1. What are the fuctions of kidney ? [May 08] 2. What is Renal failure ? 3.

What are acute and chronic renal failures ? 4. What are the conse uences of renal failure ? !. What are the reasons for acute renal failure ? ". What are the reasons for chronic renal failure ? #. $efine artificial kidney. 8. What is the %rinci%le of dialysis ? [May 0&] &. What is a he'odialyser ? 10. What is %eritoneal dialysis ? [(o) 0"] 11. What are the %hysical conce%ts that are res%onsi*le for dialysis to take %lace? 12. $efine and state the %rinci%le of diffusion. 13. $efine and state the %rinci%le of +ltrafiltration. 14. $efine and state the %rinci%le of ,s'osis. 1!. What are concentration and %ressure -radients ? 1". What are the factors that influence diffusion rate? 1#. What is an os'otic %ressure ? 18. $efine .M/. 1&. $efine +ltrafiltration rate. 20. 0o1 dialysate is %re%ared? 21. What are the 'e'*rane 'aterials used for dialysis ? 22. 2i)e the characteristics of the 'e'*ranes used for dialysis. 23. What are the different 'odes of flo1 currents a)aila*le in dialysis ? 24. What is an 345 shunt ? 2!. What is an 345 fistula ? 2". What are the co''only used adsor*ents in the dialy6in- fluid? 2#. $efine clearance. 28. $efine dialysance. 2&. What is the relation *et1een clearance and dialysance ? [May 0&] 30. What are the t1o i'%ortant syste's of a dialyser 'achine ? 31. What are dialysers 7 89chan-ers ? 32. What are the ty%es of dialysate deli)ery syste' ? [(o) 0"] 33. (a'e the three *asic desi-n confi-uration of a 0e'odialyser. [May 10] 34. What is a coil dialyser ? 2i)e its sketch. 3!. What is a /arallel4%late dialyser ? 2i)e its sketch. 3". What is a 0ollo1 fi*er dialyser ? 2i)e its sketch. 3#. $istin-uish %ri'in- )olu'e and residual )olu'e. [May 08] 38. What is a sin-le4needle dialysis ? 3&. What is W3: ? 40. 2i)e the ste%s in)ol)e din a dialyser recycle. 41. What are the se)eral 'ethods a)aila*le for sterili6ation of dialysers ? 42. What are the factors to *e considered for choosin- the ri-ht dialyser for a %atient 1ith renal failure ? 43. Why is ade uate 1ater %urification essential in dialysis ? [May 10] 44. What 'ethods are used to treat 1ater for use in he'odialysis ? 4!. What are the se)eral %hysiolo-ical co'%lications related to dialysis ? 4". 0o1 assessin- of dialysis dose is done ? 4#. What are different ty%es of he'odialysis 'ethods a)aila*le ? 48. $efine residual )olu'e. [May 11] 4&. Mention the co'%onents of a coil he'odialyser. [May 11] !0. Mention the factors affectin- dialysis rate. [(o) 11] !1. $ifferentiate os'osis and diffusion. [(o) 11]

444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 1. $ra1 a neat sketch of a -enerali6ed 3rtificial :idney and 89%lain. 2. 89%lain ho1 the i'%ortant functions of kidney are *ein- %erfor'ed in a he'odialysis 'achine. 7 89%lain in detail the 1orkin- %rinci%le of a he'odialyser 1ith a neat *lock dia-ra'. [(o) 0"] ; [May 10] 3. 89%lain /eritoneal $ialysis 1ith suita*le sketch. 7 89%lain in detail the o%eration of continuous a'*ulatory %eritoneal dialysis 1ith a suita*le illustration. <12= [May 08] 4. 89%lain the different 1ays *y 1hich dialysis action takes %lace in detail. !. What is a /orta*le dialyser ? 7 What is a Weara*le 3rtificial :idney ? 7 89%lain a si'%le %orta*le kidney 'achine. <8= [May 0&] ". What are the %ara'eters to *e 'onitored 1hen a he'odialysis unit is connected to a %atient ? $escri*e the setu% used to 'onitor these %ara'eters. [(o) 0"] #. Write short notes on > [May 08] <i= ?oil $ialyser <4= <ii= /arallel %late $ialyser <4= <iii= 0ollo14fi*er dialyser <4= <i)= 2lo'erular @iltration <4= 8. Write a*out the different 'e'*ranes used for 0e'odialysis. <4= [May 08] &. Write short notes on Aioen-ineered kidneys. <8= [May 0&] 10. $etail a*out > <8= [May 0&] <i= 0e'odialysis circuit <ii= .y%es of 0e'odialysers <iii= Alood4Material Bnteractions in 0e'odialysis. 11. Write short notes on $ialysate te'%erature control and 'easure'ent. <8= [May 0&] 12. $iscuss the )arious functional %ara'eters of a %orta*le dialyser. [May 10] 13. Why dialyser analysis is re uired ? What are the %ara'eters to *e analysed. 89%lain in detail. [May 11] 14. 89%lain 1ith a flo1 dia-ra' the o%eration of a %orta*le kidney 'achine. [May 11] 1!. With a neat sche'atic of 0e'odialysis circuit e9%lain the o%eration of the e ui%'ent in detail. <10= [(o) 11] 1". ?o'%are and contrast %eritoneal dialysis and he'odialysis. <"= [(o) 11] 1#. 89%lain the need for a *ioartificial kidney. <"= [(o) 11] 18. $iscuss the challen-es in constructin- %orta*le dialysis 'achine. <10= [(o) 11]