VIKRAM SARABHAI MEMORIAL LECTURE-2004

12-08-2004 : New Delhi

Dynamics of Societal Transformation

I am indeed delighted to participate in the Vikram Sarabhai Memorial Lecture organized

jointly by Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR) and Dr. Vikram Sarabhai
Foundation. I greet the organisers, members of the foundation, distinguished guests and
friends. I was thinking on this occasion what thoughts I can share with you. The topic I
have chosen is Dynamics of Societal Transformation.

Leadership Challenges

Generation of creative leaders is a big challenge. It happened in the society at difficult

times or in a prosperous time. The creative leadership can be defined as follows:

Creative leaders are those whose leadership styles move from commander to coach,
manager to mentor, from director to delegator and from one who demands respect to one
who facilitate self-respect.

I have studied, experimented and benefited from the works of three great human beings
at various faces of human life. They can be classed as creators of a creative leader who
think different and ahead. I am not going to equate one to the other. But I would like to
share the beautiful aspects I have learnt.

Thiruvalluvar:

One visionary who gave the code of conduct for the whole universe, 2200 years ago is
poet Saint Thiruvalluvar. A study of Thirukkural reveals the fact that Thiruvallur’s work is
beyond any boundaries, beyond any religion, beyond any culture and provides a path of
righteousness for the mankind and it is valid even today. In any of the 1330 kurals, he had
not mentioned about any religion, any region, any language, any culture, any country but
all his work is towards how to build a happy, humane and righteous life in the society. I
would like to highlight two of the couplets about the typical characteristics of indomitable
spirit of a creative leader.

Let us study the characteristics of indomitable spirit. It has two components. The first
component is that there must be a Vision leading to higher goals of achievement. This
thoughts itself leads to high thinking.

Quote:
It means that whatever may be the depth of the river or lake or pond, whatever may be
the condition of the water, the lilly flower always comes out and blossoms. Similarly, if
there is a definite determination to achieve a goal even if it is impossible to achieve, the
man succeed fully or goes near the mission.

Many of us have gone through large programmes and projects. We would have
experienced that success is not in sight and there are many hurdles. The same poet
reminds us at this point of time through another couplet:

It means successful leaders can never be defeated by problems. They become master of
the situation and defeat the problems. I consider these two Thirukkural characterize the
indomita ble spirit of a creator of creative leaders. He was a source of inspiration for the
whole mankind.
Mahatma Gandhi

We saw the Ahimsa Dharma again in a great human being, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi,
in the 20th Century, when he started the freedom movement. He fought for freedom with
peaceful means of non-violence. He became 'Mahatma' for the movement that he started
against oppression and racial discrimination in South Africa. This movement has become a
forerunner for many such movements all over the world. The world saw, for the first time,
the ahimsa dharma in full-fledged action leading to freedom and peace. Mahatma Gandhi
had the capability of creating leaders like Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, Sardar Vallabhbhai
Patel, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, Sarojini Naidu simultaneously
during the mission of independence movement in India.

Another incident I would like to narrate about Mahatma Gandhi is that of 16th August
1947. On that day in the Tamil newspaper, on the front page, two news items appeared.
One item was India achieving freedom and Panditji’s speech. The other news item and the
most important one which has been embedded in my memory is about Gandhiji walking
barefoot in Naokali, removing the pain of riot-affected families. Normally as Father of the
Nation Mahatma Gandhi has to be the first to unfurl the national flag on August 15, 1947
in Red Fort. But he was not there at the Red Fort, instead he was at Naokali. Mahatma
Gandhi was an embodiment of nobility, elevated thinking and concern for human beings.
What a great leadership of this noble personality and that is why he is acknowledged as a
millennium leader of 20th century.

Dr. Vikram Sarabhai

The Scientific leader with whom I was fortunate to work with was Dr Vikram Sarabhai. He
had a special ability of spotting prospective dynamic leaders and entrusting them with
challenging tasks in science and technology. He always used to give them task which has
not been accomplished before and gave them limited resource and time. This made the
scientists to strive hard and achieve unusually high performance. Once the task has been
done he used to review the task personally along with renowned specialists in the field.
This not only motivated the scientists but also ensured that the quality of the scientific
achievement was excellent. Once achieved he used to give higher and more complex
targets. This continuous higher-level demand on the scientists created an excellent work
culture among them. Having tasted extraordinary success they would never be satisfied
with moderate performance. Thus through the process of rigorous selection, fixing of
challenging objectives to be achieved and a transparent evaluation system he created
extraordinary scientific leaders in many fields.

His unique way of creating leaders is that he had generated a healthy competitive
environment. He gave a very important development mission to build cost effective
meteorological rockets for three of us. I was given Menaka Rocket, Muthunayagam was
given RH-125 and Y.J. Rao was given RH-100. Finally, based on the experience of all three
developmental programmes, a new meteorological rocket emerged, called RH-200. Like
that many technology tasks were accomplished in record time by his inspirational
leadership. Dr. Vikram Sarabhai was a great scientific thinker in the post independent
India and shaped the scientific rhythm and destiny of our nation. He was a multi-faceted
personality - great visionary, distinguished cosmic-ray and space scientist, institution
builder, industrialist, management expert, educationist, great lover of arts and above all
an enlightened citizen. It was the vision of Dr. Vikram Sarabhai, which gave shape to
India’s Space Programme, provided a strong foundation and led India to a very strong
position in launch vehicle, satellite and space technologies and their applications. It was he
who enunciated the need for space application to the society and gave a space profile for
ten years.

High Technology for Societal Development

In 1964, Dr Sarabhai declared “…. To us there is no ambiguity of purpose. We are

convinced that if we are to play a meaningful role nationally and in the community of
nations we must be second to none in the applications of advanced technologies to the real
problems of the man and society”. Thus he saw a golden opportunity to harness space
science and technology to the development of the country in the fields of communication,
meteorology, remote sensing and education. He launched multiple programmes and
introduced innovative approach to acquire competence in advance technology based on
technical and economic evaluation of their real resources. Sarabhai was responsible for
launching the Satellite Instructional Television Experiment (SITE) during July 1975 - July
1976. This made revolution in the connectivity of rural areas.

Dr Sarabhai was always ahead and a creator of creative leaders whose demeanour was a
lesson itself. Nine years effort of Dr. Sarabhai and his team in building space technology is
equivalent to twenty-seven years of hard work, which enabled our country to be on par
with advanced countries. Some of the traits of Dr Sarabhai, that helped India, were his
vision, ability to think ahead of his peers, team spirit and encouragement of healthy
competition in scientific research.

Friends, on this very important occasion of remembering Dr. Sarabhai, my guru and one of
the great visionaries of the nation, I would like to present the thoughts and vision put forth
by Dr.Sarabhai that resulted in evolution process for ‘societal transformation’ and more
importantly creation of a large number of creative leaders.
Application of Space Technology in Education

For any nation, the level and quality of education is one of the most significant parameters
for development. In India, the total literacy has gone up over the years but the quality
needs tremendous improvement. The synergy between education and learning has to be
well perceived and operationalised. Education is essentially an aid to generate worthwhile
learning, while learning itself is ultimately an individualized and lifelong process, whereby
human transformation occurs within the individual. Learning has various forms such as:
pre-learning, reinforcement of learning, classroom learning, individualized and independent
learning of small groups or large masses, enrichment learning, self-learning and self-
directed or self-managed learning. Final result of learning is the application of knowledge
and skills by the individual for the benefit of the society, nation and the world. Recently, I
inaugurated a conference of Vice Chancellors on the EDUSAT organised by ISRO. The
prime objective of the EDUSAT programme is to provide support to education through low -
cost ground segments and to reach the un-reached people of India in every nook and
corner. EDUSAT (GSAT-3), the first satellite of the Education Satellite System, will be
launched by the third flight of the indigenous launch vehicle GSLV in last quarter of 2004.
The satellite is specially configured to have multiple beams covering different regions of
India. This is a satellite operating in Ku-band frequency facilitating the use of easy to
handle small transmit/receive ground terminal. It provides communication coverage
through five regional beams and a national beam. It will also provide full Indian coverage
including the Indian islands in C -band.

A multi-pronged approach for Tele-Education

A three-pronged approach is essential to make distance education programme viable and a

successful proposition through the universal tele-education system to all remote parts of
the country. The three components may be the Connectivity, Tele-Education System and
the Quality Content Generation and deployment.

Connectivity:

One-lakh fifty thousand ground terminals in its full capacity. The other parts of the country
have to be covered by providing Broadband and Wireless communication network in an
integrated fashion. Terrestrial optical communication is becoming cost effective and can
complement the space communication with its low cost, high bandwidth and networking
capability. An integrated networked system comprising EDUSAT, Broadband and Wireless
networks should provide a highway for reaching quality education to all parts of the
country.

Tele–Education System:

Once we have the connectivity, then there should be a universal tele-education system in
place for making full utilization of the connectivity to bring virtual classrooms in a multi
class environment with seamless two-way interaction between the teachers and students
in a collaborative environment. This system should not only enable the lecture delivered
from the Studio at the university to reach any remote corner but also enable a good
teacher in the remote area to provide multicast information to other participants of the
programme. This type of tele-education will assist in areas where there is shortage of good
teachers.

A Tele-Education delivery system:

I would like to narrate our experience in tele-education piloted at Rashtrapati Bhavan for
providing satellite connectivity for the PREVIK (President’s Virtual Institute for Knowledge)
members. The connectivity is through V -SATs provided by ISRO, Voice Over-IP and
Internet. In this platform, the live virtual studio environment is created and it will connect
a number of remote locations and provides seamless, one to many connectivity, through
multicasting mode in a collaborative environment. This also provides two-way connectivity.
In this platform, I can give a presentation and address the remote locations, where the
multimedia delivery is possible and also I can interact through various collaborative tools. I
can refer any informational website from Internet to all the remote locations and can also
delegate the remote expert to give a lecture to all those who are connected. We have also
established the Digital Library and digitized around 2 million pages. I can search for a
particular page and push the page to all the participants through this tele-education. It is
an integrated solution, which makes me feel as if I am virtually connected to all
participants in multiple locations. In the present context with respect to universities,
EDUSAT provides the connectivity. An integrated Tele-education delivery mechanism is
available and being used. What is required now is the generation of quality content for
sharing and transmitting to remote students.

Virtual University

It is time that we should start looking at the possibility of creating a Virtual University in
India through networking of all the universities and other educational institutions for
imparting universal tele-education. Virtual university will have the following tasks:

· Act as a central hub of all universities, which are networked.

· Identify experts of national/international eminence in specialized areas and nominate

institutions of eminence and teachers.

· Coordinate, organize, schedule and broadcast the lecture of specialists at a mutually

convenient time to all participants.

· Record the live transmission of the lecture with interaction details in a data bank for easy
access by participants for review learning.

· Digitize all the university libraries and make it available for seamless access by all the
universities.

· The universities need to become learner centric.

This experiment across the country will provide a common platform for teaching in
Schools, Colleges and Universities and even vocational courses. This will give equal
emphasis on theory and experiments in spite of the fact that it will be done in the
cyberspace. Such is the power of the technology and our understanding of it. This facility
would also help in expansion of telecommunication and IT services. All this would lead to
synergising the strengths of different universities in promoting quality education to our
students in a cost effective manner.

Establishing Village Panchayat Knowledge Centers

India has approximately two hundred thousand village Panchayats. I visualize

establishment of village knowledge centers in these Panchayats to empower the villagers
with the knowledge and to act as a nodal center for knowledge connectivity for the
villagers. These knowledge centers may be connected to the Universities through tele-
education.

This Center may be equipped with 1000 books of different subjects. In addition the center
can have facility for reading the text in digital library with an audio output so that people,
who are unable to read, can benefit from the library. The knowledge center can also be
used for collection, digital storage and dissemination of village specific information
pertaining to agriculture, craftsmanship, arts, artisan techniques, informal judicial system
practiced in village, based on values, local remedies for simple ailments, village stories
with moral values, village history, village folk songs, village cultural traditions, traditional
medicinal practices followed in villages and village marketing information and methods.
Such information presently is being transmitted through word of mouth and with changing
generation, it is being lost.

It is essential to preserve and carry forward this knowledge base for the benefit of future
generations. This village panchayat knowledge centers will become a help desk and
confidence builder for the villagers. In course of time, there could be inter panchayat
information transfer leading to assured information flow to the needy. Universities can play
an important role for establishing the village knowledge centre with the use of EduSat
Ground segment. Village knowledge centre has to become part of rural development
programmes.

Emerging new fields – Nano, bio, information and space technology

The national developmental challenges are many involving integrated action namely:
Agriculture and Food Processing, Education and Health care, Information and
Communication Technology, Infrastructure and self-reliance in critical technologies. As
space technologists have the role to play in many areas like education, healthcare, disaster
prevention & mitigation, e-governance, urban planning, rural communication, PURA
(Providing Urban Amenities in Rural Areas) etc. The future of space applications for the
planet earth cannot be only in the expanded uses of the now -very conventional
technologies for telecommunication and space imagery.

Integrated application of space technology with other technologies such as biotechnology,

information technology and Nano-technology is emerging for new missions. The innovative
missions must address pro-actively acute problems of rapid depletion of conventional
energy sources, drinking water supplies, and deliver solutions for the man-planet conflict
that has led to pollution, climatic change and degradation of ecology and the environment.
Our scientists must work together for making these societal missions a success in a time
bound manner using multiple technologies. Scientists and Technologists working together
on mission mode will be a good tribute to Dr.Sarabhai.

Cluster of satellites for Remote Sensing and GPS

While ISRO has specialized in remote sensing satellite technology, it has to increase the
number of satellites in polar orbit to reduce revisit time for the same location within 30
minutes. Of course over a period of time, India has the capability to launch multiple
satellites with higher resolution cameras to meet this requirement. But, considering the
varying climatic conditions in a large country and better utilization of Indian and foreign
remote sensing satellites, it is essential to have an international partnership for orbiting
cluster of satellites with Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) capability. This will reduce the
overall expenditure and time, giving maximum benefits at the earliest for both the
partners. Similarly, we need a cluster of satellites for Global Positioning System. This will
be possible with international partnership. The urgent need is to design and develop a
variety of fully reusable RLV technology demonstrators and thus give credibility to the
whole concept of low cost access to Space.

I visualize in the year 2050 world organizations in space technology establishing a habitat
in Mars, mining industrial units in planets & moon and build the capability to destroy or
deviate the asteroids when the earth is endangered. India has to participate in such
challenging mission with other countries. Thinking beyond our planet is an essential trait.
The thought itself elevates the person. The person is transformed into a creative state.
Creativity indeed is the foundation of discovery and inventions.

Conclusion

Dr. Vikram Sarabhai envisioned that the benefit of science and technology must reach the
rural population, in order to make India a prosperous nation. We have rich natural
resources, highly skilled manpower, many success stories in various fields including
science and technology, health care, agriculture, defence and ICT sectors. But, what is
needed is from having a sustainable development and the benefits reaching the rural
people? If we can connect the successes in an integrated manner and with the earlier
experience certainly the future is ours.

Saint Thiruvalluvar’s work took place when the region he lived was very prosperous in
thinking and wealth. Mahatma Gandhi appeared in the scene when there was a foreign
ruler in India. Dr. Vikram Sarabhai, a scientist and visionary lived almost equal part in
British India and free India. He realized that freedom alone will not bring happiness to the
society, wealth has to come and the society has to have economic prosperity. Achieving
future economic prosperity should come in for the total population of the country.

Now the question comes, in the present dynamic situation of India, will the creators of
creative leaders emerge? Poetically, I can say that when the horizon is fully red or fully
green, creator of creative leaders appear in the horizon. I believe and I am sure that this is
the time, creators of creative leaders will emerge for eliminating poverty and diseases and
establish a peaceful nation and there by the world.

May God bless you.