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CHEMICAL LOOPING
A BREAKTHROUGH CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGY
MATERIAL HANDLING
DEALING WITH MOISTURE IN FLY ASH
EMISSIONS CONTROL
KCP&L SOLVES FLY ASH ACCUMULATION IN SCR
the magazine of power generation
CLEAN COAL:
Making Progress
1
1
7
YEARS
1311pe_C1 1 11/11/13 11:43 AM
1311pe_C2 2 11/11/13 11:43 AM
www.power-eng.com
1
CLEARING THE AIR
auxiliary heating sources to heat the wa-
ter more quickly, allowing the unit to
reach higher loads rapidly.
Another approach is to allow certain
atypical operations. While normal op-
erating modes may restrict operations at
low temperatures, some period of modi-
fied operations can permit the unit to
achieve the required emissions while
managing the negative consequences. For
SCR operation, low temperature ammo-
nia injection can result in ABS formation,
but ABS can be volatilized at increased
temperatures. Working with catalyst sup-
pliers, operators can develop a plan to
allow a certain period of deposition and
then burning it off as the unit increases
in load.
Similarly, DFGD equipment can be
operated at low temperatures with a cer-
tain amount of solids accumulation, and
hence the associated potential for corro-
sion, tolerated. Fabric filters can be pre-
coated to obtain maximum SO
2
and acid
gas control benefit if reagent/water use
has to be reduced for such concerns.
Dry injection systems, such as those
for powdered activated carbon or so-
dium/calcium based sorbents, can
be utilized at even very low tempera-
tures. This attribute provides alternate
options for SO
2
and acid gas control.
B&W has utilized dry sorbent injection
systems specifically for start-up con-
trol and periods of lime slurry prepara-
tion equipment maintenance, proving
the concept.
It may take some years to write the
regulations, revise the State Imple-
mentation Plans, and include the new
requirements in the operating permits
of the plants. This time can be used
effectively to determine the most eco-
nomical compliance solution, whether
it be from changes to the boiler, AQCS
equipment or operations.
E
arlier this year, in response to
a Sierra Club petition (Sierra
Club v. EPA 2008), the EPA pro-
posed to eliminate startup, shutdown
and malfunction (SSM) air emissions
exemptions in utilities operating per-
mits. The final rules are to be issued
May 15, 2014. Because the exemption
for startup, shutdown and malfunc-
tion was written into numerous federal
rules, State Implementation Plans and
individual permits, implementing this
change is a massive undertaking. With
the deadline fast approaching, utilities
should start investigating options for
compliance assuming that the normal
operating permit level must be main-
tained during all periods of operation.
Its not known at this time what spe-
cific requirements the EPA will propose
to replace the general exemption. How-
ever, EPA regulations issued after the
2008 court decision provide some hints
of what we can expect.
The industrial boiler MACT and the
Mercury and Air Toxics Standard (MATS)
both provide for facilities to follow work
practice standards during periods of
startup and shutdown. During startup,
facilities must turn on any environmental
control equipment and inject any control
chemicals at the beginning of a startup,
or as soon as the unit attains the tempera-
ture or conditions making it practical to
operate the emissions controls, whichev-
er is earlier. These rules also provide that
in the case of a malfunction, the facility
can make an affirmative defense if it
has done everything practical to avoid
the malfunction. However, the facility
will need to document the affirmative
defense in more detail than was required
under the earlier general exemption, and
it must be for unplanned events only.
States and industry have expressed op-
position to the proposed rule, stating that
it is not advisable to operate air quality
control system (AQCS) equipment dur-
ing periods of SSM, making some emis-
sion limits unattainable. However, gener-
ally, the limitation to placing emissions
control equipment in service is tempera-
ture related. Until flue gas temperatures
meet certain minimum requirements, the
equipment is not operable in its normal
mode. For example, ammonia cannot be
injected in a selective catalytic reduction
system (SCR) at low temperatures with-
out the potential to form ammonium bi-
sulfate (ABS) that can mask the catalyst
and foul the airheater. Semi-dry flue gas
desulfurization (DFGD) systems do not
have sufficient temperature to support
the water injection required for optimal
performance.
For all equipment, management of the
set points may be all that is necessary to
achieve rolling averages. Minimal reduc-
tions can be maintained during start-up
and shutdown, with over-compliance
throughout the rest of the period to make
up the difference. Many, but not all, SCR
and FGD systems are designed to achieve
higher reductions that what is required
on a day-to-day basis, so increases in
emissions reductions may be possible.
If the simplest approach doesnt meet
the requirements, one option is to raise
the flue gas temperature as quickly as
possible so that the AQCS train can be
placed into service within the bounds
of normal operation. The right solution
for each units operations can be unique,
but generally the options include the use
of airheater or economizer bypasses, the
addition of supplemental heat, or man-
agement of the combustion process and
steam system during start up to bring the
unit to load more quickly than normal.
Examples include methods to distribute
heat from start-up burners more uni-
formly throughout the furnace, or using
Utilities Should Act Now on EPA
Regs for Start-Up and Shut-Down
BY MELANIE SCHMEIDA, PROJECT DEVELOPMENT MANAGER, BABCOCK & WILCOX POWER GENERATION GROUP
1311pe_1 1 11/11/13 11:40 AM
Power Engineering is the flagship
media sponsor for
POWER ENGINEERING ONLINE : www.power-eng.com
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Power Engineering

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VOLUME
30 Combined-Cycle
Water/Steam Monitoring
Power Engineering examines the importance of accurate sampling for heat recovery
steam generators, which can help prevent corrosion, failures and unit shutdowns.
46 Airflow Problems Lead
to Fly Ash Accumulation
Kansas City Power & Light provides recommendations after a project at its
La Cygne Generating Station to reduce SCR pluggage caused by poor airflow.
22
Revolutionary Chemical
Looping Technology
Advances Clean Coal
Learn about a new process for coal-fired power generation being
developed by Alstom that would capture 90 percent of CO
2
emissions at
a cost of less than
$
20 per ton of CO
2
avoided.
DEPARTMENTS
1 Clearing the Air
4 Opinion
6 Industry News
10 Gas Generation
12 View on Renewables
14 Energy Matters
16 Nuclear Reactions
18 Power Plant Profile
68 Ad Index
No. 11, November 2013
FEATURES
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4
OPINION
In what is expected to be a record year
for new solar installations in the U.S., an
estimated 4,400 MW of solar PV capac-
ity will be installed this year, up 30 per-
cent compared with 2012, according to
the Solar Energy Industries Association.
Meanwhile, advances in battery storage
and micro wind turbines are expected to
lower the costs of those technologies.
As the cost curve for these technolo-
gies improves, they could directly threat-
en the centralized utility model, the
EEI report stated. While we would
expect customers to remain on the
grid until a fully viable and economic
distributed non-variable resource is
available, one can imagine a day when
battery storage technology or micro
turbines could allow customers to be
electric grid independent.
That day is far away, but it may be clos-
er than most people think.
Most utilities are fighting the shift to
distributed solar with campaigns to end
or slash net metering programs that pay
homeowners for the power they produce.
In addition to lost revenue, utilities are
concerned a high penetration of intermit-
tent distributed solar will create voltage
and reliability problems.
Other utilities, however, are getting in
I
t wasnt that long ago when making
a phone call required a massive net-
work of copper wire. But advances
in wireless technology and a torrent of
new competitors allowed customers to
cut the cord affordably.
A similar transformation of Americas
century-old business model for electric
utilities may be on the horizon.
The rapid growth of distributed
generation power from rooftop
solar panels, micro wind turbines,
geothermal systems, and energy
storage technologies is a disrup-
tive challenge that poses an immi-
nent threat to the regulatory model
that has long been used by utilities
to generate a return on their invest-
ments, according to a report from
the Edison Electric Institute (EEI).
The threat to the utility model
from disruptive forces is now increasingly
viable, the report stated.
The growth of distributed solar pho-
tovoltaic (PV) capacity, in particular, has
led utilities across the nation to reexam-
ine policies, incentives and net metering
programs as more homes and businesses
produce their own power. The growing
use of distributed generation is cutting
into utilities profits and their ability to
pay for the up-keep of power lines, sub-
stations and generation equipment.
Earlier this year, David Crane, chief ex-
ecutive officer of NRG Energy, described
the shift to distributed generation as a
mortal threat to utilities. They cant
cut costs, so they will try to distribute
costs over fewer and fewer customers,
Crane said. As a result, electric bills will
rise, which will drive more customers to
invest in distributed generation at their
homes and businesses, he said.
front of this change, embracing distrib-
uted generation by building solar panels
on top of buildings and enacting feed-in
tariffs, which guarantee stable prices for
the developers of renewable projects. By
buying solar rooftop arrays and other
sources of distributed generation, utilities
can avoid costly investments in new pow-
er lines and power purchase contracts.
So which way should the indus-
try go? Should it embrace distribut-
ed generation? Or, should it fight to
preserve a long-standing business
model that fosters financial health
for investor-owned utilities?
The rules for net metering pro-
grams and solar incentives should
be revisited and reassessed due
to vastly different circumstances
caused by the solar revolution.
Net metering programs were never
meant to be permanent. Regulators have
a responsibility to consider the rapid
growth of distributed generation and the
subsequent cost to utilities and their cus-
tomers.
But stopping the transition to distribut-
ed generation is highly unlikely, because
it is a lifestyle change that resonates with
consumers. At some level, utilities must
adapt their business model to account for
rooftop solar panels, efficient applianc-
es, better battery storage and residential
wind power.
Right now, the industry isnt sure how
it should react to these disruptive tech-
nologies that are threatening its long-
standing business traditions. The in-
dustry is at a crossroads. The question is
which way will it go?
If you have a question or a comment,
contact me at russellr@pennwell.com.
Follow me on Twitter @RussellRay1.
Disruptive Forces
BY RUSSELL RAY, MANAGING EDITOR
1311pe_4 4 11/11/13 11:40 AM
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6
INDUSTRY NEWS
Utility plans to demolish
3 coal-fred plants
Consumers Energy has asked the state
to approve a bond issue that will allow
it to close and demolish three coal-fred
power plants in Michigan.
The request to the Michigan Public Ser-
vice Commission would allow it to close
and demolish the B.C. Cobb plant begin-
ning in April 2016. The request comes
amid stricter federal regulations.
The same closure and demolition
plans are being made for coal-fred
units at Consumers Energys J.R. Whit-
ing near Luna Pier in Monroe County
and J.C. Weadock near Bay City on the
Saginaw Bay.
Plans will move forward if the $454
million bond issue gets approval, said
company spokesman Dan Bishop.
Consumers Energy offcials have said
the company wont invest new environ-
mental technology into its aging coal
plants during a time that electrical use
in Michigan has stabilized and the com-
pany is preparing to build a new natural
gas-fred plant.
Turbine cracking caused
Sherco 3 shutdown
Northern States Power on Oct. 21
submitted a long-promised Root Cause
Analysis Report to the Minnesota Public
Utilities Commission about the primary
cause of the catastrophic outage that oc-
curred in November 2011 at the coal-fred
Sherburne County Unit 3 (Sherco 3).
Nearly two years of Sherco 3 restora-
tion work has been completed and the
repaired unit was synchronized to the
electric grid on Sept. 4, taken off-line days
says senior reactor operator Michael J.
Buhrman planned to rob an armored
car in May 2012 and recruited another
senior reactor operator, Landon E. Brit-
tain, to assist. Buhrman instead pointed
a gun at a woman in a store parking lot
and stole her vehicle. Buhrman was ap-
prehended for aggravated vehicular car-
jacking and fed the country when he
was released on bail. He was tried and
sentenced to 40 years in absentia in
May, but was caught in Texas on Nov. 1.
Brittain had fed to Venezuela but was
caught and extradited back to the U.S.
to face several criminal charges pending
against him.
Microsoft signs
20-year PPA for Texas
wind power project
Microsoft Corp. has entered a 20-year
power purchase agreement with RES
Americas to buy 100 percent of the elec-
tricity generated from a wind power proj-
ect in Texas. The project, Keechi Wind
Farm Project, will begin construction in
December and is expected to be opera-
tional by June 2015.
The 110-MW project will use 55 tur-
bines and is located 70 miles northwest
of Fort Worth.
Kemper IGCC costs
inch higher with delay
Southern Co. continues to see the
total price for the Kemper County coal
gasifcation power plant inch higher in
Mississippi while major milestones are
being met on new nuclear generation
in Georgia.
Southern reported 3Q13 earnings of
$852 million, or 97 cents per share, com-
pared with earnings of $976 million, or
$1.11 per share, in 3Q12.
The increased rainfall across the South-
ern territory might be one reason that
Southern saw its share of hydroelectric
and other non-fossil, non-nuclear electric
generation double from 2 percent during
the frst nine months of 2012 to 4 percent
later to address post-restoration items and
returned again to service Oct. 10, with
testing continuing at various load levels.
PA must set deadline
for coal ash regulations
A federal district court judge issued a
memorandum opinion in October stat-
ing the EPA has 60 days to inform the
court of when the agency plans to com-
plete a review and revision of its regula-
tions concerning coal ash.
The memorandum was written in re-
sponse to a lawsuit fled by multiple en-
vironmental and public health groups in
the U.S. District Court for the District of
Columbia.
After the EPA informs the court of
when a review will be complete, the plain-
tiffs in the lawsuit may fle a response to
the agencys proposal.

Nuclear power plant
workers banned from sites
after attempted carjacking
Two former workers at the Dresden nu-
clear power plant in Illinois are banned
from working in nuclear power plants.
NRC staff issued a confrmatory order
to Exelon Generating Co. for an incident
involving violations of the Behavioral
Observation Program at the plant. NRC
B.C. Cobb plant
Sherco
Dresden nuclear power plant
1311pe_6 6 11/11/13 11:40 AM
For info. http://powereng.hotims.com RS#3
1311pe_7 7 11/11/13 11:40 AM
www.power-eng.com
8
INDUSTRY NEWS
Pakistan begins work on
new nuclear power plant
Pakistan has started work on a 1,000
MW nuclear power plant in Karachi that
will be built with Chinese help, according
to Energy Business Review.
The KANUPP-2 plant is part of the $4
billion, 2,000 MW Karachi Coastal pow-
er project, which involves construction
of two 1,000 MW nuclear reactors, the
article said. The plant is expected to take
seven years to complete and will be lo-
cated near the 137 MW KANUPP-1 plant,
which has been in operation since 1970.
The government has reportedly allo-
cated the frst payment from the $1 bil-
lion to the Pakistan Atomic Energy Com-
mission to begin development work on
the plant. The country expects to ramp up
nuclear capacity to 8,000 MW by 2025.
Installed generation
lagging far behind 2012
The amount of new electric generating
capacity installed during the frst nine
months of 2013 is lagging well behind
the pace set in 2012, according to fgures
released recently by the Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (FERC).
Capacity installation for January
through September of 2013 is 10,717
MW, compared to 14,217 MW installed
through September 2012, according to
the Energy Infrastructure Update for Sep-
tember issued by FERCs Offce of Energy
Projects.
So far the biggest difference between
2012 and 2013 has been the 2012 wind
energy boom. In the frst nine months of
2012, 87 wind units were installed for a
total of 5,043 MW.
By contrast, in the frst three quarters of
2013, only nine new wind units have been
commissioned for a total of 961 MW.
help site renewable energy and an effort
to protect key caribou habitat at the Na-
tional petroleum Reserve in Alaska while
also making more than 72 percent of the
estimated economically recoverable oil
available.
Court denies OGEs request
for regional haze rehearing
A three-judge panel from the 10th
Circuit Court of Appeals has denied a
request by OG&E, Oklahoma Attorney
General Scott Pruitt and the Oklahoma
Industrial Energy Consumers asking for
the full court to review a previous deci-
sion upholding the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agencys regional haze plan
for Oklahoma.
The EPAs plan to address emissions
would call for installing scrubbers in
OG&E power plants, while Oklahoma
offcials and agency have supported a
state plan that would use low-sulfur coal
and give utilities in the state the fexibility
to burn less coal and more natural gas to
achieve the goals of the rule.
According to OG&E, the EPAs plan
will result in higher electricity rates for
its customers, while the state plan would
achieve the goals of the rule while limit-
ing costs.
The 10th Circuit had stayed implemen-
tation of the federal plan in June 2012,
but a three-judge panel ruled 2-1 in favor
of the EPA last summer.
Swiss nuclear power
plant to close by 2019
A nuclear power plant in Switzerland is
scheduled to close in 2019.
State-owned power company BKW
said it would shut down the Muehleberg
nuclear power plant due to high operat-
ing costs and scrutiny following the 2011
disaster at Japans Fukushima Daiichi
nuclear power plant.
BKW said it would spend approxi-
mately 200 million Swiss francs
($222.67 million) to maintain and up-
grade the plant over the next six years.
during the frst nine months of 2013.
The share of gas-and-oil generation in
the Southern feet has decreased from
45 percent in the frst nine months of
2012 to 42 percent during the frst three
quarters of 2013. Coal power output has
increased slightly from 37 percent to 38
percent while nuclear energy stayed fat at
16 percent.
Jewell discusses
developing renewable
energy on public lands
U.S. Secretary of the Interior Sally
Jewell discussed initiatives to place re-
newable energy on public lands in a re-
cent speech at the National Press Club
luncheon.
We are already seeing this approach
work as we seek to meet President
Obamas goal of approving 20,000 mega-
watts of renewable energy on public
lands by 2020, Jewell said. Its a goal to-
ward which my predecessor, Ken Salazar,
made huge strides.
Jewell also discussed specifc exam-
ples, such as the Interior Department
working with California on a plan to
Kemper County coal gasifcation power plant
Sally Jewell and President Barack Obama
Karachi Coastal
1311pe_8 8 11/11/13 11:40 AM
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1311pe_9 9 11/11/13 11:40 AM
www.power-eng.com
10
GAS GENERATION
coal-fired plant, natural gas-fired
power plants utilize much smaller
staffs. There is frequently a lack of
experienced manpower available at
the plant to focus on heat rate moni-
toring or improvement.
t Heat rate improvement, or achiev-
ing the best possible heat rate, is
not required by law, not required
for safe operation and not required
for equipment protection. Further,
there is no NERC or OSHA counter-
part for heat rate. Typically, resources
are necessarily allocated to environ-
mental, safety and NERC compli-
ance first.
t Often there are no apparent or im-
mediate consequences for neglect-
ing thermal performance. This is
especially true for new plants oper-
ating at peak thermal performance
the return on any time or money
invested for thermal performance
may seem negligible or nonexistent.
t As a plant ages and the thermal per-
formance and components of the
plant degrade, staff may be unaware
of the extent and continuing cost of
such degradation if they have not
been tracking thermal performance
all along. Being unaware, it is easy
for the staff to continue doing what
theyve always done neglecting
thermal performance.
It isnt difficult to justify a thermal
performance tracking program for a
natural gas power plant. Even with gas
at $3/MMBtu, the annual fuel bill for a
500-MW combined cycle plant with a 60
percent capacity factor will exceed $55
million. A quarter of a percent improve-
ment in the heat rate will shave nearly
O
ur nations history has been
marked by discovering large
troves of energy, harnessing
that energy from nature and then utiliz-
ing it without apprehension. Shale gas is
the rising energy star of this era. With the
emergence of this latest low-cost energy
source, we have a chance to write a new
chapter in our history one that utiliz-
es this fuel with care and vigilance. We
have an opportunity to embrace energy
efficiency as a core value in the electric
production industry and make it a daily
practice in our power plants.
In the past, much of the power indus-
trys effort, training and experience re-
garding plant heat rate has been focused
on coal-fired plants, and with good rea-
son: the coal plants were baseloaded
and represented the majority of power
production in this country. But the dash
to gas is bringing gas turbine technol-
ogy and combined cycle plants to promi-
nence in two ways. First is an increase in
new construction. The U.S. Energy Infor-
mation Administration estimates 26,000
MW of new natural gas power production
in the U.S. by 2015. Second is a shift that
has occurred in the dispatch curve where
combined cycle plants are now increas-
ingly baseloaded. Now is the time for nat-
ural gas power plants to catch up to their
coal-fired counterparts in the area of heat
rate and thermal performance. Baseload
operation, higher capacity factors and
additional steady state operation provide
the perfect opportunity to optimize ther-
mal efficiency.
What are the challenges facing the nat-
ural gas fleet as it moves closer to domi-
nance in the power market and thermal
performance becomes more important?
t Compared to a similarly sized
$150,000 from the annual fuel bill. So in
spite of some of the lowest fuel prices in
the last decade and the continuing chal-
lenges that natural gas plant operators
face, now is the perfect time to move your
plant thermal performance off the back
burner and into the core values and daily
practices in place at your plant. Some
considerations:
t Take advantage of higher capacity
factors and additional base load op-
eration to calculate and trend ther-
mal performance parameters.
t Dont try to do it all alone, especially
if your staff is small and thermal
performance experience is limited.
There are lots of options for support-
ing a variety of thermal performance
needs, from limited support to turn-
key programs.
t Understand that the payback on
thermal performance monitoring
investments may take time to be
realized, especially for a new, clean
plant.
t Again, small improvements in ther-
mal performance can yield six-fig-
ure gains. But dont overlook the
fact that improving thermal perfor-
mance also positively impacts most
major goals in power plants includ-
ing availability, reliability, capac-
ity factor, fuel costs, variable costs,
emissions and chemical usage.
t Dont wait the thermal perfor-
mance history you build now will
pay off in the future.
As the majority of U.S. power produc-
tion continues to shift toward natural gas
and away from coal, the natural gas fleet
must move thermal performance to the
forefront of its goals to ensure we utilize
this inexpensive source wisely.
Using Our
Natural Gas Wisely
BY KATIE CHENEY, POWER PLANT OPERATIONS ENGINEER, NAES CORP.
1311pe_10 10 11/11/13 11:40 AM
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12
VIEW ON RENEWABLES
C
and 10 years. This delay is why some
argue that development in state waters
will take off at a much quicker pace, and
it already has in some areas. While off-
shore developments within state nauti-
cal boundaries might progress at a faster
pace, their close proximity to shoreline
will limit their size and capacity, and the
state and federal governments will have
to collaborate if the U.S. is going to suc-
ceed in its renewable energy efforts via
offshore wind energy.
Even with its paramount benefit of
being green and clean, offshore wind
development is not without its critics.
Most objections stem from its high cost
and the likelihood that much of the ex-
pertise needed to develop the essential
technology would come from overseas.
Additional objections focus on concern
for the marine habitat, visual effects and
noise pollution. Similar concerns existed
when land-based wind projects were be-
ing developed, which gave way to certain
diligence and mitigation requirements
related to animal life that will certainly
be applied in similar fashion to the off-
shore developments.
The development of offshore wind
projects will no doubt be directly impact-
ed by the advances, or lack thereof, of the
coal and natural gas industries. When
compared to these established forms of
energy, wind can look much less attrac-
tive. Wind is inherently intermittent and
lacks consistency in generation, partly
due to the difficulty in efficiently storing
the energy generated. However, develop-
ment of offshore wind energy as an af-
fordable and viable energy source will be
necessary if the U.S. is going to expand
and diversify its energy portfolio.
J
ust over a decade ago, the men-
tion of a wind farm in western
Oklahoma would have raised more
than a few eyebrows. Today, a number
of these farms have sprung up across
open spaces where buffalo once roamed,
and more are on the horizon. Similar
scenarios have played out across the U.S.
since the onset of the modern wind era
beginning in the 1980s. Fueled by eco-
nomic incentives and a growing desire
for cheaper and cleaner energy, the U.S.
is the leader in land-based wind energy
capacity. However, more than 50 per-
cent of the population of the U.S. lives
in coastal areas, a reality that has been
one of the primary catalysts for recent ef-
forts by the U.S. Department of Energy
to develop an offshore wind industry in
the U.S. If these efforts are successful,
will the land-based wind farms become
a thing of the past?
Having stood mostly on the sidelines
during the last decade, the U.S. is getting
serious about adding wind to its energy
portfolio. Renewables currently make up
about 5 percent of the electricity gener-
ated in the U.S., with natural gas and
coal leading in overall generation. While
land-based wind farms will provide a
good template, the offshore turbines will
operate in a much different environment
and be subject to elements not found on
land. This will require modifications to
the subsystems of the turbine, port up-
grades, transmission planning and the
maneuvering through an infant regula-
tory system. These challenges will likely
result in higher costs and difficulty se-
curing financing. However, once the
mold is created, achieving economies of
scale should be a matter of time.
Many of the land-based wind farms
in the U.S. are located in the heart of the
wind corridor of the central plains, but
the wind resources available offshore are
more abundant. The U.S. coastlines are
extensive, and the wind blows stronger
and more consistently offshore. Projec-
tions indicate that offshore generating
capacity is four times what is currently
coming on the U.S. grid, and many of the
cities that require large amounts of elec-
tricity are located near coastal regions so
transmission issues will be reduced con-
siderably. Offshore development could
inject billions of dollars in economic ac-
tivity into the U.S. through professional
manufacturing, construction and engi-
neering jobs.
The offshore wind industry is still in
the early stages of development, which
makes the governments goal of having
54 GW of offshore capacity by 2030 seem
pretty lofty. Currently, there are about
20 offshore projects and approximately
2,000 MW in the planning and permit-
ting stages. The Bureau of Ocean Energy
Management, Regulation and Enforce-
ment is overseeing developments in fed-
eral waters and has recently conducted
two wind lease auctions one off the
coast of Massachusetts and Rhode Island
and one off the coast of Virginia. Togeth-
er, these lease areas are projected to pro-
duce enough power to provide electricity
to more than one million homes. Lease
auctions are expected in the near future
for areas off the coasts of Maryland and
New Jersey.
The turbines planned for these areas
will not be operational for another five
to 10 years, largely due to the permitting
process, which will take between seven
Will Advances in Offshore
Wind Development Result in
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1311pe_12 12 11/11/13 11:40 AM
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14
ENERGY MATTERS
the units down in 2015 until MISO ex-
pressed concern about reliability.
Its true that electricity generation is
the largest source of GHG emissions
in the U.S. from stationary sources, but
it is only a third of all sources, almost
equivalent to the third of emissions
from transportation. We can no better
maintain our society without electric-
ity than without transportation (cars,
trucks, buses, trains and planes); both
are needed, and neither are currently
replaceable. Coal continues to be the
largest source of electricity in the U.S.,
even amid the challenge from increased
natural gas production.
I honestly feel sorry for EPA. This is
a no-win regulation if there ever was
one. But the danger is creating a second
problem while trying to solve the frst
one. States want customized fexibility
and control over any carbon tax reve-
nues; FERC wants a stable electric grid;
the people demand stable, affordable
electricity; and the environmentalists
simply want fossil fuels to disappear.
The only certainty is the litigation and
delays that will immediately follow the
issuance of regulations covering GHG
emissions from existing power genera-
tion. In a morass that is almost certain
to end up at the Supreme Court, there
are no winners.
Coal is simultaneously part of the
problem of GHG emissions and part of
the solution of meeting the countrys
electricity needs. Coal is neither good
nor evil. Coal is an important part of
power generation history, a vital afford-
able resource for todays power needs,
and coal does have a role in our future
energy mix.
C
arbon regulation is coming.
Both anxiously anticipated
and intuitively feared, EPAs
rules for controlling greenhouse gases
(GHG) from existing power plants
are expected to be proposed in 2014.
Meanwhile, the recently proposed rules
for new utility boilers are already gen-
erating concern in the power industry.
Coal combustion is at the center of
both of these regulations.
EPAs proposed rules for new pow-
er plants limit carbon dioxide (CO
2
)
emissions from a new natural gas-fred
plant to 1,000-1,100 pounds of CO
2

per megawatt-hour (MWh), depend-
ing on the size of the generator, and
from a new coal-fred unit to 1,100 lb
CO
2
/MWh. Essentially, no new coal
combustion-based power plant can be
constructed unless carbon capture and
sequestration (CCS) is implemented.
While technically feasible, CCS is not
economically viable or even physical-
ly possible in all parts of the country
without extensive new infrastructure
and pipelines. The catch-22 is that the
lack of new coal-fred boilers decreas-
es the demand for CCS research that
could in turn improve CCS technology
and economics. Of course, one major
unwritten purpose of the regulation
is to prevent new coal-fred boiler con-
struction. By that measurement, the
rule is a success.
The regulation of GHG emissions
from existing power plants is immi-
nent. President Obama directed the
EPA to propose GHG standards for
existing power plants by June 1, 2014
and to fnalize these standards by June
1, 2015. State implementation plans
would then be required to be fnalized
12 months later.
In an August 21, 2013 letter to the EPA
administrator, the National Association
of Clean Air Agencies (NACAA), a na-
tional, non-partisan, non-proft asso-
ciation of air pollution control agencies
in 43 states, the District of Columbia,
four territories and 116 metropolitan
areas, offered EPA several guiding
principles to consider when drafting
the regulations. The NACAAs sugges-
tions speak to the states concerns that
since each state has a different mix of
energy resources and needs, no one
regulation can ft all. Their suggestions
include a plea for fexibility, economy
and effciency along with an under-
standing that states may have already
set up their own GHG programs, such
as Californias AB32 and the North-
east and Mid-Atlantic States Regional
Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI). The
NACAA understands that evaluation,
measurement and verifcation are im-
portant, but also take up time and re-
sources. States that choose to use their
own programs should maintain control
over their GHG allowance proceeds.
The bottom line is NACAAs acknowl-
edgement that this is a complex issue
that will be diffcult to legislate.
On a different regulatory front,
maintaining a stable transmission grid
factors into deciding which coal-fred
assets can be shutdown. In Michigan,
Consumers Energy received permis-
sion from MISO and the Michigan De-
partment of Environmental Quality
to delay the retirement of seven older
coal-fred units (950 MW) until April
2016. The original plan was to shut
Coal is Not a
Four-Letter Word
BY ROBYNN ANDRACSEK, P.E., BURNS & MCDONNELL
1311pe_14 14 11/11/13 11:40 AM
siemens.com/energy
Siemens 8000H series gas turbines are legendary for
their efficiency. In 2011, the SGT5-8000H 50Hz set a
combined-cycle efficiency record in Irsching, Germany
at 60.75%. And now the SGT6-8000H 60Hz turbine is
proving itself after product launch in Cape Canaveral,
Florida. As the most powerful commercially operating
gas turbine in the world, the SGT6-8000H also delivers
extreme reliability, operational flexibility, faster start-ups
and minimal life-cycle costs; all while using less fuel with
lower emissions. So it not only improves your plants
overall efficiency, but also helps save our planet
and thats a step in the right direction.
The first gas turbine to achieve over 60% efficiency is
now available in a 60Hz versiona giant leap, indeed.
Being first can leave
a lasting impression.
For info. http://powereng.hotims.com RS#7
1311pe_15 15 11/11/13 11:40 AM
www.power-eng.com
16
NUCLEAR REACTIONS
accomplishment earlier this year. In
conferring the award, the NEI noted
that because the operational efficien-
cies achieved through the process also
yield cost savings, the innovation has the
added potential of saving electric utili-
tiesand their customershundreds of
millions of dollars in future uses.
We considered several options for
this issue, including vessel replacement
and lower hemisphere repair, said Len-
nie Daniels, senior project manager at
CENG. After detailed analysis, our plant
configuration made the repair option
more viable.
CENG devised a first-of-a-kind weld
repair. The new tooling and the processes
had to be developed and proven to meet
ASME requirements. The tooling which
included weld heads, machining equip-
ment, and nondestructive evaluations
(NDE) equipment had to be built to
work inside small-bore piping, with the
ability to function reliably 30 feet off the
floor. NDE consisted of remote visual in-
spection via cameras mounted directly
on the weld head.
S
tress corrosion cracking in nuclear
power plants has resulted in sig-
nificant maintenance expenses
for repair and replacement, and it contin-
ues to challenge materials management
programs across the industry. Much can
be done through materials selection and
water chemistry to avoid such
cracking, and proactive phys-
ical mitigation with welding
is also a viable option.
Pressurizer heaters are
used in pressurized water re-
actors to provide the heat re-
quired to maintain pressure
during transient conditions.
These heaters are inserted in
pipe penetrations into the
vessel called heater sleeves.
The sleeves are welded to the
vessel during original fabrica-
tion, and the heater is welded
to the sleeves. The two welds
comprise the pressure boundary for the
system and are susceptible to stress cor-
rosion cracking. If cracking occurs in the
welds, the heater sleeves can leak, poten-
tially leading to unplanned unit down-
time.
Over the past several years, Constella-
tion Energy Nuclear Group (CENG) has
pioneered the development, testing, and
application of a proactive welding process
to repair heater sleeves. Initial application
of the process occurred in 2012 at CENGs
Calvert Cliffs nuclear plant in Maryland.
The process reduces welding time by 80
percent and weld volume by 90 percent;
it also enhances worker safety through
improved radiation protection.
CENG received the Nuclear Energy
Institutes Best of the Best Top In-
dustry Practice (TIP) Award for this
Process control was extremely impor-
tant, said Daniels. Each weld head had
to be placed in a specific location, and a
specific number of weld layers had to be
made to be ensure compliance with the
codes and to meet the required thickness
for the repair process. Once the welds
were deposited, they had to
be machined to meet the
surface finish requirements
for the NDE inspections. The
entire process was controlled
to ensure proper alignment of
the heater sleeve to the sup-
port plates. If alignment was
not maintained, the heater
could not be inserted into the
pressurizer.
In all, CENG repaired 119
heater sleeve locations at
Calvert Cliffs, and no leak-
age occurred. The project was
completed a day ahead of
schedule and at less cost than the other
options considered.
One of the main benefits, according
to Daniels, was that the tooling was de-
signed to be operated remotely, which
means that both the welding and NDE
could be perfomed from outside the pro-
tected area. This minimizes the need for
workers to be directly exposed to radia-
tion. In fact, the project came in far below
planned dose levels, about 35 percent
lower than the project goal. Personnel
contamination incidents were 75 percent
lower than project goals.
The first-of-a-kind weld process is not
expected to be a one and done appli-
cation. Daniels believes the technique
could be adapted to other components in
a nuclear plant, such as bottom-mounted
nozzles.
Innovation
Up My Sleeve
BY BRIAN SCHIMMOLLER, CONTRIBUTING EDITOR
Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Plant
1311pe_16 16 11/11/13 11:41 AM
For info. http://powereng.hotims.com RS#8
1311pe_17 17 11/11/13 11:41 AM
www.power-eng.com
18
POWER PLANT PROFILE
the contracting didnt come in as low as
we thought, so pretty quickly, we had to
revise our cost estimate to $2.35 billion.
Commissioners approved that request,
and work was allowed to continue. How-
ever, Duke Energy had to go back to the
commission to ask for more money for
the project because GE and Bechtel in-
creased the cost of materials and quanti-
ties.
One of the criticisms we received is
that the estimate went up, but it went up
because the folks with the proprietary
technology came back and said it would
cost more than they initially thought,
Esamann said. We were well into con-
struction, so we had to go back and ask
for another increase that was another
$500 million plus, so the cost estimate
was now $2.88 billion. They ultimately
approved it in 2010.
GE created a model of the power plant
to test its performance through a range
of scenarios to identify any potential
D
uke Energys 618-MW Edward-
sport Integrated Gasifcation
Combined Cycle (IGCC) Sta-
tion in Knox County, Ind. is already mak-
ing history as the largest IGCC plant in
operation in the U.S.
The technology works like this: Coal
reacts with pure oxygen and steam to
produce synthetic gas, or syngas, that
burns cleaner than the traditional means
of burning coal and stripping the pollut-
ants out of the exhaust gas.
But the Edwardsport project did not
come without its setbacks, as the project
faced several regulatory obstacles over
eight years before entering operations.
IN THE BEGINNING
The utility performed a feasibility study
in 2005 to determine if the project was
necessary. Duke wanted to replace the
160-MW Edwardsport coal-fred plant,
which was built in the 1940s and was
shut down in March
2011.
Doug Esamann,
president of Duke En-
ergy Indiana, said the
company was interest-
ed in using the IGCC
technology.
We have a lot of coal in the region, so
it has long been an economic source of
energy for our customers, Esamann said.
We produced over 90 percent of our en-
ergy from coal historically.
Duke also had to consider load growth,
the retirement of older coal-fred power
plants and the capacity that needed to
be replaced. The utility fled the feasibil-
ity study with the Indiana Public Utilities
Commission and requested regulators
to fund a Front End Engineering Design
(FEED) study. Once completed, Duke En-
ergy fled for a Certifcate of Public Con-
venience and Necessity permit, which
also included an approval for project cost
estimates of $1.985
billion, Esamann
said.
Once the util-
ity received approval
around late 2007,
construction offcially
began in March 2008.
Duke then selected the equipment and
contractors, picking General Electric (GE)
to provide the syngas turbines, radiant
syngas cooler and gasifers. In turn, GE
formed an alliance with Bechtel, which
performed the engineering and design
work for Edwardsport.
Were out securing contracts pre-reces-
sion, so the companies were pretty robust
and commodity prices were higher than
we thought, Esamann said. Some of
Edwardsport Power
Plant Makes History
BY SHARRYN DOTSON, ASSOCIATE EDITOR
Two heat recovery steam generators
help to power the Edwardsport coal
gasifcation plant in Knox County, Inc.
Photo courtesy of Duke Energy
We produced over
90 percent of our
energy from coal
historically.
- Doug Esamann, Duke Energy
1311pe_18 18 11/11/13 11:41 AM
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20
expense of capturing carbon emissions,
Duke Energy customers did not want the
technology installed until it was deemed
necessary.
Theres space left on the site near
equipment purposely left for carbon cap-
ture equipment, said Edwardsport Sta-
tion Manager Jack Stultz said. When the
regulation comes forward, we can get it
designed and hooked in.
Crew agrees. The plant is ready for
the future of carbon capture, he said.
We think the performance of the
plant shows that (coal) is viable
and the technology has been dem-
onstrated.
FEEDBACK
Tampa Electrics Polk Power Sta-
tion in Florida uses single train IGCC
technology. GE said they wanted to
improve on that system when they
were building Edwardsport.
Edwardsport is the evolution
of the technology, GEs Crew
said. Polk is a single train tech-
nology. We wanted to take it fur-
ther with Edwardsport.
Duke Energys Stultz said that the
community has been behind the plant
since the beginning.
The community has been an amaz-
ing support from the time we began
efforts to get regulatory approval and
air permits. They have been behind us
100 percent and thats much appreci-
ated, Stultz said. That support comes
from local community as well as the
state.
Dukes Esamann said that even
though there were challenges in build-
ing the plant, it was well worth it.
Im proud to be the frst to do this,
Esamann said. The further we go out
in time, the more it will pay off in the
long run.
problem areas, said Delome Fair, general
manager of GEs Gasifcation business.
The plant entered commercial opera-
tions on June 10, 2013, more than eight
years from the frst feasibility study and
with a fnal cost of $3.5 billion, including
construction costs and interest-carrying
costs, Esamann said. Duke is only al-
lowed to pass on $2.6 billion to custom-
ers as part of an agreement with state
regulators. Due to the distinct technol-
ogy used at the plant, Duke Energy said
it would take 15 months for the plant to
build up to its long-term level of avail-
ability, but the plant is providing electric-
ity to the grid.
RELIABILITY AND FLEXIBILITY
Although the plant is in commercial
operation, there are still a few things that
need to be fnished on GEs part, includ-
ing plant validation and performance
testing, GEs Fair said. The date for the
performance test has not yet been set.
The Edwardsport plant is expected to
emit 33 percent fewer nitrogen oxides,
75 percent fewer SOx emissions, 62 per-
cent less carbon monoxide. Whats more,
it will use less water than a traditional
supercritical coal-fred power plant, ac-
cording to Jason Crew, general manager
of GEs Gasifcation business. In addition
to fewer emissions, the plant was also de-
signed for improved reliability and opera-
tions.
Availability is money in the operators
pockets, Crew said. We wanted an un-
derstanding of how the components op-
erate, how the plant works during trips,
how does it manage itself overall.
Fair said the plant was also designed to
produce power from both power islands.
But to achieve availability, we built
in fexibility, Fair said. In the plant,
the syngas can go to either generator, the
steam can go to either power island.
Having two power trains in the plant
also means better coordination during
maintenance outages or non-peak times.
Traditional power plants that use syngas
can only run at 85 percent availability,
while Edwardsport runs both power is-
lands at 50 percent.
We are able to coordinate the out-
ages so it is always going to make some
power, Fair said. You can shut down
one and run the other at 100 percent.
You get the same total amount of pow-
er produced, but the availability is al-
ways there.
Esamann said the plant was built to
eventually capture carbon. Due to the
The integrated gasifcation combined cycle
technology on site. Photo courtesy of Duke Energy
1311pe_20 20 11/11/13 11:41 AM
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23
solid oxygen carrier to provide oxygen
to either a combustion or gasification
process. This advanced process is trans-
formational in terms of its overall ef-
ficiency and cost. Chemical Looping
Combustion (CLC) for steam-power is
one of the lowest potential cost (cost-of-
electricity) technical approaches that
Alstom has identified to date for coal
power with carbon capture.
Alstom has been developing chemi-
cal looping technology over the last
decade, starting with small laboratory
scale technical feasibility testing, com-
pleting techno-economic analyses, ref-
erence plant studies, process models
and developing design tools. Alstom
has recently achieved a self-sustained
operation of limestone-based CLC pro-
cess at our 3-MWth pilot-scale test facil-
ity in Windsor, Conn. This is the first of
SHIN G. KANG AND JOHN L. MARION
ALSTOM POWER INC.
F
or hundreds of years, coal
has been an essential,
abundant and low-cost
energy source that has
been a major contributor
to global prosperity and energy inde-
pendence. The development of chemi-
cal looping technology is motivated
by the need to maintain coals contri-
bution to electricity production in a
clean, economic and environmentally
sustainable manner. Alstom, a lead-
ing provider of energy solutions for
all these generation sources, is actively
investing in research and development
to improve these technologies to help
customers meet growing demands in
a costeffective and environmentally
sustainable way.
Chemical looping is a breakthrough
clean coal technology. It utilizes a
Alstom has made significant progress in proving the feasibility of
the chemical looping concepts, including completing the first self-
sustained operation of a chemical looping combustion unit. Photo
courtesy of Alstom.
Revolutionary
Chemical Looping
Technology
Advances
CLEAN
COAL
1311pe_23 23 11/11/13 11:41 AM
www.power-eng.com
24
particles are then transported to a fuel
reactor. Once here, they release oxy-
gen and convert the coal stream in the
fuel reactor into combustion gases. The
solid carrier also carries heat needed for
fuel conversion. This oxygen separation
and supply step occurs at a tempera-
ture close to the fuel
reduction tempera-
ture. As a result, this
reduces thermody-
namic penalty.
After the release of
heat and oxygen in
the fuel reactor, the
solid oxygen carrier
is recycled back to
the air reactor for re-
generation. The solid carrier continues
to circulate in the two-reactor loop, re-
peating an oxidation-reduction cycle,
or a chemical loop.
The chemical looping process is
analogous to the cycle our blood
stream (oxygen carrier in CLC) goes
through in our body red blood
cells in blood absorbing oxygen from
the lungs (air reactor) and then deliv-
ering it to muscles (fuel reactor) for
such achievements for chemical loop-
ing process in the world. Alstom is also
active in the development of a metal-
oxide (ilmenite) system, at the stage of
proving the concept and oxygen carrier
at a 1-MWth test facility in Germany,
with several European partners.
WHAT IS CLC?
Various carbon capture and storage
(CCS) technologies are under develop-
ment. They include pre-combustion,
oxy-combustion and post-combustion
capture technologies. Among these,
oxy-combustion is one of the most
promising and cost-competitive CCS
technologies for new coal plants.
In this process, a high purity carbon
dioxide stream is produced which fa-
cilitates CO
2
storage or utilization by
burning fuel in an atmosphere free of
nitrogen. Conventional oxy-combus-
tion processes rely on pure oxygen sup-
plied by air separation units (ASUs).
These are typically based upon cryo-
genic distillation of air, a process that
requires the air to be chilled down to
-280 F. These extreme operating con-
ditions make ASU systems relatively
costly to build and operate
CLC is an advanced technical ap-
proach that aims complete elimination
of cryogenic ASUs while still realiz-
ing oxy-combustion for a high purity
stream of CO
2
. Solids in powder form
are used to separate oxygen from air
and supply it to a
reactor for combus-
tion (or gasification)
of fuels such as coal,
petcoke, biomass or
natural gas. In addi-
tion, the solid oxy-
gen carrier transfers
the heat required for
some of the fuel con-
version reactions.
Figure 1 shows a schematic diagram
of a simplified coal-fired CLC process,
where two circulating fluidized bed
(CFB) reactors are interconnected to
form a loop. In the air reactor, a solid
oxygen carrier picks up oxygen from air
through an oxidation reaction to form a
solid oxide and leaves nitrogen behind.
This chemical reaction is exothermic
and releases heat into the air reactor.
The hot oxygen-carrying solid
The chemical looping process allows for the use of coal
for power while capturing carbon dioxide emissions.
Courtesy of Alstom.
Oxy-combustion
is one of the
most promising
and cost
competitive CCS
technologies for
new coal plants.
1311pe_24 24 11/11/13 11:41 AM
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development of coal gasification. A
120-ton per day pilot plant (equivalent
to 12-15 MW) was built and operated
for three and a half years at Alstoms
Connecticut site. This technology was
further refined and used in a number
of demonstration plants in the world.
Subsequently, in the mid-1980s, Al-
stom pioneered the introduction of
Circulating Fluid Bed (CFB) technol-
ogy. Since then, CFB unit sizes have
increased from demonstration scale (15
MW) in the 1980s to nearly 400 MW
today, and efforts are underway to sup-
ply 600 MWe+ CFB units with ultra-su-
percritical steam conditions. This tech-
nology shares many of the same solids
handling, circulation and control chal-
lenges found within chemical looping
technology. Alstom initiated a new ef-
fort in gasification in the mid-1990s
with the aim of leveraging existing CFB
consuming sugar (fuel).
The concept is powerful and flexible,
and can be developed further for other
high value-added products. By chang-
ing the amount of solid oxygen carriers
relative to the coal fed to the fuel reactor,
high quality syngas (CO, H
2
, and other
light hydrocarbons) can be produced as
feedstock for petrochemical/refinery,
as well as power generation processes.
Further processing of the syngas in the
CLC process produces high purity H
2

(hydrogen), which can be used for am-
monia synthesis, petroleum refining,
fuel cells or other applications.
INNOVATIVE
BREAKTHROUGHS
Alstom has
significant expe-
rience in study-
ing and devel-
oping advanced
combustion and
gasification pro-
cesses for coal
based power
generation. In
the mid-1970s,
Alstom was in-
volved in the
Alstom has constructed a pilot-scale test facility to
demonstrate using chemical looping and is planning on
building larger facilities. Photo courtesy of Alstom.
1311pe_26 26 11/11/13 11:41 AM
www.power-eng.com
27
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locations a CLC power plant might be
built. Based on these considerations,
Alstom is focusing mainly on two: il-
menite and limestone-derived calcium
sulfate.
The ilmenite (iron-titanium ox-
ide ore)-based CLC process is being
technology. The objective was to de-
velop a process that could produce syn-
gas for gas turbines without an oxygen
plant. The conceptualized process used
a solids recycle loop to transfer the nec-
essary oxygen to the system as well as
an oxidizer and fuel reactor, a version
of chemical looping. In the late 1990s
Alstom launched a subsequent effort to
investigate what we now call the chemi-
cal looping process and discovered
its potential to be the lowest-cost coal
power generation with carbon capture.
Based on this early evaluation and sup-
porting reaction experiments, Alstom
has been pursuing the chemical loop-
ing process through a systematic devel-
opment approach that has culminated
recently in the achievement of auto-
thermal operations. This achievement
is only possible in a suitably-sized pilot
facility which can generate enough heat
from reactions to overcome thermal en-
ergy loss to the environment. Alstoms
commitment to pilot testing is based
on a sound technical foundation from
smaller-scale reacting and non-reacting
experiments and on the companys
commitment to an innovative, cost ef-
fective and environmentally sustain-
able use of coal.
Through our innovation, we recog-
nized that the choice of solid oxygen
carriers dictates the design, perfor-
mance and, most importantly, the
economics of the overall CLC pro-
cess. Recognizing this, Alstom has
thoroughly evaluated and screened a
number of oxide/sub-oxide systems in
terms of their cost, commercial avail-
ability, oxygen carrying capacity, attri-
tion behavior, toxicity, transport prop-
erties and attrition behavior. Many
highly-engineered materials currently
being designed by researchers are
costly and require a dedicated supply
chain system, whereas other materi-
als are abundant, naturally occurring
and, therefore, available in most of the
developed by Alstom in partnership
with Chalmers University, Sweden,
and Technical University Darmstadt,
Germany, and with financial spon-
sorship from the European Com-
mission Research Fund for Coal and
Steel. Ilmenite is a low-cost, abundant
1311pe_27 27 11/11/13 11:41 AM
www.power-eng.com
28
NEXT STEPS AND
PRODUCT VISION
Alstom has developed this transfor-
mative technology from initial paper
studies up to lab-scale prototype where
main technology assumptions have
been verified. Additional planned pro-
totype testing will continue to refine
and improve the process performance
with the goal of achieving an opti-
mized design suitable for a demonstra-
tion plant.
Alstom plans to bring chemical
looping technology to commercial
realization and is working to begin
Pre-FEED and FEED studies aimed at
beginning construction on a large pi-
lot-scale (10- to 50-MWe) demonstra-
tion. Alstom has the product vision of
first commercializing chemical loop-
ing for power generation at industrial
scale (150 MWe) before fully scaling
up to 600 MWe size and ultra-super-
critical conditions.
In parallel, Alstom also is exploring
the syngas and H
2
options for the pet-
rochemical and refinery Industry. This
synergistic effort is expected to expe-
dite introduction of the novel, break-
through technology to the market.
CONCLUDING REMARKS
There is no doubt that CLC tech-
nology could be a game changer
for coal power generation. Alstom
has made significant progress in
proving the feasibility of the CLC
concepts at various levels with
much success, the most notable be-
ing the completion of the first-in-
the-world chemical looping com-
bustion unit with self-sustained
operation. Alstom has also verified
the economic benefits of chemical
looping process over other carbon
capture technologies.
material and, because of its density,
can be readily separated from ash by-
products and reutilized. The develop-
ment effort is at the stage of proving
the concept and oxygen carrier at a
1-MWth test facility in Germany.
Limestone-based chemical looping
combustion (LCL-C) technology is
being developed in Alstoms labs in
Connecticut with the support from
the U.S. Department of Energy Na-
tional Energy Technology Laborato-
ries (DOE/NETL). Limestone is even
more abundant and low in cost. The
process uses calcium sulfate (CaSO
4
)
as an oxygen carrier while employing
two fast CFB reactors. In this lime-
stone-based process, the LCL-C pro-
cess chemistry is very similar to that
in commercial CFB boilers. The solid
oxygen carrier, CaSO
4
is produced in
the LCL-C system as a result of calci-
nation of limestone, followed by sulfa-
tion when it reacts with the sulfur re-
leased from the fuel. The materials in
the LCL-C process (CaO, CaSO
4
and
CaCO
3
) are also commonly present in
CFB boilers. The supply chain network
of the raw material (limestone) and
the byproduct (gypsum) is well devel-
oped throughout the world.
A unique feature of the LCL-C sys-
tem is that a near-zero emission power
generation plant can be built around
the concept while continuing to utilize
fossil fuels. In addition to CO
2
, emis-
sions of other major pollutants such as
Nitrogen Oxide (NOx), Sulfur Oxides
(SOx) and ash are also controlled. Al-
most no thermal NOx is formed result-
ing in significantly low NOx emissions
and SOx emissions. The limestone-sul-
fur reaction step inherently built into
the process, the LCL-C process, does
not require a dedicated sulfur emis-
sions control system. Other pollutants
such as mercury, heavy metals, and
VOCs can be easily removed from the
product stream as Alstoms innovative
Air Quality Control System (AQCS)
concept is incorporated.
Alstom is now conducting a large
pilot test, which has accumulated over
300 hours of operation to date and
sustained auto-thermal operation con-
ditions for more than 50 hours.
This isometric drawing shows a depiction of a 550-MW utility-scale power
plant using the chemical looping process. Photo courtesy of Alstom.
1311pe_28 28 11/11/13 11:41 AM
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www.power-eng.com
30
1
A General Schematic of a
Three-Pressure HRSG Design

Deaerator (DA) LP SH Steam
IP SH Steam
HP SH Steam
IP SH Steam
Steam Injection to CT
(if used)
LP Drum IP Drum HP Drum
HP IP
Crossover
Steam Turbine
LP
Reheater
CT Exhaust
Condenser
DA
Pump
LP
Blowdown
FW
Pump
IP
Blowdown
HP
Blowdown
Attemperatio
Water
Steam
from IP
(if used)
Combustion
Turbine
Condensate
Storage
Makeup
System
Condensate
Polisher
(if used)
Condensate Pump
Superheat
or Reheat
Legend
Preheater Economizer
HEAT RECOVERY STEAM GENERATORS
from one condenser tube can introduce
enough impurities to cause significant
damage in the evaporator circuits. In the
opinion of many, the CPD sample point
is the most important of any within the
entire water/steam network.
Where the condensate is treated by
a polisher, the effects of a condenser
tube leak are dampened. However, it
is still important that any leak be de-
tected as quickly as possible to prevent
premature exhaustion of the polisher
and subsequent carryover of contami-
nants to the boiler.
Recommended on-line analyses in-
clude:
t Cation Conductivity (or becoming
popular, degassed cation conductiv-
ity)
t Sodium
t Dissolved Oxygen
The name for cation conductivity has
undergone an evolution, and research
groups have now begun referring to the
technique as conductivity after cation
exchange (CACE). For this article, we
will continue to use cation conductivity.
The technique has been adopted at most
plants for detecting impurity in-leakage.
If a condenser tube fails or impurities en-
ter from another source (a makeup water
treatment system failure is the next most
likely source), the sodium, calcium, and
magnesium salts in the water are con-
verted to their respective acids, primarily
dilute sulfuric and hydrochloric acids, by
E
arlier in this series, I
wrote about modern
techniques to minimize
impurity ingress, scaling,
and corrosion in heat re-
covery steam generators (HRSG). But
without accurate sampling and good
data collection, the conditions within
an HRSG may be or become harmful
without the knowledge of operators or
other technical personnel.
This is another of those cases where
an ounce of prevention is worth a
pound of cure. This article outlines
important samples required for suc-
cessful HRSG operation.
MONITORING THE
ENTIRE SYSTEM
Organizations such as the Electric
Power Research Institute (EPRI) have
written entire manuals regarding HRSG
sampling [2], so obviously a complete
overview is not possible in a single tech-
nical article. However, it is possible to
discuss the most important samples and
the benefits derived thereby.
HRSGs come in many different de-
signs, but a common general arrange-
ment is shown in Figure 1. We will use it
for this discussion.
Lets begin at the condenser and con-
densate pump discharge (CPD), with the
note that many HRSGs are not equipped
with condensate polishers. For units with
water-cooled condensers, the condenser
is the primary source within the system
for impurity ingress. Even a minor leak
Combined-Cycle
Water/Steam
Monitoring
BY BRAD BUECKER, CONTRIBUTING EDITOR
Author
Brad Buecker is a process specialist
with Kiewit Power Engineers in Lenexa,
Kan., and a contributing editor for Power
Engineering.
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32
General Schematic
of cation conductivity
instrumentation
2
Cation
Exchange
Column
Sample In
Conductivity
Cell
Sample Out
reheat steam attemperation. Contami-
nated feedwater introduces impurities
directly to the steam.
Recommended on-line analyses in-
clude:
t pH
t Dissolved Oxygen
t Specific Conductivity
t Cation Conductivity
t Sodium
Suggested grab sample analysis:
t Ammonia
t Silica
Ammonia or in some cases an amine
(see final paragraph of this article) is typi-
cally utilized to adjust feedwater pH to
minimize general corrosion. The opti-
mum feedwater pH for systems with all-
ferrous metallurgy is 9.2 to 9.6. Ammo-
nia monitoring via grab sample analyses
can be quite useful, but most common is
to monitor the dosage based on continu-
ous specific conductivity. Cation con-
ductivity and sodium analyses perform
the same function as for the condensate
pump discharge, but also indicate if con-
taminated feedwater is being sent to the
attemperators.
Continuous dissolved oxygen readings
are valuable to confirm that that the de-
aerator is performing properly, but except
in the rare case where copper alloys ex-
ist somewhere in the feedwater network,
in no circumstance should the feedwater
D.O. concentration be zero. As much
research has shown, single-phase flow-
accelerated corrosion (FAC) is generated
by reducing environments where oxygen
has been scavenged by chemicals such as
hydrazine or one of its organic alterna-
tives. [5] In general, single-phase FAC is
most pronounced around 300
o
F, which
in HRSGs corresponds to the LP econo-
mizer and evaporator.
Some recommendations call for con-
tinuous sodium monitoring of feedwater,
but in this authors opinion such sam-
pling may be redundant if continuous
monitoring is provided at the condensate
pump discharge or after the condensate
the cation exchange column.
The dilute acids that emerge (HCl and
H
2
SO
4
, primarily) are more conductive
than their respective salts and have an
immediate influence on conductivity,
thus providing a quick indication of up-
sets. The cation column also removes
ammonium ions (NH
4
+
), which are
formed by conditioning chemicals added
to the feedwater. If ammonium ions are
not removed from the sample, they can
mask impurities. In general, the cation
conductivity of a clean condensate sam-
ple should be less than 0.2 micromhos
(microsiemens) per centimeter (S). This
limit is mandatory for systems that op-
erate on all-volatile treatment oxidizing
[AVT(O)], which has been developed to
minimize flow-accelerated corrosion in
economizers and evaporator tubes. [3]
So, how does degassed cation conduc-
tivity improve upon the method? Air that
leaks into condensers of course contains
a small percentage of carbon dioxide. At
significant air in-leakage rates, the CO
2

that enters can increase the condensate
conductivity and mask other impurity
ingress. Degassed cation conductivity
utilizes either a reboiler or purge vessel
(with nitrogen gas feed) to remove car-
bon dioxide.
Direct sodium monitoring of the
CPD is also very effective for detecting
condenser leaks and other impurity in-
gress. With a tight condenser, sodium
levels in the condensate should be very
low (<3 parts-per-billion [ppb]), and
in many cases less than 1 ppb. On-line
sodium analyses in conjunction with
cation conductivity are very useful. A
combination of the two instruments
provides backup readings in the event
of an instrument malfunction.
Dissolved oxygen (D.O.) analyses
are quite important for monitoring air
in-leakage to the condenser from the
steam-side. Ideally, if the condenser
air removal system is operating at max-
imum efficiency, dissolved oxygen lev-
els should be below 10 ppb. A sudden
increase in dissolved oxygen indicates
a problem below the waterline in the
condenser. Leaks above the waterline,
if severe, may cause significantly de-
creased condenser performance. [4]
DEAERATOR OUTLET
The deaerator (D.A.) in multi-pressure
combined-cycle units may be integral or
separate to the LP drum, but in either
case the D.A. should maintain D.O. con-
centrations below 10 ppb. Deaerator out-
let sampling for dissolved oxygen (grab
sampling is most common) helps the
plant operator or chemist monitor deaer-
ator performance. An increase in D.O.
levels over normal concentrations could
indicate problems with the internal de-
aerator components. Trays may become
misaligned. Or, the deaerator vents may
not be adjusted properly.
FEEDWATER/
ECONOMIZER INLET
This sample is very important, as it is
the last checkpoint before the evaporator
circuits. Feedwater chemistry can have a
significant impact on boiler operation for
several reasons. First, excessive feedwa-
ter contamination will reduce the boiler
cycles of concentration and require in-
creased blowdown. Second, improper
control of feedwater chemistry may cause
corrosion of feedwater piping and heat
exchanger tubes, which will introduce
corrosion products to the boiler. Third,
feedwater is often utilized for main and
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sulfate concentration in the evaporator
circuits. Research has shown that these
contaminants can cause significant cor-
rosion if boiler water chemistry is not
properly maintained.
With regard to silica, carryover is the
primary concern where transfer of silica
from boiler water to steam is primar-
ily by vaporous carryover, not mechani-
cal. The mechanism
is influenced by pres-
sure, where the effect
becomes dramatic as
pressure increases. For
example, in a 900 psi
boiler the recommend-
ed maximum drum
water silica concentra-
tion is 2.8 ppm to keep
silica below 10 ppb in
the steam. In a 2,400
psi boiler the recommended maximum is
0.2 ppm! Again, each boiler will exhibit
individual properties in this regard.
Ammonia sampling is valuable, as at
the low phosphate concentration often
maintained in boiler circuits nowadays,
ammonia can impart a false pH indica-
tion. The operators may think that chem-
istry is adequate to prevent under-deposit
chloride and sulfate corrosion, and its
progeny, hydrogen damage, when in fact
the chemistry is not doing the job. Grab
sample ammonia analyses are typically
recommended, where the analyst can
utilize charts to evaluate the chemistry
effects. Excel programs are also available
that allow these calculations to be made
quickly. [6]
SATURATED STEAM
In the past, main/reheat steam sam-
pling was considered more important
than saturated steam sampling, and in-
deed the importance of main/reheat sam-
pling has not diminished. However, the
recommended maximum concentrations
of sodium, chloride, and silica in steam
have all been reduced to the extremely
low limit of 2 ppb. These impurities are
now known to cause turbine corrosion at
polisher, if one has been installed. Grab
sample analyses for silica (SiO
2
) indicate
the concentration of this contaminant
that is being transported to the LP drum
and beyond, and the attemperators.
An additional technology, particulate
monitoring, is becoming more popular
for condensate and feedwater chemistry
evaluation, and it can be particularly use-
ful for systems operating with air-cooled
condensers (ACC). An ACC eliminates
the potentially catastrophic impurity in-
gress that can occur from water-cooled
condensers, but ACCs are so very large
that a vast surface area of carbon steel is
exposed to flowing steam and conden-
sate. Typically, the bulk of the corrosion
products that emerge in the condensate/
feedwater consist of iron oxide particles.
Particulate monitoring provides a much
better analysis of carbon steel corrosion
than dissolved iron analysis.
BOILER WATER
Along with condensate pump dis-
charge, the boiler water sample is the
most critical. For drum-type HRSGs
as outlined in this article, the high
temperatures and the concentrating
effect caused by recirculation of the
boiler water require close monitoring.
Furthermore, improperly controlled
concentrations of dissolved solids in
the boiler water can introduce exces-
sive contaminants to the steam, where
they may form deposits and/or corrode
superheater tubes and turbine compo-
nents.
Either the drum blowdown line or
a downcomer should be utilized for
evaporator sampling, although EPRI
recommends the downcomer if the
unit is on oxygenated treatment. [3]
Recommended on-line boiler water
analyses include:
t pH
t Specific Conductivity
t Cation Conductivity
t Sodium
t Phosphate (for those units on phos-
phate treatment)
Important grab samples include:
t Ammonia
t Silica
Boiler water pH is one of the few sam-
ples where an immediate unit shutdown
is required if the chemistry goes bad.
EPRI calls for immediate shutdown if the
pH drops below 8.0 although I am aware
of at least one HRSG
manufacturer that has
set a limit of 7.0. Person-
ally, I feel more comfort-
able with the 8.0 limit,
as if a condenser tube
leak or other serious is-
sue is causing the upset,
time is of the essence in
taking action. From a
treatment standpoint,
many drum units are
operated with EPRIs phosphate contin-
uum program, in which only tri-sodium
phosphate (Na
3
PO
4
) is utilized for feed
with perhaps a small amount of caustic
(NaOH) at start-up. The free caustic con-
centration should never be higher than 1
ppm to minimize under-deposit caustic
gouging. It must be noted that for HRSGs
as outlined in Figure 1, where the LP
circuit provides feedwater to the IP and
HP circuits, the LP circuit must rely on
the all-volatile feedwater treatment only
with no phosphate addition. Phosphate
can cause difficulties in the IP and HP
economizers that receive feed from the
LP circuit.
Specific conductivity is important for
monitoring total dissolved solids (TDS)
concentration. Excessive solids will me-
chanically carry over to the steam, as
drum steam-separators are never 100
percent efficient. This effect is influenced
by boiler pressure, thus the allowable
dissolved solids concentration decreases
with increasing pressure. Charts are
available to determine TDS limits, but
every steam generator is unique and only
actual operation provides the exact carry-
over data. Cation conductivity provides
a method to evaluate the chloride and
Boiler water pH
is one of the few
samples where
an immediate
unit shutdown
is required if the
chemistry goes
bad.
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36
chromatography (IC). The equipment is
not inexpensive and it requires a knowl-
edgeable operator, but for anyone who
wishes to closely monitor these harmful
constituents, IC is a good method.
CONCLUSION
Installation of a reliable sampling
system and proper monitoring of the
data requires effort and commitment
on the part of plant management. This
may sometimes be problematic given
the somewhat minimal staffing at com-
bined-cycle plants. However, conscien-
tious monitoring and prompt action
during upset periods can be worth their
weight in gold if they prevent system
corrosion, boiler tube failures and unit
shutdowns. The ultimate price is loss
of life, which has occurred due to flow-
accelerated corrosion tube and piping
failures at a number of utilities during
the last 25 years.
A final note about sampling is that
sample extraction and conditioning are
critical for ensuring accurate analyses. I
will report on these topics in an upcom-
ing issue of Power Engineering.
References
B. Buecker, Corrosion Control in HRSGs;
Power Engineering, July 2011.
B. Buecker, Combined-Cycle Water/Steam:
The Lifeblood of the Plant; Power Engineering,
June 2012.
Cycle Chemistry Guidelines for Combined
Cycle/Heat Recovery Steam Generators
(HRSGs), EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2006, 1010438.
B. Buecker, The Impact of Condenser Perfor-
mance, Feedwater Heating, and Steam Reheat
on Steam Generator Efficiency; presentation at
the 25
th
Annual Electric Utility Chemistry Work-
shop, May 10-12, 2005, Champaign, IL.
Guidelines for Controlling Flow-Accelerated
Corrosion in Fossil and Combined Cycle Plants,
EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2005, 1008082.
Buecker B. and S. Shulder, The Basics
of Power Plant Cycle Chemistry; Pre-Con-
ference Seminar of the 27
th
Annual Elec-
tric Utility Chemistry Workshop, May 15-17,
2007, Champaign, IL.

the limit of 10 ppb is being maintained
in the steam.
MAKEUP WATER
TREATMENT
Space limitations prevent much ad-
ditional discussion of sampling issues,
but briefly, makeup water treatment
system sampling is also important. An
increasingly common makeup water
treatment scenario is micro- or ultrafil-
tration, followed by reverse osmosis, in
turn followed by portable ion exchange
or continuous deionization (CEDI) for
polishing. A properly designed and
operated system should produce water
with a specific conductivity less than
0.1 S, silica less than 10 ppb, and so-
dium, chloride, and sulfate less than 3
ppb. Research has also shown that a
good makeup system should limit total
organic carbon (TOC) in the effluent to
less than 300 ppb. Organic carbon that
enters the condensate system will break
down at the high temperatures in the
boiler to generate small-chain organic
acids that potentially may influence
turbine corrosion. This issue is still
being researched intensively, but is
the primary reason why organizations
such as EPRI do not recommend the
feed of organic pH control chemicals,
or, if necessary, organic metal passiv-
ator/oxygen scavengers, to condensate
and feedwater.
AN ADDITIONAL
MONITORING TOOL
In my previous articles and in other
literature cited in this article and else-
where, the severe corrosion that even
minor amounts of chlorides and sulfates,
particularly chlorides, can cause in steam
generators, especially if they concentrate
under deposits. Chloride and sulfate
monitoring is more difficult than other
parameters, and these constituents are
often not monitored at all. However,
a technique that can be utilized to de-
tect even part-per-billion (ppb) concen-
trations of chloride and sulfate is ion
very low levels. This issue has increased
the importance of periodic saturated
steam sampling for mechanical carry-
over, as that is the primary mechanism
for Na, Cl, and SO
4
to enter the steam.
Main and Reheat Steam
These samples are quite critical, as they
provide a direct indication of steam im-
purities generated by drum carryover or
by feedwater attemperation. Some sub-
stances such as silica exhibit decreasing
solubility with decreasing steam pressure,
and will precipitate on turbine blades
as pressure lowers upon steam passage
through the turbine. Other contami-
nants, including sodium, chloride, and
sulfate will come out of steam in the early
condensate that begins to form in the LP
turbine. These salts can initiate stress cor-
rosion cracking and corrosion fatigue of
blades and rotors.
Recommended continuous analyses
include:
t Cation Conductivity
t Sodium
An important grab sample analysis is,
t Silica
The primary measurement is cation
conductivity, and it is typically used as
the criteria for performance evaluation
and warranty requirement by turbine
manufacturers. The common upper
limit is 0.2 S. As in the earlier discus-
sion, degassed cation conductivity is an
alternative to eliminate the influence of
CO
2
upon the readings. In fact, in some
cases degassed cation conductivity may
be particularly useful if amines are used
for pH control in the feedwater. The high-
temperatures in superheaters and reheat-
ers induce decomposition of organic
compounds to small-chain organic acids
and CO
2
. The compounds naturally will
influence conductivity.
Sodium is another good tool for moni-
toring steam chemistry, as these instru-
ments are reliable and provide quick
results. Sodium readings above 2 ppb
suggest impurity leakage into the steam.
Grab sample silica analyses ensure that
1311pe_36 36 11/11/13 11:41 AM
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38
Pictured is an airlock on a
scrubber discharge material
handling system. Photo courtesy
of Allen-Sherman-Hoff
presence of additives used to clean
the flue gas. For example, the prob-
lems associated with moisture become
more complex with the addition of
dry scrubber byproducts. Dry scrub-
bers are commonly used in the power
industry for removing SO
2
from flue
gases produced by power boilers burn-
ing low sulfur fuel. These scrubber by-
products can add many dimensions to
the moisture issue, including cementa-
tion and caking. Furthermore, the re-
cent Mercury and Air Toxic Standards
(MATS) mandated by the EPA have ad-
vanced the use of dry sorbent reagents
for removal of Hg, HCL, and other
toxins. These substances have not only
changed the physical properties of the
fly ash but also promoted chemical re-
actions that can have negative effects
on ash handling. This article will dis-
cuss the practical effects of dry scrub-
ber byproducts and other dry sorbents
on ash handling, especially in the pres-
ence of moisture.
Prior to scrubbing, fly ash consisted
predominantly of silica and alumina
glassy material.
Hot furnace temperatures melted
the quartz and alumina, which re-so-
lidified as amorphous glassy spheres.
Subbituminous coal fly ash usually
M
oisture can present
significant chal-
lenges in the opera-
tion of fly ash han-
dling systems, even
at low (1 to 2 percent) levels. In tradi-
tional fly ash materials, moisture is the
glue that holds ash particles together
via capillary forces thereby enhancing
the cohesive bonds between particles.
This causes the ash to bridge and rat-
hole and become difficult to discharge
from bins, hoppers and vessels.
Over the past two decades, many
coal fly ash material characteristics
have significantly changed due to the
Effects of Coal-Fired
Boiler Flue Gas Conditioning
on Fly Ash Conveying and
Storage Systems
BY TYLER LITTLE, TONY HABIB, LOU ZOTTI AND ROBERT G. WALSH, ALLEN-SHERMAN-HOFF CO.
Authors
Tyler Little, P.E., Research Engineer; Tony
Habib, Manager of R&D; Lou Zotti, Pro-
posal Manager; and Robert G. Walsh,
P.E., Manager of Market Development.
Allen-Sherman-Hoff Co. is a division of
Diamond Power International.
1311pe_38 38 11/11/13 11:41 AM
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Cohesive strength vs. number
of temperature cycles (Specht, 2006)
1
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Y
i
e
l
d

S
t
r
e
n
g
t
h

(
k
P
a
)
0 1 2 3 4 5
Number of temperature cycles
2% Decahydrate
4% Decahydrate
contains a relatively small amount of
lime in addition to the silica, alumi-
nan and other minerals. The calcium
compounds more readily crystallize
which present as surface irregularities
on the glassy spheres.
When designing ash handling equip-
ment for non-scrubbed fly ash applica-
tions, considerations were given to the
physical properties of the ash, such as
cohesive strength, permeability and
density. These properties played a ma-
jor role in the conveying, storage and
discharge of the fly ash material. For
example, bituminous ash had relative-
ly low cohesive strength and high per-
meability since it was made predomi-
nantly of glass spheres with minimal
contact among particles (see photo on
pg. 41). On the other hand, subbitumi-
nous coal fly ash had a relatively higher
cohesive strength due to the presence
1311pe_40 40 11/11/13 11:41 AM
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For info. http://powereng.hotims.com RS#21
of other constituents with smaller
and odd-shaped particles (CaO and
CaSO
4
) that tended to increase contact
points between particles. However,
despite their differences, bituminous
and subbituminous coal fly ashes had
physical properties that were relatively
independent of time. For this reason,
these materials could be stored in
hoppers for hours without significant
changes in cohesive strength.
With the addition of dry scrubber or
dry sorbent injection (DSI) systems,
special considerations need to be giv-
en because the material has changed
chemically. These
systems introduce
new compounds,
both reacted and
non-reacted, which
are prone to cemen-
tation and caking.
According to Dr. Kerry Johanson of
Material Flow Solutions, the cohesive
strength of fly ash with soluble addi-
tives can increase by an order of mag-
nitude due to solid bridging, a mois-
ture dependent process where material
is dissolved at the particle surface and
then dried leaving behind a crystal
bond between particles. This process
is often cyclical due to temperature
swings which cause condensation and
drying on the surface of the particles.
For example, Figure 1 illustrates that
sodium carbonate (a common unreact-
ed sorbent) with 4 percent crystalline
water doubles its cohesive strength
over three temperature cycles.
The strength of the crystal bond is
affected by the local moisture content,
temperature and drying time. This
phenomenon is often the cause of cak-
ing along the walls of silos due to day/
night temperature cycles.
Cementation is another mecha-
nism by which calcium-based mate-
rials become more cohesive, and is
driven primarily by chemical makeup,
moisture and time.
Figure 2 illustrates
the change in mate-
rial strength of dry-
scrubbed fly ash
during a three hour
period in the pres-
ence of moisture. The red curve rep-
resents the material strength while
the temperature was held constant for
three hours. The blue curve shows the
material strength while the tempera-
ture was cycled (high and low) to pro-
mote caking. This particular material
was obviously sensitive to time, tem-
perature and moisture, but not to tem-
perature cycling which is indicative of
cementation.
Dry scrubbers use hydrated lime,
Fly Ash Morphology. Photo courtesy of Allen-Sherman-Hoff
Moisture is the
glue that holds ash
particles together
via capillary forces.
1311pe_41 41 11/11/13 11:41 AM
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42
For info. http://powereng.hotims.com RS#22
2 Strength as a Function of Storage Time
U
n
c
o
n
f
r
m
e
d

Y
i
e
l
d

S
t
r
e
n
g
t
h

(
p
s
f
)
Major Principle Stress (psf)
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Storage Time = cycled 3 (hr)
Storage Time = 3 (hr)
Storage Time = 0 (hr)
1,000
800
600
400
200
0
lime is utilized during the scrubbing
process. Some fly ash material makes
it to the collection hopper with unre-
acted hydrated lime which, with time,
tends to carbonate and form calcium
carbonate or limestone, which is a ce-
menting process {Ca(OH)
2
+ CO2 ->
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O}. X-ray diffraction has
detected the presence of CaCO
3
in
hardened deposits in transport lines.
In DSI systems, sodium bicarbonate
or trona is often used as a scrubbing
agent. The unreacted compounds for
these sorbents are highly soluble and
are therefore also susceptible to re-
crystallization and caking in transport
pipe and storage media.
Whether calcium or sodium based
sorbents are used for scrubbing, the re-
agents and reacted products are sensi-
tive to moisture and can cause buildup
in the hoppers and silos, especially
with time and temperature cycling
(night and day swings). According to
Damon Woodson of Southern Co., si-
los in the southern states become more
difficult to unload after a rainy day, es-
pecially in the winter. Moisture intro-
duced into the silo during the day can
condense at night when temperatures
are cooler. The combination of mois-
ture, time and temperature provide
an ideal environment for cementation
and caking.
Ca(OH)
2
, as an agent for sulfur remov-
al. The reacted agents are typically cal-
cium sulfate or calcium sulfite, which
are sensitive to moisture and time. Cal-
cium sulfate can turn into plaster with
the right amount of moisture and time.
The absorber exit temperature is usu-
ally kept around 40F above the dew
point (40F approach temperature).
The fly ash/byproduct mixture typical-
ly has a moisture content of 1 to 2 per-
cent. The industry attempts to improve
scrubbing efficiency to reduce lime us-
age by lowering the approach tempera-
ture. This often comes at the expense
of higher moisture content. Research
has demonstrated that an increase in
moisture content from 1 percent to 2
percent with 24 hour storage increases
the cohesive strength of calcium sul-
fate material by approximately three
times (Shulze, 2008). It is important to
remember, however, that the moisture
can be concentrated in the cooler parts
of storage vessels where the local mois-
ture can be as high as 10 percent for
bulk moisture levels of 1 to 2 percent.
In practice, not all of the hydrated
1311pe_42 42 11/11/13 11:42 AM
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44
subzero temperatures, or relative-
ly long transport piping. For DSI
systems with trona, heated air is
not recommended.
t Fly ash with dry scrubber material
has good air retention,
which permits the use
of lower transport ve-
locities compared to
non-scrubbed ash.
Storage Silos
t Flat-bottom silo aer-
ation coverage should
be at least 20 percent
of the total cross-sectional area to
ensure even distribution. Dry air
is recommended.
t While silo insulation is preferred,
it is usually not practical and is
costly.
t Silo aeration blower pressure
should be sized to overcome the
full design volume (head) of ash
acting on the air slides.
t The silo aeration blower pressure
should be checked on a regular
basis to confirm that the air slides
have not been compromised.
Blowing pressure trending down-
ward with time at a given silo level
is indicative of poor air distribu-
tion and channeling, which can
lead to material consolidation and
erratic discharge.
t Ash conditioning should be done in
a pin-paddle combination pugmill
(see photo on this page). Pins pro-
vide the dwell time to wet the ma-
terial while the paddle provides the
force to push the material through.
Lining the mixer, pins and paddles
with a non-stick surface helps to
prevent material buildup and pro-
tects the carbon steel base material
from corrosion and erosion. The
mixer should be washed thorough-
ly at least once a day.
Moisture will continue to be present
in every fly ash handling application.
Understanding not only the physical
properties of the material but also the
chemical properties of the fly ash can
help in designing a system with less
cementing and caking problems. This
understanding will lead to a more reli-
able fly ash conveying system.
There are ways to mitigate the im-
pact of moisture-related issues when
designing or operating an ash han-
dling system with conditioning ad-
ditives. Material storage time should
be minimized, sources of moisture
should be eliminated, and tempera-
ture cycling should be avoided where
possible. The following are practices
adopted by Allen-Sherman-Hoff for
mitigating moisture related problems
and improving material handling sys-
tem performance:
Fabric Filter Hoppers
t Fabric filter or precipitator hop-
pers should be pulled continuous-
ly regardless of load to avoid con-
solidation, caking and cementing.
t Hopper heaters should be used
but the temperature should be
kept at around 30F above the
flue gas dew point.
Higher heater tem-
peratures can drive
off crystalline wa-
ter leaving solid
bridges.
t Hopper walls
should be insulat-
ed to keep material
warm and prevent
condensation.
t Dry air should be used to aerate
the hopper. This should reduce
ratholing tendency and improve
material discharge.
Transport Systems
t Transport lines should be insu-
lated.
t Transport inlet air heating is pre-
ferred for materials consisting of
calcium compounds in instances
of extreme weather conditions,
such as a humid environment or
The combination
of moisture, time
and temperature
provide an ideal
environment for
cementation and
caking.
Conditioner with Pins and Paddles. Photo courtesy of Allen-Sherman-Hoff
1311pe_44 44 11/11/13 11:42 AM
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1311pe_45 45 11/11/13 11:42 AM
www.power-eng.com
46
1a 1b
pulverized coal boiler with low NOx
burners (LNBs), OFA and electrostatic
precipitator (ESP) particulate control.
Unit 1 burns a blend of 90percent Pow-
der River Basin (PRB) and 10percent lo-
cal Missouri coal.
Modifications to reduce emissions are
under way on both units. Unit 1 is in-
stalling a fabric filter, new WFGD system,
new induced draft (ID) fans and new dis-
tributed control system (DCS). Unit 2 is
retiring the ESP and installing a fabric fil-
ter, WFGD system, new ID fans and SCR
system.
The Unit 1 SCR was installed in 2007
with a 3 + 1 catalyst layer configuration,
which consists of three initial layers of
catalyst with one spare layer for future
use. In the fall of 2012, La Cygne vacu-
umed 2.9 million pounds of fly ash from
the Unit1 SCR after a 17-month operating
cycle. This was twice the typical amount
of fly ash removed in previous outages
because the unit had operated for an
extended time with a low demand load
factor. However, the catalyst pluggage of
approximately 50 percent was typical of
previous operating cycles. The Unit 1 SCR
consists of two reactor casings separated
by a common division wall. Flue gas en-
ters the SCR North Side B and South Side
A of the SCR hood to flow down through
these separated casings (refer to the flow
model arrangement shown on Figure 2).
Fly ash would accumulate five to six feet
deep near the SCR north to south reactor
casing division wall. The fly ash accu-
mulation caused high ash removal costs,
catalyst replacement costs, high cata-
lyst pressure drop and fan power costs,
and high ammonia slip and ammonia
reagent costs. In addition, cleaning the
catalyst became a critical path activity
during outages. The fly ash accumulation
also caused unit capacity de-rates in com-
bination with other draft losses. Excess
T
he Kansas City Power &
Light (KCP&L) La Cygne
Generating Station pro-
vides 1,532 MW of peak
power to customers from
its site south of Kansas City. La Cygne
Unit 1 is an 815 MW Babcock& Wilcox
(B&W) cyclone boiler with overfire air
(OFA) and selective catalytic reduction
(SCR) nitrogen oxide (NOx) controls.
It is the second-oldest B&W wet flue
gas desulfurization (WFGD) installation
in the country. Unit 2 is a 717 MW B&W
Airflow
Problems Lead
to Fly Ash
Accumulation
BY SCOTT HIEDEMAN, KCP&L, REID THOMAS AND DALE PFAFF, FUEL TECH, INC.,
AND DIANE FISCHER, BLACK & VEATCH
Computer modeling and modifications
to the SCR hood solve this costly problem
for Kansas City Power & Lights La Cygne
Generating Station
Poor air flow led to fly ash accumulation in the SCR of La Cygne Unit 1. In fall 2012, 2.9 million pounds of fly ash had to be removed after 17 months.
A Costly Problem
1311pe_46 46 11/11/13 11:42 AM
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For info. http://powereng.hotims.com RS#25
flow to the upper four SCR hood
turning vanes.
t The turning vanes and perforated
plate on top of the original egg crate
flow straightening grid created flow
recirculation zones that caused fly
ash dropout. The turning vanes also
collected ash on horizontal surfaces
because of low flow, and these ash
piles sloughed off during forced
draft (FD) fan startups.
t The egg crate structural support steel
created flow disturbance that could
not be corrected in the short dis-
tance to the first catalyst layer.
The flue gas recirculated behind the
SCR hood turning vanes, but the fly ash
did not follow this twisting route and
fly ash accumulations are shown on Fig-
ures 1a and 1b.
Many minor changes were attempted
through the five years of Unit 1 SCR op-
eration prior to fall 2012. These changes
included the following:
t The original flow modeling was re-
viewed, and missing flow control
baffles were installed.
t The sonic horns air supply dryer
drain solenoid was corrected to
drain off excess condensation.
t The sonic horns were heat traced and
insulated.
t The fly ash was vacuumed from the
catalyst. Horizontal vane and beam
surfaces were covered or removed in
some areas to pilot corrective ac-
tions to prevent ash pile accumula-
tions.
t The original catalyst was 7.1 millime-
ter (mm) pitch honeycomb ceramic
catalyst. Catalyst layer replacements
were made with larger 8.2 mm pitch
honeycomb catalyst, and 9.2 mm
pitch catalyst was installed near the
SCR reactor casing division wall.
These minor repairs were not success-
ful, because they were not addressing the
root cause of poor flow distribution.
CAUSES OF PLUGGAGE
To keep PRB fly ash moving through
the catalyst, flue gas flow to the catalyst
must be of uniform velocity, vertical and
without recirculation. In 2010, KCP&L La
Cygne initiated Computational Fluid Dy-
namics (CFD) flow modeling with Fuel
Tech, Inc. (FTEK) to determine the cause
of fly ash accumulation and design po-
tential devices to correct flow variances
to the catalyst. The CFD analysis shown
on Figures 3 and 4 indicated problem
areas in SCR design flow, including the
following:
t SCR inlet duct north-south contrac-
tion pushed flow to the lower four
SCR hood turning vanes.
t Trusses and large gusset plates in
SCR inlet duct and hood restricted
1311pe_47 47 11/11/13 11:42 AM
www.power-eng.com
48
CFD Analysis
Source: Fuel Tech
3
This CFD analysis shows problem areas in the airfow in the SCR of La Cygne Unit 1.
Velocity: Magnitude (ft/s)
10.000 60.000 50.000 40.000
Velocity: Magnitude (ft/s)
30.000 20.000
Flow Model

2
The La Cygne Unit 1 SCR consists of two reactor casings separated by a common division wall. Flue gas enters
the SCR North Side B and South Side A of the SCR hood to fow down through these separated casings.
Straightening Grid
and Perf Plate
Catalyst
Catalyst Supports
LPA Screen
Symmetry Plane
Turning Vanes
Trusses
Mixer
AIG
Dampers
SOLUTION
IMPLEMENTATION
Modification to the Unit 1 SCR hood
was originally planned for the fall of
2013, when a longer duration outage was
scheduled. However, low demand load
factors on KCP&L and Westar systems in
2012, and the high price of continuing
catalyst ash pluggage led to the decision
for a 2012 installation. A short boiler in-
spection outage was extended to a 44-day
outage to accommodate the work. Design
of the new flow distribution devices for
the Unit 1 SCR hood was initiated in July
2012, with the outage scheduled for Oct.
1, 2012. With the short time frame for
design and fabrication, the contracted
services were secured for flow modeling,
structural engineering, fabrication, and
construction installation.
Black & Veatch was contracted to pro-
vide design drawings and specifications,
review the flow modeling and proposed
flow distribution devices, and evaluate
constructability. The entire team partici-
pated in preliminary flow model result
review meetings to provide immediate
input to flow modeling and direction
to engineering. Conceptual SCR hood
structural truss supports were developed
prior to flow modeling. Probable flow
distribution devices were detailed by
engineering to obtain construction in-
stallation bids. Catalyst installation was
instead fell out on the catalyst layers. Be-
cause of these issues, KCP&L decided that
the existing flow straightening devices
needed to be removed and replaced with
a new design that addressed the findings
of the flow model.
1311pe_48 48 11/11/13 11:42 AM
www.power-eng.com
49 For info. http://powereng.hotims.com RS#26
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planned for Layers 2-3-4 to allow Layer 1 to be a work
platform for the SCR hood modifications. Flow device
fabrication was performed off-site at fabrication shops to
speed production. Fabrication was scheduled to continue
through the start of the Oct.1 outage because demolition
would occur before new materials would be needed.
The CFD modeling study analyzed the removal of the
SCR hood turning vanes, and replacement with the GSG.
Previous CFD modeling had shown heavy flow recircula-
tion behind the SCR hood turning vanes. The GSG device
consists of parallel plates installed in the SCR hood on the
diagonal, to turn the flue gas and fly ash vertically into the
first catalyst layer.
The GSG technology is a significant step forward
in SCR process design. Until recently, improving the
velocity distribution and flow direction into the face
of the first catalyst layer was accomplished by the tra-
ditional solution of many large turning vanes along
with a straightening grid placed immediately above
the catalyst. The turning vanes were tuned to achieve
an even velocity distribution while the straightening
grid below straightened the flow direction.
The turning vane system requires exact spacing and an-
gling of turning vanes during SCR construction to ensure
required flow distributions are met. This traditional solu-
tion is also extremely sensitive to changes to the upstream
flow distribution and any changes to the system require
remodeling and retuning of the vanes to maintain the re-
quired distributions. After years of research and develop-
ment using scale and computational modeling, the GSG
has been thoroughly tested and successfully installed on
a number of units.
The GSG combines the turning vanes and straightening
grid into a single sloped grid. The GSG has been shown to
be an extremely robust flow corrective solution. It is much
less sensitive to upstream flow distributions compared
to traditional solutions. This means that the catalyst and
catalyst performance are protected even when the unit
is not running at optimum design conditions, including
economizer bypass operation. In addition, the GSG can
accommodate future boiler or ductwork changes.
The CFD model results indicated the GSG corrected the
large flow recirculation zones and flow was vertical outof
the GSG. However, the flow statistics were not within the
project teams target of +/-15percent of arithmetic mean
velocity. The SCR hood truss/gussets and egg crate struc-
tural steel were creating large flow velocity variances be-
fore the first catalyst layer.
The CFD model was analyzed with removal of the two
trusses, removal of the egg crate support steel and re-
moval of both truss and egg crate. Removal of all internal
1311pe_49 49 11/11/13 11:42 AM
www.power-eng.com
50
Baseline Velocity Vectors
Source: Fuel Tech
4
23.000 18.400 13.800 9.2000 4.6000 0.00000
The fow direction vectors show the fow recirculation zones behind the SCR hood turning vanes.
Velocity Magnitude (ft/s)
Z
Y
X
steel not only supported the old flow
straightener weight but also restrained
the pressure forces on this elevation. A
buckstay arrangement was developed to
resist these forces.
The selected arrangement was instal-
lation of the GSG device with perforated
plate at the turning vane location. The
GSG replaces the turning vane and egg
crate functions by turning the flow 90 de-
grees and aligning the flow vertically to
pass through the catalyst layers. A perfo-
rated plate was needed on the GSG blades
leading edge to overcome the low flow at
the SCR A and B division wall. The flow
statistics did not quite reach the desired
project goal of 100percent of all flow ve-
locities within +/-15 percent of arithme-
tic mean. The final model showed flow
distribution statistics with 91 percent of
all analyzed flow velocities within +/-
15percent, which is equal to 9.5 percent
root mean squared (rms). This was a sig-
nificant improvement compared to the
into the front of the reactors and pushed
more flow past the truss/gusset system to
the back half of the reactors. The lower
percentage open area at the back wall
was needed to reduce flow being turned
down to the catalyst by the back wall.
The final modification arrangement
included demolition of the turning vanes
in the hood of the SCR reactors and de-
molition of the original egg crate flow
straightener, perforated plate, and its sup-
port steel.
The conceptual design developed by
FTEK in the flow model was then devel-
oped in to detailed design drawings for
fabrication and installation. The GSG
blade detail drawing was completed in
advance, based on FTEKs standard de-
sign. Engineering added the final per-
forated plate details and turned these
drawings over for fabrication. Engineer-
ing also began redesign of the support for
the SCR pressure load where the egg crate
support steel was removed. The egg crate
structure obviously had the best result;
however, removal of egg crate steel had
a nearly identical result without the ex-
pense of replacing the SCR hood truss
system. The egg crate steel was too close
to the first layer of catalyst for the flow
distribution to recover, but the flow sta-
tistics were still not close enough to the
recommended +/-15percent of mean.
The SCR inlet flue contraction and
truss/gussets were both working to push
flow to the SCR inlet corner and away
from the back half of the SCR reactor cas-
ings at the division wall. The next CFD
model run added a perforated plate to
the leading edge of the GSG blades. This
showed improvement in the flow statis-
tics. One more CFD model run was per-
formed to tune a variable perforated plate
across the leading edge of the GSG blades.
The final perforated plate open area was
varied 42-50-63-50 percent open. This
variable perforated plate prevented ex-
cess flue gas from making the quick turn
1311pe_50 50 11/11/13 11:42 AM
www.power-eng.com
51
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The egg crate steel above the Layer 1
catalyst that was removed had provided
the catalyst removal cart wheel tracks. As
a result, an alternate catalyst installation
method needed to be developed. A grat-
ing floor was installed in catalyst Layer 1.
Future Layer 1 catalyst installation will
be by pallet carts. Catalyst was installed
in Layers 2-3-4 during the 2012 outage to
aid GSG construction sequence. Catalyst
support beam teepee ash guards were
installed on the grating floor to prevent
PRB fly ash stalagmites from growing up
from the beams.
Additional PRB fly ash accumula-
tion prevention measures were taken by
installing ash guards on all horizontal
surfaces inside the SCR. The 2011 EPRI
Report, Operation and Maintenance
Guidelines for Selective Catalytic Reduc-
tion Systems discusses several zones
where fly ash can accumulate. Zones 2,
4, and 5 showed fly ash accumulation
on horizontal surfaces, where unstable
fly ash piles can fall off onto the catalyst.
Flow recirculation Zones 1, 3, or 5, rep-
resenting areas under turning vanes or
structure at La Cygne, can cause fly ash
to drop out of the flue gas flow eddies.
La Cygne catalyst seals were sloped
similar to the beam guards to prevent sta-
lagmite growth. Catalyst support beam
and loading monorail beam pockets were
covered to prevent ash buildup and ash
sloughs. SCR hood truss beam pockets
were covered, beam tops were sloped to
eliminate ash buildup, and beam bot-
toms were fabricated into air foils to avoid
recirculation zones.
PRB coal ash collects inside the SCR
catalyst structural beam pockets. The ash
in the deep beam pockets can slough off
in large sections to cause bigger piles on
the catalyst. Beam ash guards were in-
stalled to prevent ash accumulation.
RESULTS
An SCR internal inspection after 4
original, traditional turning vane design
where 58percent of flow velocities were
within +/-15 percent (17.5 percent rms).
The flue gas flow direction, shown with
velocity vectors, result was excellent. The
flow recirculation was nearly eliminated,
except at the two truss systems, and the
flow direction was vertical going into the
catalyst.
GSG with perforated plate installation
and egg crate support removal produces
vertical, non-recirculating, uniform ve-
locity to the catalyst.
The fabrication of the GSG modules
was straightforward. These modules were
completed and shipped to the site prior
to the installation crew needs during the
October 1 outage. The late addition of the
variable perforated plate added a compli-
cation to the fabrication schedule. Fab-
rication time at six different shops was
secured to laser or plasma cut all the per-
forated plate parts. The final GSG device
with perforated plate was installed.
1311pe_51 51 11/11/13 11:42 AM
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The GSG and perforated plate modifi-
cations resulted in more than $5,000,000
in capital cost savings compared to other
options including truss removal and
changing the original inlet flue gas distri-
bution design.
SUMMARY AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
The following lessons learned are
provided as a recommendation to utili-
ties facing similar challenges with SCR
pluggage:
t Select an experienced flow modeler
with PRB coal fly ash modeling ex-
perience.
t Perform complementary design
activities of CFD and physical
modeling.
t Require a flow model resolution
in the SCR hood of 5,000,000 to
10,000,000 analyzed cells.
t Model SCR hood equipment 6 inch
or larger in the physical model and
any flow disturbance in the CFD
model.
t Require flow to the catalyst to be
uniform, vertical, and without re-
circulation.
t Require that the design criteria for the
flue gas flow distribution be within
+/-15 percent of arithmetic mean
velocity, and not rms or coefficient
of variation (C
v
).
t Require that no flow recirculation
be allowed in the SCR hood.
t Minimize the structure in the SCR
and gas flues in accordance with the
EPRI SCR guidelines.
t Minimize horizontal surfaces in-
side the SCR.
t Install ash guards with 60 degree
slope on any remaining horizontal
surface or catalyst seal.
t Install catalyst with a minimum
pitch of 8.2 mm for honeycomb
or 5.7 mm plate when firing PRB
coals.
months of operation showed excellent re-
sults at the SCR division wall, which was
a trouble spot originally. The plant staff
noted the significant decrease in fly ash
accumulation on the first catalyst layer.
These improvements are the results of
the GSG technology providing improved
flow (uniform, vertical, and non-recircu-
lating flow) in the SCR hood.
Reduced fly ash accumulation in La
Cygne Unit 1 SCR will reduce catalyst
replacement costs, reduce fly ash vacuum
removal costs, reduce catalyst pressure
drop and fan power costs, reduce ammo-
nia slip and ammonia costs, and reduce
complexity of outages. The next catalyst
layer replacement is not budgeted until
after 2019. This would result in one layer
being replaced after seven years of opera-
tion, compared to previous replacement
of eight layers in five years. Flow mod-
eling for root cause correction of fly ash
pluggage and GSG technology has led to
this SCR performance turnaround.
1311pe_52 52 11/11/13 11:42 AM

DECEMBER 911, 2014 // ORLANDO, FLO LORI DA / ORANGE COUNTY CONVENTI ON CENTER
W W W . P O W E R - G E N . C O M
OWNED & PRODUCED BY: PRESENTED BY: SUPPORTED BY:
FOREVER ADVANCING
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1311pe_53 53 11/11/13 11:42 AM
www.power-eng.com
54
NUCLEAR SAFETY
Energy Institute (NEI) then prepared re-
port NEI-12-02 to provide guidance to
businesses in complying with the order,
and the NRC issued interim staff guid-
ance for public comment on the rule. The
rule came about when
reports surfaced that
workers at the Fuku-
shima plant were not
aware of pool levels
or temperatures at the
plant after the March
11 earthquake and
tsunami rendered all
electrical equipment
useless. It is a problem that workers at
Tokyo Electric Power Co. (TEPCO) are
still facing. More incidents of radioactive
water spills caused by workers not having
instrumentation that alerts them to how
much water is in the storage containers
have been reported.
Conversely, if spent fuel pool levels
boil down too low, then the risk of fires
and radioactive steam increases.
The U.S. has taken lessons learned
from Japan and started implementing
them across the fleet. Plant operators are
retrofitting their spent fuel pools with
newer monitoring equipment that uses
guided wave radar (GWR) sensors, and
other countries are installing equipment
into their new builds.
Westinghouse offers a spent fuel pool
instrumentation system (SFPIS) that uses
permanently installed primary and back-
up GWR sensors that meet those require-
ments. The system meets both NRC and
NEI requirements and is able to monitor
spent fuel pool water levels even under
harsh weather conditions. Many of the
nuclear power plants in the U.S. are us-
ing GWR sensors,a proven technology
that has been used across the industry for
years.
While the U.S. nuclear fleet mostly
uses GWR, China is using a spent fuel
pool monitoring system from Fluid Com-
ponents International in their CPR1000
reactors called the CL86 Plus. The CL86
Plus is essentially three systems in one,
said Kenneth Christian, Nuclear Product
Manager with Fluid Components Inter-
national. It is an extension of FCIs CL86.
The CL86 Plus combines the three critical
measurements of con-
tinuous level, point
level and temperature
into a single inte-
grated multi-variable
solution designed spe-
cifically for spent fuel
pool monitoring. The
CL86 Plus also has
VeriCal, which pro-
vides an in-situ calibration verification of
the instrument. This complies with the
requirement to test the instrument prior
to a refueling outage and is achieved by
lowering and raising the water level with-
in the instruments stilling well without
having to remove the instrument from
the water or change the pool level.
N
uclear safety envelops
many aspects within
the nuclear power
industry, from cy-
bersecurity to worker
safety to monitoring equipment. Compa-
nies must adhere to stringent federal and
state safety regulations, including new
rules spawned from the Fukushima Dai-
ichi nuclear power plant accident in 2011.
With more problems arising recently
from the Fukushima plant and the grow-
ing risk of cyber attacks, companies are
looking for ways to keep workers, power
plants and the public safe from another
disaster.
The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Com-
mission issued Order EA-12-051 on
March 12, 2012, more than a year after
the Fukushima accident. The measure
requires all U.S. nuclear power plants
to install water level instrumentation in
each spent fuel pool on site. The Nuclear
How to Keep Nuclear
Plants Safe?
Let Me Count the Ways
BY SHARRYN DOTSON, ASSOCIATE EDITOR
Fluid Components International combines three
critical measurements into one product. Courtesy:
Fluid Components International
The U.S. Nuclear
Regulatory
Commission issued
Order EA-12-051 on
March 12, 2012,
more than a year
after Fukushima.
1311pe_54 54 11/11/13 11:42 AM
The Westinghouse Advanced Logic System (ALS) platform
is the rst eld-programmable gate array-based safety
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Our ALS solution is a logic-based platform that doesnt use
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1311pe_55 55 11/11/13 11:42 AM
www.power-eng.com
56
ALS technology differs in that it doesnt
use software or a microprocessor. Instead,
it is a logic-based technology that helps to
maintain the integrity of the system.
Instead of having software driving
this, its a card that has a logic diagram
burned into the chip, Howell said.
Once it is burned in, it cant be altered
without taking it out and putting in a new
chip. From a safety perspective, it main-
tains the integrity of the program.
The NRC approval was just for the
backbone, Howell said.Adding it to other
safety applications would require addi-
tional approvals.
It is licensed for backup diesels and
any other safety-related activity, he said.
There are various applications in a safety
system.
Howell also said Westinghouse is
working to scale it up so it can be applied
to the overall safety system. The compa-
ny is also working to implement it in the
1,100 MW AP1000 nuclear reactor tech-
nology and has plans to install it in its
small modular reactors currently under
development.
The ALS system is also a good tool for
cybersecurity at nuclear power plants, but
it isnt the only product available to pro-
tect plant systems and networks. Several
U.S. nuclear power plants are using uni-
directional security gateways to protect
plant systems from cyber attacks, such as
Christian said China has ordered
33 CL86 Plus units for their CPR1000
plants, including ten units delivered
with six units already being installed.
The company is working to deliver the
product for use with AREVA Inc. in their
power plants in Europe. The instruments
use FCIs thermal dispersion technology.
Essentially, you have a heated RTD
and an unheated RTD contained in min-
eral insulated rods, and both are continu-
ous over the entire active length of the
CL86 Plus, Christian said. When the
water level rises, the temperature differ-
ential, or delta T, in-
crementally decreases
until it is smallest in
a fully submerge, or
wet, condition. The
differential is detected
as a variable resistance
between the heated
and unheated RTDs
and is electronically
converted into a linearized output signal
directly proportional to the medial level.
The mineral insulated cable are sup-
ported internally on a spine, which is
then centered with spacers in a stainless
steel stilling well assembly for protection,
Christian said. There are no moving parts
and nothing that can foul or clog. These
are robust, Class 1E instruments that
have been supplied to the commercial
nuclear industry continuously for over 35
years.
While the CL86 Plus and Westing-
houses SFPIS are just some of the many
products that help keep an eye on spent
fuel pool levels, other systems at a nucle-
ar power plant concentrate on making
sure the entire plant is operating safely
and as designed.
Nuclear power plants use both safety
and non-safety systems. The non-safety
systems cover normal plant operations
like the control system, pumps and mo-
tors. The safety system kicks in when the
regular system stops
working, such as the
backup diesel gen-
erators. Safety systems
also have much higher
requirements from the
NRC and the Insti-
tute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers
(IEEE).
Post-Fukushima requirements con-
tinue to drive a lot of utilities and com-
panies to look for ways to boost their
plants safety measures. The NRC recently
approved Westinghouses Advanced
Logic System (ALS) Platform, which is
the backbone of the safety system at a
nuclear power plant, said David Howell,
senior vice president of Automation and
Field Services with Westinghouse. The
Westinghouses ALS program
uses a card with the logic
diagram burned into it
instead of software. Courtesy:
Westinghouse
Their attention to
detail is stunning.
Theres no such
thing as being
perfectly safe.
- Andrew Ginter, Waterfall
Security Solutions
1311pe_56 56 11/11/13 11:42 AM
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For info. http://powereng.hotims.com RS#31
1311pe_57 57 11/11/13 11:42 AM
www.power-eng.com
58
For info. http://powereng.hotims.com RS#32
PROVIDING VALUABLE PARTNERSHIP AND
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sites glued shut their USB ports, Ginter
said. The problem is that Stuxnet also
blew through plant firewalls like they
werent there. To make glue in USB ports
effective, youd have to glue shut every
port on every computer in the compa-
ny, not just the
plant comput-
ers.
With a uni-
directional gate-
way protecting
your plant net-
works, though,
gluing shut the
USB ports on
the plant networks
alone becomes an effective tactic, Gint-
er said.
Marvin Fertel, president and CEO of
NEI, said that the nuclear industry is
keeping a constant eye on the issue.
The bad guys keep thinking of new
things they can do, and I think the good
guys are thinking about that, too, Fer-
tel said. Everybodys doing what they
need to.
Waterfall Securities Solutions offers a
unidirectional system that is currently
installed in U.S. nuclear power plants.
Canada uses two kinds of networks:
air-gapped, which does not have a con-
nection to an outside network, and ana-
log, so their systems cannot be hacked,
Ginter said.
The unidirectional systems are typi-
cally installed to protect the safety sys-
tems, or to protect plant networks from
corporate networks, Ginter said. Each
Waterfall Security transmitter or receiv-
er box uses 8 watts of power, so when
the system is added to a plant they have
to check the power load first.
When they look at deploying our
stuff, they have to make sure those ad-
ditional watts dont exceed power sup-
ply limits or air conditioning limits and
impair critical control systems, Ginter
said. Their attention to detail is stun-
ning. Theres no such thing as being per-
fectly safe.
viruses and malware.
Unidirectional gateways work like this:
A firewall is a box with software inside,
while a gateway is hardware, namely two
boxes the transmitter box and the re-
ceiver box with a short fiber optic laser
in between. You
can send from
the transmitter
to the receiver,
but there is no
hardware that
can send any sig-
nal back.
The NRC
5-71 standard
and the NEI 08-
09 guidelines both say that nuclear pow-
er plants can use firewalls or unidirec-
tional communications to protect their
critical networks, said Andrew Ginter,
Vice President of Industrial Security with
Waterfall Security Solutions. However,
if plant operators use firewalls, they have
to set up a lot of additional security mea-
sures around the firewalls.
Plants using unidirectional communi-
cations need far fewer additional security
measures because the hardware-enforced
unidirectional communications protect
plant networks so thoroughly.
Hackers continue to get smarter
and their tools get more powerful,
Ginter said.
For example,
advanced per-
sistent threats
have proven that
they can punch
through fire-
walls essentially
at will. It some-
times takes them
a little time to
figure it out, but
they do it.
Ginter uses
the example
of the Stuxnet
computer worm,
which was dis-
covered in 2010
and infected
uranium enrich-
ment plants in
Iran. The Stux-
net worm moved
between sites on
USB sticks, so
when word of the
worm got out, a
lot of industrial
This diagram shows how unidirectional gateway networks work to keep
networks safe from cyber attacks. Courtesy: Waterfall Security Solutions
1311pe_58 58 11/11/13 11:42 AM
Save the Date!
December 911, 2014
Orange County Convention Center // Orlando, Fl
www.renewableenergyworld-events.com
Owned &
Produced by
Presented by Supported by Media Sponsor
For info. http://powereng.hotims.com RS#33
1311pe_59 59 11/11/13 11:42 AM
www.power-gen.com | www.power-eng.com
Owned & Produced by Presented by Supported by
Co-located with
Nominated by their peers and selected via online voting by Power Engineering subscribers,
POWER-GEN International recognized the following power industry professionals at the 2013 event for their
signifcant impact or contribution to the advancement of the generation industry.
As part of POWER-GEN Internationals 25th anniversary celebration, these 25 individuals were
acknowledged for their accomplishments over the last 25 years that have helped to shape our industry.
POWER-GEN International Congratulates
the Industrys Top 25 Most Influential Power Professionals
Power Engineering and POWER-GEN International congratulate the following industry leaders:
Jack Welch, former CEO, GE
Bill Lee, former CEO, Duke Energy
Thomas Fanning, CEO, Southern Company
Michael Suess, CEO, Siemens Energy
Randy Zwirn, President and CEO, Siemens
David M. Ratcliffe, Chairman,
President and CEO, Southern Company Energy
David Crane, President and CEO, NRG Energy
Jim Adam, former Chairman and CEO, Black & Veatch
Jim Dehlsen, Founder/CEO, Clipper Wind Turbines
Tom Cameron, Senior Vice President, Engineering
and Project Management, Summit Energy
Ernie Moniz, Secretary, U.S. Department of Energy
John Brown, former CEO, BP
Herb Kohler, Owner/Founder, Kohler
Bob McFetridge, Westinghouse Electric Corp.
Larry Monroe, Senior Research Consultant,
Southern Company
Carl Bauer, former Director, U.S. Department of Energys
National Energy Technology Laboratory
Nancy Floyd, Founder and Managing Director, Nth Power
Kurt Yeager, former President and CEO, EPRI
Peter Cartwright, former CEO, Calpine
Richard Kelly, former CEO, Xcel Energy
Lewis Hay III, Executive Chairman, NextEra Energy Inc.
Michael G. Morris, former CEO, American Electric Power
John Rowe, former CEO, Exelon
Charlie Gay, President, Applied Solar
James A Rogers, former CEO and current Chairman of Duke Energy
Selected Most Infuential Person in Power Generation
For info. http://powereng.hotims.com RS#34
1311pe_60 60 11/11/13 11:42 AM
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rental
equipment
the steam & power special forces
1-800-990-0374
www.rentalboilers.com
Rental Boilers Deaerator Systems
Economizers Water Softener Systems
24-Hour Emergency Service
Tur bine Controls
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1311pe_65 65 11/11/13 11:43 AM
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Ph: (314) 781-6100 / Fax: (314) 781-9209
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1. Publication title: Power Engineering 2. Publication
number: 440-980. Filing date: October 1, 2013. 4. Issue
frequency: Monthly. 5. Number of issues published annu-
ally: 12. 6. Annual subscription price: $95.00. 7. Complete
mailing address of known office of publication: PennWell
Corporation 1421 So. Sheridan Road, Tulsa, OK 74112, Tulsa
County. 7a. Contact person: Traci Huntsman. 7b. Telephone:
918-831-9435. 8. Complete mailing address of headquar-
ters or general business office of publisher: PennWell
Corporation 1421 So. Sheridan Road, Tulsa, OK 74112, Tulsa
County. 9. Full names and complete mailing addresses of
Publisher, Editor and Managing Editor: Publisher: Richard
Baker, 1421 So. Sheridan Road, Tulsa, OK 74112, Tulsa
County. Editor: Russell Ray, 1421 So. Sheridan Road, Tulsa,
OK 74112, Tulsa County. Managing Editor: Russell Ray, 1421
So. Sheridan Road, Tulsa, OK 74112, Tulsa County. 10. Own-
er: Penn Well Corporation, 1421 So. Sheridan Rd, Tulsa, OK
74112; Successors to the Estate of Helen B. Lauinger, 1421
So. Sheridan Rd, Tulsa, OK 74112. 11. Known Bondholders,
Mortgages, and Other Security Holders Owning or Holding
1 Percent or More of Total Amount of Bonds, Mortgages, or
Other Securities: None. 12. N/A. 13. Publication Title: Power
Engineering. 14. Issue Date for Circulation Data Below:
September 2013.
15. Extent and Nature of Circulation:
Average # of No. copies of
copies each single issue
issue during published
preceding nearest to
12 months: filing date:
a. Total # of copies 46546 42006
b. Legitimate paid and/or requested distribution
1. Outside county paid/requested 41427 40248
mail subscriptions stated
on PS form 3541
2. In-county paid/requested mail 0 0
subscriptions stated on PS form 3541
3. Sales through dealers and 952 557
carriers, street vendors, counter
sales, and other paid or requested
distribution outside USPS

4. Requested copies distributed 0 0

by other mail classes
through the USPS
c. Total paid and/or 42379 40805
requested circulation
d. Nonrequested copies distribution
1. Outside county nonrequested 1548 388
copies stated on PS form 3541
2. In-county nonrequested copies 0 0
stated on PS form 3541
3. Nonrequested copies distributed 0 0
through the USPS by other
classes of mail
4. Nonrequested copies distributed 1934 320
outside the mail
e. Total nonrequested distribution 3482 708
f. Total Distribution 45861 41513
g. Copies not Distributed 685 493
h. Total 46546 42006
i. Percent Paid/Requested Circulation 92.41% 98.29%
16. Total circulation includes electronic copies - N/A
17. Publication of Statement of Ownership: Will be printed
in the November 2013 issue of this publication. 18. Sig-
nature and title of Editor, Publisher, Business Manager,
or Owner: Traci Huntsman, Manager Corporate Assets and
Postal Compliance. Date: 10-01-13.
I certify that all information furnished on this form is true
and complete. I understand that anyone who furnishes false
or misleading information on this form or who omits mate-
rial or information requested on the form may be subject
to criminal sanctions (including fines and imprisonment)
and/or civil sanctions (including civil penalties).
STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP, MANAGEMENT,
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www.power-eng.com
68
INDEX
RS# COMPANY PG# SALES OFFICE RS# COMPANY PG#
1421 S. Sheridan Rd., Tulsa, OK 74112
Phone: 918-835-3161, Fax: 918-831-9834
e-mail: pe@pennwell.com
Sr. Vice President North
American Power Group

Richard Baker
Reprints

Foster Printing Servive
4295 Ohio Street
Michigan City, IN 46360
Phone: 866-879-9144
e-mail: pennwellreprint@fosterprinting.com
National Brand Manager

Rick Huntzicker
Palladian Professional Park
3225 Shallowford Rd., Suite 800
Marietta, GA 30062
Phone: 770-578-2688, Fax: 770-578-2690
e-mail: rickh@pennwell.com
AL, AR, DC, FL, GA, KS, KY, LA, MD, MO,
MS, NC, SC, TN, TX, VA, WV
Brand Sales Manager

Dan Idoine
806 Park Village Drive
Louisville, OH 44641
Phone: 330-875-6581, Fax: 330-875-4462
e-mail: dani@pennwell.com
CT, DE, IL, IN, MA, ME, MI, NH, NJ, NY,
OH, PA, RI, VT, Quebec, New Brunswick,
Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, Ontario
Brand Sales Manager

Tina Shibley
1421 S. Sheridan Road
Tulsa, OK 74112
Phone: 918-831-9552; Fax: 918-831-9834
e-mail: tinas@pennwell.com
AK, AZ, CA, CO, HI, IA, ID, MN, MT, ND,
NE, NM, NV, OK, OR, SD UT, WA, WI, WY,
Alberta, British Columbia, Saskatchewan,
Northwest Territory, Yukon Territory,
Manitoba
International Sales Mgr

Anthony Orfeo
The Water Tower
Gunpowder Mills
Powdermill Lane
Waltham Abbey, Essex EN9 1BN
United Kingdom
Phone: +44 1992 656 609, Fax: +44 1992 656 700
e-mail: anthonyo@pennwell.com
Africa, Asia, Central America, Europe,
Middle East, South America
European Sales

Asif Yusuf
The Water Tower
Gunpowder Mills
Powdermill Lane
Waltham Abbey, Essex EN9 1BN
United Kingdom
Phone: +44 1992 656 631, Fax: +44 1992 656 700
e-mail: asify@pennwell.com
Europe and Middle East
Classifieds/Literature Showcase


Account Executive

Jenna Hall
1421 S. Sheridan Rd.
Tulsa, OK 74112
Phone: 918-832-9249, Fax: 918-831-9834
email: jennah@pennwell.com
16 Orion Instruments 33
www.orioninstruments.com
34 PGI 2013 TOP 25 60
www.power-gen.com
31 PGI FINANCIAL FORUM 57
www.powergenfinancialforum.com
17 Philadelphia 35
Gear Corporation
29 POWER-GEN 53
International 2014
www.power-gen.com
36 ProEnergy Services LLC C4
www.proenergyservices.com
13 Railserve, Inc. 27
www.railserveleaf.biz
33 REWNA 2014 59
www.renewableenergyworld-events.com
11 SANTEE COOPER 25
www.santeecooper.com/wpsale
7 Siemens Ag 15
www.siemens.com/energy
2 Siemens Industry 5
usa.siemens.com/ruggedcom
32 SOUTHWIRE COMPANY 58
www.southwire.com
15 The New York 31
Blower Company
www.nyb.com
28 VOLVO PENTA 52
OF THE AMERICAS
www.volvopenta.com/industrial
9 WEG ELECTRIC MOTORS 19
www.weg.net/us
30 Westinghouse Electric Co 55
www.westinghousenuclear.com
Advertisers and advertising agencies
assume liability for all contents (includ-
ing text representation and illustrations)
of advertisements printed, and also as-
sume responsibility for any claims arising
therefrom made against the publisher. It
is the advertisers or agencys responsi-
bility to obtain appropriate releases on
any items or individuals pictured in the
advertisement.
10 Allen-Sherman-Hoff 21
www.a-s-h.com
8 Areva 17
www.us.areva.com
12 Babcock Power Inc. 26
www.babcockpower.com
20 Belt Tech Industrial 40
www.belttech1.com
35 Bete Fog Nozzle Inc C3
www.bete.com
Brandenburg Industrial C2
Service Company
www.brandenburg.com
18 Cleaver Brooks 37
Inc/Nebraska Boiler
www.cleaverbrooks.com
19 COALGEN 2014 39
www.coal-gen.com
26 Cormetech Inc 49
www.cormetech.com
21 Fibrwrap 41
www.fibrwrap.com
4 Fluke Corporation 9
www.fluke.com/lasersharp
1 Fluke Corporation 3
www.fluke.com/energysavings
14 GE 29
www.ge-mcs.com
5 GE 11
www.ge-flexibility.com
23 GE 43
www.ClearCurrentPRO.com
6 INTEGRATED 13
POWER SERVICES
www.ips.us/rewind-technologies
24 Kiewit Power Inc 45
www.kiewit.com/power
3 Larsen& Toubro Limited 7
www.lntvalves.com
25 Martin Engineering 47
www.martin-eng.com
22 Nexus Engineering 42
www.nexus-tech.com
27 Nord-Lock\Superbolt 51
www.nord-lock.com
1311pe_68 68 11/11/13 11:43 AM
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1311pe_C3 3 11/11/13 11:43 AM
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1311pe_C4 4 11/11/13 11:43 AM
For t he i ndus t r y s c ar eer - mi nded pr of e s s i onal s WINTER 2013
A suppl ement t o PennWel l publ i c at i ons | www. PennEner g yJ OBS. c om
Key Considerations for
U.S. Energy Policy
Reexamining U.S. Energy Policy
Through Alternative Fuels
TRAINING INSIGHTS
Millennials Take On
Our Increasingly
Complex World
REGIONAL INSIGHTS
Electricity Diversity
Takes Shape in
the Middle East
New Policies
Develop Asia-Pacifc
Energy Future
1311PEJEW_C1 1 11/6/13 1:08 PM
1311PEJEW_C2 2 11/6/13 1:08 PM
2 EDITORS LETTER
The Policy Issue
Dorothy Davis Ballard, PennWell
3 Key Considerations for U.S. Energy Policy
Charles Dewhurst, BDO USA, LLP
5 Reexamining Outdated U.S. Energy
Policy Through Alternative Fuels
Robert Johnsen, Primus Green Energy
7 TRAINING INSIGHTS
Millennials Take On Our Increasingly Complex World
Dr. Scott M. Shemwell, Knowledge Ops
10 ORGANIZATIONAL INSIGHTS
Integrated Management Systems meet
policy and regulation demands
Brad Kamp, Interliance Consulting, Inc.
12 REGIONAL INSIGHTS
MIDDLE EAST
Electricity Diversity Takes Shape in the Middle East
PennEnergy.com
15 ASIAPACIFIC
New Policies Develop Asia-Pacifc Energy Future
PennEnergy.com
w w w . P e n n E n e r g y J O B S . c o m
WINTER 2013
A PENNWELL PUBLI CATI ON
Stacey Schmidt, Publisher
staceys@pennwell.com
Dorothy Davis Ballard, Content Director
dorothyd@pennwell.com
Hilton Price, Editor
hiltonp@pennwell.com
Cindy Chamberlin, Art Director
cindyc@pennwell.com
Daniel Greene, Production Manager
danielg@Pennwell.com
Tommie Grigg,
Audience Development Manager
tommieg@pennwell.com

PennWell Corporation
1421 South Sheridan Road
Tulsa, Oklahoma 74112
918 835 3161
PennWell.com
Recruitment Advertising Sales:
Courtney Noonkester
Sales Manager
918 831 9558
courtneyn@pennwell.com
Adv er t i s er s
I ndex Chevron .............................................................................................................. C2
PennEnergy Recruting Now .................................................................................. 4
PennEnergy .......................................................................................................... 6
PennEnergy Jobs .................................................................................................. 8
MAPSearch......................................................................................................... 14
PennEnergy Research Services .......................................................................... C3
Aramco Services Co. .......................................................................................... C4
1311PEJEW_1 1 11/6/13 1:10 PM
2 Winter 2013
|
FOR JOB OPPORTUNITIES, VISIT www.PennEnergyJOBS.com
|
EnergyWorkforce
Edi t or s
Let t er
I
N researching and gathering together resources for the last issue of 2013, there
emerged a theme we had not originally considered policy. While examining
industry milestones and their infuence on the energy workforce, what continued to
stand out are the existing and evolving policies behind these developments.
We open the fnal issue of 2013 with two timely examinations of U.S. energy policy
from industry leaders at BDO and Primus Green Energy. Our frst editorial feature
presents key considerations for the U.S. on page 3, highlighting the need for a cohesive
national energy policy in ensuring continued progress.
Explored next are the outdated U.S. energy policies as they apply to alternative fuel
resources on page 5. At the center of this editorial is an examination of the current
Renewable Fuel Standard and the limitations it imposes on the energy industry through
its outmoded structure.
PennEnergy then offers
international insights on the
infuence of policy in an
examination of emerging
energy diversity in the
Middle East on page 12 and
developments in the Asia-
Pacifc region on page 15.
Our winter edition is
rounded out by a look at the
policies that shape the business of energy through its workforce. Learn the challenges
and advantages for emerging Millennials in the industry on page 7 as they navigate a
corporate culture still working to catch up with more stringent modern policies.
Finally, we are offered a look at how integrated management systems can help meet
the demands of policy and regulation on page 10. Find out how companies are using
IMS to stay compliant and save money.
What we have put together for this issue offers a lot of insight, but in truth, just
brushes the surface. Our goal is to encourage new dialogue on the impact of policy on
the energy industry. We want to hear more from you. Who else could paint the most
honest picture of what the evolving shifts in global policy have meant and may mean
for us going forward?
So be certain to join the conversation at PennEnergy.com and connect with us on
Google +, LinkedIn, Facebook, and Twitter. You will also fnd us at POWER-GEN
International November 12-14 at the Orange County Convention Center in Orlando, FL.
Carpe diem!
Dorothy Davis Ballard
The Policy Issue
Our goal is to encourage new
dialogue on the impact of policy
for the energy industr y.
1311PEJEW_2 2 11/6/13 1:10 PM
Cover STORY
EnergyWorkforce
|
FOR JOB OPPORTUNITIES, VISIT www.PennEnergyJOBS.com
|
Winter 2013 3
Key Considerations for
U.S. Energy Policy
By Charles Dewhurst, leader of the Natural
Resources practice at BDO USA, LLP
I
N March 2012, when President
Obama addressed Prince Georges
Community College in Maryland, he
stated that the United States need[s] an
energy strategy for the future an all-
of-the-above strategy for the 21
st
century
that develops every source of Ameri-
can-made energy. Later, in June 2013,
Obama delivered a speech on climate
change at Georgetown University, ap-
plauding the United States progress in
the clean energy sector and its strides to-
ward energy independence. Since 2012,
the U.S. energy industry has certainly
made much progress toward boosting
its production and exportation of energy
resources, but regulatory and political
uncertainties persist and could threaten
future growth. Developing a compre-
hensive and cohesive national energy
policy now will help us capitalize on
the momentum of the U.S. energy sec-
tor and ensure its future growth. This
policy should be forward-looking, aim-
ing to secure U.S. energy resources and
capabilities for years to come.
While renewable energy often seems
to be at odds with more traditional sources
like oil and gas, this dynamic is counter-
productive. The United States requires
regulations and policies that allow these
energy sources to complement, rather
than contradict, each other. There are
benefts and drawbacks to every form of
energy, yet each has an important role to
play in the United States energy industry
and economy overall. Between now and
2040, the Energy Information Adminis-
tration (EIA) predicts that 31 percent of
new U.S. electricity-generating capac-
ity will come from renewables, while
natural gas will account for 63 percent.
While renewable energy may be more
environmentally friendly, its infrastruc-
ture can be relatively costly to build and
operate, and is usually located in geo-
graphically remote areas that cannot ser-
vice large, urban areas easily. Moreover,
many forms of alternative energy are, by
their very nature, intermittent and sub-
ject to occasional interruptions. At the
same time, traditional sources like oil
and gas are much less expensive to pro-
duce and excellent at providing a con-
sistent supply of energy, but also have
a greater environmental impact. U.S.
energy policy should refect the need for
a variety of energy sources to operate and
fourish concurrently in order to support
the countrys overall needs.
Coal also has a role to play in bolster-
ing the United States energy economy.
While the coal industry has been criti-
cized for its greenhouse gas emissions, it
is still a dominant player in the energy
sector. According to the EIA, U.S. esti-
mated recoverable coal reserves are the
largest in the world, and our exports are
rising as other countries, such as China,
struggle to meet their growing energy
needs. The EIA reports that from 2000-
2010, an average of fve percent of U.S.-
produced coal was exported each year. In
2011, that number doubled to 10 percent,
and it has been growing since. The EIA
notes that, despite coal serving as the
largest source of power generation for the
United States for more than six decades,
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its annual share of total net generation for
the country was only 37 percent last year,
down 26 percent since 2007. This decline
is partially due to some power producers
now favoring less expensive, more envi-
ronmentally friendly natural gas. Yet as
long as coal remains plentiful, exportable
and relatively inexpensive to produce, its
future should be considered in any com-
prehensive energy policy.
Our energy policy must also grap-
ple with ensuring that the United States
has the right infrastructure to deliver its
energy products to market. The approval
of the Keystone XL pipeline would be
a step toward alleviating a shortage in
infrastructure capacity that limits the
industrys ability to take full advantage of
the U.S. oil and natural gas renaissance.
While the United States and Canada
wait for Obama to sign off on the cross-
border segment of the massive project,
both have begun tentatively outlining
and planning the logistics for the domes-
tic portions of the pipeline. The energy
industry continues to move projects for-
ward, but uncertainty remains around
whether policy decisions will ultimately
permit these projects to come online.
As the industry waits for further clarity
on energy policy at the national level, it
continues to keep an eye on state-level reg-
ulatory changes. These do not supplant the
need for a national policy regime; however,
this decentralized regulation allows states
to individually determine how to most
effectively and effciently exploit their own
resources. Each state faces unique oppor-
tunities, as well as unique policy pressures
from its residents, suggesting that in some
cases, policy is best determined on a local,
specifc basis.
Overall, a comprehensive national
energy policy is essential to positioning
the United States as a leader in the global
energy market. As the international energy
landscape continues to evolve, the United
States is poised to become a net energy
exporter and to fulfll burgeoning global
demand. However, in order to take advan-
tage of this opportunity, the United States
requires a policy with a clear-eyed vision of
what the energy industry needs now, and
what it will need in the future.
1311PEJEW_4 4 11/6/13 1:10 PM
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Winter 2013 5
Reexamining Outdated U.S. Energy
Policy Through Alternative Fuels
By Robert Johnsen, CEO, Primus Green Energy
T
HE abundance of natural gas
brought about by new drilling
techniques has led to a profound
shift in the North American energy mix,
enabling a new era of energy indepen-
dence by reducing reliance on petro-
leum and coal.
The natural gas boom has been em-
braced by the governments of both the
United States and Canada, with the
United States in particular positioning
natural gas as the centerpiece of an all
of the above energy strategy that pro-
motes a balanced mix of energy sources.
While this strategy has been welcomed
by the oil and gas industry, it has led to
some unease in the renewable energy
sector, which fears that support for nat-
ural gas could stunt the administrations
focus on the adoption of clean energy
technologies.
In reality, however, the administration
has continued to support both tradition-
al and renewable energies, believing that
natural gas can serve as a bridge to
renewable energy that enables a reduc-
tion in carbon emissions while buying
time for the renewable energy sector
to improve economics and effciencies.
This all-of-the-above strategy is personi-
fed by Energy Secretary Ernest Moniz,
a staunch believer in renewable energy
who has also promoted the use of natu-
ral gas to curb carbon emissions.
Unfortunately, however, some ar-
eas of U.S. energy policy are lagging
behind this all-of-the-above strategy.
One sector in which this phenomenon
is very apparent is alternative fuels.
Alternative fuel technologies pro-
duce fuels from any non-petroleum
source, such as biomass, natural gas,
municipal solid waste, coal or other
carbon-based feedstocks. The main
policy related to alternative fuels is the
Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS), a pol-
icy dating back to 2005 that mandates
minimum requirements for how much
alternative fuel must be blended into
commercial transportation fuels. The
amount of alternative fuel to be blended
increases each year, with an end goal of
36 billion gallons by 2022.
In its frst few years, the RFS success-
fully encouraged the development of al-
ternative fuel technologies, leading to a
cleaner transportation fuel mix. For ex-
ample, ethanol comprises 10 percent
of most fuels sold in gas stations today.
But, the RFS was created in the context
of the alternative fuel technologies that
were available in the mid- to late-2000s,
which were primarily frst-generation bio-
fuels that used corn as the feedstock and
produced ethanol as the end product.
In recent years, advanced alternative
fuel technologies have been introduced
that open up new feedstock and end prod-
uct opportunities, but the RFS has not
been modifed since 2007 to accommo-
date them. An example is Primus Green
Energys STG+ technology, which can
convert a variety of feedstocks, includ-
ing biomass and natural gas, into drop-
in transportation fuels that can be used
directly in vehicle engines without the
blend wall that is required for the use of
frst-generation biofuels such as ethanol.
The limitations of the current RFS
are apparent in the biofuel industrys fail-
ure to meet minimum mandates. The in-
dustrys continued inability to produce
1311PEJEW_5 5 11/6/13 1:10 PM
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enough biofuel to meet federal mandates
has prompted the American Petroleum
Institute (API) to fle a lawsuit against the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
arguing that the RFS is an unrealistic
mandate that unfairly penalizes oil and
gas companies for failing to incorporate
the mandated amount of biofuels into
their transportation fuels.
There is a way, however, to bring RFS
policy into line with the governments all-
of-the-above stance on the energy mix
and that is to include fuels produced from
natural gas in the RFS standard.
One of the most recent developments
in advanced alternative fuel technology is
the ability to use natural gas as a feedstock
to produce transportation fuels. There are
several companies, including Primus, Cel-
anese and Coskata, who originally set out
to commercialize biomass-based alterna-
tive fuel technologies, but who recognized
that using natural gas as a feedstock repre-
sented a rare opportunity to bring these
advanced technologies to market more
quickly while simultaneously moving clos-
er toward energy independence.
Despite the fact that natural gas is
cleaner burning than petroleum, the
RFS does not currently include fuels
derived from natural gas, meaning that
the cleaner-burning fuels being produced
by Primus and other companies cannot
be used to fulfll the optimistic alterna-
tive fuel mandates that are not current-
ly being met. Although there have been
attempts in Congress to expand the RFS
to include natural gas-derived fuels
most recently by U.S. Rep. Pete Olsen
(R-Texas) so far, this legislation has
come to naught.
If the administration is truly commit-
ted to an all-of-the-above energy policy,
and if it truly does see natural gas as a
bridge, it should revise its fagship ener-
gy policies to refect the latest develop-
ments in the alternative energy sector.
The goal of such policies should be to
support technologies that hold the great-
est potential to make the administrations
energy strategy a reality, rather than those
whose limitations have been highlighted
by their failure to produce enough fuel to
satisfy federal mandates.
1311PEJEW_6 6 11/6/13 1:10 PM
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Winter 2013 7
Millennials Take On Our
Increasingly Complex World
By Dr. Scott M. Shemwell, CEO of Knowledge Ops
O
N January 1
st
at 0348 hours a
young engineer employed by
a service company is trying
to address a problem she has encoun-
tered with a compressor on a drilling
rig in the deepwater Gulf of Mexico.
She graduated from college three years
ago and went to work for a large energy
services company. However, several
months ago she changed jobs and is
now on her frst offshore hitch as team
leader with her new company, a similar
size global energy services company.
She is a competent engineer but is
uncertain what the company policy
is regarding a piece of rotating equip-
ment that while seemingly malfunction-
ing does not appear to jeopardize safe-
ty, the environment or production at the
present time. But she worries that the sit-
uation could get worse.
A quick call to the graveyard shift
at the company onshore Operations
Center is not reassuring. Staffed by
those who are too junior to be on vaca-
tion during the holiday season, the en-
gineer she talked with had only been
with company three years and actually
had less feld experience than she did.
His supervisor was not encouraging ei-
ther. Should he call and wake experts
at this early hour?
Adding to the problem, the com-
pressors data plate was mostly unread-
able. And of course, a famous Texas blue
northern was blowing through. High
winds, rain and cold temperatures fur-
ther impaired proper equipment identi-
fcation, much less working conditions.
Both the feld engineer and the oper-
ations engineer are aware that their com-
pany signed a Bridging Document with
their customer as part of the new Safety
and Environmental Management Sys-
tem (SEMS) regulatory requirements
and both had attended the appropriate
training for this project. Both are knowl-
edgeable that the Stop Work Authority
(SWA) gives them the right and even
the obligation to dramatically intervene
with operations if they feel it necessary.
As a new mom, the feld engineer
is concerned that she might develop a
reputation in the company as fakey
if her next decision turned out to be
a mistake. The engineer at the opera-
tions center was receiving real time data
feeds from the rotating equipment but
he could not feel the vibrations as the
on-site individual could and the equip-
ment was still within tolerances.
Horns of a Dilemma
The engineers in our story are compe-
tent, qualifed individuals doing a great
job. Early in their careers, they are the
vanguard of feld operations. Millennials
by label, they are technologically savvy
and among the best and the brightest
in their felds.
Things never go bump in the night
TRAINING Insights
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Winter 2013 9
during daylight hours in perfect weath-
er, hence the colloquial term. Moreover,
the personal stress of a new mother con-
cerned about her reputation and oppor-
tunities for promotion resulting from just
another day at the offce should not be
underestimated by those desk bound or
later and more secure in their careers.
The real world of feld operations can
be very unforgiving even when the results
turn out OK. All of the individuals in our
story have signifcant skin in this game.
It is fne to empower people in the
team building sessions. It is an entirely dif-
ferent story in the middle of the preverbal
stormy night when ones career and reputa-
tion are on the line. Field personnel must
believe they company will stand behind
their decisions, right or maybe less so.
Enablement
These best and brightest can only be as
good as their supporting infrastructure.
These individuals not only face engineer-
ing issues, any actions they take must be
in accordance with company policy, the
Bridging Document and various regu-
latory compliance requirements as well.
This is a lot to put on the plate of an en-
gineering team.
However, since their childhood these
individuals have been online. Our feld
engineer mother looks in on her infant
son at day care from her smart phone from
a hundred miles offshore. The operations
center engineer routinely Skypes with his
girlfriend, a physician, who is in east Afri-
ca serving with Doctors Without Borders.
These individuals are at the top of
their technological game. However, they
lack the feld engineering experience of
their more seasoned colleagues. This rep-
resents a demographic challenge for orga-
nizations in the middle of the Big Crew
Change. How do these young people
come up to speedquickly?
Organizations not only depend on the
individuals depicted in our story for their
bottom line, shareholder value is at risk if
they cannot prevent the next major me-
ga-disaster. And what if they can prevent
a minor incident?
Loss time, loss production, loss any-
thing has economic consequences. Most
organizations run on margins that are
thinner than they would like. Oil com-
panies are included in this group. More
importantly, energy service provider
margins can be even lower. This busi-
ness model pushes our engineers to low-
er costs, reduce downtime and in some
cases push the envelope.
Millennial Transformation
Out engineers appear to have the deck
stacked against them. Normal Accident
Theory (NAT) with its roots in the Three
Mile Island nuclear power plant incident
suggests that tightly coupled technologies
with invariant sequences and limited slack
such as deepwater drilling operations will
have accidents in the normal course of
events. In other words there is a certain
inevitability of a major incident on their
watch. Maybe not during this rotation but
a certain possibility during their careers.
However, these Millennials have a safe-
ty arsenal their parents did nota new
business model that capitalizes on their
technology prowess. The emerging feld
of High Reliability Theory (HRT) empha-
sizes are a strategic prioritization of safety,
careful attention to design and procedures,
a limited degree of trial-and-error learning,
redundancy, decentralized decision-mak-
ing, continuous training often through
simulation, and strong cultures that cre-
ate a broad vigilance for and responsiveness
to potential accidents.
Arm feld engineers and graveyard op-
erations watch colleagues with HRT driv-
en policy and associated tools and then
get out of their way. A strategic or system-
ic safety model with a holistic perspective
of the life cycle the process coupled with
truly empowered key personnel trained
with the latest learning tools in a strong
Culture of Safety offer a new perspective
for a new workforce.
Aircraft pilots routinely retain and up-
grade their skills in sophisticated fight
simulators. What If scenarios, where-
by the team can learn by trial and error
environment where the worst result is a
computer animated do-over. Other in-
dustry sectors train using this well docu-
mented successful approach.
In a true Culture of Safety a mom
would not worry about her job or career
if she erred on the side of safe operations.
She would not be labeled nor would her
co-worker in the Operations Center hesi-
tate to wake up the experts New Years Eve.
Finally, if the maintenance history
and all updated equipment manuals were
available on a Smart Tablet with training
videos and animation support, trepida-
tion by those new to the company/pro-
cess would lessen. Organizational poli-
cy, its Operations Management System
and bridging documentation built into
the workfow will enable better decision
making in the High Reliability Organi-
zation of the near future.
A decade ago the digital oilfeld was
labeled the Digital Oilfeld of the Future.
Integrated Operations is a common mod-
el today.
The Millennials World- of-t he-
Future will mirror the concepts of an
HRO. Will she be working for you or
your competitor?
1311PEJEW_9 9 11/6/13 1:10 PM
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Integrated Management Systems
meet policy and regulation demands
By Brad Kamph, President, Interliance Consulting, Inc.
E
CONOMICS, technology, and gov-
ernment policy are transforming
the energy feld and challenging
the business-as-usual approach to com-
pany governance. The rise of cant
fail functionssafety, environmental
management, regulatory compliance,
system integrity, and othersare now
forcing pipeline, gas, and power utility
companies to consistently deliver high-
level performance in all aspects of their
operations.
The stakes are high, and the um-
piresenergy regulators, legislators,
watchdog groups, and the general pub-
licare watching. The umpires are
looking for guidelines that show a com-
pany runs its everyday operations with
the best interests of employees, the pub-
lic and the environment in mind.
Its a must-win match.
How are companies playing to win?
Companies can efficiently comply
with policies and regulations through
implementing an integrated manage-
ment system (IMS)a method for as-
suring that everyone works together in
the most effective manner possible. An
IMS is accomplished by re-engineering
business functions and processes so ev-
ery employeefrom CEO to feld tech-
nicianunderstands and executes the
company plan.
The bottom line: Companies using
an IMS can more easily adhere to regu-
lations, perform well in audits and save
money by implementing operational
effciencies.
A beginning with the end in mind
Implementing an IMS begins with the
evaluation of a single area or an entire
company. Either way, the frst assess-
ment is of the current management sys-
tems effectiveness.
Starting at the highest level of the
company, a well-designed management
system incorporates the priorities and
objectives of the organization into ev-
eryday activities in a manner that is log-
ical, measurable, and self-reinforcing.
Authority is aligned with responsibility,
so each employee knows what to do and
has the tools to do it. Targets are estab-
lished that are tied to measurable out-
comes. An objective process is put in
place to determine progress and identi-
fy gaps. There is also a built-in mecha-
nism to correct problems and improve
performance over time.
Interliance client Wild Well Control,
the worlds No. 1 oil and gas well emer-
gency response company, implement-
ed a safety management system that
lowered its underwriting costs and re-
duced its equipment and personnel loss-
es to zero. Casey Davis, Wild Well Con-
trols vice president of Health, Safety and
Environment, says, Its very unusual to
have a safety management system that
is compliant to multiple regulatory re-
gimes and is also an effective manage-
ment tool. Thats how thorough our
management system is. We save over $2
million per year in underwriting costs
and operating expenses.
A results-oriented management system
Along with energy-sector companies,
Interliance has also helped utility com-
panies to create an IMS. One in particu-
lar also included implementing custom-
ized training and knowledge transfer.
With 17,000 employees, First-
Energy is one of the nations largest
ORGANIZATIONAL Insights
1311PEJEW_10 10 11/6/13 1:10 PM
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Winter 2013 11
investor-owned electric systems, serving
six million people with 23,000 megawatts
of capacity and managing distribution
lines spanning 194,000 miles.
When FirstEnergy realized that 90
percent of its senior workforce was going
to retire within fve to seven yearsand
that it took that long to train new employ-
ees, they faced the potentially devastating
results of a retirement exodus of this size.
Brian Wilkins, a long-time staff member
at First Energy, was tasked with capturing
workforce knowledge and transferring it
to new employees. He turned to Interli-
ance for help.
First, he developed, with several
professors at local universities, a fully-
accredited, two-year college program to
train future employees in critical skill
sets. Then, FirstEnergy worked with In-
terliance to reduce on-the-job training
from a two- to three-year process down
to just 18 months.
Other aspects of the management sys-
tem included compliance and internal
and external audits, which were required
every six months. Another element was
linking on-the-job-training to perfor-
mance reviews and pay. The compli-
ance of the people executing the on-the-
job-training and management system was
tied to their performance review, which
was tied to their pay.
The management system helped save
the company about $5 million annually,
says Wilkins.
Improvements that pay for themselves
To put it simply, when it comes to com-
pany management, everything is con-
nected. For example, problem solving
can involve multiple departments across
a company and have a high potential for
conficting interests. How do you man-
age this process, effectively handle tough
decisions and mitigate business risk? By
creating a system that defnes a compa-
nys core functions and processes, shows
how they overlap and interact with each
other, integrates all inputs, and is easily
used throughout the entire organization.
Companies using integrated manage-
ment systems experience fewer failures,
respond more effectively to challeng-
es, and deliver consistently better safety
and compliance performance over time.
These systems become a great solution to
regulatory worries, reduce operating risk
and improve profts, creating the perfect
outcome: better safety and compliance
improvements that pay for themselves.
1311PEJEW_11 11 11/6/13 1:10 PM
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EnergyWorkforce
Electricity Diversity Takes
Shape in the Middle East
By PennEnergy.com
I
N the last year, a number of coun-
tries in the Middle East have revised
their energy policies to diversify
their electricity generation and increase
the use of cleaner, renewable power.
Though the Middle East is home to
some of the largest oil and natural gas
producers on the planet, countries
within the region are investing more
money in solar, geothermal and other
renewable sourcesand encouraging en-
ergy effcient projects.
Saudi Arabia aims to expand
renewable energy market
In July, Saudi Arabia invested $109 bil-
lion in renewable energy development.
The investment will help the country
reach its goal of generating a third of its
energy from solar, wind and other re-
newable sources of power, Arab News
reported earlier this year.
Also in July, the King Abdullah City
for Atomic and Renewable Energy (KA-
CARE) released details of its new Na-
tional Energy Plan, which details just
how much renewable energy it aims to
generate. According to the plan, Sau-
di Arabia will add 41 gigawatts of solar
power, 1 GW of geothermal and 9 GW
of wind power. The country also plans
to add 18 GW of nuclear power and 3
GW of waste-to -energy, according to the
Arab News.
In December 2012, Saudi Arabia
announced its first large-scale solar
project would be complete by the end
of the year. The installation produces
100 megawatts at full capacity - enough
to power 20,000 homes. The project will
also help Saudi Arabia meet its goal of
having renewable energy account for 7
percent of its total power supply by 2020.
We truly believe solar will be a ma-
jor contributor to meeting our own re-
quirements, said Sultan Ahmed Al-Ja-
ber, the UAEsspecial envoyfor Energy
and Climate Change, the Saudi Gazette
reported. We are not like many oth-
er countries today that have a desper-
ate need for complementary sources of
power. We are looking at it from a stra-
tegic point of view ... we want to become
a technology player, rather than an en-
ergy player.
UAE energy diversifcation
The United Arab Emirates has also
made major investments in energy gen-
eration in the past year. In July, Ministry
of Energy Suhail Al Mazrouie said the
country would invest $25 billion over
the next fve years to explore new natu-
ral gas felds and increase its gas output,
the Arabian Gazette reported.
Months later, in October, UAE gov-
ernment officials made another an-
nouncement regarding energy policy.
UAEs Undersecretary of Energy Dr.
Matar Al Niyadi said the country would
be diversifying its energy mix, with new
energy policy focusing on diversifca-
tion, conservation and effciency as
well as securing an energy supply and
managing talent in the industry, the
Khaleej Times reported.
Diversifying our energy mix is the
frst pillar of our energy policy, Al Niya-
di said. To meet immediate demands,
we are using more natural gas to gener-
ate electricity, because of its clean and
effcient burning properties.
The country was the frst in the Mid-
dle East to establish renewable energy
targets, Al Niyadi said. In March, the
country approved the largest concen-
trated solar power plant in the world,
the Shams 1 project. This, along with
other projects, will help UAE reach its
goal of generating 2.5 gigawatts of new
renewable energy capacity by 2030, the
Khaleej Times reported.
Niyada also spoke of other UAE proj-
ects in the pipeline that will help the
country meet its energy diversifcation
policy, including energy effciency and
conservation efforts.
In the UAE, we have the regions
frst mandatory green building codes,
REGIONAL Insights
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Winter 2013 13
leading to cuts in energy and
water consumption by more
than 33 percent in new build-
ings, Niyada said in October.
Kuwait sets renewable
energy goals
Earlier this year, Kuwait revised
its renewable energy policy, in-
creasing the amount of energy
it hopes to generate from solar
and other alternative sources.
The country previously aimed
to generate 10 percent of its en-
ergy from renewable sources by
2020. In May of this year, the country
pushed that target up, saying it now will
aim to generate 15 percent of its energy
from renewable sources by 2030.
Kuwait, which has one of the highest
energy consumption rates per capita in
the world, hopes to decrease its depen-
dence on oil for power, Gulf Business re-
ported. In four years, the country believes
it can cut oil consumptionsignifcantly
in just four years, using just 20 percent of
its oil production capacity.
Kuwait already has a major renewable
energy project in the works - a 280 mega-
watt solar thermal power plant in Kuwait.
The plant, located in Al-Abdaliya, will be
Kuwaits frst solar facility. It is also the
frst project in which a private company
has been involved with a government en-
ergy development strategy, Clean Tech-
nica reported.
MoU established between
Cyprus, Greece and Israel
In early September, the three nations
signed a memorandum of understand-
ing which covers cooperation between
the countries regarding energy and water
resources, New Europe reported.
The MoU is a framework through
which it will determine the number of
activities that the countries have agreed
to jointly pursue such as [energy securi-
ty and supply], environmental issues and
a number of other issues which are com-
mon for the three, said Cypriot Energy
Minister George Lakkotrypis.
Lakkotrypis expressed interest in Cy-
prus, Greece and Israel being connect-
ed through an underwater electric cable,
linking electric grids and making it pos-
sible to supply other nations with power,
New Europe reported.
Greek Energy Minister Yannis Mani-
atis also said the MoU and future ener-
gy projects developed through the agree-
ment will help stabilize energy supplies
in the three countries and beyond.
[T]he electric conduit can easily be-
come a cable which will supply and ex-
port electricity to the European energy
market, and provide us with energy se-
curity, said Israels Energy Minister Sil-
van Shalom.
The MoU also states that the three na-
tions will jointly work to protect the nat-
ural gas felds in the Mediterranean Sea.
Pakistans move to renewable,
geothermal energy
Pakistan, like other countries in the
Middle East, has made commitments to
transition to using more renewable en-
ergy. Chairman of theEnergy Founda-
tion Pakistan Javed Ahmad announced
in late September it would aim to gen-
erate thousands of megawatts of elec-
tricity from geothermal energy projects
and other renewable sources, Pakistan
Today reported.Ahmad said renewable
energy was sustainable, could be gen-
erated at low costs and would reduce
the countrys dependence on import-
ed fuel.
Pakistan imports about one-third of its
energy requirements, costing the coun-
try $15 billion during the fscal year end-
ing June 2013, The Diplomat reported. In
2012, oil and gas accounted for 65 per-
cent of Pakistans energy mix. Energy
demand in the country is only expected
to increase, growing to around 40,000
MW by 2020. Yet, the government aims
to meet its energy shortfalls by increas-
ing its investments in renewable energy
projects.
Ahmad said he would work to attract
investment in 10,000 MW of geothermal
power projects and start producing elec-
tricity at lower prices within just three
years, the source said.
Existing geothermal power plants in
Pakistan have proven successful,Ahmad
said, according to the Associated Press of
Pakistan. The move to more clean, re-
newable sources would also reduce the
countrys air pollution created from its
coal-fred power plants, he added. Ex-
panding geothermal and renewable ener-
gy in the country would also trigger eco-
nomic growth,Ahmadsaid.
we want to become a technology player, rather
than an energy player. Sultan Ahmed Al-Jaber
1311PEJEW_13 13 11/6/13 1:10 PM
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1311PEJEW_14 14 11/6/13 1:10 PM
EnergyWorkforce
|
FOR JOB OPPORTUNITIES, VISIT www.PennEnergyJOBS.com
|
Winter 2013 15
New Policies Develop
Asia-Pacific Energy Future
By PennEnergy.com
T
HE Asia-Pacifc region has had a
number of new energy policies
enacted in the last year - from
new solar feed-in tariff rates to interna-
tional agreements on fossil fuel devel-
opment. The new policies have impact-
ed numerous forms of energy genera-
tion, including renewable sources and
natural gas.
China solar tax rebates aim to curb
declining profts of industry
A number of Asian countries are encour-
aging renewable energy development as
a way to reduce pollution levels. Chi-
na, a major supplier of solar panels, is
offering tax rebates to solar pan-
el and solar product manufactur-
ers. The goal of the rebates is to
help the sector that has taken a
hit in recent years among weak de-
mand and to cut pollution levels,
the BBC reported.
Manufacturers will be grant-
ed a 50 percent value-added tax
rebate from Oct. 1, 2013 to Dec.
2015. The Ministry of Finance
announced the new tax re-
bate policy Sept. 29, Bloom-
berg reported. The announce-
ment sparked interest in the
countrys solar sector almost immedi-
ately, according to the source. Shares
for LDK Solar Co. and Suntech Pow-
er Holdings Co., two Chinese solar
manufacturers, rose to their high-
est level in two months following the
tax rebate plan announcement. LDK
gained 30 percent, for example.
The tax rebate plan may have also
improved the future outlook of Chi-
nas solar industry. In late Septem-
ber, analysts said they expected so-
lar installations in China to increase
as much as 15 gigawatts in 2014 - up
from about 7 GW this year, Bloom-
berg reported.
The government also enacted a new
policy in late August. The National De-
velopment and Reform Commission
said Aug. 30 it would offer a $0.07 per
kilowatt-hour subsidy to solar power sta-
tions in the country, according to the
Want China Times.
China LNG expansion project to
meet rising energy demand
Along with solar and other renewable
energy development, China also com-
mitted to increasing its use of natural
gas. The government-owned National
Offshore Oil Corp said in September
it plans to add fve liquefed natural gas
receiving terminals by 2015 and double
its capacity to as much as 40 million
tonnes per year, reuters reported. The
project means China will be able to sig-
nifcant boost the amount of LNG it im-
ports to meet strong energy demands in
the country.
The move will also help China in-
crease its use of natural gas
to 8 percent of its energy mix
by 2015. Natural gas currently
accounts for 5 percent of Chi-
nas energy use. More natural
gas also means China can cut
air emissions from coal and
reduce oil imports, Reuters
reported.
The U.S. Energy Informa-
tion Administration expects
Chinese LNG demand will
increase 5 percent annually
through 2035. The increase of
LNG in the Asian country is
expected to have global implications.
China is already infuencing the
underlying mid-term LNG market and
will likely continue to, said Stephen
REGIONAL Insights
1311PEJEW_15 15 11/6/13 1:10 PM
16 Winter 2013
|
FOR JOB OPPORTUNITIES, VISIT www.PennEnergyJOBS.com
|
EnergyWorkforce
Cornish, Geneva-based director of glob-
al gas and LNG at Koch Supply & Trad-
ing, a subsidiary of Kansas-based indus-
trial company Koch Industries, Risk.net
reported
Thailand also looks to expand LNG market
Thailand, too, will be expanding its
LNG imports to meet increasing ener-
gy demands and to avoid power outages
in the country. PTT LNG, a subsidiary
of the state-owned oil and gas company
PTT, said it will double capacity at its 5
million megatons per year LNG import
terminal, Platts reported.
The expansion, being referred to as
Phase II, includes building a new jet-
ty, storage tanks and new processing
and regasifcation facilities at the import
terminal.
The government has a clear poli-
cy to ensure stable supply of natural gas
for industry, especially for power genera-
tion and this includes going ahead with
Phase II on schedule, an offcial with
PTT LNG said in June.
The project is expected to be complete
by late 2016, with new capacity being op-
erational in the frst three months of 2017,
Platts reported.
The project announcement comes af-
ter PTT came close to experiencing pow-
er outages due to a lack of energy sup-
plies. In March, PTT said it would need
to double LNG imports in April to avert
power outages. The state-owned com-
pany imported two LNG shipments of
70,000 tonnes each that month - about
70,000 more than it normally receives,
Bangkok Post reported.
Japans feed in tariff regime boosts
renewable energy investments
Japan began offering feed-in tariffs in
July 2012 through its Act on Purchase
of Renewable Energy Sourced Electric-
ity by Electric Utilities to encourage in-
vestments in renewable energy sources,
including wind and solar power. The act
requires utilities operating in the coun-
try to purchase renewable energy for pric-
es and durations set by the Minister of
Economy, Trade and Industry (METI).
The new policy was expected to spur de-
velopment in renewable energy in Japan.
It worked. In 2012 alone, the tariffs
boosted investment in renewable energy
by 75 percent, resulting in $16.3 billion
spent on solar, wind and other clean en-
ergy developments in Japan, a report on
the tariff system by DLA Piper said.
The government revised this tariff
scheme this year at the end of March,
and the new surcharge rates took effect in
April of this year. The 2013 revised feed-
in tariff rate by METI remain among the
most generous rates in the world, the
report said.
In February, Hitachi, a Japanese en-
gineering and electronics company, an-
nounced it would invest about $10.5
million in a 8-megawatt solar plant sched-
uled to be complete by the end of the
year. Months later, in May, Goldman
Sachs announced plans to invest approx-
imately $487 million in renewable en-
ergy projects in Japan over the next fve
years. Goldman Sachs formed the Japan
Renewable Energy Company to develop
a range of clean energy projects as well.
In September, The Japan News report-
ed, the feed-in tariff system has drawn a
number of solar power companies to in-
vest in new projects. For instance, Hok-
kaido Electric plans to build a battery
system for solar generation at a substa-
tion in Abira. Advanced projects like this
will allow utilities to buy 10 percent more
electricity from renewable projects, the
METI believes.
In the second quarter of 2013, Ja-
pan added 1.7 gigawatts of solar capaci-
ty, mainly through commercial installa-
tions. Much of this new renewable power
generation is thanks to the countrys feed-
in tariff scheme, Clean Technica recent-
ly reported.
Vietnam strikes deal with
US over nuclear power
Vietnam, which is home to the second-
largest market for nuclear power in East
Asia, struck a deal with the United States
over its nuclear power program. Under
the agreement, the U.S. will sell nucle-
ar fuel and technology to Vietnam. In
exchange, Vietnam is prohibited from
enriching or reprocessing plutonium or
uranium during nuclear energy develop-
ment, Bloomberg reported. The agree-
ment isaimed at curbing the creation of
nuclear weapons.
The agreement helps both nations.
It will open up opportunities for Viet-
nam to have the best and most modern
technology, Tran Chi Thanh, Hanoi-
based head of the Vietnam Atomic En-
ergy Institute, said by phone today. One
key issues is that we must train personnel.
The agreement will hopefully give us op-
portunities to do so.
U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry
said the deal will open numerous oppor-
tunities for businesses in the U.S. and
Vietnam.
Our companies can now compete,
he said, according to Bloomberg.
Vietnam has 13 nuclear power stations
in the planning phase. If built, these proj-
ects would add 16,000 MW of new pow-
er over the next 20 years, Bloomberg
reported.
1311PEJEW_16 16 11/6/13 1:10 PM
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