LECTURE NOTES – BIOLOGY STEPS … A T CY Pr ogr am

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SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN ANIMALS

Gamete: – Sex Cells

The cells involved in sexual reproduction are called gametes. Gametes are of 2 types
n = no. of chromosomes (i) Male Gamete / Sperm
(ii) Female gamete/Ovum/Egg

Zygote: – The cell which is formed by fusion of male gamete & female gamete is called zygote
2n = no. of chromosemes.

Fertilization: – The fusion of a male gamete with a female gamete to form a zygote during
sexual reproduction is called fertilization. It gives rise to an embryo
It is of 2 types

Internal fertilization: - (occurs inside the female body – mammals, reptitis, birds)
External fertilization: - (occurs outside the female body – fish – amphibians)

Unisexual organisms: – The organisms which posses only one kind of reproductive organs
(male/female) in its body is called unisexual organisms.
e.g. Human beings, Frogs, Birds

Bisexual Organisms: – The organisms which posses both male & female sex organs in the
body are called Bisexual organisms/Hermaphrodites
e.g. Earthworm, Tapeworm, Leech, Starfish
They can behave both as a male & female.

Advantages of Sexual Reproduction:–

1. Because of combination of the characters of 2 parents all the offspring’s have genetic
variation.
2. It leads to variety in population.
3. It also leads to individuality.
4. Sexual reproduction promotes Diversity of characters by providing genetic variation.
5. It play imp. Role in orgin of new species
6. Genetic variation leads to evolution.

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MODE OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

↑ O female body
O Male body +

Primary sex organs / gonads gonads

meiotic division meiosis

Ovaries
Testes

(gamete) Sperm (n) Ovum (n)

Fertilization

Zygotic formation

embryo

foetus

newborn baby

HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Puberty
The age at which the sex hormones begin to be produced and the person becomes sexually
active/nature (gonad production starts) is able to reproduce is called puberty.

Puberty starts earlier in famels (10 – 12 yrs) than in males (13 – 14 yrs)
The tests produce male sex hormone Testosterone ovaries produce female sex hormone
Estrogen & Progestrone.

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Functions of sex hormones

1. Control the process of gametogeneis
2. Maintains the structure & function of accessory sex organs.
Primary sex organs = Testes & ovaries.
Accessory sex organs = Penis, Seminal vesicles, Vagina, uterus, Fallopian tubes
3. Develop the secondary sex characteristics e.g.
Low pitch voice
Growth of hair on chest
Growth of mostaches, beard in males
Growth of public hair
Development of muscles

High pitch voice

Growth of hair in armpits in females
Growth of public hair
Development of Mammory glands

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

SITE FOR FERTILIZATION

Sperm
Fallopian Tube (oviduct)
•
Implantation

UTERUS Released Egg

Ovary (ovum)

Cervix

vagina

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Female reproductive system (Humans)

Seminal vesical

Urinary bladder

VASDEFERENS (Sperm Duct.)

URETHRA
EPIDIDYMIS

TESTIS

Outside the body

Made Reproductive Organ System

Menstruation/Mentrual Cycle
1. When a girl reaches puberty, the sex hormones released into blood cause some ova in her
ovaries to become mature.
2. Usually one mature egg is released from ovary into the fallopian tube once every 28 days.
This is called ovulation
3. Before ovulation the inner living of uterus becomes thick & full of blood vessels to prepare
itself to receive fertilized egg.
4. But if the ovum does not get fertilized then the thick & soft inner lining breaks. So the
thick, soft inner lining of uterus & blood vessels & dead ovum comes one of vagina in the
form of blading called neutruation.
5. Menstruation occurs 14 days after ovulation & lasts for 3-5 days
The menstrual cycle is controlled by hormones if menstruation stopes (ovum gets
fertilizes), the woman gets pregnant.

Menarche: The beginning of menstruation at puberty is called menarche it sets in at the age of
puberty. It marks the beginning of reproductive life of a woman.

Menopause: The age at which the menstrucation stops & woman becomes intertile is called
menopause it occurs in woman at the age 45 – 50.

Fertilization in Humans
In humans, INTERNAL fertilization takes place. The sperms made in the tests of man are
introduced into the vagina of woman thru penis during copulation. Millions of sperms are
released into the vagina at one time. The sperms move up thru cervix into the uterus & from
there to the fallopian tubes.

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One of the fallopian tubes contains an ovum released by the ovary during ovulation. Only one
sperm fuses with the ovum in the fallopian tube to form a ZYGOTE.
After the fertilization the woman it called pregnant. As soon as pregnancy begins, the
menstruation stops.

The Zygote (formed in the fallopian tubes), starts dividing rapidly & is called an EMBRYO which
gets embedded in the thick lining of uterus. This called IMPLANTATION.
The time period from the fertilization upto the birth of the body is called gestation. The
gestation period in humans is 280 day = 40 wks.

The process of the birth/moving out of baby thru birth canal is called PARTURITION/LABOUR.

POPULATION / BIRTH CONTROL

Birth Control Methods/Contraceptives

1. Barrier Methods
• Condoms
• Diaphragm (Femals)
2. Chemical Methods
Oral pills (OC) Æ (For females) oral contraceptives Vaginal pills
3. Surgical Methods Tubectomy ( O )
+

↑
Vasectomy ( O )
4. IUCDs (Intra uterine Contraceptive Devices)
Copper – T

STD (Sexually Transmitted Diseases)

1. Genorrhoea
2. Syphilis
3. Trichomonaisis
4. AIDS

AIDS
A sexually Transmitted Disease.
Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome

Consative Agent: HIV

A virus Æ Human Immunodeficency Virus
Symptoms: (i) Body becomes weak
(ii) Immune system of body weakens to defend itself from other
diseases.
(iii) Weak memory with severe headaches
(iv) Vomiting, Bodyache.

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Prevention: Preventive Measure include

1. Using contraceptives
2. Safe sex
3. Using fresh, disposable syringes
Cure: No Definite cure has been found.

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