CELLS, TISSUES, ORGANS & SYSTEM

Your body is like a wonderful machine w/ many parts. All these parts work together. Each part is made up of billions of tiny cells. Different cells have different jobs to do. Skin cells cover you from head to foot. Your muscle cells help you. Your bone cells help you to stand straight. You have blood all over your body. Your blood too is made up of cells. A group of cells of the same kind doing one kind of work is called a tissue. !or e"ample the cells of the bone make up the bone tissue. #he cells in the blood make up the blood tissue. #issues working together make up an organ. E"amples of organs are the nose eyes ears skin $ tongue. #hey are our sense organs. %ther e"amples of organs are the mouth the stomach $ the intestines. %rgans work together as a team. #he organs working together make up a system.

PARTS OF A CELL

#he protoplasm of all living things is found in cells. A cell is the building block of all living things. Some living things are made up of only one cell. %thers are made up of millions of cells. &ost cells are so small that they can only be seen w/ the aid of a microscope. %thers can be seen by the naked eye. Scientists using powerful microscopes are able to observe what makes up cells. #hey have discovered that most cells are made up of ' kinds of protoplasm( the nucleus $ cytoplasm. Every cell plant $ animal have a cell membrane. #hey both have vacuoles. )lant cells have parts w/c animal cells do not have. #hese parts are the cell wall $ the chloroplast. *oth plant $ animal cells have a nucleus w/c

controls their life activities a cell membrane cytoplasm $ vacuoles. %nly green plants have chlorophyll an energy to make food during photosynthesis.

HOW DOES A CELL REPRODUCE? (MITOSIS)

&itosis is a process by w/c a cell produces ' new nuclei. During mitosis the cell forms ' nuclei. During mitosis the cell forms ' nuclei. !ollow the steps of mitosis in the drawing. +n the ,st step of mitosis the membrane of the nucleus disappears. #win chromosomes become visible. -emember the twin

chromosomes line up again in the middle of the cell. .e"t the twin chromosomes split $ move toward opposite ends of the cell. !inally a nuclear membrane forms around the chromosome of each end. Each nucleus contains the same number of chromosomes. After the cell undergoes mitosis it divides into '. +n an animal cell the cell membrane pinches together in the middle of the cell forming ' new cells. +n the plant cell a new cell wall forms in the middle of the cell. #he cell divides into ' cells.

HOW DO MANY-CELLED ORGANISMS REPRODUCE? (MEIOSIS)

&any/celled organisms make new cells by mitosis. #he new cells have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cells. Se" cells are made by a process called meiosis. *efore meiosis begins the parent cell makes copies of its chromosomes. #hen meiosis takes place in ' stages. !ollow the process in the drawing. #he labels beside each stem describe what is taking place. &eiosis is completes through ' divisions of the nucleus while mitosis re0uires only one. #he cells formed in meiosis only have half chromosomes as the plant cell. #hose formed in

mitosis are identical to the parent cell. Also 1 cells result after meiosis. +nstead of the ' cells that result after mitosis.

STAGES OF MITOSIS

+. +nterphase 2 is a period of growth $ D.A replication. ++. )rophase 2 nuclear membrane disappears3 chromosomes appear. +++. &etaphase 2 chromatid pairs line up in the middle of the cell. +4. Anaphase 2 twim chromosomes split apart $ move toward opposite ends of the cell. 4. #elophase 2 nuclear membrane forms around the chromosomes at each end of the cell.

.ote( 5ytokinesis 2 is a separate process that results in division of the cytoplasm. D.A 2 Deo"yribonucleic acid