DRAUGHT 1. What is meant by draft? Why it is necessary?

The difference of pressure required to maintain the constant flow of air and to discharge the gasses through the chimney to atmosphere is known as draught. The purpose of the draught is to supply the required quantity of air for combustion and to remove the burnt products from the system. 1) To force adequate air through the combustion chamber to assist in the proper combustion of fuel. 2) To draw the resulting hot flue gas from the chamber ) To vent the products of combustion to atmosphere after necessary heat recovery in !uper heater" #conomi$er and %ir heater 2. &ow is draught classified? 'raught can be broadly classified into two classes ( )atural draught and artificial draught. %rtificial draught is of two types ( !team *et draught and mechanical draught. !team *et draught cab be of induced as well as forced draught type. +echanical draught can be of induced" forced and balanced draught types. 1. Define draught, what is the use of draught in thermal power plants? 'raught is defined as a small pressure difference required between the fuel bed ,furnace) and outside air to maintain constant flow of air and to discharge the gases through chimney to the atmosphere. 'raught can be obtained by chimney" fan" steam *et ,or) -air *et ,or) combination of these. The uses or necessity of a draught are To supply required quantity of air to the furnace for combustion of fuel.

 To draw the combustion products through the system. To remove burnt products from the system !. "rite a#out classification of draught? 'raught is classified as 1. )atural draught 2. %rtificial draught The artificial draught is further classified as ,a) !team *et draught ,b) +echanical draught ,c) .nduced draught ,d) /orced draught $. Define the term %atural draught and what are the ad&antages of natural draught system? The tall chimney creates the natural draught by the temperature difference between hot gases in the chimney and cold atmospheric air outside the chimney. The advantages are )o e0ternal power is required %ir pollution is less since gases are discharged at high level. )o maintenance cost 1apital cost is less than artificial draught. '. "rite a#out artificial draught? .n modem power plants" the draught should be fle0ible to meet the fluctuating loads and it should be independent of atmospheric conditions. To achieve this" the aid of draft fans becomes must and by employing the draft fans" the height of the chimney would be reduced. (. "rite a#out forced draught system?

.n this system" the blower ,forced draft fan) is located at the base of the boiler near the grate. %ir is forced to the furnace by forced fan and the flue gases are forced to chimney through economiser and air preheater. ). "hat are the ad&antages of forced draught system? !ince the fan handles cold air" the fan si$e and the power required are less. )o need of water cooled bearings because the air being handled is cold air" 2ressure throughout the system is above atmospheric pressure so the air leakage into the furnace is reduced. *. How the induced draught is wor+ing? .n an induced draught system" a blower ,induced draft fan) is placed near ,or) at the base of the chimney. The fan sucks the flue gas from the furnace creating a partial vacuum inside the furnace. Thus atmospheric air is induced to flow through the furnace to aid the combustion of fuel. The flue gases drawn by the fan passes through chimney" to the atmosphere. ,. "hy the #alanced draught system is preferred than other system? .n the induced draught system" when the furnace is opened for firing" the cold air enters the furnace and dilates the combustion. .n the forced draught system" when the furnace is opened for firing" the high pressure air will try to blow out suddenly and furnace may stop. &ence the furnace cannot be opened for firing ,q) inspection in both" systems. 3alanced

draught" which is a combination of induced and forced draught" is used to overcome the above stated difficulties. -. How draught is controlled in response to the #oiler load? 42. &ow are load changes controlled in boiler? %ns5-3y varying number of burners in operation and varying the rate of fuel burning the load changes can be controlled.4 .What are the consequences of overloading of boiler. .t will affect the design circulation velocity" higher the flue gas temperature and bring about higher superheated steam temperature that may lead to super heater coil failure by overheating.

.ontrolling draught +ost boilers now depend on mechanical draught equipment rather than natural draught. This is because natural draught is sub*ect to outside air conditions and temperature of flue gases leaving the furnace" as well as the chimney height. %ll these factors make proper draught hard to attain and therefore make mechanical draught equipment much more economical. There are three types of mechanical draught5

Induced draught5 This is obtained one of three ways" the first being the 6stack effect6 of a heated chimney" in which the flue gas is less dense than the ambient air surrounding the boiler. The denser column of ambient air forces combustion air into and through the boiler. The second method is through use of a steam *et. The steam *et oriented in the direction of flue gas flow induces flue gasses into the stack and allows for a greater flue gas velocity increasing the overall draught in the furnace. This method was common on steam driven locomotives which could not have tall chimneys. The third method is by simply using an induced draught fan ,.' fan) which removes flue gases from the furnace and forces the e0haust gas up the stack. %lmost all induced draught furnaces operate with a slightly negative pressure.

Forced draught5 'raught is obtained by forcing air into the furnace by means of a fan ,/' fan) and ductwork. %ir is often passed through an air heater7 which" as the name suggests" heats the air going into the furnace in order to increase the overall efficiency of the boiler. 'ampers are used to control the quantity of air admitted to the furnace. /orced draught furnaces usually have a positive pressure. Balanced draught5 3alanced draught is obtained through use of both induced and forced draught. This is more common with larger boilers where the flue gases have to travel a long distance through many boiler passes. The induced draught fan works in con*unction with the forced draught fan allowing the furnace pressure to be maintained slightly below atmospheric.