Colloids is a substance dispersed through another substance. Contains usually polymers which have a size between 1-1000nm.

nm. Particles INVISIBLE to optical microscopy. Tyndall effect occurs scatter the light. Lyophilic colloids liquid-loving colloids. Forms a stable dispersed system, forms micelles. This can be starch, gum, gelatine proteins which distribute uniformly in the continuous phase such as water. Thermodynamically stable system. Forms spontaneously. Good solvation attracts liquids (has affinity for solvent). Lyophobic colloids liquid hating colloids. It is thermodynamically UNSTABLE, but have apparent kinetic stability. DVLO theory describes stability of these. Adding electrolyte dispersion is destabilised. Repel liquids. Dispensed particles tends to aggregate flocculation and coagulation can occur. E.g. metals, their hydroxides, sulphides, MILK. Colloidal system constitutes of dispersed and continuous phases. Can be gas, liquid, and solid. Flocculation when colloids clump together (aggregation occurs) to form a larger particles and then the system becomes unstable and all flocks sediment on the bottom. Can be redispersed (shaken). Schulze-Hardy rule: when electrolyte is added(to be ore specific when counter-ions are added.), flocculation increases as it reduces the electric double layer. Adding electrolytes reduces the electric double layer and flocculation occurs. Steric effect stabilises the colloid system prevents flocculation. Electrostatic stabilisation Aggregation is due to Van Der Walls forces attraction forces. If attraction forces are > than electrostatic repulsion forces then aggregation occurs. DLVO theory. Vt = Va + Vr (total interaction energy). Micelle is an aggregate of surfactant molecules. Suspension is a heterogeneous mixture containing solid particles which are large enough for sedimentation to occur. Solution homogenous mixture composed only of one phase. No TYNDALL effect. It is a stable system. Amphiphilic loves both water and oil.

DVLO theory states that the stability of colloidal system is describes by sum of attraction (van der wall) and repulsion (double layer) forces of the substances. Vt = Va + Vr. Involves Hammaker constant large value = large attractive interactions. Surface potential. Electrolyte level. Vr depends on Salt conc, surface tension. Va = HR/12x ---- depends on haymaker constant, particle size. ----Example of Surface Active drug: tranquilizer: chlorpromazine; antidepressants: imipramine; antihistamines: diphenhydramine. penicillin G,

Micelles can be used as a vehicles to transport drugs. For example micellar solution can affect drug activity and protect it from hydrolysis. Drug is incorporated in the hydrophobic part core- of the micelle and this prevent contact of the drug with water. E.g. penicillin G is 2.5 times stable in micellar solution. Micelles: the head group and the tail group. The head group is usually hydrophilic and the tail group is usually hydrophobic. The length of the hydrocarbon chain decreases the cmc. For Ionic surfactants head charge influences the cmc. In water of ionic surfactants, the cmc is approximately halved with additional CH2 unit. For non-ionic surfactants head group size affects the cmc. Increase in size increases cmc. For ionic, addition of electrolytes increases the micellar size and decreases the cmc.