2M #ahill and #ald1in' 200;D B#ahill and #ald1in' 200 M #ahill' 200 D
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Table INa! Go1-le,el Class )iagram for the #atter! #atter #alls Strikes Juts s1ing24 takePitch24 bunt24 predict=here24 predict=hen24 Table INb! Cigh-le,el Class )iagram for the #atter! #atter $7perience Salary Physiology Competition talkToPress24 talk=ithAgent24 deal=ithJ1ner24 take)rugTest
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Table N! @umber of Papers 1ith Primary $mphasis in $ach Cell "! =hat 2! Co1 F! =here ;! =ho ! =hen "! Scope " 2! #usiness model 2 F! System model 2 ; 2 ;! Technology E F" E model ! )etailed /2 ;" E E " representation E! 5eal system
E! =hy
"
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Table NIa! A .achman ?rame1ork for Holf Holf "! =hat "! Scope The +SHA O @CAA 1rite rules about golf e8uipment! $ach year four billion dollars 1orth of golf e8uipment is sold 1orld 1ide! 2! #usiness A ne1 set of e8uipment should cost Q"00 to Q"000 for model (0R of golfers!
2! Co1 The original rules for playing golf 1ere 1ritten in Scotland in the "/th century! Holfer normally plays "/ holes of golf! Hreens fee range from Q"0 to Q200 for (0R of courses! Holfer hits ball from the tee! Holfer finds ball on fair1ay O hits it repeatedly until it lands on the green! Holfer putts ball into cup! 5epeat for ne7t hole! The lo1est score is best! Holfer s1ings club' club hits ball O transfers momentum to ball' 1hich can be modeled 1ith the Co5! The impact force can produce accelerations of up to 0'000 g! $nergy is stored in the bending O mo,ement of the club O in the compression of the ball! Club hits ball
F! System model
;! Technology model
! )etailed representation
$ach club has a different length O is designed to hit the ball a different distance! Jn each hole' you 1ill use a ,ariety of clubs! Jn a short " 0-yard par-F hole' you might use a iron O a putter! =hereas on a long ; 0yard par- hole you might use a dri,er' a F-iron' a (-iron O a putter! A <once a year> golfer 1ill probably take 2 to "0 strokes per hole! Clubs6 head O grip are attached to opposite ends of the shaftM head design effects the s1eet spotM shaft material effects fle7ibility! #all6 the core effects compression O the outside co,er effects durability! Club O ball effect Co5' launch angle' speed O spin! Clubs6 length' 1eight' material of shaft' grip O head' head design #all6 core' co,er' shape O si-e of dimples Tee6 length Holf e8uipment
E! 5eal system
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Table NIb! A .achman ?rame1ork for Holf 2continued4 Holf F! =here ;! =ho "! Scope Holf comple7 comprised of PHA' Athletic courses' pro shop' dri,ing )irector range' food ,endors 2! #usiness Some courses are designed Coach' Holf pro model for carts O some for 1ho gi,es lessons 1alking! Course rules apply O has training to shirts' shoes O carts! e8uipment' Holf &ost use reclaimed 1ater! course architect F! System Tee bo7es' ?air1ays' Team' Club' model Hreens' Sand traps' =ater Information ha-ards' Jut of bounds storage O territory' " 0 yard markers processing
! =hen Season schedule A game lasts ; hours allo1ing ;0 foursomes to play each course per day! A,erage hole time is "2 minutes 1ith up to minutes searching for lost balls! The ball is in the air 0! to "0 seconds!
E! =hy @et1orking' 5ecreation' Competition Holfer 1ants to play 1ell to increase net1orking time' pride O satisfaction! Holf courses are designed to be fun' challenging' uniform O friendly!
;! Technology model
Topology' i! e! hills' creeks' boulders' trees' steps' drainage
?oursome' Score'
! )etailed representation
Hrass' Sand' =ater' Cup' ?lag' Cutting of grass' Set of daily pin placements! Holf course
@ame' Candicap' Clubs' $ligibility' Status 2ProAAm4! Holfer 2could be uni,ersity' 1eekend or pro4
The ball-club head collision lasts about a half millisecond Time
E! 5eal system
Holfer 1ants a consistent prefect s1ing in order to minimi-e the number of strokes on each hole Holfer chooses a particular club based on distance to the cup O the lie of the ball! &oti,ation for HolferIs decisions
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?igure "!
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;2
1.1
1.2
1.3
No skip le el links
No skip le el links
1.3.1
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?igure 2!
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Botta Daniels Bahill Zachman Framework Pop W BB Models Thrust-Clarify

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Botta Daniels Bahill Zachman Framework Pop W BB Models Thrust-Clarify

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Keynote address at Asia-Pacific Congress on Sports Technology held at the Tokyo Institute of Technology in September 200 !

The Zachman Framework Populated with Baseball Models

1. FRAME !R"S A#D !R$A#%&ED M!DE'S

2. &AC(MA# FRAME !R"

ho .*eo*le/. The people modeled in column ; are ma9or-league baseball playersM

In going from the bottom to the top' ro1

models indi,idual componentsM ro1 ; models the

tasks are performed by

conference 1as held at the +ni,ersity of California at )a,is in

Fi-+re 'e-ends and Ta;le Titles

#. When (hronolo2% &eason schedules Pitchin2 rotations Pitch count

Mental models0 Work )ast . chan2e speeds Pitch inter3al

BCrisco' "((*6 @athan' 200FD!

E! 5eal system 2#aseball Player4

The #aseball $nterprise' Column 2' Co1 2function4 Specific models

F! System model 2Heneral &anager4 ;! Technology model 2Team &anager4

! )etailed representation 2Scientist' $ngineer' Coach4

B111!PuesTec!comM Armstrong' "((/D

E! 5eal system 2#aseball Player4

The acti,ity modeled in column 2 is one pitch and peopleIs response to it

The #aseball $nterprise' Column F' =here 2net1ork4 Specific models

E! 5eal system 2#aseball Player4

The #aseball $nterprise' Column ;' =ho 2people4 Specific models

F! System model 2Heneral &anager4

;! Technology model 2Team &anager4

! )etailed representation 2Scientist' $ngineer' Coach4 E! 5eal system 2#aseball Player4

BCohen and =allace' 200FM Cohen' 200FDM

B#urkiet' Carold and Palacios' "((*M 111!stats!comD

B#ahill' 200;D B#ald1in and #ahill' 200;D

The #aseball $nterprise' Column E' =hy 2moti,ation4 Specific models

! )etailed representation 2Scientist' $ngineer' Coach4

E! 5eal system 2#aseball Player4

Topology' i! e! hills' creeks' boulders' trees' steps' drainage

The ball-club head collision lasts about a half millisecond Time

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ho .eole/. The people modeled in column ; are ma9or-league baseball playersM