Electro-Mechanical Systems

EEEB413
TRANSFORMERS
Introduction
INTRODUCTION
Applications, Types, and Construction of
Transformers
Applications: Transfers Electric Energy, changing
the voltage level (or current level), through a
magnetic field (In our study)
Other applications: e.g., voltage & current sampling
and measurement, impedance transformation
It has two or more coils wrapped around a common
electromagnetic core
Generally, flux in the core is common among the
coils
INTRODUCTION
One winding is connected to source of ac power, the 2
nd
(& 3
rd
)
supplies power to loads
Winding connected to source named Primary
Winding connected to load named Secondary
If there is another one is called Tertiary
Importance of Transformers:
Main: to transfer electrical energy over long distances (from
power plants to load centers)
In modern power system electric energy is generated at
voltages between 12 to 25 kV, Transformers step up voltage
between 110 kV to 1200 kV for transmission over long
distances with very small losses
in Malaysia 500kV, 275kV and 132kV for transmission
(frequency: 50 Hz)
Then Transformers step down to 33 kV, 22 kV, 11kV, 6.6kV for
local distribution & finally supply safely homes, offices &
factories at voltages as low as 240 V (single phase)
Power Loss in Transmission Lines
R I P
Loss
2
=
Transformers play a key role in the transmission of electric power.
Power Transmission
INTRODUCTION
Transformers are classified, based on types
of core structure, into: (both use thin
laminations)
1- Core form,transformer windings
wrapped on two legs as shown
2- Shell form, transformer windings
Wrapped only on center leg as shown:
(leakage flux is minimized)
Single phase transformer construction
A) Core type B) Shell type
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
The primary and secondary windings are wrapped one on
top of the other to:
Reduce the leakage flux
And the low-voltage winding innermost to :
Simplify insulating of the high-voltage winding
from the core
Types of transformers :
Step up/Unit transformers located at output of a generator to step up
the voltage level to transmit the power
Step down/Substation transformers Located at main distribution or
secondary level transmission substations to lower the voltage levels for
distribution 1st level purposes
Distribution Transformers located at small distribution substation. It
lowers the voltage levels for 2nd level distribution purposes.
Special Purpose Transformers - E.g. Potential Transformer (PT) ,
Current Transformer (CT)
Oil immersed Distribution
Transformers
Dry Type Distribution Transformers
Nameplate of Transformer
TWO WINDING TRANSFORMER
CONNECTION
SINGLE PHASE
TRANSFORMER
CONSTRUCTION
Basic components of single phase transformer
N
1
N
2
Supply
Load
Primary winding Secondary winding
Laminated iron core
Ideal Transformer
IDEAL TRANSFORMER
(SINGLE PHASE)
a lossless transformer with an input winding
and an output winding in which magnetic core
has an infinite permeability
Figure below shows: ideal transformer and
schematic symbols of a transformer
IDEAL TRANSFORMER
Np : turns of wire on its primary side
Ns : turns of wire on its secondary sides
The relationship between the primary and secondary
voltage is as follows: (a: is the turns ratio)
The relationship between primary and secondary
current is Np ip(t) = Ns is(t)

( )
( )
a
N
N
t v
t v
s
p
s
p
= =
( )
( ) a t i
t i
s
p
1
=
IDEAL TRANSFORMER
In terms of Phasor quantities:
Vp/Vs=a , Ip / Is=1/a
while:
1- phase angles of Vp and Vs are the same
2- phase angles of Ip and Is are the same
ideal transformer turn ratio affects the magnitude of
voltages & currents not their angles
Now: given primary circuit voltage is positive at
specific end of coil, what would be the polarity of
secondary circuits voltage?
IDEAL TRANSFORMER
It is possible to specify the secondarys polarity
only if transformers were opened & it windings
examined
To avoid requirement of this examination,
transformers employ a dot convention:
If the primary voltage is +ve at the dotted end of the winding wrt the
undotted end, then the secondary voltage will be positive at the dotted
end also. Voltage polarities are the same wrt the dots on each side of
the core.
If the primary current of the transformer flows into the dotted end of the
primary winding, the secondary current will flow out of the dotted end of
the secondary winding
IDEAL TRANSFORMER
Power in Ideal Transformer
-Power supplied to Transformer:Pin= Vp Ip cosp
-Power supplied to loads : Pout=Vs Is coss
Since V & I angles unaffected by ideal transformer p = s=
Using the turn ratio; Vp/Vs=a , Ip / Is=1/a
Pout = Vp / a (a Ip) cos = Pin
similiar relation for reactive power Q & S
Qin= Vp Ip sinp= Vs Is sins = Qout
Sin= Vp Ip = Vs Is = Sout
Equivalent circuit
I
2
I
1
= I
2
/T

E
2
= V
2
V
1
= E
1
= T E
2
V
1
E
1
T
Equivalent circuit of an ideal transformer
IDEAL TRANSFORMER
IDEAL TRANSFORMER
Impedance Transformation
Load impedance ZL = Vs/Is and apparent impedance of
primary circuit: ZL=Vp/Ip
Vp = aVs
Is = a Ip
ZL=Vp/Ip= aVs / Is /a= a ZL
With a transformer,
it is possible to match
magnitude of a load
impedance with source
impedance by picking proper turn ratio
IDEAL TRANSFORMER
Analysis of CCT.s containing Ideal Transformer
In equivalent cct.
a) Voltages & impedances replaced by scaled values,
b) polarities reversed if the dots on one side of
transformer windings are reversed compared to dots
on the other side of transformer windings
Example 1: A single phase power system consists of a
480 V, 50 Hz generator supplying a load Zload=4+j3
through a transmission line of impedance:
Zline=0.18+j0.24
a) what is the voltage at load? What is the
transmission losses?
IDEAL TRANSFORMER
b) a 1:10 step-up transformer placed at the
generator end of transmission line & a step
down transformer placed at load end of line.
What is load voltage ? What is transmission
losses?
IDEAL TRANSFORMER
a) IG=Iline=Iload
Iline = V / (Zline + Zload)=480 / [(0.18b+ j 0.24)+(4+j3)]
= 480 / (4.18 + j 3.24) = 480 / 5.29 =
90.8 A
Load voltage : Vload= Iline Zload=(90.8 )(4+j3)=
454 V
And the losses are :
Pline=(Iline) Rline=(90.8)(0.18)=1484 W

0 Z

0 Z

0 Z

8 . 37 Z

8 . 37 Z

8 . 37 Z
9 . 0 Z
IDEAL TRANSFORMER
b) need to convert the system to a common voltage
Need two steps to be followed:
1- eliminate T2 referring to load to Transmission lines voltage
2-eliminate T1 by referring transmission lines elements & equivalent load to
source side
step 1: Zload=a Zload = (10/1) (4+j3)=400+j300
Zeq=Zline+Zload=400.18+j300.24=500.3

88 . 36 Z
IDEAL TRANSFORMER
Step 2: total impedance reflected cross T1 to source
side
Zeq=a Zeq =a (Zline+Zload)
=(1/10)(0.18+j0.24+400+j300)=
= 0.0018+j0.0024+4+j3=5.003

88 . 36 Z
IDEAL TRANSFORMER
The generator current is :
IG=480/ [5.003 ] =95.94
Now it can be worked back to find Iline & Iload through T1
Np1IG=NS1IlineIline = Np1/Ns1 IG =(1/10)(9.594 )
Working back through T2:
Np2IG=NS2Iline
Iload = Np2/Ns2 Iline =(10/1)(95.94 )=95.94
The load voltage:
Vload =Iload Zload=(95.94 )(5 )=479.7
Volts

88 . 36 Z

88 . 36 Z

88 . 36 Z

88 . 36 Z

88 . 36 Z

88 . 36 Z

87 . 36 Z

01 . 0 Z
IDEAL TRANSFORMER
The line losses are given:
Ploss= Iline Rline = 9.594 0.18 = 16.7 W
Note: rising transmission voltage of power
system reduced transmission losses
by a factor of 90
Also voltage at load dropped much
less
Real/Practical
Transformer
REAL SINGLE PHASE
TRANSFORMER
Operation of a real Transformer
primary connected to ac source, secondary
open circuited
REAL SINGLE PHASE
TRANSFORMER
The transformers hysteresis curve is shown
Based on Faradays law:
eind= d /dt
Where = i (on N turn)
av.= / N
And e ind= N d av/dt
REAL SINGLE PHASE
TRANSFORMER
Voltage Ratio of realizing the leakage flux in a real
Transformer
p=m+Lp
S= m+LS
Since m >>LS , m >>Lp
m can be employed to determine the induced voltage
in the windings and approximately : Vp(t)/Vs(t)=Np/NS=a
As smaller the leakage fluxes, the better ideal
transformer turn ratio approximate the real transformer
turn ratio
REAL SINGLE PHASE
TRANSFORMER
Magnetization Current in a Real Transformer
ac source even when the secondary is open
circuited supply a current to produce flux in real
ferromagnetic core (as seen in chapter One)
There are two components in the current:
(a) magnetization current iM, required to produce
flux
(b) core-loss current ih+e supplies hysteresis & eddy
current losses of core
REAL SINGLE PHASE
TRANSFORMER
Magnetization curve of a typical transformer
core can be considered as a saturation curve
REAL SINGLE PHASE
TRANSFORMER
Knowing the flux in the core magnitude of
magnetization current can be found from curve
Ignoring the leakage flux in the core:
av = 1/Np vp(t) dt
If vp(t) = Vm cos t av= 1/Np Vm cos t dt =
= Vm/( Np) sin t
If current required to produce a given flux
determined at different times from the
magnetization curve (above), the magnetization
current can be found
REAL SINGLE PHASE
TRANSFORMER
Finding magnetization current
REAL SINGLE PHASE
TRANSFORMER
Magnetizing current (another example)
REAL SINGLE PHASE
TRANSFORMER
Note (Magnetization Current):
1 magnetization current is nonsinusoidal
2 - once peak flux reaches the saturation point, a small
increase in peak flux results in a very large increase in
magnetization current
3 - fundamental component of magnetization current
lags the voltage applied by 90
4 - higher harmonics (odd one) are present in the
magnetization current and may have relatively large
amount compared to the fundamental &
as core driven further into saturation, larger the
harmonic components become
REAL SINGLE PHASE
TRANSFORMER
Other components of no-load current of
transformer
is required to supply the hysteresis and eddy
current losses in the core
assuming sinusoidal flux in the core , eddy
current loss in core proportional to d/dt and is
largest when flux pass 0
Eddy and hysteresis loss shown in Fig 1 and
the total current required to produce flux in the
core shown in Fig 2
REAL SINGLE PHASE
TRANSFORMER
Exciting Current (components: e+h & m)
Fig 1 Fig 2
REAL SINGLE PHASE
TRANSFORMER
Current Ratio & Dot Convention
A current flowing into dotted
end of winding produces
a pos. mmf, while current
flowing to undotted end of winding
proguces neg. mmf
Two current flowing into dotted ends of their
respective windings produce mmfs that add
If one current flows into a dotted end of a winding and
one flows out of dotted end, then mmfs will subtract
each other
REAL SINGLE PHASE
TRANSFORMER
In this situation as shown in last figure
P =NPIP , S=-NSIS
net= NPIP-NSIS
The net mmf produce net flux in core
net= NPIP-NSIS = R
Where R; reluctance of transformer core
Since R of well designed is very small until core
saturate net= NPIP-NSIS 0
Therefore until core unsaturated NPIP NSIS
IP/IS NP /NS =1/a
REAL SINGLE PHASE
TRANSFORMER
To convert a real transformer to an ideal
transformer following assumptions are required:
1- core must have no hysteresis or eddy current
2- magnetization curve must have shape shown
(infinite permeabilty before satuartion)net=0 and
NPIP=NSIS
3- leakage flux in core must be zero, implying all
flux in core couples both windings
4- resistance of transformer windings must be
zero
REAL SINGLE PHASE
TRANSFORMER
Practical Transformer
Equivalent Circuit
u
m
I
1
V
1
V
2
u
l1
u
l2
R
1
I
2
R
2
N
1
N
2
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
I
1
R
1
V
1
X
1
I
2
R
2
V
2
X
2
N
1
:N
2
Development of the transformer equivalent circuits
The effects of winding resistance and leakage flux are respectively accounted for by
resistance R and leakage reactance X (2fL).
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
In a practical magnetic core having finite
permeability, a magnetizing current I
m
is
required to establish a flux in the core.
This effect can be represented by a magnetizing
inductance L
m
. The core loss can be
represented by a resistance R
c
.
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
R
c
:core loss component,
X
m
: magnetization component,
R
1
and X
1
are resistance and reactance of the primary winding
R
2
and X
2
are resistance and reactance of the secondary winding
I
1
R
1
V
1
X
1
I
2
R
2
V
2
X
2
N
1
:N
2
I
1
R
c
X
m
I
c
I
0
I
m
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
The impedances of secondary side such
as R
2
, X
2
and Z
2
can be moved to primary
side and also the impedances of primary
side can be moved to the secondary side,
base on the principle of:
The power before transferred
=
The power after transferred
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
I
2
2
R
2
= I
1

2
R
2

Therefore R
2
= (I
2
/ I
1
)
2
R
2
= a
2
R
2
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
I
1
R
1
V
1
X
1
I
2
R
2
V
2
X
2
N
1
:N
2
I
1
R
c
X
m
I
c
I
0
I
m
V
2

V
2
' = a V
2 ,
I
1
' = I
2
/a
X
2
' = a
2
X
2 ,
R
2
' = a
2
R
2
a = N
1
/N
2
The turns can be moved to the right or left by referring all quantities to the
primary or secondary side.
The equivalent circuit with secondary side moved to the primary.
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
For convenience, the turns is usually not shown
and the equivalent circuit is drawn with all
quantities (voltages, currents, and impedances)
referred to one side.
I
1
R
1
V
1
X
1
R
2
X
2
N
V
2

Z
2

I
0
R
c
X
m
I
c
I
m
I
1
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
Example 2
A 100kVA transformer has 400 turns on the primary and
80 turns on the secondary. The primary and secondary
resistance are 0.3 ohm and 0.01 ohm respectively and
the corresponding leakage reactances are 1.1 ohm and
0.035 ohm respectively. The supply voltage is 2200V.
Calculate:
(a) the equivalent impedance referred to the primary
circuit (2.05 ohm)
(b) the equivalent impedance referred to the secondary
circuit
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
Determination of
Equivalent Circuit
Parameters
The equivalent circuit model for the actual transformer
can be used to predict the behavior of the transformer.
The parameters R
1
, X
1
, R
c
, X
m
, R
2
, X
2
and N
1
/N
2
must be
known so that the equivalent circuit model can be used.
These parameters can be directly and more easily
determined by performing tests:
1. No-load test (or open-circuit test).
2. Short-circuit test.
Transformer- o/c-s/c tests
No load/Open circuit test
Provides magnetizing reactance (X
m
) and core
loss resistance (R
C
)
Obtain components are connected in parallel
Short circuit test
Provides combined leakage reactance and
winding resistance
Obtain components are connected in series
Transformer- o/c-s/c tests
Transformer- open circuit test
No load/Open circuit test
V
A
X
1
R
1
X
m
R
c
X
2
R
2
W
V
oc
I
oc
P
oc
Equivalent circuit for open circuit test, measurement at the primary side.
Simplified equivalent
circuit
V
A
X
m
R
c
W
V
oc
I
oc
P
oc
Transformer- open circuit test
Open circuit test evaluation
Q
V
X
P
V
R
I V Q
I V
P
oc
m
oc
oc
c
oc oc
oc oc
oc
2 2
0
1
0
sin cos
= =
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

u u
Transformer- short circuit test
Short circuit test
Secondary (normally the LV winding) is shorted, that
means there is no voltage across secondary
terminals; but a large current flows in the secondary.
Test is done at reduced voltage (about 5% of rated
voltage) with full-load current in the secondary. So,
the ammeter reads the full-load current; the wattmeter
reads the winding losses, and the voltmeter reads the
applied primary voltage.
Transformer- short circuit test
Short circuit test
R
2
I
sc
V
A W
X
1
R
1
X
2
P
sc
V
sc
Equivalent circuit for short circuit test, measurement at the primary side
V
A W
a
2
R
2
X
1
R
1
a
2
X
2
I
sc
P
sc
V
sc
Simplified equivalent circuit for short circuit test
Transformer- short circuit test
Short circuit test
V
A W
X
e1
R
e1
I
sc
V
sc
P
sc
Simplified circuit for calculation of series impedance
2
2
1 1
R a R R
eq
+ =
2
2
1 1
X a X X
eq
+ =
Primary and secondary
impedances are
combined
Transformer- short circuit test
Short circuit test evaluation
2
1
2
1 1
1
2
1
e e eq
sc
sc
eq
sc
sc
eq
R Z X
I
V
Z
I
P
R
=
= =
Transformer- o/c-s/c tests
Equivalent circuit obtained by measurement
X
m
R
c
X
e1
R
e1
Equivalent circuit for a real transformer resulting from the open and
short circuit tests.
Transformer- o/c-s/c tests
Example 3
Obtain the equivalent circuit of a 200/400V, 50Hz
1-phase transformer from the following test data:-
O/C test : 200V, 0.7A, 70W - on L.V. side
S/C test : 15V, 10A, 85W - on H.V. side
(Rc =571.4 ohm, Xm=330 ohm, Re=0.21ohm,
Xe=0.31 ohm)
Voltage Regulation
Transformer voltage regulation
Voltage Regulation
Most loads connected to the secondary of a transformer are
designed to operate at essentially constant voltage. However, as
the current is drawn through the transformer, the load terminal
voltage changes because of voltage drop in the internal
impedance.
To reduce the magnitude of the voltage change, the transformer
should be designed for a low value of the internal impedance
Zeq
The voltage regulation is defined as the change in magnitude of
the secondary voltage as the load current changes from the no-
load to the loaded condition.
Z
V
2
I
2
I
2
V1
2
=V
20
R
1
R
2
Z
e2
X
1

R
c
X
m

X
2
Z
e2
= R
1
+ R
2
+ jX
1
+ jX
2
= R
e2
+ jX
e2
Transformer voltage regulation
Z
V
2
I
2
I
2
V1
2
=V
20
R
1
R
2
Z
e2
X
1

R
c
X
m

X
2
Applying KVL, V
20
= I
2
(Z
e2
) + V
2
= I
2
(R
e2
+ jX
e2
) + V
2
Or V
2
= V
20
- I
2
(Z
e2
)
Transformer voltage regulation
I
2
X
e2
I
2
R
e2
I
2
V
2
O
A

2
Transformer voltage regulation
I
2
X
e2
I
2
R
e2
I
2
V
2
O
V
20
I
2
R
e2
I
2
X
e2
A
B

2
V
20
= I
2
(Z
e2
) + V
2
= I
2
(R
e2
+ jX
e2
) + V
2
Transformer voltage regulation
I
2
X
e2
I
2
R
e2
I
2
V
2
O
V
20
I
2
R
e2
I
2
X
e2
C
M N
D
A
B

2
L

2
Voltage drop = AM = OM OA
= AD + DN + NM
Transformer voltage regulation
I
2
X
e2
I
2
R
e2
I
2
V
2
O
V
20
I
2
R
e2
I
2
X
e2
C
M N
D
A
B

2
L

2
AD = I
2
R
e2
cos
2
DN=BL= I
2
X
e2
sin
2
Transformer voltage regulation
I
2
X
e2
I
2
R
e2
I
2
V
2
O
V
20
I
2
R
e2
I
2
X
e2
C
M N
D
A
B

2
L

2
Applying Phytogrus theorem to OCN triangle.
(NC)
2
= (OC)
2
(ON)
2
= (OC + ON)(OC - ON) 2(OC)(NM)
Transformer voltage regulation
I
2
X
e2
I
2
R
e2
I
2
V
2
O
V
20
I
2
R
e2
I
2
X
e2
C
M N
D
A
B

2
L

2
Therefore NM = (NC)
2
/2(OC)
NC = LC LN = LC BD
= I
2
X
e2
cos
2
- I
2
R
e2
sin
2
Transformer voltage regulation
I
2
X
e2
I
2
R
e2
I
2
V
2
O
V
20
I
2
R
e2
I
2
X
e2
C
M N
D
A
B

2
L

2
( )
20
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
sin cos
V
R I X I
e e
u u
( )
20
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
sin cos
V
R I X I
e e
u u
NM =
AM = AD + DN + NM
= I
2
R
e
cos
2
+ I
2
X
e2
sin
2
+
Transformer voltage regulation
I
2
X
e2
I
2
R
e2
I
2
V
2
O
V
20
I
2
R
e2
I
2
X
e2
C
M N
D
A
B

2
L

2
thus,
votage regulation = (AM)/V
20
per unit
In actual practice the term NM is negligible since its value is very small
compared with V
2
. Thus the votage regulation formula can be reduced
to:
Transformer voltage regulation
I
2
X
e2
I
2
R
e2
I
2
V
2
O
V
20
I
2
R
e2
I
2
X
e2
C
M N
D
A
B

2
L

2
Voltage regulation =
( )
20
2 2 2 2 2 2
sin cos
V
X I R I
e e
u u
Transformer voltage regulation
The voltage regulation is expressed as
follows:
NL
L NL
V
V V
regulation Voltage
2
2 2

=
V
2NL
= secondary voltage (no-load condition)
V
2L
= secondary voltage (full-load condition)
Transformer voltage regulation
Transformer- voltage regulation
For the equivalent circuit referred to the
primary:
1
2 1
V
V V
regulation Voltage
'

=
V
1
= no-load voltage
V
2

= secondary voltage referred to the primary (full-load condition)

Transformer- voltage regulation
Consider the equivalent circuit referred to the
secondary,
I
2
'
R
1
'
V
2NL
X
1
'
R
2
X
2
V
2
Z
2
I
2
R
e2
X
e2
NL
e e
V
sin X I cos R I
regulation Voltage
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
u u
=
(-) : power factor leading
(+) : power factor lagging
Transformer- voltage regulation
Consider the equivalent circuit referred to the primary,
1
2 1 1 2 1 1
V
sin X I cos R I
regulation Voltage
e e
u u
=
I
1
R
1
V
1
X
1
R
2
'
X
2
'
Z
2
I
1
'
V
2
'
R
e1
X
e1
(-) : power factor leading
(+) : power factor lagging
Transformer- voltage regulation
Example 4
Based on Example 3 calculate the voltage
regulation and the secondary terminal
voltage for full load having a power factor
of
(i) 0.8 lagging (0.0336pu,14.8V)
(ii) 0.8 leading (-0.0154pu,447V)
Transformers Efficiency
Transformer- Efficiency
Losses in a transformer
Copper losses in primary and secondary
windings
Core losses due to hysteresis and eddy
current. It depends on maximum value of flux
density, supply frequency and core
dimension. It is assumed to be constant for all
loads
Transformer- Efficiency
As always, efficiency is defined as power output to
power input ratio
The losses in the transformer are the core loss
(Pc) and copper loss (Pcu).
losses P
P
) P ( power input
) P ( power output
out
out
in
out
+
=
= q
2
2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
e c
R I P cos I V
cos I V
+ + u
u
= q
Transformer- Efficiency
Efficiency on full load
where S is the apparent power (in volt amperes)
sc oc FL FL
FL FL
P P S
S
+ +
=
u
u
q
cos
cos
Transformer- Efficiency
Efficiency for any load equal to n x full load
where corresponding total loss =
sc oc FL FL
FL FL
P n P S n
S n
+ +

=
2
cos
cos
u
u
q
sc oc
P n P +
2
Transformer- Efficiency
Example 5
The following results were obtained on a 50 kVA
transformer: open circuit test primary voltage,
3300 V; secondary voltage, 400 V; primary power,
430W.Short circuit test primary voltage,
124V;primary current, 15.3 A; primary power,
525W; secondary current, full load value.
Calculate the efficiency at full load and half load
for 0.7 power factor.
(97.3%, 96.9%)
Transformer- Efficiency
For constant values of the terminal voltage V2 and
load power factor angle 2 , the maximum efficiency
occurs when
If this condition is applied, the condition for
maximum efficiency is
that is, core loss = copper loss.
0
2
=
q
dI
d
2
2
2 e c
R I P =
Transformer- Efficiency
Autotransformer
Transformer- Autotransformer
It is a transformer whose primary and
secondary coils are in a single winding
Autotransformer
Transformer- Autotransformer
Same operation as two windings
transformer
Physical connection from primary to
secondary
Sliding connection allows for variable
voltage
Higher kVA delivery than two windings
connection
Transformer- Autotransformer
Advantages:
A tap between primary and secondary sides which
may be adjustable to provide step-up/down capability
Able to transfer larger S apparent power than the two
winding transformer
Smaller and lighter than an equivalent two-winding
transformer
Disadvantage:
Lacks electrical isolation
Transformer- Autotransformer
A Step Down Autotransformer:
and
Transformer- Autotransformer
A Step Up Autotransformer:
and
Transformer- Autotransformer
Example 6
An autotransformer with a 40% tap is supplied by a
400-V, 60-Hz source and is used for step-down
operation. A 5-kVA load operating at unity power
factor is connected to the secondary terminals.
Find:
(a) the secondary voltage,
(b) the secondary current,
(c) the primary current.
Transformer- Autotransformer
Solution
3 Phase Transformer
Three phase transformers
The three-phase transformer can be built by:
the interconnection of three single-phase transformers
using an iron core with three limbs
The usual connections for three-phase transformers are:
wye / wye seldom used, unbalance and 3th harmonics
problem
wye / delta frequently used step down.(345 kV/69 kV)
delta / delta used medium voltage (15 kV), one of the
transformer can be removed (open delta)
delta / wye step up transformer in a generation station
For most cases the neutral point is grounded
Transformer -3 phase transformer
Transformer -3 phase transformer
Analyses of the grounded wye / delta transformer
Each leg has a
primary and a
secondary winding.
The voltages and
currents are in phase
in the windings
located on the same
leg.
The primary phase-to-
line voltage generates
the secondary line-to-
line voltage. These
voltages are in phase
A B C
V
AN
V
B N
V
C N
V
ab
V
bc
V
ca
N
a b c
Transformer -3 phase transformer
Analyses of the grounded wye / delta transformer
I
A
I
B
I
C
N
I
AN
I
CN
I
BN
I
ab
I
bc
I
ca
I
b
I
a
I
c
Transformer -3 phase transformer
Analyses of the grounded wye / delta transformer
V
CA
V
AB
N
V
A N
V
C N
V
BN
V
bc
V
bc
V
ab
V
ca
V
ab
A
C
B
a
c
b
V
B C
V
bc
Transformer -3 phase transformer
107
Three phase transformer
Transformer
Transformer
Transformer
Transformer
Transformer
Three phase transformer
Transformer Construction
Iron Core
The iron core is made of thin
laminated silicon steel (2-3 %
silicon)
Pre-cut insulated sheets are
cut or pressed in form and
placed on the top of each
other .
The sheets are overlap each
others to avoid (reduce) air
gaps.
The core is pressed together
by insulated yokes.
Transformer
Three phase transformer
Transformer Construction Winding
The winding is made of copper or
aluminum conductor, insulated with
paper or synthetic insulating material
(kevlar, maylard).
The windings are manufactured in
several layers, and insulation is placed
between windings.
The primary and secondary windings
are placed on top of each others but
insulated by several layers of insulating
sheets.
The windings are dried in vacuum and
impregnated to eliminate moisture.
Small transformer winding
Transformer
Three phase transformer
Transformer Construction
Iron Cores
The three phase transformer iron
core has three legs.
A phase winding is placed in
each leg.
The high voltage and low voltage
windings are placed on top of
each other and insulated by
layers or tubes.
Larger transformer use layered
construction shown in the
previous slides.
A B C
Three phase transformer iron core
Transformer
Three phase transformer
Transformer Construction
The dried and treated
transformer is placed in a steel
tank.
The tank is filled, under vacuum,
with heated transformer oil.
The end of the windings are
connected to bushings.
The oil is circulated by pumps
and forced through the radiators.
Three phase oil transformer
Transformer
Three phase transformer
Transformer Construction
The transformer is equipped with
cooling radiators which are
cooled by forced ventilation.
Cooling fans are installed under
the radiators.
Large bushings connect the
windings to the electrical system.
The oil is circulated by pumps
and forced through the radiators.
The oil temperature, pressure
are monitored to predict
transformer performance.
Three phase oil transformer
Transformer
Three phase transformer
Transformer Construction
Dry type transformers are used
at medium and low voltage.
The winding is vacuumed and
dried before the molding.
The winding is insulated by
epoxy resin
The slide shows a three phase,
dry type transformer.
Dry type transformer