Electrnica III

Clase 05
Sxifo Falcones, Ph.D.
Agenda:
Filtros de 2do Orden
Filtros Sallen-Key
Filtro Pasa Bajos
Filtro Pasa Altos


Filtros de 2do Orden
There are two main topologies for a second-order
filter, the Sallen-Key and the Multiple Feedback (MFB)
topology.

Sallen-Key
Multiple Feedback
Source: Rod Elliott (ESP)
Low-Pass Filter
( )
( )
2 2
2
2
0
1
n n
A
j G
e o e
e
+
=
( )
( )
2
1
tan
n
n
Arc j G
e
oe
e |

= Z =
2
0 0
0
1
) (
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
e e
o
s s
A
s G
A
0
: Band pass gain

0
: Critical frequency

n
: Normalized frequency
: Damping coefficient
0
e
e
e =
n
Damping (Amortiguamiento)
Effects of the Damping Coefficient
Effects of the Damping Coefficient
A
0
may be different
F
-3db
does not equal f
0
Transient response varies widely
f
0
is constant
Butterworth Low-Pass Filters
The Butterworth low-pass filter provides maximum
passband flatness. Therefore, a Butterworth low-pass
is often used as anti-aliasing filter in data converter
applications where precise signal levels are required
across the entire passband.

Source: National Semiconductor
Chebyshev Low-Pass Filters
The Chebyshev low-pass filters provide an even higher
gain rolloff above f
0
. However, the passband gain is not
monotone, but contains ripples of constant magnitude
instead. For a given filter order, the higher the
passband ripples, the higher the filters rolloff.

Source: National Semiconductor
Bessel Low-Pass Filters
The Bessel low-pass filters have a linear phase response over a
wide frequency range, which results in a constant group delay in
that frequency range. Bessel low-pass filters, therefore, provide
an optimum square-wave transmission behavior. However, the
passband gain of a Bessel low-pass filter is not flat and the
transition from passband to stopband is not sharp.

Source: National Semiconductor
General Sallen-Key Low-Pass Filter
( ) ( ) | |
2
2 1 2 1 2 1 0 2 1 1
0
1 1
) (
s C C R R s C R A R R C
A
s G
+ + + +
=
3
4
0
1
R
R
A + =
Unity-Gain Sallen-Key Low-Pass Filter 1/3
To simplify the circuit design, it is common to choose
unity-gain (A
0
= 1), and R
1
= R
2
= R.

2 1
0
2
1
C C R
f
t
=
2
1
2
C
C
= o
2
2 1
2
1
2 1
1
) (
s C C R s RC
s G
+ +
=
1
0
= A
Unity-Gain Sallen-Key Low-Pass Filter 2/3
Source: Jacob, Textbook
Unity-Gain Sallen-Key Low-Pass Filter 3/3
Source: Jacob, Textbook
Example 7-3 from Textbook
Design a filter using the Sallen-Key unity gain
low pass active filter to meet the following
specifications:
Rolloff rate: 40 dB/dec
Critical frequency: 2 kHz
Pass band as flat as possible
Gain of 5 at DC
Equal-Component Sallen-Key Low-Pass
Filter
( )
2 2 2
0
0
3 1
) (
s C R s A RC
A
s G
+ +
=
A special case of the general Sallen-Key topology is
the application of equal resistor values and equal
capacitor values: R1 = R2 = R and C1 = C2 = C.

RC
f
t 2
1
0
=
0
3 A = o
Equal Component
Source: Jacob, Textbook
Equal Component
Source: Jacob, Textbook
Example 7-5 from Textbook
Design a filter using the Sallen-Key equal
component low pass active filter to meet the
following specifications:
Rolloff rate: 40 dB/dec
Critical frequency: 2 kHz
Pass band as flat as possible
Gain of 5 at DC

Frequency Correction Factor
0 3
f k f
lp dB
=

Source: Jacob, Textbook

Ejercicio:
The task is to design a second order equal
component Chebyshev low pass active filter
with a frequency f
-3dB
= 3 kHz and a 3dB
passband ripple.

High-Pass 2nd Order Active Filter
Source: National Semiconductor
High-Pass Filter (cont.)
2
0 0
( )
1
A
G s
s s
e e
o

=
| | | |
+ +
| |
\ . \ .
A

: Band pass gain

0
: Critical frequency

n
: Normalized frequency
: Damping coefficient
0
e
e
e =
n
( )
( )
2 2
2
2
2
1
n n
n
A
j G
e o e
e
e
+
=

( )
( )
2
1
tan
n
n
Arc j G
e
oe
e |

= Z =
The general Sallen-Key topology
( ) ( )
2 1 2 1 2
2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
( )
1
1 1 1
1
A
G s
R C C RC A
R R CC s R R CC s

=
+ +
+ +
3
4
1
R
R
A + =

Unity-Gain Sallen-Key High-Pass Filter

( )
2
2 1
2
2 1
2 1
1 1 1
1
1
) (
s C C R s C RC
C C
s G
+
+
+
=
1 A

=
2 1
0
2
1
C C R
f
t
=
1
2
2
1
C
C
C
C
+ = o
Equal-Component Sallen-Key High-Pass
Filter
C C C
R R R
= =
= =
2 1
2 1
3 A o

=
2 2 2
( )
3 1 1 1
1
A
G s
A
RC s R C s

=

+ +
RC
f
t 2
1
0
=
Frequency Correction Factor
0 3
f k f
hp dB
=

lp
hp
k
k
1
=
Example 7-9 from Textbook
For an equal component high pass active filter
whose components are listed below, calculate
the -3dB frequency, filter type and pass band
gain.
R = 10k
C = 0.1F
R4 = 5.8k
R3 = 10k

Gain-Bandwith product for a 741 is 1MHz.