% Ex.No.

PREDETERMINATION OF REGULATION OF A THREE PHASE NON-SALIENT POLE ALTERNATOR BY EMF AND MMF METHOD
AIM: To predetermine the regulation of three-phase non-salient pole alternator by EMF & MMF method for half and quarter load at 0.8 PF lag 0.8 PF lead & !PF. APPARATUS REQUIRED: "l no %. -. 1. #ame of the apparatus &oltmeter .mmeter $heostat $ange '0-(00)M* '0-%0+)m, '0-%/.)M* '0-/.)M0 -102 %.3. /02 /. quantity % % % % %

FORMULAE USED: 1. EMF metho : $eff4$mean5%.( 2 6s4 7' 8s- 9 $eff-) 2 .t !PF Eo47 :'&; *a$a) -; '*a6s) -< & & &

.t lagging po=er fa,tor Eo47 :'&,os> ; *a$a) -; '&sin> ; *a6s) -< .t leading po=er fa,tor Eo47 :'&,os> ; *a$a) -; '&sin> - *a6s) -< ?regulation4 ' Eo -&)@& 5%00 !. MMFmetho : &%4& ; *a$a ,os> .t !PF * 4*f%-;*f-- '.)
ft

+olts

.t lagging po=er fa,tor *ft-4 *f%- ; *f-- - -*f% *f- ,os'A0;>) '.) .t leading po=er fa,tor *ft-4 *f%-;*f-- - -*f% *f- ,os'A0->) '.) THEORY: *t is ,lear that =ith ,hange in load there is a ,hange in terminal +oltage of alternator. Magnitude of this ,hange depends not only on the load but also the load po=er-fa,tor. $egulation alternator is defined as the rise in +oltage =hen full load is remo+ed 'field eB,itation &speed remain ,onstant) di+ided rated terminal +oltage. ? regulation 4 Eo-& 5%00 & *n the ,ase of large ma,hines the ,ost of finding regulation by dire,t loading be,omes prohibiti+e. Cen,e other indire,t methods used as dis,ussed belo=. *t =ill be found that all those methods differ ,hiefly in the no load +oltage Eo found in ea,h ,ase. %. "yn,hronous impenden,e or EMF method: 0onsider field ,urrent *f. The o, +oltage ,orresponds to this field ,urrent =hen =inding is short ,ir,uited terminal +oltage is E%. Cen,e it may be assumed that the =hole of this +oltage is being used to ,ir,ulate the armature short ,ir,uit ,urrent * % against the syn,hronous impenden,e 8s. E% 4 *% 8sD 8s4 E%@*% "in,e $a ,an be found as dis,ussed earlier 6 s-4 8s- - $a-. Eno=ing $a & 6s +e,tor diagram ,an be dra=n for any load and any po=er fa,tor. Eo = { [ V cos + Ia Ra ]2 + [ V sin + Ia Xs ]2 }1/2 This method is not a,,urate be,ause +alue of 8s so found is al=ays +alue under normal ,ondition and saturation. Cen,e +alue so obtained is al=ays more than that found from an a,tual test. That is =hy it is ,alled pessimisti, method. -. MMF method: This method also utiliFes o, &s, test but in ,on+erse of emf method in sense the armature leaGage rea,tan,e is treated as an additional armature rea,tion. *n other =ords it is assumed that ,hange in terminal +oltage drop on load is entirely due to armature rea,tion 'due to the ohmi, resistan,e =hi,h is negligible in most ,ases). #o= field .T required to produ,e a +oltage of + on full load is the sum follo=ing. Field .T required to produ,e & 'or if $a is to be taGen into a,,ount then & ; *a$a,os>) on no-load. This is found from o,, and field .T required to produ,e demagnetiFing effe,t of armature rea,tion on full load +alue is found from s, test. The field .T required to produ,e full load ,urrent on short ,ir,uit balan,es the armature and the impenden,e drop.

The impenden,e drop ,an be negle,ted be,ause $a is usually +ery small and 6s is also small under short ,ir,uit ,ondition. Cen,e pf on short ,ir,uit is almost Fero lagging and .T are used entirely to o+er,ome armature rea,tion. *f the alternator instead of being short ,ir,uit is applying full load ,urrent at this normal and Fero pf lagging then total .T required are +e,tor sum of the field .T 4H. ne,essary to produ,e normal +oltage. PRE"UATIONS: %. *nitially "P"T IP"T and TP"T should be Gept in open position. -. $heostat in field ,ir,uit of I0 shunt motor should be in minimum position. 1. The rheostat in armature ,ir,uit of I0 shunt motor rheostats in field ,ir,uit of pilot generator and field ,ir,uit of alternator should all be in maBimum position. PRO"EDURE:
OPEN"IR"UIT TEST: %. .ll ,onne,tions ha+e to be gi+en as per the ,ir,uit diagram. -. The IP"T is ,losed. 1. $heostat in the armature ,ir,uit and rheostat in field ,ir,uit of I0 shunt motor are +aried and motor is brought to the rated speed of alternator. J. $esidual indu,ed +oltage is noted. /. "P"T is ,losed. $heostat in the field ,ir,uit is adKusted to in,rease the field ,urrent in steps and ,orresponding no load indu,ed +oltage and field ,urrents are noted. (. $eadings are taGen for up to an eB,itation of about J./.. 3. Hpen ,ir,uit ,hara,teristi,s are attained by plotting Eo '&) &s field ,urrent '.). SHORT "IR"UIT TEST:

% .The rheostat in field ,ir,uit of alternator and pilot generator are brought to their initial position. -. TP"T is ,losed and field rheostat is adKusted until rated ,urrent of alternator attained 1. The meter readings are noted do=n. J. "hort ,ir,uit ,hara,teristi,s are dra=n by taGing *f along 6 aBis and short ,ir,uit ,urrent along L-aBis.
MEASURING OF R#:

%. 0onne,tions ha+e to be gi+en as per ,ir,uit diagram. -. The rheostat is +aried and different sets of reading of +oltmeter and ammeter are noted. 1. The +alues of $a ,an be ,al,ulated from these reading.

"IR"UIT DIAGRAM: T P " T

%/.
" P " T /.

; I P " T

-/.

-102 %.3. 8

/0 O /.
. M .. -102 %.3.

8 88 . PM . /02 . /. .. .; '0-/.)M0

F FF

'0-(00&) M* & .% 0 .N% 0% N-

. %/.

-10& I0

-/.

88

%/.

"$%&'$t $#(%#m )o% me#*'%$+( R#: /. ; I P " T /02 /.

'0-/.)M0 .

1(& I0 supply

.% ./.

; & - '0-%0&)M0

/ TABULAR "OLUMN: Hpen ,ir,uit test: Field ,urrent *f'.) *ndu,ed emf Eo'+) "hort ,ir,uit test: Field ,urrent *f'.) "hort ,ir,uit ,urrent *s'.)

Measurement of $a: "l.#o. &'+olts) *'amps) $ 4 &@*'2)

MODEL "AL"ULATION: Eo N,N%(,%-m Eo,U% O"" )1 N-&o+*t S"" I* I*+

I)+

I)

P%e ete%m$+#t$o+ o) F'..-.o# /o.t#(e Re('.#t$o+0URPF 112S3+&h%o+o'* Im-e #+&e4Em) metho $ated terminal +oltage per phase P!P4!rQ @71 4 RR. & for L ,onne,tion P!P4!rQ 4 & for S ,onne,tion TaGe rated terminal +oltage@phase ass referen,e phasor !4P!P 0 4 'P!P;K0) & "r B %01 $ated@full load ,urrent per phase P*P4 4 RRR . 1P!P

( .ssume desired pf as ,os T 4 'pf) 4 RR. Then 4 ,os1'pf) Met ,ompleB +alue of ,urrent per phase * 4P*P -T 4P*P:',os T - Ksin T)< . for lag pf * 4P*P T 4P*P:',os T ; Ksin T)< . for lead pf *4P*P 0 4 'P*P; K0) . for unity pf 0al,ulate E 4 :'P!P; K0) ; 'P*PB ',os T ; Ksin T) B '$ ; K6s))< E 4 'Ea ; K Er) 4 PEP 5 PEP-P!P !$PF 4 : < B %00 P!P S%, 66.. 7/A8 9U9, 66../8 9I9, 66.. A S.No. -) E, 9E9 5 1/2 URPF 1:2

G%#-h !$PF &s pf

Ph#*o% D$#(%#m*: 1$2L#(($+( -): E I;* I<* 5 = U IR

1$$2U+$t3 -): E I;* 5 I 1$$$2Le# $+( -): I = 5 E >I<* I;* IR U U IR >I<*

1!2Am-e%e-t'%+4Mm) metho : 1#2L#(($+( -) Y I)t I)e 5 I)* = -< 5 U Et IR < ? I E

-Y '%) !4P!P 0 4 'P!P; K0) '-) *4P*P -T 4 '*a; K*r)

8 '1) Et 4 ! ; *$ Et 4 ''P!P; K0) ; ''*a; K*r) B $)) Et 4PEtP- $efer H00 and Find P*fe Pfor PEtP 'J) *fe 4P*fePA0- $efer "00 and find P*fsPandP*P '/) *fs 4P*fsP%80- '() Find *ft 4*fe ; *fs 4P*ftPA0; U $efer H00 and find PEPfor P*ftP '3) E4PEP U PEP-P!P !$PF 4 P!P B %00

Eo 9E9 9Et9 O"" S"" I* 9I9 O 9I)*9 9I)e9 9I)t9 I)

1@2U+$t3 -): Y E I)t 5 5 -< I)* '%) !4P!P 0 4 'P!P; K0) I U Et IR < I)e

'-) *4P*P 0 4 'P*P; K0) '1) Et 4 ! ; *$ 4PEtP 0 $efer H00 and Find P*fe Pfor PEtP 'J) *fe 4P*fePA0 $efer "00 and find P*fsPandP*P '/) *fs 4P*fsP%80 '() Find *ft 4*fe ; *fs 4P*ftPA0; U $efer H00 and find PEPfor P*ftP '3) E4PEP U PEP-P!P !$PF 4 P!P 1"2Le# $+( -): B %00

I)e I)t -< 5 = =

Et U

IR

<

I)*

-Y '%) !4P!P 0 '-) *4P*P T 4 '*a; K*r)

%0 '1) Et 4 ! ; *$ 4 PEtP $efer H00 and Find P*fe Pfor PEtP 'J) *fe 4P*fePA0; $efer "00 and find P*fsPandP*P '/) *fs 4P*fsP%80; '() Find *ft 4*fe ; *fs 4P*ftPA0; U $efer H00 and find PEPfor P*ftP '3) E4PEP U PEP-P!P !$PF 4 P!P S.No. -) E, 9E9 5 1/2 URP 1:2 B %00

G%#-h !$PF &s pf

RESULT: INFEREN"E: