2

nd Asia Pacific Mathematical Olympiad

APMO 1990

2nd Asia Pacific Mathematical Olympiad APMO 1990 Problems and Solutions

Problem 1
Given in the range (0, ) how many (incongruent) triangles ABC have angle A , BC 1, and the !ollowing !our "oints concyclic# A, the centroid, the mid"oint o! AB and the mid"oint o! AC$

Solution
Answer# 1 !or % &0 deg' (therwise none' )et ( *e the circumcenter o! ABC and + the circumradius, let , *e the mid"oint o! BC, and let G *e the centroid' -e may regard A as !ree to move on the circumcircle, whilst (, B and C remain !i.ed' )et / *e the "oint on ,( such that ,/0,( 101' An e."ansion *y a !actor 1, center ,, ta2es G to A and / to (, so G must lie on the circle center / radius +01' 3he circle on diameter (A contains the mid"oints o! AB and AC (since i! 4 is one o! the mid"oints (4 is "er"endicular to the corres"onding side)' 5o i! G also lies on this circle then angle (GA 60 deg and hence angle ,G( 60 deg, so G must also lie on the circle diameter (,' Clearly the two circles !or G either do not intersect in which case no triangle is "ossi*le which satis!ies the condition or they intersect in one or two "oints' But i! they intersect in two "oints, then corres"onding triangles are o*viously congruent (they 7ust interchange B and C)' 5o we have to !ind when the two circle intersect' )et the circle center / meet the line (/, at 8 and 9 with 8 on the same side o! / as ,' :ow (, + cos , so /, 101 + cos ; 101 + /8, so , always lies inside 89' :ow /( 201 (, 101 + (2 cos ), so /9 101 + < /( i!! 2 cos ; 1 or < 01' 3hus i! < 01, then /9 < /( and so the circle diameter (, lies entirely inside the circle center / radius +01 and so they cannot intersect' =! 01, then the circles touch at (, giving the e>uilateral triangle as a solution' =! ; 01, then the circles intersect giving one incongruent triangle satis!ying the condition'

Problem 2
.1, ''' , .n are "ositive reals' s2 is the sum o! all "roducts o! 2 o! the .i (!or e.am"le, i! n 1, s1 .1 ? .2 ? .1, s2 .1.2 ? .2.1 ? .1.1, s1 .1.2.1)' 5how that s2sn@2 A (nC2)2 sn !or 0 ; 2 ; n'

Solution
Bach o! s2 and sn@2have nC2 terms' 5o we may multi"ly out the "roduct s2sn@2 to get a sum o! (nC2)2 terms' -e now a""ly the arithmetic0geometric mean result' 3he "roduct o! all the terms must *e a "ower o! sn *y symmetry and hence must *e sn to the "ower o! (nC2)2' 5o the geometric mean o! the terms is 7ust sn' Cence result'

Problem 3

A triangle ABC has *ase AB 1 and the altitude !rom C length h' -hat is the ma.imum "ossi*le "roduct o! the three altitudes$ Dor which triangles is it achieved$

Solution
Answer# !or h % 102, ma.imum "roduct is h2, achieved *y a triangle with right@angle at CE !or h < 102, the ma.imum "roduct is h10(h2 ? 10F), achieved *y the isosceles triangle (AC BC)' Solution by David Krumm )et AC *, BC a, let the altitude !rom A have length . and the altitude !rom B have length y' 3hen a. *y h, so h.y h10a*' But h a sin B and *0sin B 10sin C, so h a* sin C and the "roduct h.y h2 sin C' 3he locus o! "ossi*le "ositions !or C is the line "arallel to AB and a distance h !rom it' G(r strictly the "air o! such lines'H =! h % 102, then there is a "oint on that line with angle ACB 60 deg, so in this case we can o*tain h.y h2 *y ta2ing angle ACB 60 deg and that is clearly the *est "ossi*le' =! h < 102, then there is no "oint on the line with angle ACB 60 deg' )et ) *e the "er"endicular *isector o! AB and let ) meet the locus at C' 3hen C is the "oint on the locus with the angle C a ma.imum' Dor i! I is any other "oint o! the line then the circumcircle o! ABI also "asses through the corres"onding "oint IJ on the other side o! C and hence C lies inside the circumcircle' =! ) meets the circumcircle at CJ, then angle AIB angle ACJB < angle ACB' Bvidently sin C 2 sin C02 cos C02 h0 (h2 ? 10F), so the ma.imum value o! h.y is h10(h2 ? 10F)' My original, less elegant, solution is as follows. 3a2e A8 "er"endicular to AB and length h' 3a2e 9 to *e on the line "arallel to AB through 8 so that B9 is "er"endicular to AB' 3hen C must lie on the line 89 (or on the corres"onding line on the other side o! AB)' )et a(A) *e the length o! the altitude !rom A to BC and a(B) the length o! the altitude !rom B to AC' =! C ma.imises the "roduct h a(A) a(B), then it must lie on the segment 89, !or i! angle ABC is o*tuse, then *oth a(A) and a(B) are shorter than !or AB9' 5imilarly i! BAC is o*tuse' 5o su""ose 8C . with 0 % . % 1' 3hen AC K(.2 ? h2), so a(B) h0K(.2 ? h2)' 5imilarly, a(A) h0K( (1@.)2 ? h2)' 5o we wish to minimise !(.) (.2 ? h2) ( (1@.)2 ? h2) .F @ 2.1 ? (2h2 ? 1).2 @ 2h2. ? hF ? h2' -e have ! J(.) 2(2.@1)(.2 @ . ? h2), which has roots . 102, 102 L K(10F @ h2)' 3hus !or h < 102, the minimum is at . 102, in which case CA CB' Dor h ; 102, the minimum is at . 102 L K(10F @ h2)' But i! , is the mid"oint o! AB and I is the "oint on AB with AI 102 L K(10F @ h2), then I, K(10F @ h2)' But IC h, and angle CI, 60, so ,C 102 and hence angle ACB 60'

Problem 4
A gra"h with n "oints satis!ies the !ollowing conditions# (1) no "oint has edges to all the other "oints, (2) there are no triangles, (1) given any two "oints A, B such that there is no edge AB, there is e.actly one "oint C such that there are edges AC and BC' 8rove that each "oint has the same num*er o! edges' Dind the smallest "ossi*le n'

Solution
Answer# M' -e say A and B are 7oined i! there is an edge AB' Dor any "oint / we write deg / !or the num*er o! "oints 7oined to /' 3a2e any "oint A' 5u""ose deg A m' 5o there are m "oints B1, B2, ''' , Bm 7oined to A' :o Bi, B7 can *e 7oined !or i N 7, *y (2), and a "oint C N A cannot *e 7oined to Bi and B7 !or i N 7, *y (1)' Cence there are deg Bi @ 1 "oints Ci7 7oined to Bi and all the Ci7 are distinct' :ow the only "oints that can *e 7oined to Ci7, a"art !rom Bi, are other Ch2, !or *y (1) any "oint o! the gra"h is connected to A *y a "ath o! length 1 or 2' But Ci7 cannot *e 7oined to Ci2, *y (2), and it cannot *e 7oined to two distinct "oints C2h and C2hJ *y (1), so it is 7oined to at most one "oint C2h !or each 2 N i' But *y (1) there must *e a "oint / 7oined to *oth B2 and Ci7 (!or 2 N i), and the only "oints 7oined to B2 are A and C2h' Cence Ci7 must *e 7oined to at least one "oint C2h !or each 2 N i' Cence deg Ci7 m' But now i! we started with Bi instead o! A and re"eated the whole argument we would esta*lish that deg Bi is the same as the deg Ch2, where Ch2 is one o! the "oints 7oined to Ci1' 3hus all the "oints have the same degree' 5u""ose the degree o! each "oint is m' 3hen with the notation a*ove there is 1 "oint A, m "oints Bi and m(m@1) "oints C72 or m2 ? 1 in all' 5o n m2 ? 1' 3he smallest "ossi*le m is 1, *ut that does not yield a valid gra"h *ecause i! does not satis!y (1)' 3he ne.t smallest "ossi*ility is m 2, giving M "oints' =t is easy to chec2 that the "entagon satis!ies all the conditions'

Problem 5
5how that !or any n A & we can !ind a conve. he.agon which can *e divided into n congruent triangles'

Solution
-e use an isosceles trianglea as the unit' 3he diagram shows n F and n M' -e can get any n A F *y adding additional rhom*i in the middle'