Ber and Bei functions:

Consider the differential equation 0 ixy

dx
dy
dx
y d
x
2
2
= + . (i)
These types of equation occurs in certain problems in electrical engineering.
Comparing it with equation
( ) ( ) [ ] 0 y n x
dx
dy
x 2 1
dx
y d
x
2 2 2 r 2 2
2
2
2
= + + + , we have
0 = , n = 0, 1 = , and
3 2 2
i i = =
2 / 3
i = .
Hence, its particular solution of (i) is given by ( ) x i J
2 / 3
0
.
Since
( )
( )
k 2
2
k
0 k
0
2
x
! k
1
) x ( J
|

\
|
=

=
( ) ( )
........
2
x
! 3
1
2
x
! 2
1
2
x
1
6
2
4
2
2
+
|

\
|

\
|
+
|

\
|
=
Replacing x by x i
2 / 3
in the series for J
0
(x), we have
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
.......
2 . ! 4
x i
2 . ! 3
x i
2 . ! 2
x i
2
x i
1 x i J
8 2
8 12
6 2
6 9
4 2
4 6
2
2 3
2 / 3
0
+ + =

(
(

+ = .... ..........
8 . 6 . 4 . 2
x
4 . 2
x
1
2 2 4 2
8
2 2
4

3 33 3
rd rd rd rd
Topic Topic Topic Topic
Special Functions Special Functions Special Functions Special Functions
Ber and Bei functions
Prepared by:
Dr. Sunil
NIT Hamirpur (HP)
(Last updated on 25-10-2007)

Special Functions: Bessels equation
Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
2

(
(

+ + .... ..........
10 . 8 . 6 . 4 . 2
x
6 . 4 . 2
x
2
x
i
2 2 2 2 2
10
2 2 2
6
2
2
.
Thus, ( ) x i J
3 / 2
0
is a complex function for real values of x.
The real and the imaginary parts are denoted by ber (x) (Bessel real) and bei (x) (Bessel-
imaginary), respectively.
Thus
( )
2 2 2 2
k 4 k
1 k
) k 4 ..( .......... 6 . 4 . 2
x 1
1 ) x ( ber

+ =

=

and
( )
2 2 2 2
2 k 4 k
1 k
) 2 k 4 ..( .......... 6 . 4 . 2
y 1
1 ) x ( bei

=

=

.
Hence, a solution of (i) is ( ) ( ) x bei i ) x ( ber x i J y
2 / 3
0
+ = = .
Tables giving numerical values of ber(x) and bei(x) are also available.
Q.No.1.: Show that (i). ( ) [ ] bei(x) x x r be x
dx
d
= (ii). [ ] ber(x) x (x) i be x
dx
d
= .
Sol.: We know that ... ..........
8 . 6 . 4 . 2
x
4 . 2
x
1 ) x ( ber
2 2 2 2
8
2 2
4
+ =
and ... ..........
10 . 8 . 6 . 4 . 2
x
6 . 4 . 2
x
2
x
) x ( bei
2 2 2 2 2
10
2 2 2
6
2
2
+ =
(i). Now ( ) .. ..........
8 . 6 . 4 . 2
x
4 . 2
x
x r be
2 2 2
7
2
3
+ =
Multiplying by x, we get
( ) .. ..........
8 . 6 . 4 . 2
x
4 . 2
x
x r be x
2 2 2
8
2
4
+ =
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
( ) [ ] ..........
6 . 4 . 2
x
2
x
x r be x
dx
d
2 2 2
7
2
3
+ =
|
|

\
|
+ = ........
6 . 4 . 2
x
2
x
x
2 2 2
6
2
2

bei(x) x = . Hence proved.
(ii). Also ( ) .. ..........
10 . 8 . 6 . 4 . 2
x
6 . 4 . 2
x
2
x
x i be
2 2 2 2
9
2 2
5
+ =
Multiplying by x, we get
Special Functions: Bessels equation
Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
3
( ) .. ..........
10 . 8 . 6 . 4 . 2
x
6 . 4 . 2
x
2
x
x i be x
2 2 2 2
10
2 2
6
2
2
+ =
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
( ) [ ] ..........
8 . 6 . 4 . 2
x
4 . 2
x
x x i be x
dx
d
2 2 2 2
9
2 2
5
+ =
|
|

\
|
+ = ........
8 . 6 . 4 . 2
x
4 . 2
x
1 x
2 2 2 2
8
2 2
4
.
ber(x) x = . Hence proved.
Q.No.2.: Show that ( ) ( ) p r be p bei - p i be p ber p dx x bei x ber x
2 2
p
0
= +

.
Sol.: We know that ( ) ( ) ( ) x bei x x r be x
dx
d
= (i)
and ( ) ( ) ( ) x ber x x i be x
dx
d
= . (ii)
Multiplying (ii) by ber(x) and (i) by bei(x), and subtracting, we get
( ) ( ) ( )
(

x r be x
dx
d
) x ( bei (x) i be x
dx
d
) x ( ber [ ] ) x ( bei ) x ( ber x
2 2
+ =
Integrating from 0 to p, w.r.t x, we get
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) dx x r be x
dx
d
x bei x i be x
dx
d
x ber dx x bei x ber x
p
0
2 2
p
0
(

= +


( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

+ =

x ber
dx
d
x i be x x i be x
dx
d
. x ber
p
0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) dx x ber
dx
d
x i be x x r be x
dx
d
. x be
(

(

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]dx x r be x bei x i be x ber x
dx
d
p
0
=

( ) p r be p bei - p i be p ber p =
Thus ( ) ( ) p r be p bei - p i be p ber p dx x bei x ber x
2 2
p
0
= +

. Hence proved.
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