River Routing B

Water Resources Engineering

More Flood Routing

A C

How does the hydrograph for A look when it gets here?

Hydrograph for A Attenuation

Time lag

River Routing
Hydraulic Routing Hydrologic Methods
Recall: Storage indication method/modified Puls method (previous lecture).

2S 2S ( I n + I n +1 ) + n Qn = n+1 + Qn +1 (= R 1 ) t t 2 S n +1 2S Qn +1 = n+1 + Qn +1 2Qn +1 ( = R 2 ) t t 2S (= R 3 ) Q= f +Q t

S = f(Q) only. This is because the storage capacity of any particular reservoir is know
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Reservoir / River Routing

Reservoir routing 1. Continuity equation River routing 1. Continuity equation

Storage Equations
Conservation of Mass

IQ =

dS dt

IQ =

dS dt

2. Storage equation

2. Storage equation

S = f(Q)
Inflow

S = f(I, Q)
Inflow Storage Outflow

I - O = dS dt
Conservation of Momentum

Storage

Outflow

Storage

S = f(I,O)
Previous lecture
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Storage

While flood enters the reach

Storage = volume In general, storage in a channel can be found by integrating the water surface profile. When a flood wave propagate through a channel, storage can be calculated by knowing the difference of inflow and outflow and multiplying with the speed in which information travels.

Prism and Wedge Concepts

After flood passes through

Channel storage
Surface profile Riverbed Reach I Q Sprism = KQ , reach. K is travel time constant through

Muskingum method
Continuity equation: Storage equation:

I n + I n +1 Qn + Qn +1 S n +1 S n = 2 2 t
S n = K [ xI n + (1 x)Qn ] S n +1 = K [ xI n +1 + (1 x)Qn +1 ]

=
Q

+ Sprism = KQ Swedge = xK(I-Q)

Note: x = weighting factor
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Subtracting Sn+1 with Sn:

S n+1 S n = K {[ XI n +1 + (1 X )Qn+1 ] [ XI n + (1 X )Qn ]} I n + I n+1 Qn + Qn+1 t = K {[ XI n+1 + (1 X )Qn +1 ] [ XI n + (1 X )Qn ]} 2 2

=
S = Sprism + Swedge

S = K [xI + (1 x)Q ]

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Muskingum method
Continuity equation: Storage equation:

I n + I n +1 Qn + Qn +1 S n +1 S n = 2 2 t
S n = K [ xI n + (1 x)Qn ] S n +1 = K [ xI n +1 + (1 x)Qn +1 ]

Muskingum parameters
X related to shape of wedge. 0 < x < 0.5 x=0 level pool (reservoir) x=0.5 pure translation (no attenuation) typical values are 0.2 0.3

KQ

Muskingum routing equation:

Qn +1 = C0 I n +1 + C1 I n + C2 Qn
Kx + t 2 D Kx + t 2 C1 = D C0 = C2 = K Kx t 2 D
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Travel time through reach

D = K(1 x) + t 2

Numerical accuracy require 2Kx < t < K t and K must have same units
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Muskingum Routing Method

Routing procedure
Index n-1 Index n Index n+1

X = 0.0
discharge

Known inflow hydrograph

X = 0.5

time

Known starting conditions

t
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Routed outflow hydrograph

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Example
Time (hrs) Route the inflow hydrograph given below using the Muskingum method. Assume t = 1 hr, X = 0.2, K = 0.7 hrs. Given that the initial inflow and outflow through the river reach is 0 cfs. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Inflow (cfs) 0 800 2000 4200 5200 4400 3200 2500 2000 1500 1000 700 400 0
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Qn+1 = C0 I n +1 + C1 I n + C2Qn
Kx + t 2 D Kx + t 2 C1 = D C0 = C2 = K Kx t 2 D

D = K(1 x) + t 2

D=0.7(1-0.2)+1/2= 1.06 Co = {-0.7(0.2)+1/2}/1.06 = 0.3396 C1 = {0.7(0.2)+1/2}/1.06 = 0.6038 C2 = {0.7-0.7(0.2)-1/2}/1.06=0.0566 Check : Co+C1+C2 = 1

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Qn+1 = C0 I n +1 + C1 I n + C2Qn
Kx + t 2 D Kx + t 2 C1 = D K Kx t 2 D

C0 =

C2 =

D = K(1 x) + t 2

Graphical estimation of Muskingum parameters

0.3396 0.6038
Time (hr)
n

0.566
C2(Qn) Qn+1 0

I (cfs) 0

Co In+1

C 1 In

If observed inflow and outflow hydrographs are available, x and K can be estimated using a graphical method. Storage equation: S = K[xI + (1 x)Q]

0 1 2 3

271.68
n+1

0 483.04 1207

0 272 15.40 1178 67 2701

Weighted discharge

800 679.20 2000 1426 4200

xI+(1-x)Q

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S
Storage

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Determining X and K
Day I O Si+1 Si+1 (cfs) (cfs) (cfs-days) (cfs-days) Where Si+1 = Si + Idt - Odt K Select x from data set that gives the best linear loop K = slope of best fit line through best linear loop
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Example: Muskingum routing

The following parameters for a reach are given: x = 0.2 K = 2 days t = 1 day Route the tabulated inflow hydrograph through the reach.
Time (day) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Inflow (cfs) 4,000 7,000 11,000 17,000 22,000 27 ,000 30,000 28,000 25,000 23,000 20,000 17 ,000 14,000 11,000 8,000 5,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000

xI + (1-x)O x=.1 x=.2 x=.3

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Solution: t=1 day Estimation of coefficients: Q1 = I1 = 4,000 cfs t = 2 days

Check: C0+C1+C2=1

Time (day) 1 2 3 4

Inflow (cfs) 4,000 7,000 11,000 17,000

D = K(1 x) + t 2 = 2(1 0.2) + 1 2 = 2.1 C0 = Kx + t 2 2(0.2) + 1 2 = = 0.0476 D 2 .1 Kx + t 2 2(0.2) + 1 2 C1 = = = 0.4286 D 2.1 K(1 x) t 2 2(1 0.2) 1 2 C2 = = = 0.5238 D 2.1

Q2 = 0.0476 I2 + 0.4286 I1 + 0.5238 Q1 = 0.0476 (7000) + 0.4286 ( 4000) + 0.5238 ( 4000) = 4143 cfs
t = 3 days

Routing equation: Qn = C0 I n +1 + C1 I n + C2Qn

Q3 = 0.0476 I3 + 0.4286 I2 + 0.5238 Q2 = 0.0476 (11,000) + 0.4286 (7000) + 0.5238 ( 4143) = 5694 cfs
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Qn +1 = 0.0476 I n +1 + 0.4286 I n + 0.5238 Qn

Reservoir Routing Inflow and outflow hydrographs for Example

Solution: 1. Develop Storage function Curve (2S/t +Q) Vs Q 2. Construct the Table

Needed Details: 1. Inflow Hydrograph

T I 0 0 1 10 2 22

2 days

3. Using initial conditions, find (2Sn/t +Qn) 4. Then using R1, R3, R2 in sequence, Solve the problem and find Qn+1

2. Stage Discharge Relationship Stage Storage Relationship 3. Initial Storage, Initial Outflow (Qn)
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River Routing Muskingum Routing

Solution: 1. Find Co,C1, C2 using t, K,X 2. Remember base equation

Qn+1 = C0 I n +1 + C1 I n + C2Qn
2. Construct the Table

Needed Details: 1. Inflow Hydrograph

T I 0 0 1 10 2 22

3. Qn is given

2. K Travel Time constant (same as t units) X Wedge Shape Factor 3. Initial Outflow (Qn)

4. Then using Co, C1, C2 in sequence, Solve the problem and find Qn+1

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