In general, information available as of 1 January, 2004 was used in the preparation of The World Fa tboo!

"

This page was last updated on 10 February, 200#

Legend:

$efinition

Field %isting

&an! 'rder

Introduction
Background:

Bosnia and Herzegovina

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Bosnia and Herzegovina's declaration of sovereignty in October 1991, was followed by a declaration of independence from the former Yugoslavia on !arch 199" after a referendum boycotted by ethnic #erbs$ %he Bosnian #erbs & supported by neighboring #erbia and !ontenegro & responded with armed resistance aimed at partitioning the republic along ethnic lines and 'oining #erb&held areas to form a ()reater #erbia$( *n !arch 199+, Bosnia,s and -roats reduced the number of warring factions from three to two by signing an agreement creating a 'oint Bosnia,.-roat /ederation of Bosnia and Herzegovina$ On "1 0ovember 1991, in 2ayton, Ohio, the warring parties initialed a peace agreement that brought to a halt three years of interethnic civil strife 3the final agreement was signed in 4aris on 1+ 2ecember 19915$ %he 2ayton 6greement retained Bosnia and Herzegovina's international boundaries and created a 'oint multi&ethnic and democratic government$ %his national government was charged with conducting foreign, diplomatic, and fiscal policy$ 6lso recognized was a second tier of government comprised of two entities roughly e7ual in size8 the Bosnia,.-roat /ederation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Bosnian #erb&led 9epubli,a #rps,a 39#5$ %he /ederation and 9# governments were charged with overseeing most government functions$ %he Office of the High 9epresentative 3OH95 was established to oversee the implementation of the civilian aspects of the agreement$ *n 1991&9:, a 06%O&led international peace,eeping force 3*/O95 of :;,;;; troops served in Bosnia to implement and monitor the military aspects of the agreement$ */O9 was succeeded by a smaller, 06%O&led #tabilization /orce 3#/O95 whose mission was to deter renewed hostilities$ <uropean =nion peace,eeping troops 3<=/O95 replaced #/O9 in 2ecember ";;+> their mission was to maintain peace and stability throughout the country$ Geography
Location:

Bosnia and Herzegovina

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#outheastern <urope, bordering the 6driatic #ea and -roatia

Geographic coordinates:

++ ;; 0, 1? ;; <
Map references:
)urope

Area:

total: 11,1"9 s7 ,m land: 11,1"9 s7 ,m water: ; s7 ,m

Area - comparative:

slightly smaller than @est Airginia

Land boundaries:

total: 1,+19 ,m border countries: -roatia 9 " ,m, #erbia and !ontenegro 1"B ,m
oast!ine:

"; ,m
Maritime c!aims:

0o data available
!imate:

hot summers and cold winters> areas of high elevation have short, cool summers and long, severe winters> mild, rainy winters along coast
"errain:

mountains and valleys

#!evation e$tremes:

lowest point: 6driatic #ea ; m highest point: !aglic ", ?: m

%atura! resources:

coal, iron ore, bauCite, copper, lead, zinc, chromite, cobalt, manganese, nic,el, clay, gypsum, salt, sand, forests, hydropower
Land use:

arable land: 1 $:D permanent crops: "$9:D other: ? $++D 3";;15

Irrigated !and:

"; s7 ,m 3199? est$5

%atura! hazards:

destructive earth7ua,es
#nvironment - current issues:

air pollution from metallurgical plants> sites for disposing of urban waste are limited> water shortages and destruction of infrastructure because of the 199"&91 civil strife> deforestation
#nvironment - internationa! agreements:

party to: 6ir 4ollution, Biodiversity, -limate -hange, Hazardous @astes, Eaw of the #ea, !arine Eife -onservation, Ozone Eayer 4rotection, @etlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note:

within Bosnia and Herzegovina's recognized borders, the country is divided into a 'oint Bosnia,.-roat /ederation 3about 11D of the territory5 and the Bosnian #erb&led 9epubli,a #rps,a or 9# 3about +9D of the territory5> the region called Herzegovina is contiguous to -roatia and #erbia and !ontenegro 3!ontenegro5, and traditionally has been settled by an ethnic -roat ma'ority in the west and an ethnic #erb ma'ority in the east &eop!e
&opu!ation:

Bosnia and Herzegovina

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+,;;B,:;? 3Fuly ";;+ est$5

Age structure:

0-14 years: 1?$9D 3male ?9,;:"> female :?,B"15 15-64 years: B;$:D 3male 1,++B,B"1> female 1, B9,B"95 65 years and over: 1;$1D 3male 1?;,?;1> female "+1,1B;5 3";;+ est$5
Median age:

total: 1$9 years male: 1$1 years

female: :$" years 3";;+ est$5

&opu!ation gro'th rate:

;$+1D 3";;+ est$5

Birth rate:

1"$1: births.1,;;; population 3";;+ est$5

(eath rate:

?$
%et migration rate:

deaths.1,;;; population 3";;+ est$5

;$ 1 migrant3s5.1,;;; population 3";;+ est$5

)e$ ratio:

at birth: 1$;B male3s5.female under 15 years: 1$;: male3s5.female 15-64 years: 1$;1 male3s5.female 65 years and over: ;$B1 male3s5.female total population: 1$;1 male3s5.female 3";;+ est$5
Infant morta!ity rate:

total: "1$?? deaths.1,;;; live births male: "+$1 deaths.1,;;; live births female: 19$;? deaths.1,;;; live births 3";;+ est$5
Life e$pectancy at birth:

total population: B"$1B years male: :9$?" years female: B1$11 years 3";;+ est$5
"ota! ferti!ity rate:

1$B1 children born.woman 3";;+ est$5

HI*+AI() - adu!t preva!ence rate:

less than ;$1D 3";;1 est$5

HI*+AI() - peop!e !iving 'ith HI*+AI():

9;; 3";; est$5

HI*+AI() - deaths:

1;; 3";;1 est$5

%ationa!ity:

noun: Bosnian3s5, Herzegovinian3s5 adjective: Bosnian, Herzegovinian

#thnic groups:

#erb B$1D, Bosnia, +?D, -roat 1+$ D, other ;$:D 3";;;5 note: Bosnia, has replaced !uslim as an ethnic term in part to avoid confusion with the religious term !uslim & an adherent of *slam
,e!igions:

!uslim +;D, OrthodoC 1D, 9oman -atholic 11D, other 1+D

Languages:

Bosnian, -roatian, #erbian

Literacy:

definition: 06 total population: 06 male: 06 female: 06

Government
ountry name:

Bosnia and Herzegovina

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conventional long form: none conventional short form: Bosnia and Herzegovina local long form: none local short form: Bosna i Hercegovina former: 4eople's 9epublic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, #ocialist 9epublic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Government type:

emerging federal democratic republic

apita!:

#ara'evo
Administrative divisions:

" first&order administrative divisions and 1 internationally supervised districtG & Brc,o district 3Brc,o 2istri,t5G, the Bosnia,.-roat /ederation of Bosnia and Herzegovina 3/ederaci'a Bosna i Hercegovina5 and the Bosnian #erb&led 9epubli,a #rps,a> note & Brc,o district is in northeastern Bosnia and is an administrative unit under the sovereignty of Bosnia and Herzegovina> the district remains under international supervision
Independence:

1 !arch 199" 3from Yugoslavia> referendum for independence was completed 1 !arch 199"> independence was declared !arch 199"5
%ationa! ho!iday:

0ational 2ay, "1 0ovember 319+ 5

onstitution:

the 2ayton 6greement, signed 1+ 2ecember 1991, included a new constitution now in force> note & each of the entities also has its own constitution
Lega! system:

based on civil law system

)uffrage:

1? years of age, universal

#$ecutive branch:

chief of state: -hairman of the 4residency Borislav 4696A63chairman since "? October ";;+> presidency member since 1; 6pril ";; & #erb5 other members of the three&member rotating 3every eight months5 presidency8 2ragan -OA*- 3since 1 October ";;" & -roat5 and #ule'man %*H*- 3since 1 October ";;" & Bosnia,5> note & !ir,o #69OA*- resigned " 6pril ";; head of government: -hairman of the -ouncil of !inisters 6dnan %<9H*- 3since "; 2ecember ";;"5 cabinet: -ouncil of !inisters nominated by the council chairman> approved by the 0ational House of 9epresentatives elections: the three members of the presidency 3one Bosnia,, one -roat, one #erb5 are elected by popular vote for a four&year term> the member with the most votes becomes the chairman unless he or she was the incumbent chairman at the time of the election, but the chairmanship rotates every eight months> election last held 1 October ";;" 3neCt to be

held 06 ";;:5> the chairman of the -ouncil of !inisters is appointed by the presidency and confirmed by the 0ational House of 9epresentatives election results: percent of vote & !ir,o #69OA*- with 1$1D of the #erb vote was elected chairman of the collective presidency for the first eight months> 2ragan -OA*- received :1$1D of the -roat vote> #ule'man %*H*- received BD of the Bosnia, vote note: 4resident of the /ederation of Bosnia and Herzegovina8 0i,o EOH60-*- 3since "B Fanuary ";; 5> Aice 4residents #ahbaz 2H*H60OA*- 3since 06 ";; 5 and 2esnica 962*AOF<A*- 3since 06 ";; 5> 4resident of the 9epubli,a #rps,a8 2ragan -6A*- 3since "? 0ovember ";;"5
Legis!ative branch:

bicameral 4arliamentary 6ssembly or #,upstina consists of the 0ational House of 9epresentatives or 4redstavnic,i 2om 3+" seats & elected by proportional representation, "? seats allocated from the /ederation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and 1+ seats from the 9epubli,a #rps,a> members elected by popular vote to serve four&year terms5 and the House of 4eoples or 2om 0aroda 311 seats & 1 Bosnia,, 1 -roat, 1 #erb> members elected by the Bosnia,.-roat /ederation's House of 9epresentatives and the 9epubli,a #rps,a's 0ational 6ssembly to serve four&year terms5> note & Bosnia's election law specifies four&year terms for the state and first&order administrative division entity legislatures elections: 0ational House of 9epresentatives & elections last held 1 October ";;" 3neCt to be held in 06 ";;:5> House of 4eoples & last constituted 06 Fanuary ";; 3neCt to be constituted in ";;B5 election results: 0ational House of 9epresentatives & percent of vote by party.coalition & #26 "1$9D, #2# 1+$;D, #BiH 1;$1D, #24 1;$+D, #0#2 9$?D, H2H 9$1D, 424 +$:D, others 19$ D> seats by party.coalition & #26 1;, #2# 1, #BiH :, #24 +, #0#2 , H2H 1, 424 ", others B> House of 4eoples & percent of vote by party.coalition & 06> seats by party.coalition & 06 note: the Bosnia,.-roat /ederation has a bicameral legislature that consists of a House of 9epresentatives 39? seats> members elected by popular vote to serve four&year terms5> elections last held 1 October ";;" 3neCt to be held 06 October ";;:5> percent of vote by party & 06> seats by party.coalition & #26 ", H2H&BiH 1:, #24 11, #BiH 11, other ";> and a House of 4eoples 3:; seats & ; Bosnia,, ; -roat5> last constituted 2ecember ";;"> the 9epubli,a #rps,a has a 0ational 6ssembly 3? seats> members elected by popular vote to serve four&year terms5> elections last held 1 October ";;" 3neCt to be held in the fall of ";;:5> percent of vote by party & 06> seats by party.coalition & #2# ":, #0#2 19, 424 9, #26 :, #9# +, #49# , 20H , #BiH +, #24 , others :> as a result of the ";;" constitutional reform process, a "?& member 9epubli,a #rps,a -ouncil of 4eoples 3-O45 was established in the 9epubli,a #rps,a 0ational 6ssembly> each constituent nation and (others( will have eight delegates
-udicia! branch:

BiH -onstitutional -ourt 3consists of nine members8 four members are selected by the Bosnia,.-roat /ederation's House of 9epresentatives, two members by the 9epubli,a #rps,a's 0ational 6ssembly, and three non&Bosnian members by the president of the <uropean -ourt of Human 9ights5> BiH #tate -ourt 3consists of nine 'udges and three divisions & 6dministrative, 6ppellate and -riminal & having 'urisdiction over cases

related to state&level law and appellate 'urisdiction over cases initiated in the entities> note & a @ar -rimes -hamber may be added at a future date5 note: the entities each have a #upreme -ourt> each entity also has a number of lower courts> there are 1; cantonal courts in the /ederation, plus a number of municipal courts> the 9epubli,a #rps,a has five municipal courts
&o!itica! parties and !eaders:

6lliance of *ndependent #ocial 2emocrats or #0#2 I!ilorad 2O2*JK> Bosnian 4arty or BO## I!irnes 6F60OA*-K> -ivic 2emocratic 4arty or )2# I*brahim #46H*-K> -roatian 2emocratic =nion of Bosnia and Herzegovina or H2H&BH IBarisa -OE6JK> -roat -hristian 2emocratic =nion of Bosnia and Herzegovina or HJ2= I!i'o *A60*-&EO0*-K> -roat 4arty of 9ights or H#4 IHdrav,o H9*#%*-K> -roat 4easants 4arty or H## I!ar,o %62*-K> 2emocratic 0ational =nion or 20H I/i,ret 6B2*-K> Eiberal 2emocratic 4arty or E2# I9asim J62*-K> 0ew -roat *nitiative or 0H* IJresimir H=B6JK> 4arty for Bosnia and Herzegovina or #BiH I#afet H6E*EOA*-K> 4arty of 2emocratic 6ction or #26 I#ule'man %*H*-K> 4arty of 2emocratic 4rogress or 424 I!laden *A60*-K> #erb 2emocratic 4arty or #2# I2ragan -6A*- & actingK> #erb 9adical 4arty of the 9epubli,a #rps,a or #9#&9# I!ilan,o !*H6FE*-6K> #erb 9adical 4arty&2r$ Ao'islav #esel' or #9#&A# I9adislav J60F<9*-K> #ocial 2emocratic 4arty of B*H or #24 IHlat,o E6)=!2H*F6K> #ocial 2emocratic =nion or #2= I!iro E6HOA*-K> #ocialist 4arty of 9epubli,a #rps,a or #49# I4etar 2FOJ*-K
&o!itica! pressure groups and !eaders:

06
Internationa! organization participation:

B*#, -<, -<*, <B92, /6O, )&BB, *6<6, *B92, *-6O, *--t, *26, */62, */-, */9-#, *EO, *!/, *!O, *nterpol, *O-, *O! 3observer5, *#O, *%=, !*)6, !O0=-, 06! 3guest5, O6# 3observer5, O*3observer5, O4-@, O#-<, =0, =0-%62, =0<#-O, =0*2O, =0!<<, =4=, @HO, @*4O, @!O, @%oO, @%rO 3observer5
(ip!omatic representation in the .):

chief of mission: 6mbassador *gor 26A*2OA*chancery: "1;9 < #treet 0@, @ashington, 2- ";; B telephone: I1K 3";"5 B&11;; !": I1K 3";"5 B&11;" consulate#s$ general: 0ew Yor,
(ip!omatic representation from the .):

chief of mission: 6mbassador 2ouglas E$ !c<EH60<Y embassy: 6lipasina + , B1;;; #ara'evo mailing address: use street address telephone: I ?BK 3 5 ++1&B;; !": I ?BK 3 5 :19&B"" branch office#s$: Ban'a Eu,a, !ostar
/!ag description:

a wide medium blue vertical band on the fly side with a yellow isosceles triangle abutting the band and the top of the flag> the remainder of the flag is medium blue with seven full five&pointed white stars and two half stars top and bottom along the hypotenuse of the triangle

#conomy
#conomy - overvie':

Bosnia and Herzegovina

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Bosnia and Herzegovina ran,ed neCt to %he /ormer Yugoslav 9epublic of !acedonia as the poorest republic in the old Yugoslav federation$ 6lthough agriculture is almost all in private hands, farms are small and inefficient, and the republic traditionally is a net importer of food$ *ndustry has been greatly overstaffed, one reflection of the socialist economic structure of Yugoslavia$ %*%O had pushed the development of military industries in the republic with the result that Bosnia hosted a number of Yugoslavia's defense plants$ %he interethnic warfare in Bosnia caused production to plummet by ?;D from 199" to 1991 and unemployment to soar$ @ith an uneasy peace in place, output recovered in 199:&99 at high percentage rates from a low base> but output growth slowed in ";;;&;"$ 4art of the lag in output was made up in ";; &;+$ 0ational&level statistics are limited$ !oreover, official data do not capture the large share of blac, mar,et activity$ %he ,onvertibilna mar,a 3convertible mar, or B6!5& the national currency introduced in 199? & is now pegged to the euro, and the -entral Ban, of Bosnia and Herzegovina has dramatically increased its reserve holdings$ *mplementation of privatization, however, has been slow, and local entities only reluctantly support national&level institutions$ Ban,ing reform accelerated in ";;1 as all the -ommunist&era payments bureaus were shut down$ %he country receives substantial amounts of reconstruction assistance and humanitarian aid from the international community but will have to prepare for an era of declining assistance$
G(&:

purchasing power parity & L"+$ 1 billion 3";; est$5

G(& - rea! gro'th rate:

$1D 3";; est$5

G(& - per capita:

purchasing power parity & L:,1;; 3";; est$5

G(& - composition by sector:

agriculture: 1 D industry: +;$9D services: +:$1D 3";;1 est$5

&opu!ation be!o' poverty !ine:

06 3";;+ est$5
Househo!d income or consumption by percentage share:

lowest 10%: 06 highest 10%: 06 ;$9D 3";; est$5

Inf!ation rate 0consumer prices1: Labor force:

1$;": million 3";;15

Labor force - by occupation:

agriculture 06, industry 06, services 06

.nemp!oyment rate:

+;D 3";;" est$5

Budget:

revenues: L $"B1 billion e&penditures: L $"+" billion, including capital eCpenditures of 06 3";; est$5
Agricu!ture - products:

wheat, corn, fruits, vegetables> livestoc,

Industries:

steel, coal, iron ore, lead, zinc, manganese, bauCite, vehicle assembly, teCtiles, tobacco products, wooden furniture, tan, and aircraft assembly, domestic appliances, oil refining 3";;15
Industria! production gro'th rate:

1$1D 3";; est$5

#!ectricity - production:

9$9B9 billion ,@h 3";;15

#!ectricity - consumption:

?$11: billion ,@h 3";;15

#!ectricity - e$ports:

"$1:9 billion ,@h 3";;15

#!ectricity - imports:

1$+;1 billion ,@h 3";;15

2i! - production:

; bbl.day 3";;1 est$5

2i! - consumption:

";,;;; bbl.day 3";;1 est$5

2i! - e$ports:

06 3";;15
2i! - imports:

06 3";;15
%atura! gas - production:

; cu m 3";;1 est$5
%atura! gas - consumption:

;; million cu m 3";;1 est$5

%atura! gas - e$ports:

; cu m 3";;1 est$5
%atura! gas - imports:

;; million cu m 3";;1 est$5

urrent account ba!ance:

L&"$191 billion 3";; 5

#$ports:

L1$"? billion f$o$b$ 3";; est$5

#$ports - commodities:

metals, clothing, wood products

#$ports - partners:

*taly "?$BD, -roatia 1?$ D, )ermany 1B$1D, 6ustria 9$"D, #lovenia B$1D 3";; 5
Imports:

L+$B billion f$o$b$ 3";; est$5

Imports - commodities:

machinery and e7uipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs

Imports - partners:

-roatia "+$1D, #lovenia 1+$BD, )ermany 1 $BD, *taly 1"$"D, Hungary B$?D, 6ustria :$BD 3";; 5
,eserves of foreign e$change 3 go!d:

L1$B9: billion 3";; 5

(ebt - e$terna!:

L $1 billion 3";; 5
#conomic aid - recipient:

L:1; million 3";;1 est$5

urrency:

mar,a 3B6!5
urrency code:

B6!
#$change rates:

mar,a per =# dollar & 1$B "9 3";; 5, 1$B "9 3";;"5, "$1?1B 3";;15, "$1"++ 3";;;5, 1$? B1 319995
/isca! year:

calendar year ommunications Bosnia and Herzegovina

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"e!ephones - main !ines in use:

9 ?,;;; 3";; 5
"e!ephones - mobi!e ce!!u!ar:

1$;1 million 3";; 5

"e!ephone system:

general assessment: telephone and telegraph networ, needs modernization and eCpansion> many urban areas are below average as contrasted with services in other former Yugoslav republics domestic: 06 international: country code & ?B> no satellite earth stations
,adio broadcast stations:

6! ?, /! 1:, shortwave 1 3199?5

"e!evision broadcast stations:

3plus "BB repeaters5 3#eptember 19915

Internet country code:

$ba
Internet hosts:

:,99+ 3";;+5
Internet users:

1;;,;;; 3";;"5 "ransportation

,ai!'ays:

Bosnia and Herzegovina

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total: 1,;"1 ,m 3B91 ,m electrified5 standard gauge: 1,;"1 ,m 1$+ 1&m gauge 3";; 5
High'ays:

total: "1,?+: ,m paved: 11,+"+ ,m unpaved: 1;,+"" ,m 31999 est$5

4ater'ays:

#ava 9iver 3northern border5 open to shipping but use limited because of no agreement with neighboring countries 3";;+5
&orts and harbors:

Bosans,a )radis,a, Bosans,i Brod, Bosans,i #amac, and Brc,o 3all inland waterway ports on the #ava5, Oras'e
Merchant marine:

none
Airports:

"B 3";; est$5

Airports - 'ith paved run'ays:

total: ? ',4() to (,04* m: + 1,5'4 to ',4(* m: 1 under +14 m: 3";;+ est$5

Airports - 'ith unpaved run'ays:

total: 19 1,5'4 to ',4(* m: 1 +14 to 1,5'( m: B under +14 m: 11 3";;+ est$5

He!iports:

1 3";; est$5 Mi!itary

Mi!itary branches:

Bosnia and Herzegovina

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A/ 6rmy 3the air and air defense forces are subordinate commands within the 6rmy5, A9# 6rmy 3the air and air defense forces are subordinate commands within the 6rmy5
Mi!itary manpo'er mi!itary age and ob!igation:

1? years of age for compulsory military service in the /ederation of Bosnia and Herzegovina> 1: years of age in times of war> 1? years of age for 9epubli,a #rps,a> 1B years of age for voluntary military service in the /ederation and in the 9epubli,a #rps,a> by law, military obligations cover all healthy men between the ages of 1? and :;, and all women between the ages of 1? and 11> service obligation is + months 3Fuly ";;+5
Mi!itary manpo'er avai!abi!ity: Mi!itary manpo'er - fit for mi!itary service: Mi!itary manpo'er reaching mi!itary age annua!!y: Mi!itary e$penditures do!!ar figure:

males age 15-4+: 1,1

,?+B 3";;+ est$5

males age 15-4+: ?9?,+11 3";;+ est$5 males: ;,1 ; 3";;+ est$5

L" +$ million 3/Y;"5

Mi!itary e$penditures percent of G(&:

+$1D 3/Y;"5 Bosnia and Herzegovina

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"ransnationa! Issues
(isputes - internationa!:

Bosnia and Herzegovina and #erbia and !ontenegro have delimited most of their boundary, but sections along the 2rina 9iver remain in dispute> discussions continue with -roatia on problem sections around Josta'nica on the =na 9iver and villages at the base of !ount 4l'esevica
,efugees and interna!!y disp!aced persons:

,-.s: "B,";; 3Bosnian -roats, #erbs, and !uslims displaced in 199"& 1991 war5 3";;+5 minor transit point for mari'uana and opiate traffic,ing routes to @estern <urope> remains highly vulnerable to money laundering activity given a primarily cash&based and unregulated economy, wea, law enforcement and instances of corruption
This page was last updated on 10 February, 200#

I!!icit drugs: