A Technical Paper on

Classification Scheme for FACTS Controllers

Authorised By SANTOSH BHARADWAJ REDDY Email: help@matlabcodes.com Engineeringpapers.blogspot.com

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ABSTRACT

There currently exists no formal classification scheme for flexible alternating-current transmission system (FACTS) controllers based on control parameters and attributes. This paper aims to remedy this.

Recently classification has been done mostly on physical parameters li!e connection commutation energy storage and "C port. #ut this proposed classification is based on control parameters and attributes of the controllers$ %i&. %oltage impedance transmission angle real po'er reacti%e po'er and stability.

(n this paper only six FACTS controllers are examined and only these controllers are tabulated and classified.

1.

INTRODUCTION

Flexible alternating-current transmission systems (FA T!" are de#ined by the $EEE as %ac transmission systems incorporating po&er electronics-based and other static controllers to enhance controllability and increase po&er trans#er capability% !imilarly' a FA T! controller is de#ined as %a po&er electronics-based system or other static e(uipment that pro)ides control o# one or more ac transmission parameters% .$n recent years' many di##erent FA T! controllers ha)e been proposed' per#orming a &ide )ariety o# #unctions. The appearance o# FA T! controllers designed #or the direct control o# transmission lines is completely changing' the &ay o# transmission systems are controlled and operated. *ost FA T! controllers are basically based on )ariable shunt or series compensation o# transmission systems. The ma+or bene#its o# utili,ing the FA T! controllers are: Better utili,ation o# existing system assets. $ncreased transmission reliability and a)ailability. $ncreased dynamic and transient grid stability and reduction o# loop #lo&s $ncreased (uality o# supply #or sensiti)e industries. En)ironmental bene#its There are se)eral reasons &hy this situation is unsatis#actory' #rom both academic and practical )ie&points. $t &ould be ad)antageous to organi,e the existing FA T! controllers into #amily groups' rather than regarding them as a collection o# disparate items.

Fig.$ %a& S 'B S(stem ). CONTRO**AB'*'TY OF !OWER SYSTE S To illustrate that the po&er system has certain )ariables that can be impacted by control' consider the basic &ell -no&n po&er angle cur)e' sho&n in #ig .. Although this is a steady state cur)e and the implementation o# FA T! is primarily #or dynamic issues this illustration demonstrates the point that there are primarily three main )ariables that can be controlled in the po&er system to impact its per#ormance. These are )oltage' $mpedance' Transmission angle. /ne could also ma-e the point that direct control o# po&er is a #ourth )ariable o# controllability in po&er systems. Examples o# FA T! controllers #or enhancing po&er system control. !tatic !ynchronous ompensator (!TAT /*"- ontrols 0oltage. !tatic 0ar ompensator (!0 " - ontrols $mpedance. Thyristor ontrol !eries apacitor(T ! " - ontrols $mpedance

 (mpedance

Thyristor ontrol Phase !hi#ting Trans#ormer(T P!T"- ontrols Transmission angle. )nified *o'er Flo' Controller ()*FC) - Controls %oltage.

angle + po'er. Static Synchronous Series Controllers (SSSC) - Controls %oltage. (mpedance angle + po'er.

Fig. $(b). Power angle c r!e Further the benefits of FACTS controllers are important to achie%e in the o%erall planning and operation of po'er systems. Such benefits can usually be tied bac! to an area or region at a defined dispatch 'hile meeting the follo'ing criteria, -oltage stability criteria. "ynamic %oltage criteria. Transient Stability criteria. ". PROP#RTI#S O$ ID#%& C&%SSI$IC%TION SC'#(# An ideal classification scheme should ha%e these properties, it should be simple to apply and understand it should be objective and quantitative it should be unambiguous and clear, it should be useful to those interested in the field. it should be extendible, to cope 'ith further ad%ances in the field of FACTS. (n this paper 'e propose a scheme 'hich 'e belie%e goes a considerable 'ay to'ards meeting these goals. /ur proposed classification scheme is multidimensional in that it classifies FACTS controllers according control parameters. A dra'bac! 'ith any multi-dimensional classification scheme is that certain combinations of characteristics may be impossible or impractical resulting in gaps. For example the combination of 0high fre1uency s'itching0 and 0natural commutation0 is inapplicable because fast SCRs are not currently a%ailable. This is a practical limitation 'hich might change 'ith the introduction of yet unforeseen de%ices. A positi%e aspect of these 0missing combinations0 is that

they can stimulate ne' ideas 'hich might be de%eloped to impro%e po'er system operation. Therefore 'e belie%e our classification scheme for FACTS controllers has %alue not only in organi&ing existing technology into a coherent body of !no'ledge but also in pro%iding a starting point for researchers 'ho 'ish to de%elop ne' techni1ues. ). PROPOS#D C&%SSI$IC%TION SC'#(# (n our proposal FACTS controllers are classified by considering different control *arameters and control attributes %i&. -oltage (mpedance *hase angle Real po'er Reacti%e po'er Stability *oltage control The po'er 2 current can also be controlled by regulating the magnitude of %oltage of sending end or recei%ing end. #ut the regulation of the magnitude of the %oltage of sending end or recei%ing end is much more influenced o%er the reacti%e po'er flo' than the acti%e po'er flo'. (t 'as obser%ed that %arying the amplitude of the in3ected %oltage in series both the acti%e and reacti%e current flo' can be influenced. -oltage in3ection methods form the most important portfolio of %oltage controllers. Im+e,ance control FACTS controllers modify the series and parallel impedances of transmission lines. The 'ay a FACTS controller is connected to the ac po'er system has a direct effect on the transfer of acti%e and reacti%e po'er 'ithin the system. Series connected controllers are usually employed in acti%e po'er control and to impro%e the transient stability of po'er systems. Shunt connected controllers go%ern reacti%e po'er and impro%e the dynamic stability. Transmission angle control Control of transmission angle, which in turn controls the driving voltage, provides a powerful means of controlling the current flow and hence active power flow when the angle is not large. For relatively small angular adjustments, the resultant angular change is approximately proportional to the injected voltage, while the voltage magnitude remains almost constant.

Real +ower control

(n many 'ays real po'er can be controlled. Control of line impedance 4 can pro%ide a po'erful means of current control 'hich in turn gi%es acti%e po'er control. Control of transmission angle 5 'hich in turn controls the dri%ing %oltage pro%ides a po'erful means of controlling the current flo' and hence acti%e po'er flo' 'hen the angle is not large. Reacti!e +ower control (n3ecting %oltage in series 'ith the line and 'ith any phase angle 'ith respect to the dri%ing %oltage can control the magnitude and phase of the line current. This means that in3ecting a %oltage phasor 'ith %ariable phase angle can pro%ide a po'erful means of precisely controlling the reacti%e po'er(as 'ell as acti%e po'er) flo'. Combination of the line impedance control 'ith a series controller and %oltage regulation 'ith a shunt controller pro%ides a cost effecti%e means to control both the acti%e and reacti%e po'er flo' bet'een the t'o systems.

StabilitThere are number of stability issues that limit the transmission capability. These includes Transient stability "ynamic stability -oltage stability

The FACTS technology can certainly be used to o%ercome any of the stability limits in 'hich case the ultimate limits 'ould be thermal and dielectric. *o'er transfer in most integrated po'er systems is constrained by dynamic stability transient stability and %oltage stability. These constraints limit a full utili&ation of a%ailable transmission Corridors. As FACTS technology is based on the use of reliable high 6 speed po'er electronics ad%anced control technology ad%anced microcomputers and po'erful analytical tools and also the a%ailable po'er electronic s'itching de%ices .. C&%SSI$IC%TION #/%(P&#S (n principle the proposed scheme allo's more classifications. in practice the number 'ill be smaller as certain combinations of characteristics are unli!ely or impossible. 7ere 'e examine and classify six FACTS controllers. These examples ha%e been chosen to co%er the main applications and different approaches. Static *%R Com+ensator (S*C)

$t is a shunt connected static 0A1 generator or absorber as sho&n in #ig.2' &hose output is ad+usted to exchange capaciti)e or inducti)e current so as to maintain or control speci#ic parameters o# the electrical system (typically bus )oltage". !0 is based on thyristors &ith out gate turn o## capability. They are also employed #or transient and dynamic stability impro)ement. The controllable parameter o# the !0 is $mpedance. $t has a single port &ith a parallel connection to the po&er system. The thyristors are naturally commutated. They s&itch at the main (lo&" #re(uency3 it contains insigni#icant energy storage elements. the S-C has no dc port.

Fig. 8, S-C Th-ristor Controlle, Series Ca+acitor (TCSC) (t is a capaciti%e reactance compensator 'hich consists of a series capacitor ban! shunted by a thyristor - controlled reactor in order to pro%ide a smoothly %ariable capaciti%e reactance TCSC is based on thyristors 'ithout gate turn off ability. The %ariable series capaciti%e compensation is useful in steady state control of po'er flo' transient stability impro%ement po'er oscillations damping and balancing po'er flo' in parallel lines. The controllable parameter is impedance. The TCSC as sho'n in fig. 9.

 Static S-nchrono s Com+ensator (ST%TCO() Static synchronous generator is static self commutated s'itching po'er con%erter supplied from an appropriate electric energy source and operated to produce a set of ad3ustable multi phase output. A STATC/: is a static Synchronous generator as a shunt connected static -AR. Compensator 'hose capaciti%e or inducti%e output current can be controlled independent of system %oltage. (t can be a %oltage source or current source in%erter. The ability of the STATC/: to produce the current at lo' system %oltage ma!es it more effecti%e than S-C in impro%ing transient stability. The ability of the STATC/: to generate and absorb reacti%e po'er ma!e it suitable for po'er oscillation damping. (ts controllable parameter is -oltage. ;xcluding the dc port the STATC/: (sho'n in fig. <) is a one-port circuit shunted across a bus bar. it uses forced commutation. its s'itching fre1uency is high. its energy storage element is a dc capacitor. and this implies a dc port.

Fig. <, STATC/:

Th-ristor Controlle, Phase %ngle Reg lator (t is a phase 6 shifting transformer ad3usted by Thyristor s'itches to pro%ide a rapidly %ariable phase angle. (n general the phase shifting is obtained by adding a perpendicular %oltage %ector in series 'ith a phase. This %ector is deri%ed from other t'o *hases using shunt connected transformers. The perpendicular series %oltage is made %ariable 'ith a %ariety of po'er electronics topologies. The TC*AR can be used to regulate the transmission angle to maintain balanced po'er flo' in multiple transmission paths or to control so as to increase the transient and dynamic stability of the po'er system. The controllable parameter of TC*AR (sho'n in fig. =) is transmission (t is a t'o port circuit. it uses natural commutation. its s'itching fre1uency is lo'. it has angle .no significant energy storage elements. and it has a dc port.

Vnc

nc ! c !"c #nc ! $%c

Fig. =, TC*AR Static Series S-nchrono s Series Com+ensator ( SSSC ) SSSC is one of the most important FACTS controllers. (t is a static synchronous generator operated 'ithout an external energy source as a series compensator 'hose output %oltage is in 1uadrature 'ith the line current. (ts purpose is to increase or decrease the o%erall reacti%e %oltage drop across the line and thereby control the transmitted po'er. Fig. > sho's the SSSC model. The controllable parameter of SSSC is %oltage (reacti%e). (t is a one port circuit in series 'ith a transmission line. it uses forced commutation. its s'itching fre1uency is high. its energy storage element is a capacitor. and it has a dc port

Fig. >,

SSSC

Unifie, Power $low Controller (UP$C)

(t is a combination of STATC/: and a SSSC 'hich are coupled %ia a common dc lin! to allo' bi directional flo' of real po'er bet'een the series output terminals of the SSSC and the shunt output terminals of the STATC/: control both the acti%e and reacti%e po'er flo' in the line. (t can also pro%ide independently controllable shunt reacti%e compensation. (n other 'ords the )*FC can pro%ide simultaneous control of all the basic transmission line parameters concurrently or selecti%ely. The controllable parameters of )*FC (sho'n in fig. ?) are %oltage impedance and phase angle. (t is a t'o port circuit (in series 'ith transmission line and parallel 'ith a bus bar). it uses forced commutation. it$s s'itching fre1uency high. its energy storage element is a capacitor. and it has a dc port. Vc c c ! "c #c ! $%c

Fig. ?, )*FC CONC&USION All existing FACTS controllers may be classified according to the proposed scheme 'hich allo's more number of possibilities (including all possible and impossible cases). (t is extendible in future by adding further choices to the existing categories and by adding ne' characteristics if these should become rele%ant. @e hope that this proposal 'ill be adopted as the basis of a uni%ersal classification scheme for FACTS controllers. R#$#R#NC#S A. B.C.7ingorani and Das&lo Cyugui E)nderstanding FACTSF (;;; *ress. 8. B.C... 7ingorani 0Flexible ac transmission0 &''' %pectrum, pp. <G<= Apr. AHH9