MCAT CHEMISTRY

Review 3

ICE CHARTS EXAMPLE 1: The equilibrium constant, Kc, for the reaction of H2 with Br2 is 25.0 at 800 K. H2 (g) + Br2 (g) 2 HBr (g)

If 2.00 mol of H2 is allowed to react with 2.00 mol of Br2 in a 5.00 L container at 200 K, what are the concentrations of H2, Br2 and HBr at equilibrium?

EXAMPLE 2: At 1000 Kelvins, Kc for the reaction N2 (g) + O2 (g)

2 NO (g) is 5.0 x 10 . If 0.10 M

-7

N2 and 0.20 M O2 are allowed to come to equilibrium what is the [NO] at equilibrium?

EXAMPLE 3: The Kp for the reaction below is 1.00 ! 108 at 100.0C: CO (g) + Cl2 (g) COCl2 (g)

In an equilibrium mixture of the three gases, PCO = PCl2 = 3.0 atm. What is the partial pressure of the product, phosgene, COCl2.

ACID IDENTIFICATION The most common feature of an acid is that many possess an H ion called the _______________________________ . When it comes to acids there are 2 MAJOR TYPES that exist: _______________________ are acids where the H
+ +

ion is attached to an electronegative element.

These types of acids lack the element __________________ and usually possess no __________________ . The most common type of these particular acids are the haloacids: _______ , _______ , _______ & _______ .

_______________________ are acids that contain the ________________ , ________________ & ________________. They are created by the hydration of nonmetal oxides.

PRACTICE: Which of the following compound(s) cannot be classified as an acid? a) H2S b) HCN c) H2 d) C6H6 e) All are acids.

BINARY ACID STRENGTH STRONG ACIDS are considered _________________ Electrolytes so they ionize completely in water.

HCl (aq)

H2O

H (aq) + Cl (aq)

WEAK ACIDS are considered __________________ Electrolytes so they dont completely ionize in water.

HF + H2O

(aq) + H3O (aq)

The strength of a BINARY ACID is based on the __________________ or _____________ of the electronegative element. For elements in the same period then look at their __________________ . The ________, the ________ acidic. For elements in the same group then look at their __________________ . The ________, the ________ acidic.

BINARY ACID STRENGTH

PRACTICE 1: Which is the weakest acid from the following? a) H2S b) H2Se c) H2Te d) All would have the same acid strength.

PRACTICE 2: Which of the following acids would be classified as the strongest? a) CH4 b) NH3 c) H2O d) HF e) PH3

OXYACID STRENGTH The strength of OXYACIDS is based on the number of ________________ or the _________________ of the nonmetal. RULE: If my oxyacid has 2 or More ___________ than ____________ then my oxyacid is a __________ ACID.

HNO3 ___ Oxygens ___ Hydrogens

C6H5OH ___ Oxygens ___ Hydrogens

HBrO4 ___ Oxygens ___ Hydrogens

When comparing the strengths of different oxyacids remember: If they have different number of oxygens then the _________ oxygen the ___________ acidic If they have the same number of oxygens then the _________ electronegative the nonmetal the ________ acidic.

Two Exceptions
Electronegativity

H2CO4 ___ Oxygens ___ Hydrogens

HSO4 ___ Oxygens ___ Hydrogens

PRACTICE: Rank the following oxyacids in terms of increasing acidity. a) HClO3 b) HBrO4 c) HBrO3 d) HClO4

BASE STRENGTHS STRONG BASES are considered _________________ Electrolytes so they ionize completely in water.

NaOH (aq)

H2O

Na (aq) + OH (aq)

WEAK BASES are considered __________________ Electrolytes so they dont completely ionize in water.

NH3 + H2O

NH4 (aq) + OH (aq)

Bases possess THREE major features: _______________ or ________________ or __________________ .

Group ________:

2

Any Group ______ metal when combined with OH , H , O BASE.

or NR2 , OR , R makes a STRONG

Group ________:

2

Any Group ______ metal, from _____ to _____ , when combined with OH , H , O makes a STRONG BASE.

or NR2 , OR , R

_____________:
____________________________________ are considered WEAK BASES.

Ex:
____________________________________ are considered WEAK ACIDS.

Ex:

ACID & BASE IDENTIFICATION EXAMPLE: Classify each of the following as a strong acid, weak acid, strong base or weak base. a) HCHO2 c) H2NNH2

b) (CH3CH2)3NH

d) HN3

CONCEPT: ARRHENIUS ACIDS & BASES The most general definition for acids and bases was developed by Svante Arrhenius near the end of the 19th century. According to him, the _______ cation and the _________ anion are fundamental to the concept of acids and bases. His definition however failed to describe acidic and basic behavior in nonaqueous media.

The Arrhenius definition states an acid is a compound that increases _______________ when dissolved in a solvent.

The Arrhenius definition states a base is a compound that increases _______________ when dissolved in a solvent.

PRACTICE 1: Which ions are formed from the dissociation of the following compound?

a)

Sr(OH)2 (s)

Dissolves in H2O

PRACTICE 2: Which ions are formed from the dissociation of the following compound?

a)

H2SO4 (l)

Dissolves in H2O

PRACTICE 3: Which ions are formed from the dissociation of the following compound?
2-

a)

HBO3

Dissolves in H2O

BRONSTED LOWRY ACIDS & BASES In 1923, Johannes Brnsted and Thomas Lowry developed a new set of definitions for acids and bases. According to the Bronsted-Lowry definition, acids are considered _____________________________ and bases are considered _____________________________. Unlike Arrhenius acids and bases, they are not limited to aqueous solutions. Every Arrhenius acid is a Brnsted-Lowry acid (and likewise for the bases). Brnsted-Lowry acids and bases always occur in pairs called _____________________________________ .

EXAMPLE 1: Write the formula of the conjugate base for each of the following compounds: HSO4

EXAMPLE 2: Write the formula of the conjugate acid for each of the following compounds: V2 O5
2-

BRONSTED LOWRY ACIDS & BASES (CALCULATIONS) EXAMPLE 1: Identify the acid, base, conjugate acid and conjugate base in the following reactions: a) HF (aq) + H2O (aq) F (aq)

H3O (aq)

EXAMPLE 2: Identify the acid, base, conjugate acid and conjugate base in the following reactions: a) CN (aq)

H2O (aq)

HCN (aq)

OH (aq)

PRACTICE 1: Which of the following is a Bronsted-Lowry acid? a) CH4 b) HCN c) NH3 d) Br2

AMPHOTERIC SPECIES An amphoteric, or _________________________, is a species that can act as a(n) ACID or BASE. Water is prime example of an amphoteric species.

Partially dissociated conjugate bases of polyprotic acids are also amphoteric. These compounds possess _________________ and a __________________________.

Ex:

PRACTICE: Which of the following species is/are amphoteric? a) CO3

2

b) HF

c) NH4

d) HPO3

2-

e) CH3O

LEWISTHE FINAL TYPE OF ACID & BASE In the 1920s, Gilbert Lewis proposed a new set of definitions for acids and bases. A Lewis acid is a(n) ______________________________________. ________ acts as a Lewis acid when connected to an electronegative element: ___ , ___ , ___ , ___ , or ________

_____________________ charged metals.

If your central element has _________________ 8 valence electrons.

A Lewis base is a(n) ______________________________________. Compounds with _________________________ .

NH3

H2O

CH3OH

CH3OCH3

Compounds with a _________________________ .

CN

OH

CH3O

N3

LEWIS.THE FINAL TYPE OF ACID & BASE (CALCULATIONS) EXAMPLE: Identify each of the compounds in the following chemical equation.

Br H3C H2 C O H3C CH2 Br Al Br H3C H2 C O H3C CH2

Br Al Br Br

PRACTICE 1: Identify the Lewis acids and bases in the following reactions. a) H
+

+ OH

H2O

b) Cl

+ BCl3

BCl4

c) SO3

+ H2 O

H2SO4

PRACTICE 2: Identify each of the following compounds as either a Lewis acid, a Lewis base or neither. a) ZnCl2 b) CN

c) NH4

d) Co

3+

AUTO IONIZATION OF WATER Water can react with itself in a reaction called selfionization where ______________ and ______________ are produced.

H2O (l) + H2O (l)

This reaction is usually written more simply as:

H2O (l) + H2O (l)

The equilibrium equation for water is called the ________________________ (KW) for water and is given by the following:

K W = [H + ][OH ! ]
At 25 C, KW = ___________________, but remember KW, like all other constants K, is temperature dependent. Increasing the temperature will ______________ KW.
o

Constant

0 C

10 C

50 C

100 C

KW

1.1 x 10

-14

2.9 x 10

-14

5.5 x 10

-14

5.1 x 10

-13

EXAMPLE: Determine the concentration of hydronium ions of a neutral solution at 25 C and at 50 C.

pH and pOH To deal with incredibly small concentration values of [H ] and [OH ] we can use the pH scale. Under normal conditions, the pH scale operates within the range of ______ to ______ .
+ + -

By taking the log of [H ] and [OH ] we can find pH and pOH.

pH = ! log[H + ]

pOH = ! log[OH ! ]

p = ! log

By using log with the equilibrium expression for water a relationship between pH and pOH can be created.

pH + pOH = 14
Log of Number Log 1 Log 2 Log 3 Log 5 Log 6 Log 8 Log 0.25 Log 0.33 Log 0.50 Log 0.75 Calculation
Given Value Given Value Given Value Log 5 = Log (10 2) = Log 10 Log 2 = 1 0.301 Log 6 = Log (3 x 2) = Log 3 + Log 2 = 0.477 + 0.301 Log 8 = Log (2 x 2 x 2) = 3(0.301) = 0.903 Log 0.25 = Log (1 4) = Log 1 Log 4 = 0 2(0.301) = 0.602 Log 0.33 = Log (1 3) = Log 1 Log 3 = 0 0.477 = 0.477 Log 0.50 = Log (1 2) = Log 1 Log 2 = 0 0.301 = 0.301 Log 0.75 = Log (3 4) = Log 3 Log 4 = 0.477 2(0.301)

Logarithmic Value 0 0.301 0.477 0.699 0.778 0.903 0.602 0.477 0.301 0.125

EXAMPLE: Calculate the pH of a 0.0060 M HNO3 solution.

EXAMPLE: Calculate the pH of 75.00 mL of 1.50 x 10

-5

M Ca(OH)2.

ACID & BASE CONSTANTS As you might already realize, there are relatively few strong acids. The great majority of acids are weak acids. Consider a weak monoprotic acid, HA, and its ionization in water: HA (aq) + H2O (l) The equilibrium expression for this ionization would be: A (aq) + H3O+ (aq)

Ka = !!!!!!!

Pr oducts = Re ac tan ts !

Where Ka represents the _________________________________________ and it measures the strength of weak acids. When looking at weak bases we dont use Ka, but instead _______, which represents the __________________________.

In general, the __________________ the Ka the stronger the acid and the __________________ the concentration of H+. In general, the __________________ the pKa the stronger the acid and the __________________ the concentration of H+.

EXAMPLE 1: Which of the following is the strongest acid? a) Butanoic acid (Ka = 1.5 x 10-5) b) Benzoic acid (Ka = 6.3 x 10-5) c) Acetic acid (Ka = 1.8 x 10-5) d) Ammonium chloride (Kb = 1.8 x 10-5) e) Hypochlorous acid (Ka = 2.9 x 10-8)

EXAMPLE 2: Which of the following solutions will have the lowest pH? a) 0.25 M HC2F3O2 b) 0.25 M HIO3 c) 0.25 M HC3H5O3 d) 0.25 M H2CO3 e) 0.25 M HSeO4

EXAMPLE 3: Which Bronsted-Lowry base has the greatest concentration of hydroxide ions? a) C2H8N2 (Kb = 8.3 x 10-5)

b) C5H5N

(Kb = 1.7 x 10-9)

c) (CH3)3N

(Kb = 1.0 x 10-6)

d) C3H7NH2

(Kb = 3.5 x 10-4)

e) C6H5NH2

(Kb = 3.9 x 10-10)

pH OF WEAK ACIDS & BASES Generally whenever we have a weak acid or base this would be the moment you would use an ICE chart to calculate pH. However, we can bypass an ICE Chart by using the following formula:

1 1 pH = pKa ! log[HA] 2 2
EXAMPLE 1: Calculate the pH of a 2.00 M HC2H3O2 with a Ka value that is 1.8 x 10 .
-5

EXAMPLE 2: What is the pH of a 0.100 M HNO2 with a pKa value of 3.34?

BUFFERS Solutions which contain a _________________ acid and its __________________ base are called buffer solutions because they resist drastic changes in pH. There are 3 ways to form a buffer: 1) Mixing a ______________ acid and its ______________ base.

2) Mixing a ______________ acid and a ______________ base.

3) Mixing a ______________ acid and a ______________ base.

EXAMPLE: Which of the following combinations can result in the formation of a buffer? a) 75 mL of 0.10 M HClO3 with 50 mL of 0.10 M CH3NH2. b) 50 mL of 0.10 M HCN with 40.0 mL of 0.10 M NaOH. c) 50 mL of 0.10 M NH4Cl with 50 mL of 0.10 M SrH2. d) 50 mL of 0.20 M HF with 25 mL of 0.20 M H2S. e) 50 mL of 0.20 M HF with 48 mL of 0.20 M NaOH.

To calculate the pH of a buffer then we use the Henderson Hasselbalch Equation:

pH = pKa + log

conjugate base weak acid

EXAMPLE: What is the pH of a solution consisting of 0.80 M potassium cyanide (KCN) and 0.40 M hydrocyanic acid (HCN)? The Ka of HCN is 5.0 x 10-10.