Universidad Nacional Autnoma de Mxico Faculty of Chemistry Serna Ortiz Miriam Noelia

The dicarboxylates as adsorbents of small molecules

In this bibliographic research, I present one of the investigations of our time, where the dicarboxylates are being used as adsorbents of smaller molecules, such as gas pollutants.

25 de marzo

The dicarboxylates as adsorbents of small molecules

Efforts to stop de growing of environment has stimulated the development of new environmentally sound technologies. To achieve this it seeks on the one hand, reduce the consumption of fossil fuels either reducing consumption or using alternative energy sources like solar and the other, reducing pollutants from industry and transportation. This bibliographic research joins those efforts to tackle the problem of environmental remediation developing nanoporous materials for the retention of small molecules. This is one of the lines of research that are currently working harder. A technology based on adsorption process achieved efficiently retain small molecules requires a proper interaction of molecules with porous lattice to achieve adequate retention. Nanoporous materials have been widely used as sieves, adsorbents and catalyst. Among the most commonly used nanoporous materials in the industry include zeolites and generally crystalline nanoporous solids due to the advantages of the regularity of its pores and channels. Among the latter have emerged recently those with metal-organic lattices as a promising alternative because of the enormous flexibility in designing the topology of pores and surface potentials they offer. The above qualities have allowed the design of materials tailored to the demands of new technologies related to storage processes, separation and catalysis. However, despite the unique adsorptive properties of these materials, so far been published only a very limited number of studies on adsorption on porous materials synthesized by assembling molecular units. This fact emphasizes the need to carry out experimental and theoretical investigations aimed at further study of the synthesis and adsorptive properties of solid matter. Any material can be considered as a porous solid if it contains gaps, cavities, gaps or channels. If these gaps are the spaces between the bonded atoms, having a volume greater than that of a sphere with a diameter of 0.25nm pores can be considered. When these pores extend in a direction then they are called channels. According to the recommendations of the IUPAC, microporous solids are those containing micropores and/or channels with diameters less than 2nm. Such small dimensions of the pores and channels make microporous solids have large areas which gives them great ability to adsorb fluid on their surfaces thus making them more adsorbents used in practice, (Roque-Malherbe 2007; Morris and Wheatley 2008; Czaja, Trukhan et al. 2009). Within porous materials are several types such as zeolites, which have particular crystal structures, the pores are of molecular dimensions and are very regular networks. Other porous materials are formed by the agglomeration of small particles, as in the case of some inorganic gels. In these materials the final structure depends mainly on the original arrangement of elementary particles and their size. The metal oxides, carbonates, nitrates and oxalates, are also part of the porous materials, which are obtained by selective elimination of elements of its original structure to create pores. Finally, the coals, which are more porous materials used in practice. Recently, a new family of microporous materials called MOF2 (Ferey 2008) or PCP3, formed by the coordination of metal ions with organic ligands have attracted much attention. With the characteristic that by varying the organic ligands and metal material, its synthesis can be easily adapted to control the

connectivity, structure and size of the pores with opportunities for a wide range of differences in functionality. To date, a number of MOF has been synthesized by what has become an important focus of research because they have shown several promising applications, such as: the retention of species harmful to the environment, gas storage fuel, separation of high value-added components of different types of mixtures (Czaja, Trukhan et al. 2009). Thanks to the properties of microporous materials, these have been used in the storage of combustible gases such as H2 and CH4 (Morris and Wheatley 2008), also in the separation and recovery of CO2. The dicarboxylates have been explored as ligands in the synthesis of a large amount of organic metal gratings in order to obtain microporous materials. Among the carboxylates are the succinates, fumarates and adipates, which are formed by assembling the respective anion with metals, particularly in this work the transition metal nickel. Among the techniques used to prepare these materials, have greatly developed those involving moderate reaction temperatures, such as hydrothermal processes, which take place in aqueous media at temperatures between 100 and 200 C and generated pressure for the use of autoclave. Another technique that has not been reported to obtain dicarboxylates, is the synthesis at room temperature by deprotonation of the acid and hydrothermal treatment. Both techniques are used in this study, the first is to place the solution containing the carboxylic ion and the solution containing the metal in an autoclave, which is introduced into a flask, where by means of a temperature increase and generated pressure, crystals form which are the dicarboxylates. The second technique is to obtain the dicarboxylates at room temperature and then put into a flask or reflux conditions to obtain larger crystals. Both techniques are described by the acid-base theory and the basis of potentiometry. Some metal dicarboxylates have been studied as adsorbents; hence this is one of the objectives of this work. In many cases, it is possible to identify a compound by chemical methods. If the compound has already been discussed previously, we can compare their physical properties (melting point, boiling point, etc.) with published values. However, these procedures are not sufficient for complex compounds that have never been synthesized and characterized. In addition, they are impractical for synthesis with low yields, because it takes a relatively large sample to conduct these types of analysis. It takes non-destructive analytical techniques that require small samples. These techniques are distinguished infrared spectroscopy, using a pycnometer, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis and physical adsorption. References. Czaja, A. U., N. Trukhan, et al. (2009). "Industrial applications of metalorganic frameworks" Chemical Society Reviews 38: 1284-1293. Ferey, G. (2008). "Hybrid porous solids: past, present, future." Chemical Society Reviews 37:191-214. Morris, R. E. and P. S. Wheatley (2008). "Gas Storage in Nanoporous Materials." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 47: 4966 4981. Roque-Malherbe, R. M. A. (2007). Adsorption and diffusion in nanoporous materials. Boca Raton, CRC.