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CHAPTER 10
What is Learning?
Definition: The lasting change in a persons behavior brought about by study, training, or experience. Because learning can only be measured by behavior, psychologists can only study the results of learning, not the internal process of learning. Can the student solve the algebra equation? Can the young child throw the ball to their father?
Learning Theories
Classical Conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
Operant Conditioning
B.F.Skinner and E.L. Thorndike
Little Albert
Homework Assignment:
Find 1 magazine advertisement or internet advertisement that uses some form of classical conditioning in its marketing. Identify the U.C.S. the U.C.R. the C.S. and the perceived C.R.
Extinction: The process of withholding the unconditioned stimulus in order to stop the conditioned response
Spontaneous Recovery: The recurrence of an extinguished response after a long period
Sheldon trains Penny by using Chocolates as a positive reinforcement for desired behavior.
Skinner was shaping the behaviors of the bird, what kind of behaviors have you been shaped to preform in life?
But how does one shape behaviors? How were we taught to do things and why did we listen?
Homework: Do you agree or disagree that all intrinsically motivated behaviors must at some point have been reinforced? Why?
Observational Learning
Not all learning is reduced to simple stimulus and response or reward and punishment.
Definition: Organisms learn new responses by observing the behavior of a model and then imitating it
Observational Learning
To test his theory Albert Bandura created an experiment:
What ensued was one of the most famous psychological experiments of his time. It is simply known as the bobo doll experiment
What did you see? Why do you think the child in the video acted the way they did? Do you think if the model acted differently the child would?
Observational Learning
Modeling Behavior 1. Attention 2. Retention 3. Produce 4. Motivated
People learn by observing other people. What are some examples that you can think of where you simply learned something by watching someone else do it?
Observational Learning
Observational learning is effected by key elements: Models: Nurturing, warm, and caring models are more likely to engage and be imitated by angry ones; authoritative parents are more likely to be imitated than passive ones. Students are more likely to imitate peers they view as powerful and dominant.
Learners: Dependent children are more likely to observe and reproduce behavior than independent children. Children with less self-confidence are more likely to imitate a model.
Situational: People are more likely to imitate behavior when they are uncertain how to act in a specific environment.
Observational Learning
Homework Question: Knowing what you know about how people learn new behaviors; what might be a way for high school teachers to help encourage learning in a history, science, or theology class?