1.0 OBJECTIVE 1.1 Part 1: To plot Shear force influence line. 1.

2 Part 2: To verify the use of a shear force influence on a simply supported beam. 2.0 LEARNING OUTCOME 2.1 The application the engineering knowledge in practical application 2.2 To enhance technical competency in structural engineering through laboratory application. 2.3 To communicate effectively in group 2.4 To identify problem solving and finding out appropriate solution through laboratory application. 3.0 INTRODUCTION !oving loads on beams are common features of design. !any road bridges are constructed from beam and as such have to be designed to carry a knife edge load or a string of wheel loads or a uniformly distributed load or perhaps the worst combination of all three. The method of solving the problem is to use influence lines. 4.0 THEORY "efinition: Shear influence line is defined as a line representing the changes in shear force at a section of a beam when a unit load moves on the beam. Part 1: This #$periment e$amines how shear force varies at a cut section as a unit load moves from one end to another %see &igure 1'. &rom the diagram shear force influence line e(uation can be written. &or ) $ a a shear line is given by: Sy * + $ , -..... %1' &or a $ b shear line is given by: Sy * 1+ $ , -. ..... %2'

Fi !r" 1

Part 2: /f the beam are loaded as shown in &igure 2 the shear force at the 0cut1 can be calculated using the influence line. %See diagram 2'. Shear force at 0cut1 section * &1y1 2 &2y2 2 &3y3 . %3' %y1 y2 and y3 are ordinates derived from the influence line in terms of $1 $2 $3 a b and -'

Fi !r" 2

#.0 APPARATU$

%.0 PROCEDURE$ Part 1& 1. The "igital &orce !eter is checked to read 3ero with no load. 2. The hanger with any mass range between 1))g to 3))g is placed at the first grooved hanger support at the left support and the "igital &orce reading is recorded in Table 1. 3. The procedure is repeated to the ne$t grooved hanger until to the last grooved hanger at the right hand support. 4. The calculation in Table 1 is completed. Part 2& 1. Three load hangers with 1))g 2))g and 3))g mass are placed respectively at any position between the supports. The positions and the "igital &orce "isplay reading are recorded in Table 2. 2. The procedure is repeated with three other locations. 3. The calculation in Table 2 is completed. '.0 RE$ULT Part 1& L()ati(* (+ ,(a- +r(. ,"+t /a*- 0!11(rt 2.3 ).)4 ).)5 ).)6 ).1) ).12 ).14 ).15 ).16 ).2) ).22 ).24 ).25 ).34 ).35 ).36 ).4)

Di ita, F(r)" Di01,a4 R"a-i* 2N3 +).3 +).4 +).7 +).5 +).8 +).6 +).4 +1.) +1.1 +1.2 +1.3 +1.4 +).7 +).4 +).3 +).2

$/"ar +(r)" at )!t 0")ti(* 2N3 +).3 +).4 +).7 +).5 +).8 +).6 +).4 +1.) +1.1 +1.2 +1.3 +1.4 ).7 ).4 ).3 ).2 Ta7," 1

E51"ri."*ta, I*+,!"*)" ,i*" 6a,!" +).122 +).153 +).2)4 +).247 +).267 +).325 +).358 +).4)6 +).444 +).464 +).73) +).781 ).2)4 ).153 ).122 ).)62

T/"(r"ti)a, I*+,!"*)" ,i*" 6a,!" +).)41 +).135 +).162 +).228 +).283 +).316 +).354 +).4)4 +).477 +).7)) +).747 +).741 ).228 ).162 ).135 ).)41

N(t"0& 1. Shear force at cut section is the same value given by "igital force reading. 9dd negative sign to the value for positions 32)mm to 36)mm. 2. #$perimental /nfluence line values * Shear &orce %:',-oad %:' 3. ;alculate the theoretical value using the E8!ati(* 1 for load position 4) to 25) mm and E8!ati(* 2 for load position 32)mm to 36)mm.

Part 2& /a* "r +r(. 0!11(rt 2.3 200 ).16 ).16 ).35 ).22 Ta7," 2 N(t"0& 1. Theoretical Shear &orce is calculated using E8!ati(* 233 9.0 DATA ANALY$I$ Part 1 : 22#0 ,(a-i* 3 1 kg * 4.61 : The weight of the loading * %27),1)))' $ 4.61 : * 2.4727 : 40.. 5 2%0.. -ocation of load from left hand support %m' * ).)4 #$periment /nfluence line value * shear force %:',-oad %:' * +).3,2.4727 * +).122: Theoretical /nfluence line value * + $,- * + ).)4,).44 * +).)41: 320.. 5 390.. -ocation of load from left hand support %m' * ).)34 #$periment /nfluence line value * +shear force %:',-oad %:' * ).7,2.4727 * ).2)4: Theoretical /nfluence line value * 1 + $,- * 1 + ).34,).44 * ).228: $/"ar +(r)" T/"(r"ti)a, Di ita, $/"ar 2N.3 R"a-i* 2N3 ).7 1.3 ).8 1.8 ).447 1.2)7 ).76) 1.543

L()ati(*

P(0iti(* (+

,"+t /a*-

1 2 3 4

100 ).)6 ).36 ).16 ).14

300 ).35 ).)6 ).)6 ).)5

Part 2&

&igure 2 The e(uation has been proven <c * + $,- or 1+$,- in discussion %1' Therefore the relationship between shear force at =cut section> and the location of loading is formed as y * a,- or b,-. Since a * ).3 m b * ).14m and - * ).44m The ratio a,- * ).562 and b,- * ).316 &1 * 1))g * 1)),1))) $ 4.61: * ).461: &2 * 2))g * 2)),1))) $ 4.61: * 1.452: &3 * 3))g * 3)),1))) $ 4.61: * 2.443: F(r )a0" ,()ati(* 1& y1 , ).)6 * ).562,).3) y1 * ).162m y2 , ).16 y1 * ).562 ,).3) * ).4)4m

y3 , ).)6 * ).316,).14 %right hand support' y1 * ).162m Shear force of cut section * &1y1 2 &2y2 2 &3y3 * ).461$).16221.452$).4)4 + 2.443$).162 * ).447:

;.0 DI$CU$$ION Part 1 1. D"ri6" E8!ati(* 1 a*- 2.

& * & 1 * ?92?@ Total moment at @ %clockwise' +!@ *) ) * ?9%-'+1%-+A' ?9 * 1+A,?@ * +A,-

F(r E8!ati(* 1< 0 5 a= & * & Sy21 *?9 Sy *1+?9 Sy *1+1+A,Sy *+A,Broven F(r E8!ati(* 2< a 5 7= & * & Sy *?9 Sy *1+A,Broven 2. O* t/" 0a." ra1/ 1a1"r< 1,(t t/" t/"(r"ti)a, a*- "51"ri."*ta, 6a,!"0 a ai*0t -i0ta*)" +r(. ,"+t /a*- 0!11(rt.

3. C(.."*t (* t/" 0/a1" (+ t/" ra1/. >/at -("0 it t",, 4(! a7(!t /(? 0/"ar +(r)" 6ari"0 at t/" )!t 0")ti(* a0 a ,(a- .(6"- (* t/" 7"a.. The shear force values increase as the load moved along the beam nearer to the cut. 4. C(.."*t (* t/" "51"ri."*ta, r"0!,t )(.1ar"- t( t/" t/"(r"ti)a, r"0!,t. The e$perimental results are almost the same as the theoretical results. Part 2 1. C(.."*t t/" "51"ri."*ta, r"0!,t a*- t/" t/"(r"ti)a, r"0!,t i* Ta7," 2. The e$perimental results are slightly higher than the theoretical results. 10.0 CONCLU$ION$ >/at )a* 4(! 1r(6" +r(. t/" "51"ri."*t@ Part 1& The values for the shear forces increase as the load moved nearer to the cut. Part 2& The values for the shear forces depend on the locations at which the loads are hanged.