UNIT 1

3 1

New Books from Oxford

Britain's Shadow Economy
Stephen Smith
The shadow economy embraces not only the black economy of moonlighting, tax dodging, and scrounging, but also the wide range of ordinary, tough productive, household activities such as washing-up, baby-sitting, and DIY improvements. This book takes a critical look at the whole of the shadow economy and makes new estimates of the scale and pattern of concealed incomes. O 19 828569 8, Clarendon Press, Oxford 19.50

Sri Lanka
Ethnic fratricide and the Dismantling of Democracy

S.J. TAMBIAH
A native Sri Lankan of Tamil origins, the distinguished social anthropologist S.J.Tambiah analyzes the causes of the conflict between majority Sinhalese Buddhists and minority Tamils that has wrecked the island of Sri Lanka for almost forty years. In his view, recent social stresses rather than ancient religious and racial differences re the source of the trouble. "An excellent and thought-provoking book." Paul Sieghart, Los Angeles Times Book Review. "concise, informative, lucidly written a powerful case for the importance of pluralism." Merle Rubin, Christian Science Monitor $17.95 cloth

The Decline of the British Economy 2

An Institutional Perspective Edited by Bernard Elbaum and William Lazonick 'A distinguished contribution The essays that it contains are coherent and thought-provo-king this is a fascinating new approach to the analysis and understanding of the decline of the British economy. It should be read.' Pete L/Payne, The Times Higher Education Supplement 0 19 828494 2, Clarendon Press 19.50

4 Arab Politics
The Search for Legitimacy Michael C. Hudson The first systematic comparative analysis of political behavior throughout the entire Arab world, from Morocco to Kuwait. In an attempt to explain why the Arab world remains in ferment, Hudson discusses such crucial factors as Arab and Islamic identity, ethnic and religious minorities, the crisis of authority, the effects of Western imperialism, and modernization. "Hudson has succeeded brilliantly in surveying and analyzing the entire range of contemporary Arab politics. [He] focuses his vast knowledge on theory and historical data with valid and illuminating generalizations, perhaps the most basic one being that most if not all Arab countries lack an effective structure for full political participation." Library Journal $22.50

Yale
Yale University Press New Haven and London

FAMILY COMMUNICATION
NEW BOOKS FROM

6 COMMUNICATION, RACE, AND FAMILY

Exploring Communication In Black, White, and Biracial Families
Edited by

TELEVISION AND THE AMERICAN FAMILY

Second Edition
Edited by

Jennings Bryant The University of Alabama J. Alison Bryant University of Southern California
A Volume in LEA's Communication Series This second edition of a trend-setting volume provides an updated examination of the interaction between families and the most pervasive mass medium: television. Charting dynamic developments of the American family and television over the past decade, this volume: Provides a comprehensive representation of programmatic research into family and television, Examines extensively the uses families make of television, how extensions of television affect usage, families' evolving attitudes toward television, the ways families have been and are portrayed on television, the effects television has on families, and the ways in which families can mediate its impact on their lives. The volume charts the dramatic changes in both families and television during the past decade and examines mutual effects of these changes. It is an invaluable resource for scholars and students in the areas of media and society, children and media, and family studies. [cloth]/ approx. 472 pp. / $ 99.95 [paperback] / approx. 472 pp. / $49.95

Thomas J. Socha Old Dominion University Rhunette C. Diggs University of Louisville

A Volume in LEA Communication Series This ground-breaking volume explores how family communication influences the perennial and controversial topic of race. In assembling this collection, editors Thomas J. Socha and Rhunette C. Diggs argue that the hope for managing America's troubles with "race" lies not only with communicating about race at public meetings, in school, and in the media, but also and more fundamentally with families communicating constructively about race at home. African-American and European American family communication researchers come together in this volume to investigate such topics as how Black families communicate to manage the issue of racism; how Black parent-child communication is used to manage the derogation of Black children; the role of television in family communication about race; the similarities and differences between and among communication in Black, White, and biracial couples and families; and how family communication education can contribute to a brighter future for all. With the aim of developing a clearer understanding of the role that family communication plays in society's move forward a multicultural world, this volume provides a crucial examination of how families struggle with issues of ethnic cultural diversity. [cloth]/ approx. 256 pp. / $ 55.95 [paperback] / approx. 252 pp. / $27.95 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc. 10, Industrial Avenue, Mahwah, NJ

Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc. 10, Industrial Avenue, Mahwah, NJ

University Paperback
Policing Industrial Disputes 1893 to 1985 ROGER GEARY
The recent increase of violent confrontation in industrial disputes has led to renewed interest in the nature of industrial violence and the police tactics employed to counteract it. Roger Geary's study provides a fascinating and historically detailed account of the changing nature of industrial violence. 192 pages Paperback 0 416 90200 6 5.95

TAVISTOCK
11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE

APPROACHING THE TEXT

Look at the texts and answer the following questions: 1. What typographical features of the text characterize the genre book advertisement? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ 2. What are the five publishers represented? ________________________________________________________ ____________________________ 3. Which books are published in Britain and which in America? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ 4. Which books are published in paperback? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ 5. Which books are published in hardback (cloth) editions? ________________________________________________________ ____________________________

The first operation we normally perform on texts when we read in our first language is to read them rapidly and superficially to get a general idea of their contents and/ or to find specific information. You have just done the latter in order to answer the questions above. You will be given guided practice in performing these operations when you read in English.

Skimming and scanning

WORKSHEET 1

Scan the seven book advertisements and complete the chart below with the following information where possible: author(s) or editor(s), title, sub-title, and subject area (e.g. history, sociology, etc)

Author(s) or Editor(s)

Title of Book Britain' Shadow Economy

Sub-title An Institutional Perspective

Subject Area

Anthropology Michael C.Hudson Television and the American Family Roger Geary Exploring Communication

INTENSIVE READING

One useful way of approaching a written text is through an examination of its structure or organization, especially when the reader will subsequently need to take notes on what he has read. Discerning the structure or organization of a text involves understanding not only the writer's words, but the function of those words in context: to understand, that is, not only what the writer is saying, but what he is doing, e.g. marking an example or comparison, formulating a definition or hypothesis, etc. (see the OBSERVATIONS at the end of this unit.)

WORKSHEET 2 Text structure/ language functions

Below, beside the advertisement for Arab Politics, there is a "flow chart", or schematic summary, of the structure of the text. Read the text and divide it using a stroke (/) to indicate the position of the function. Now underline all the adjectives in the text. Which are descriptive and which are evaluative?

Arab Politics
The Search for Legitimacy Michael C.Hudson
The first systematic comparative analysis of political behavior throughout the entire Arab world, from Morocco to Kuwait. In an attempt to explain why the Arab world remains in ferment, Hudson discusses such crucial factors as Arab and Islamic identity, ethnic and religious minorities, the crisis of authority, the effects of Western imperialism, and modernization. "Hudson has succeeded brilliantly in surveying and analyzing the entire range of contemporary Arab politics. [He] focuses his vast knowledge on theory and historical data with valid and illuminating generalizations, perhaps the most basic one being that most if not all Arab countries lack an effective structure for full political participation." Library Journal $22.50

General description Writer's purpose

Detailed description

Evaluation

Exemplification

Notice that the language of description and evaluation in the book advertisement for Arab Politics is rather well balanced. Often, however, book advertisements tend to be either predominantly evaluative or predominantly descriptive, as in the remaining documents. (See Worksheet 3 below.)

WORKSHEET 3

Distinguishing the functions of description and evaluation Read the remaining book advertisements carefully and indicate on the table below whether they are predominantly descriptive of the contents of the book or predominantly evaluative of the book itself. One advertisement may be considered balanced.

Predominantly descriptive Britain's Shadow Economy Decline of British Economy Sri Lanka Television and the American Family Communication, Race and Family Policing Industrial Disputes

Predominantly evaluative

Notice that different terms may be used to replace the word book (e.g. contribution in The Decline of the British Economy). This not only avoids repetition, but also permits aspects of meaning to be refined and elaborated. Find in the text as many terms as you can which are used to substitute or elaborate on the word book. Familiarity with suffixes as "markers" of a particular word class can be extremely useful when an unknown word is encountered. If unknown lexical items can be identified as adjectives, adverbs, nouns etc,. the possibility of inferring meaning from context is substantially increased. (See the Word Building exercises at the end of each Unit.) In the exercise below practice is given in the recognition of adjectives and adjectival suffixes.

LANGUAGE WORK

WORKSHEET 4

Discrimination of adjectives and adjectival suffixes Re-read the book advertisements and indicate on the table all adjectives which appear in the book titles and the texts proper (excluding quantifiers, e.g. some, many, etc). Then write the adjectival suffix, if any, in the column provided, checking with your dictionary if necessary.

adjectives Britain's Shadow Economy The Decline of the British Economy Sri Lanka Television and the American Family Community, Race, and Family Policing Industrial Disputes

suffixes

Notice, in addition to the more common adjective+noun combination, the following ways of qualifying nouns: noun+noun ('shadow economy', 'police tactics') where the noun functions as adjective noun+past participle ('pages devoted to literature', 'tactics employed'), where we may consider as deleted a relative pronoun + verb to be ('tactics which are employed') noun+ present participle ("ground-breaking volume", trend-setting volume

Lexical inference

WORKSHEET 5 a

In the following exercise you are given practice in identifying a variety of word classes, and in inferring meaning from the context. Be sure to read the section on lexical inference in the notes on reading, Section 4.1. before completing the exercise. Read the first book advertisement, Cognition, Communication, and Romantic Relationships, and underline the words you do not know. Most of these will be listed in the chart below. First identify word class (noun, verb, adjective, adverb) and then infer a possible meaning by examining the immediate and general context carefully. Next, study the jumbled definitions and choose the one which fits best. An example has been given.

COGNITION, COMMUNICATION, AND ROMANTIC RELATIONSHIPS

James M. Honeycutt Louisiana State University James G. Cantrill Northern Michigan University
A Volume in LEA's Series on Personal Relationships

Word class 1 review _ 2 relationship _ 3 designed _ 4 supporting _ 5 analysis 6 focuses 7 developmental

a.

Definitions

Cognition, Communication, and Romantic relationships focuses on the role of memory, communication, and social cognition in the development of romantic relationships. The authors review developmental models of communication and examine criticisms of these models. They also explore the stages through which relationships escalate and deteriorate, and consider the processes for such activities as meeting new people, dating, sexual intercourse, and terminating relationships. Differences between men and women are discussed through the text, in light of current research supporting systematic gender differences in how people think about romance and relationships. As an extended analysis and research review of how thinking about romance influences and is influences by communicative processes, this text offers a deeper understanding of the cognitive and communicative factors in relationship processes. It is designed for use in courses on interpersonal relationships and intimate relations in social psychology, communication, counseling psychology, clinical psychology, and sociology.

b. c. d.
e. f. g.

to present a review of in speech or writing; to examine method of studying the nature of something or of determining its essential features and their relations intended, destined centers, directs, aims an emotional or other connection between people maintaining; advocating that pertains to development

WORKSHEET 5 b

Now re-read the book advertisement Television and the American Family. Follow the same strategy used above in order to infer the meaning of the words in the chart below, but this time write your guess in the appropriate column, then check with your dictionary, being careful to copy the correct definition for the function and meaning of the word as used in this text. Complete the chart by following the same procedure for three other words you did not know in these book advertisements.

TELEVISION AND THE AMERICAN FAMILY

Second Edition
Edited by

Jennings Bryant The University of Alabama J. Alison Bryant University of Southern California
A Volume in LEA's Communication Series This second edition of a trend-setting volume provides an updated examination of the interaction between families and the most pervasive mass medium: television. Charting dynamic developments of the American family and television over the past decade, this volume: Provides a comprehensive representation of programmatic research into family and television, Examines extensively the uses families make of television, how extensions of television affect usage, families' evolving attitudes toward television, the ways families have been and are portrayed on television, the effects television has on families, and the ways in which families can mediate its impact on their lives. The volume charts the dramatic changes in both families and television during the past decade and examines mutual effects of these changes. It is an invaluable resource for scholars and students in the areas of media and society, children and media, and family studies. [cloth]/ approx. 472 pp. / $ 99.95 [paperback] / approx. 472 pp. / $49.95

Word

Word class

Your guess

Dictionary definition

1 trend-setting 2 pervasive 3 charting 4 provides 5 comprehensive 6 interaction 7 8 9

Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc. 10, Industrial Avenue, Mahwah, NJ

WORKSHEET 6

Practising the use of lexis common to expository/ evaluative prose. Decide the word class of the missing words in the text below, then complete the hypothetical book advertisement by inserting an appropriate noun, verb or adjective from those listed. Consider carefully the meaning of each of the options with reference to the context: not all the alternatives are interchangeable. Take care to use the correct form of the verb.
Nouns Synthesis Survey Topic Study History Concept Area Aspect Theme Overview Discussion Analysis system Verbs Explain Survey Discuss Study Present Describe Bring into focus Consider Explore Illuminate Introduce Analyze constitute Adjectives Profound Logical Brilliant Important Comprehensive Invaluable Powerful Sensitive Discussed Rigorous Incisive Considered systematic

The Interpretation of Dreams is the first ____________________________ of dream psychology. In an attempt to ________________ why dreams are ___________ to the well-being of the mental processes, Sigmund Freud ___________ A wide variety of common dreams. Among the topics ____________ are the processes of dislocation and transference that occur in dreams. _____________ and ___________, the author succeeds in _____________ some of the darker workings of the mind. This ______________ work is the most __________________ of the psychology of the unconscious available. Published in paperback, The Interpretation of Dreams is ____________ for all those who are seriously interested in dream psychology.

VOCABULARY WORK AND WORD BUILDING

Find these words in the texts*, decide the word class, and write it and the translation of the word in the space provided. Then complete the table by forming other words using appropriate suffixes if necessary. Consult your dictionary.

VOCABULARY WORK Word and Location Pervasive (5) Interaction (5) Comprehensive (5) Extensively (5) Evolving (5) Communication (6) Influences (6) Argue (6) Difference (6) Developing (6) Controversial (7) Race (7) Constructively (7) Manage (7) Assembling (7) Class Translation

WORD BUILDING Noun Verb Adjective Adverb

* The book advertisements have been numbered as follows: 5 Television and the American Family; 6 Communication, Tace and Family; 7 Communiation, and Romantic Relationships

OBSERVATIONS ON TEXT BOOK ADVERTISEMENTS TYPE

Function:
This will vary according to the length and nature of the advertisement,

Structure: but will usually include one or more of the following:

a. b.

Aspects of language:

general description of the subject of the book author's purpose a brief consideration of what the author attempts to explain or demonstrate in the book c. detailed description of the contents of the book. This is often a list of the various topics discussed d. evaluation positive evaluation as regards the worth and importance of the book e. quotations from reviewers containing positive evaluations from other sources (usually from well-known writers in the field or academic journals) In texts of this kind, it is common to find evaluative language. This is particularly apparent in the author's choice of adjectives and adverbs. It is important to keep in mind that although adjectives can be broadly categorized into the functions of evaluation (e.g. brilliant, important, and so on) and description (Arab, historical), there are many cases in which these two functions overlap, particularly considering the function of the book advertisement.

REVISION AND EXTENSION

1. Grammar practice: Comparatives and Superlatives of the Adjective Fill in the missing words in the table. Then complete the sentences below with an appropriate form of the words in brackets. Adjective Comparative Superlative Better Easy Much/many Most interesting Fastest Bad Larger thin Harder More expensive Unusual pretty

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Learning to speak a language is often much ____________ (easy) than learning to write it. This hotel must be ________ (expensive) than the small one next door. An orange is ___________ (large) than a plum. He is certainly the ______ (unusual) person I have ever met. Bringing up children is one of the _________ (hard) jobs in the world. His latest film was ______ interesting) than his previous ones. What is the __________ (difficult) thing you have ever done? When I saw her, she looked much ________ (thin) than I remembered her. Losing your credit card is ______ (bad) than losing your money. This is the _______ (fast) car we produce.

 As or than? Put as or than into each gap. a. b. c. d. e. f. Are you as tall ____ your brother? She's not as clever ____ her sister. Was Joan's party better _____ Maria's? I'm studying the same subject ____ Emma. Liz works much harder ____ John. I haven't got as many cousins ____ you.

As as/ not as as. Rewrite the following sentences with asas or not as as. Ex. Bob's taller than Jack. / Jack's not as tall as Bob. a. b. c. d. e. f. Jill's more intelligent than Bill. The sun's much hotter than the moon. Are you and your husband the same age? You can read more quickly than I can. Harry won more money than Bill. Eva's work is better than mine. Bill's not __________________ The moon isn't ________________ Are you ___________ your husband? I can't ______________________ Bill didn't win _____________ My work isn't ________________

2.

Related Word Groups Types of Book

Put each of the following words in its correct place below volume best-seller manuscript publication thriller proofs whodunit copy paperback hardback edition

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Ways of reading

You can see the original _____ of Hamlet in Shakespeare's own writing. Before a book is sent to be printed, the author must check the _________ . Where is _____ three of this set of encyclopaedias? The new government report on agricultural statistics is a very interesting _______. Have you got a ______ of Graham Greene's Brighton Rock? This book costs $12, but that's the ______ price. The ______ costs only $5.50. His first three novels didn't sell very well, but hos fourth was a _____ and made a fortune. The book has already been selling well for five years. Now the publishers are going to bring out a new _____ with illustrations. She likes to relax by reading a _____ about spies or crime. I'm reading a ______ . It's fun trying to guess who the murderer is.

Put each of the following words or phrases into its correct place in the sentences below. Skip Skim look up dip into browse peruse refer to wade through flip through read from cover to cover

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

I spend a lot of time in bookshops. I don't often buy books. I just __________ . If I come to a boring bit in a book, I just ______ a few pages till the real story starts again. I'll _______ his number in the phonebook. I didn't know the word. I had to _______ a dictionary. Of course an encyclopaedia is not a book you ________ . You just ______ it for things that interest you. I never liked history at school. I found it very hard to _______ all that boring stuff about wars and revolutions. We have requested our lawyers to _____ the document with the greatest care to decide whether it's legal or not. Some people have the ability to ________ a page, which means to read it very quickly, just taking in the main points. I sometimes ______ a magazine in a newsagent's but I don't usually buy one.