LECTURE NOTES – BIOLOGY STEPS … A T CY Pr ogr am

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HUMAN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Various organs involved in the human circulatory system are:
→ Heart
→ Arteries
→ Veins
→ Capillaries

In circulatory system, heart acts as a pump to push out blood thru blood vessels.
→ Arteries
→ Veins
→ Capillaries

Arteries → thick walled

→ carry blood from heart to all parts of the body
→ carry oxygenated blood except pulmonary artery
→ situated deep inside the body.

Veins → thin walled

→ carry deoxygenated blood except vein
→ present superficial in body
→ carry blood from body parts to heart.

STRUCTURE OF HEART
Shape – Triangular
Types of muscle – Cardiac
Size – Equal to ones clenched fist.

Chambers – 4
2 upper → Atria
• Right
• Left
2 lower → Ventricles
• Right
• Left
Valves
2 types → AV valves
(Atrio ventricular)
→ Semilunar valves

AV valves separate atria from respective ventricles. They are of 2 types:

(1) Tricuspid valve (Rt. sided)
(2) Bicuspid valve (Lt. sided)

STEPS____________________________________________________________ 1
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Function of valves → To prevent the backflow of blood into atria when ventricles contract to
pump blood out of the heart.

Outer covering of Heart → Pericardium (a sheath of tissue which protects heart)

Functioning of heart
Beating of heart circulates blood in the body. Heart beats non – stop due to rhythmic
contraction & relaxation of heart muscles.

* Two atria contract together & relax together. Two ventricles contract together & relax
together.
Contraction of 2 atria is immediately followed by contraction of 2 ventricles.

See diagram for structure (internal) & function of heart (Double circulation)

Pulmonary Artery Aorta (To Body)

(To Lungs)
Venacava Pulmonary Vein
V4 V3 (from Lungs)

Right atrium Left atrium

V2 V1

Right Ventricle Left Ventricle

SEPTUM
Muscular wall
PERICARDIUM

Outlet Value Inlet Value

V3 = Aortic semi lunar Value V1 = Tricuspid value
V4 = Aortic semi lunar Value V2 = Bicuspid Value

• Right Side of • Left Side of •

Heart Heart

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Diagram of Human Heart Showing STRUCTURE + Functioning of Heart

LUNGS

( Deoxygenated Blood)
(3) Pulmonary Artery (3) Pulmonary Artery
(Deoxygenated Blood)
Right Atrium Left Atrium
(2) (5)
V1
V2
(Deoxygenated Blood)

(5) Aorta
Right ventricle Right ventricle (Oxygenated Blood)
(1)Vena cava

Heart

Body Organs
Diagram Showing Double Circulation in Heart

* Read it stepwise

Double circulation = Systemic circulation step 4 – 6 + Pulucuary circulation step 1 – 3

Heart Beat → One complete contraction & relaxation of heart is called a heart beat.
1 t is usually 70 – 72 times/ min.
Heart beats faster during exercise to meet the energy requirements of body in this condition.

ECG → Electro – Cardio – Gram

An instrument which can record electrical changes during heart beat to detect the normalacy of
heart beat.

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