Chap 9

Chapter 9
GAS POWER CYCLES

Actual and Ideal Cycles, Carnot cycle, Air-Standard Assuptions
9-1C The Carnot cycle is not suitable as an ideal cycle for all power producing devices because it cannot
be approximated using the hardware of actual power producing devices.
9-2C It is less than the thermal efficiency of a Carnot cycle.
9-3C It represents the net work on both diagrams.
9-4C The cold air standard assumptions involves the additional assumption that air can be treated as an
ideal gas with constant specific heats at room temperature.
9-5C Under the air standard assumptions, the combustion process is modeled as a heat addition process,
and the exhaust process as a heat rejection process.
9-6C The air standard assumptions are !"# the working fluid is air which behaves as an ideal gas, !$# all
the processes are internally reversible, !%# the combustion process is replaced by the heat addition process,
and !&# the exhaust process is replaced by the heat rejection process which returns the working fluid to its
original state.
9-7C The clearance volume is the minimum volume formed in the cylinder whereas the displacement
volume is the volume displaced by the piston as the piston moves between the top dead center and the
bottom dead center.
9-8C It is the ratio of the maximum to minimum volumes in the cylinder.
9-9C The '() is the fictitious pressure which, if acted on the piston during the entire power stroke,
would produce the same amount of net work as that produced during the actual cycle.
9-10C *es.
9-11C +ssuming no accumulation of carbon deposits on the piston face, the compression ratio will
remain the same !otherwise it will increase#. The mean effective pressure, on the other hand, will
decrease as a car gets older as a result of wear and tear.
9-12C The ,I and CI engines differ from each other in the way combustion is initiated- by a spark in ,I
engines, and by compressing the air above the self.ignition temperature of the fuel in CI engines.
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. / $001 The 'c2raw.3ill Companies, Inc. 4imited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this 'anual, you are using it without permission.
5."
9-13C ,troke is the distance between the T6C and the 76C, bore is the diameter of the cylinder, T6C is
the position of the piston when it forms the smallest volume in the cylinder, and clearance volume is the
minimum volume formed in the cylinder.
9-14 The temperatures of the energy reservoirs of an ideal gas power cycle are given. It is to be
determined if this cycle can have a thermal efficiency greater than 88 percent.
Analysis The maximum efficiency any engine using the specified reservoirs can have is
!"#$%
+
+

9 $:%# !;$:
9 $:%# !":
" "
Carnot th,
H
L
T
T
Therefore, an efficiency of 88 percent is possible.

5.$
9-15 The four processes of an air.standard cycle are described. The cycle is to be shown on P-v and T-s
diagrams, and the net work output and the thermal efficiency are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The air.standard assumptions are applicable. 2 9inetic and potential energy changes are
negligible. 3 +ir is an ideal gas with variable specific heats.
Properties The properties of air are given in Table +.":.
Analysis !b# The properties of air at various states are

( )
( )
( ) k<=kg 1$1." &5."0 "%"0
k)a $;;1
k)a "00
k)a $;;1 k)a 100
9 8%5.1
9 "100
"%"0
k<=kg "&1:.$
9 "100
9 8%5.1
k<=kg %15.$$
011 . "" ".%1;
k)a "00
k)a 100
%1; . "
k<=kg %00."5
9 %00
&
%
&
$
$
%
%
$
$ $
%
% %
%
%
$
$
"
$
"
"
% &
%
" $
"

h P
P
P
P
P
T
T
P
T
P
T
P
P
u
T
T
u
P
P
P
P
P
h
T
r r
r
r r
r
v v
>rom energy balances,
kJ/kg 570.1 5 . 8$: 0 . "051
k<=kg 8$:.5 "5 . %00 " . 1$1
k<=kg "051.0 $ . %15 $ . "&1:
out in out net,
" & out
$ % in

q q w
h h q
u u q
!c# Then the thermal efficiency becomes
51.9%
k<=kg "051.0
k<=kg 8:0."
in
out net,
th
q
w
5.%
v
P
"
$
&
%
q
in
q
out
s
T
"
$
&
%
?
in
?
out
9-16 EES )roblem 5."8 is reconsidered. The effect of the maximum temperature of the cycle on the net
work output and thermal efficiency is to be investigated. +lso, T.s and P.v diagrams for the cycle are to be
plotted.
Analysis Using ((,, the problem is solved as follows
"Input Data"
T[1]=300 [K]
P[1]=100 [kPa]
P[2] = 800 [kPa]
T[3]=1800 [K]
P[4] = 100 [kPa]
"Process 1-2 is isentropic compression"
s[1]=entropyair!T=T[1]!P=P[1]"
s[2]=s[1]
T[2]=temperatureair! s=s[2]! P=P[2]"
P[2]#$[2]%T[2]=P[1]#$[1]%T[1]
P[1]#$[1]=&#T[1]
&=0'28( [k)%k*-K]
"+onser$ation o, ener*y ,or process 1 to 2"
-.12 -/.12 = D01T2u.12
-.12 =0"isentropic process"
D01T2u.12=intener*yair!T=T[2]"-intener*yair!T=T[1]"
"Process 2-3 is constant $o3ume 4eat a55ition"
s[3]=entropyair! T=T[3]! P=P[3]"
6P[3]#$[3]%T[3]=P[2]#$[2]%T[2]7
P[3]#$[3]=&#T[3]
$[3]=$[2]
-.23 -/.23 = D01T2u.23
/.23 =0"constant $o3ume process"
"Process 3-4 is isentropic e8pansion"
s[4]=s[3]
P[4]#$[4]%T[4]=P[3]#$[3]%T[3]
6P[4]#$[4]=0'28(#T[4]7
-.34 -/.34 = D01T2u.34
"Process 4-1 is constant pressure 4eat re9ection"
6P[4]#$[4]%T[4]=P[1]#$[1]%T[1]7
-.41 -/.41 = D01T2u.41
/.41 =P[1]#$[1]-$[4]" "constant pressure process"
-.in.tota3=-.23
/.net = /.12:/.23:/.34:/.41
0ta.t4=/.net%-.in.tota3#100 "T4erma3 e,,iciency! in percent"
5.&
T3 [K] t4
-in!tota3
[k)%k*]
;net [k)%k*]
1<00 <0'=1 81<'4 41<'1
1(00 <1'<8 1002 <1>'8
1=00 <2'1( 11=2 >21'(
2100 <2'>= 1384 (2='2
2300 <3'1> 1<(= 83='1
2<00 <3'<8 1((< =<1'2
5.0 5.3 5.5 5.8 6.0 6.3 6.5 6.8 7.0 7.3 7.5
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
s &'()'*-+,
-

&
+
,
100 kPa
800 kPa
Air
.
/
0
1

10
-2
10
-1
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
1
10
2
10
3
4x10
3
2 &
0
)'*,
P

&
'
P
a
,
300 K
1800 K
Air
.
/
0
1

5.8
.3!! .$!! .9!! /.!! /0!! /3!!
3!"3
3.
3."3
3/
3/"3
30
30"3
31
-&0, &+,
t
h

.3!! .$!! .9!! /.!! /0!! /3!!
%!!
.!!!
./!!
.1!!
.#!!
.%!!
-&0, &+,
4
i
n
,
t
o
t
a
l

&
'
(
)
'
*
,

.3!! .$!! .9!! /.!! /0!! /3!!
1!!
3!!
#!!
$!!
%!!
9!!
.!!!
-&0, &+,
5
n
e
t

&
'
(
)
'
*
,

5.;
9-17 The four processes of an air.standard cycle are described. The cycle is to be shown on P-v and T-s
diagrams, and the maximum temperature in the cycle and the thermal efficiency are to be determined.
negligible. 3 +ir is an ideal gas with constant specific heats.
Properties The properties of air at room temperature are cp @ ".008 k<=kg.9, cv @ 0.:"1 k<=kgA9, and k
@ ".& !Table +.$#.
Analysis !b# >rom the ideal gas isentropic relations and energy balance,

( )
( ) 9 8:5.$
k)a "00
k)a "000
9 %00
0.&=".& = "
"
$
" $

,
_
,
_
k k
P
P
T T

( )
( )( ) K 3360

% max %
$ % $ % in
8:5.$ 9 k<=kg ".008 k<=kg $100 T T T
T T c h h q
p
!c#
( ) 9 %%; 9 %%;0
k)a "000
k)a "00
%
%
&
&
&
& &
%
% %
T
P
P
T
T
P
T
P v v

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )( )
21.0%
+
+
+ +
k<=kg $100
k<=kg $$"$
" "
k<=kg $$"$
9 %00 %%; 9 k<=kg ".008 9 %%; %%;0 9 k<=kg 0.:"1
in
out
th
" & & %
" & & % out &", out %&, out
q
q
T T c T T c
h h u u q q q
p
v
Discussion The assumption of constant specific heats at room temperature is not realistic in this case the
temperature changes involved are too large.
5.:
v
P
"
$
&
%
q
%&
q
&"
q
in
s
T
"
$
&
%
q
in
q
&"
q
%&
9-18E The four processes of an air.standard cycle are described. The cycle is to be shown on P-v and T-s
diagrams, and the total heat input and the thermal efficiency are to be determined.
Properties The properties of air are given in Table +.":(.
7tu=lbm "$5.0; 7tu=lbm, 5$.0& B 8&0
" " "
h u T

( )
( ) 7tu=lbm 85%.$$ %":.0 "$&$
psia 8:.;
psia "&.:
"$&$
7tu=lbm &1 . 1&5
B %$00
psia 8:.; psia "&.:
B 8&0
B $"";
7tu=lbm " . 8%: , B $"";
7tu=lbm 0& . %5$ %00 0& . 5$
&
%
&
%
%
"
"
$
$
"
" "
$
$ $
$ $
in,"$ " $
" $ in,"$
% &
%

+ +

h P
P
P
P
P
h
T
P
T
T
P
T
P
T
P
h T
q u u
u u q
r r
r
v v
>rom energy balance,
7tu=lbm &;&."; 0; . "$5 $$ . 85%
%1 . %"$ %00
7tu=lbm %"$.%1 " . 8%: &1 . 1&5
" & out
in $%, in "$, in
$ % in $%,

+ +

h h q
q q q
h h q
!"/#$% 612.38
!c# Then the thermal efficiency becomes
24.2%
7tu=lbm ;"$.%1
7tu=lbm &;&.";
" "
in
out
th
q
q
5.1
v
P
%
&
$
"
?
"$
q
$%
q
out
s
T
%
&
$
"
q
out
q
$%
q
"$
9-19E The four processes of an air.standard cycle are described. The cycle is to be shown on P-v and T-s
diagrams, and the total heat input and the thermal efficiency are to be determined.
Properties The properties of air at room temperature are cp @ 0.$&0 7tu=lbm.B, cv @ 0.":" 7tu=lbm.B,
and k @ ".& !Table +.$(#.
Analysis !b#
( )
( )( )
( )
( ) ( )( ) 7tu=lbm $":.& B $$5& %$00 B 7tu=lbm 0.$&
psia ;$.&; psia "&.:
B 8&0
B $$5&
B $$5&
B 8&0 7tu=lbm.B 0.":" 7tu=lbm %00
$ % $ % in,$%
"
"
$
$
"
" "
$
$ $
$
$
" $ " $ in,"$

T T c h h q
P
T
T
P
T
P
T
P
T
T
T T c u u q
P
v v
v
)rocess %.& is isentropic
( )
( )
( ) ( )( ) 7tu=lbm %:1.8 8&0 $"": 7tu=lbm.B 0.$&0
& . $": %00
B $"":
psia ;$.&;
psia "&.:
B %$00
" & " & out
in,$% in,"$ in
0.&=".& = "
%
&
% &

+ +
,
_
,
_
T T c h h q
q q q
P
P
T T
p
k k
!"/#$% 517.4
!c#
26.8%
7tu=lbm 8":.&
7tu=lbm %:1.8
" "
in
out
th
q
q
5.5
v
v
P
%
&
$
"
q
"$
q
$%
q
out
s
T
%
&
$
"
q
out
q
$%
q
"$
9-20 The three processes of an air.standard cycle are described. The cycle is to be shown on P-v and T-s
diagrams, and the heat rejected and the thermal efficiency are to be determined.
@ ".& !Table +.$#.
Analysis !b#

( )
( ) 9 8:5.$
k)a "00
k)a "000
9 %00
0.&=".& = "
"
$
" $

,
_
,
_
k k
P
P
T T
( ) ( )
( )( )( ) 9 "$;; $ . 8:5 9 k<=kg ".008 kg 0.00& k< $.:;
% %
$ % $ % in

T T
T T mc h h m Q
p
)rocess %." is a straight line on the P.v diagram, thus the w%" is
simply the area under the process curve,

( )
( )
k<=kg : . $:%
9 k<=kg 0.$1:
k)a "000
9 "$;;
k)a "00
9 %00
$
k)a "00 "000
$ $
area
%
%
"
" " %
% "
" %
%"
,
_

,
_
,
_
+

+

P
RT
P
RT P P P P
w v v
(nergy balance for process %." gives
( ) [ ]
( ) ( )( ) [ ] kJ 1.679 +
+

9 "$;; . %00 9 k<=kg 0.:"1 $:%.: kg 0.00&
# !
# !
% " out %", % " out %", out %",
% " out %", out %", system out in
T T c w m T T mc mw Q
u u m W Q E E E
v v
!c#
39.2%
k< $.:;
k< ".;:5
" "
in
out
th
Q
Q
5."0
v
v
P
% $
"
q
in
q
out
s
T
%
$
"
q
out
q
in
diagrams, and the net work per cycle and the thermal efficiency are to be determined.

( )
( )
( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )( )
kJ 0.422 ;8" . " 0:% . $
k< ".;8" k<=kg $50."; 1&0.%1 kg 0.00%
k< $.0:% k<=kg $0;.5" 15:.5" kg 0.00%
k<=kg 1&0.%1 8".1 $0:.$
k)a %10
k)a 58
$ . $0: k<=kg, 15:.5"
9 "";0 9 $50
k)a 58
k)a %10
k<=kg $50.";
k<=kg $0;.5"
9 0 $5
out in out net,
" % out
" $ in
%
$
%
$
"
"
$
$
"
" "
$
$ $
"
"
"
$ %
$

Q Q W
h h m Q
u u m Q
h P
P
P
P
P u
T
P
P
T
T
P
T
P
h
u
T
r r
r
v v
!c# 20.4%
k< $.0:%
k< 0.&$$
in
out net,
th
Q
W
5.""
v
v
P
%
$
"
q
in
q
out
s
T
"
%
$
q
in
q
out
diagrams, and the net work per cycle and the thermal efficiency are to be determined.
@ ".& !Table +.$#.
Analysis !b# >rom the isentropic relations and energy balance,

( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )( )( )
( ) ( )
( )( )( )
kJ 0.39 &1 . " 1: . "
k< ".&1 9 $50 :10.; 9 k<=kg ".008 kg 0.00%
k< ".1: 9 $50 "";0 9 k<=kg 0.:"1 kg 0.00%
9 :10.;
k)a %10
k)a 58
9 "";0
9 "";0 9 $50
k)a 58
k)a %10
out in out net,
" % " % out
" $ " $ in
0.&=".& = "
$
%
$ %
"
"
$
$
"
" "
$
$ $

,
_
,
_
Q Q W
T T mc h h m Q
T T mc u u m Q
P
P
T T
T
P
P
T
T
P
T
P
p
k k
v
v v
!c#
20.9%
k< ".1:
k< 0.%5
in
net
th
Q
W
5."$
v
v
P
%
$
"
q
in
q
out
s
T
"
%
$
q
in
q
out
9-23 + Carnot cycle with the specified temperature limits is considered. The net work output per cycle is
to be determined.
Assumptions +ir is an ideal gas with constant specific heats.
Properties The properties of air at room temperature are cp @ ".008 k<=kg.9, cv @ 0.:"1 k<=kgA9, R @
0.$1: k<=kg.9, and k @ ".& !Table +.$#.
Analysis The minimum pressure in the cycle is P% and
the maximum pressure is P". Then,
or
( )
( )
( ) k)a % . 5%8
9 %00
9 500
k)a $0
".&=0.& " =
%
$
% $
= "
%
$
%
$
,
_
,
_
,
_
k k
k k
T
T
P P
P
P
T
T

The heat input is determined from
Then,
( )
( ) ( )( )( )
( )( ) kJ 0.393

k< 0.8115 0.;;:
.:C ;;
9 500
9 %00
" "
k< 0.8115 9 k<=kg 0.$"1" 9 500 kg 0.00%
9 k<=kg 0.$"1"
k)a $000
k)a 5%8.%
ln 9 k<=kg 0.$1: ln ln
in th out net,
th
" $ in
"
$
0
"
$
" $
Q W
T
T
s s mT Q
P
P
R
T
T
c s s
H
L
H
p
5."%
s
T
%
$
q
in
q
out
&
"
500
%00
9-24 + Carnot cycle executed in a closed system with air as the working fluid is considered. The minimum
pressure in the cycle, the heat rejection from the cycle, the thermal efficiency of the cycle, and the second.
law efficiency of an actual cycle operating between the same temperature limits are to be determined.
Properties The properties of air at room temperatures are R @ 0.$1: k<=kg.9 and k @ ".& !Table +.$#.
Analysis !a# The minimum temperature is determined from
( )( ) ( )( ) 9 %80 9 :80 9 k<=kg 0.$8 k<=kg "00
" $ net

L L L H
T T T T s s w
The pressure at state & is determined from
or
( )
( )
k)a " . ""0
9 %80
9 :80
k)a 100
&
".&=0.&
&
" =
&
"
& "
= "
&
"
&
"

,
_
,
_
,
_
P P
T
T
P P
P
P
T
T
k k
k k
The minimum pressure in the cycle is determined from
( ) kP& 46.1

%
%
%
&
0
%
&
%& "$
k)a ""0."
ln 9 k<=kg 0.$1: 9 k<=kg $8 . 0
ln ln
P
P
P
P
R
T
T
c s s
p
!b# The heat rejection from the cycle is

kg kJ/ 87.5 k<=kg.9# 9#!0.$8 %80 !
"$ out
s T q
L
!c# The thermal efficiency is determined from
0.533
9 :80
9 %80
" "
th
H
L
T
T
!d# The power output for the Carnot cycle is

kD 5000 k<=kg# kg=s#!"00 50 !
net Carnot
w m W
Then, the second.law efficiency of the actual cycle becomes

0.578
kD 5000
kD 8$00
Carnot
actual
II
W
W
5."&
s
T
%
$
q
in
&
"
:80 9
w
net
@"00 k<=kg
q
out
9-25 +n ideal gas Carnot cycle with air as the working fluid is considered. The maximum temperature of
the low.temperature energy reservoir, the cycleEs thermal efficiency, and the amount of heat that must be
supplied per cycle are to be determined.
@ ".& !Table +.$a#.
Analysis The temperature of the low.temperature reservoir can be found by applying the isentropic
expansion process relation
+ 1%.".
,
_
,
_
" & . "

"
"
$
$ "
"$
"
9# $:% "0$: !
k
T T
v
v
,ince the Carnot engine is completely reversible, its efficiency is
!"#0!
+

9 $:%# !"0$:
9 &1"."
" "
Carnot th,
H
L
T
T
The work output per cycle is

k<=cycle $0
min "
s ;0
cycle=min "800
k<=s 800
net
net

,
_

n
W
W
+ccording to the definition of the cycle efficiency,

'()cycle 0."$3
0.;%
k<=cycle $0
Carnot th,
net
in
in
net
Carnot th,
W
Q
Q
W
9-26E The temperatures of the energy reservoirs of an ideal gas Carnot cycle are given. The heat supplied
and the work produced per cycle are to be determined.
Analysis +ccording to the thermodynamic
definition of temperature,

6tu)cycle 01!
+
+

B &;0# !&0
B &;0# !"$&0
7tu# !"00
L
H
L H
T
T
Q Q
+pplying the first law to the cycle gives
6tu)cycle /1! "00 %&0
net L H
Q Q W
5."8
s
T
%
$
q
in
q
out
&
"
"%00 9
s
T
%
$
q
in
q
out
&
"
":00 B
800 B
Otto Cycle
9-27C The four processes that make up the Ftto cycle are !"# isentropic compression, !$# v @ constant
heat addition, !%# isentropic expansion, and !&# v @ constant heat rejection.
9-28C The ideal Ftto cycle involves external irreversibilities, and thus it has a lower thermal efficiency.
9-29C >or actual four.stroke engines, the rpm is twice the number of thermodynamic cycles- for two.
stroke engines, it is e?ual to the number of thermodynamic cycles.
9-30C They are analyGed as closed system processes because no mass crosses the system boundaries
during any of the processes.
9-31C It increases with both of them.
9-32C 7ecause high compression ratios cause engine knock.
9-33C The thermal efficiency will be the highest for argon because it has the highest specific heat ratio,
k @ ".;;:.
9-34C The fuel is injected into the cylinder in both engines, but it is ignited with a spark plug in gasoline
engines.
9-35 +n ideal Ftto cycle is considered. The thermal efficiency and the rate of heat input are to be
determined.
@ ".& !Table +.$a#.
Analysis The definition of cycle thermal efficiency reduces to
!"#0!
" ".& "
th
"$
"
"
"
"
k
r
The rate of heat addition is then

'W 0.%
0.;%0
kD $00
th
net
in
W
Q

5.";
v
v
P
&
"
%
$
q
in
q
out
9-36 +n ideal Ftto cycle is considered. The thermal efficiency and the rate of heat input are to be
determined.
@ ".& !Table +.$a#.
Analysis The definition of cycle thermal efficiency reduces to
!"#!/
" ".& "
th
"0
"
"
"
"
k
r

'W 00/
0.;0$
kD $00
th
net
in
W
Q

5.":
v
v
P
&
"
%
$
q
in
q
out
9-37E +n Ftto cycle with non.isentropic compression and expansion processes is considered. The thermal
efficiency, the heat addition, and the mean effective pressure are to be determined.
Properties The properties of air at room temperature are R @ 0.%:0& psiaAft
%
=lbm.B !Table +."(#, cp @
0.$&0 7tu=lbmAB, cv @ 0.":" 7tu=lbmAB, and k @ ".& !Table +.$(a#.
Analysis De begin by determining the temperatures of the cycle states
using the process e?uations and component efficiencies. The ideal
temperature at the end of the compression is then
( ) B ""58 1 B# 8$0 !
" & . " "
"
"
$
"
" $

,
_
k
k
s
r T T T
v
v
Dith the isentropic compression efficiency, the actual temperature at
the end of the compression is
B "%"&
0.18
B 8$0# !""58
B# 8$0 !
" $
" $
" $
" $
T T
T T
T T
T T
s s
,imilarly for the expansion,
B "$0"
1
"
B# &;0 $%00 !
"
" & . " "
%
"
&
%
% &

,
_
+
,
_
,
_
k
k
s
r
T T T
v
v
B "$:5 B # "$0" !$:;0 # 58 . 0 ! B# $:;0 ! # !
& % % &
& %
& %

s
s
T T T T
T T
T T

The specific heat addition is that of process $.%,
6tu)l7 /1$"0 B # "%"& $:;0 #! B 7tu=lbm ":" . 0 ! # !
$ % in
T T c q
v
The net work production is the difference between the work produced by the expansion and that used by
the compression,
7tu=lbm 8 . "":
B # 8$0 "%"& #! B 7tu=lbm ":" . 0 ! B # "$:5 $:;0 #! B 7tu=lbm ":" . 0 !
# ! # !
" $ & % net

T T c T T c w
v v
The thermal efficiency of this cycle is then
!"1$3
7tu=lbm $&:.%
7tu=lbm "":.8
in
net
th
q
w
+t the beginning of compression, the maximum specific volume of this cycle is

=lbm ft 1$ . "&
psia "%
B# 8$0 #! B =lbm ft psia %:0& . 0 !
%
%
"
"
"

P
RT
v
while the minimum specific volume of the cycle occurs at the end of the compression
=lbm ft 18$ . "
1
=lbm ft 1$ . "&
%
%
"
$

r
v
v
The engineHs mean effective pressure is then
psia 19"!
,
_
7tu "
ft psia &0& . 8
=lbm ft # 18$ . " 1$ . "& !
7tu=lbm 8 . "":
'()
%
%
$ "
net
v v
w
5."1
v
v
P
&
"
%
$
q
out
q
in
9-38 +n ideal Ftto cycle with air as the working fluid has a compression ratio of 5.8. The highest
pressure and temperature in the cycle, the amount of heat transferred, the thermal efficiency, and the mean
effective pressure are to be determined.
Properties The properties of air at room temperature are cp @ ".008 k<=kgA9, cv @ 0.:"1 k<=kgA9, R @
0.$1: k<=kgA9, and k @ ".& !Table +.$#.
Analysis !a# )rocess ".$ isentropic compression.
( )( )
( ) ( ) k)a $%%1 k)a "00
9 %01
9 :8:.5
5.8
9 :8:.5 5.8 9 %01
"
"
$
$
"
$
"
" "
$
$ $
0.&
"
$
"
" $
,
_
,
_
P
T
T
P
T
P
T
P
T T
k
v
v v v
v
v
)rocess %.& isentropic expansion.
( )( ) + .9#9
,
_
0.&
"
%
&
& %
5.8 9 100
k
T T
v
v
)rocess $.% v @ constant heat addition.
( ) 'Pa #!$/
,
_
k)a $%%1
9 :8:.5
9 "5;5
$
$
%
%
$
$ $
%
% %
P
T
T
P
T
P
T
P v v
!b#
( ) ( )
( )( )
kg "0 :11 . ;
9 %01 9 =kg m k)a 0.$1:
m 0.000; k)a "00
&
%
%
"
" "

RT
P
m
V
( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) '( !"39!

9 :8:.5 "5;5 9 k<=kg 0.:"1 kg "0 ;.:11
&
$ % $ % in
T T mc u u m Q
v
!c# )rocess &." v @ constant heat rejection.
( ) ( )( )( ) kJ 0.2 &0 9 %01 100 9 k<=kg 0.:"1 kg "0 ;.:11 # !
&
" & " & out

T T mc u u m Q
v
k< 0.%80 $&0 . 0 850 . 0
out in net
Q Q W
39"18
k< 0.850
k< 0.%80
in
out net,
th
Q
W
!d#
( )( )
'Pa #3/
,
_

k<
m k)a
"=5.8 " m 0.000;
k< 0.%80
# = " " !
'()
%
%
"
out net,
$ "
out net,
max
$ min
r
W W
r
V V V
V
V V
5."5
v
v
P
&
"
%
$
Q
in
Q
out
9-39 +n Ftto cycle with air as the working fluid has a compression ratio of 5.8. The highest pressure and
temperature in the cycle, the amount of heat transferred, the thermal efficiency, and the mean effective
pressure are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The air.standard assumptions are applicable.
2 9inetic and potential energy changes are negligible. 3 +ir is
an ideal gas with constant specific heats.
Properties The properties of air at room temperature are cp @
".008 k<=kgA9, cv @ 0.:"1 k<=kgA9, R @ 0.$1: k<=kgA9, and
k @ ".& !Table +.$#.
( )( )
( ) ( ) k)a $%%1 k)a "00
9 %01
9 :8:.5
5.8
9 :8:.5 5.8 9 %01
"
"
$
$
"
$
"
" "
$
$ $
0.&
"
$
"
" $
,
_
,
_
P
T
T
P
T
P
T
P
T T
k
v
v v v
v
v
)rocess %.& polytropic expansion.
( ) ( )
( )( )
kg "0 :11 . ;
9 %01 9 =kg m k)a 0.$1:
m 0.000; k)a "00
&
%
%
"
" "

RT
P
m
V
( )( )
( ) ( )( )( )
k< 0.8%%1
".%8 "
9 ":85 100 9 k<=kg 0.$1: "0 ;.:11
"
5.8 9 100
&
% &
%&
%8 . 0
"
%
&
& %
,
_
n
T T mR
W
T T
n
K 1759
v
v
Then energy balance for process %.& gives
( )
( ) ( )
( )( )( ) k< 0.0;;& k< 0.8%%1 9 ":85 100 9 k<=kg 0.:"1 kg "0 ;.:11
&
in %&,
out %&, % & out %&, % & in %&,
% & out %&, in %&,
out in
+
+ +

Q
W T T mc W u u m Q
u u m W Q
E E E
system
v
That is, 0.0;; k< of heat is added to the air during the expansion process !This is not realistic, and
probably is due to assuming constant specific heats at room temperature#.
!b# )rocess $.% v @ constant heat addition.
( ) 'Pa 31/#
,
_
k)a $%%1
9 :8:.5
9 ":85
$
$
%
%
$
$ $
%
% %
P
T
T
P
T
P
T
P v v
( ) ( )
( )( )( ) k< 0.&1:5 9 :8:.5 ":85 9 k<=kg 0.:"1 kg "0 ;.:11
&
in $%,
$ % $ % in $%,

Q
T T mc u u m Q
v
Therefore,
kJ 0.5543 + + 0;;& . 0 &1:5 . 0
in %&, in $%, in
Q Q Q
!c# )rocess &." v @ constant heat rejection.
( ) ( ) ( )( )( ) k< 0.$%51 9 %01 100 9 k<=kg 0.:"1 kg "0 ;.:11
&
" & " & out

T T mc u u m Q
v
k< 0.%"&8 $%51 . 0 88&% . 0
out in out net,
Q Q W
3#"$8
k< 0.88&%
k< 0.%"&8
in
out net,
th
Q
W
!d#
( )( )
'Pa 3%#
,
_

k<
m k)a
"=5.8 " m 0.000;
k< 0.%"&8
# = " " !
'()
%
%
"
out net,
$ "
out net,
max
$ min
r
W W
r
V V V
V
V V
5.$0
v
v
P
&
"
%
$
Q
in
Q
out
)olytropic
100 9
%01 9
9-40E +n ideal Ftto cycle with air as the working fluid has a compression ratio of 1. The amount of heat
transferred to the air during the heat addition process, the thermal efficiency, and the thermal efficiency of
a Carnot cycle operating between the same temperature limits are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The air.standard assumptions are
applicable. 2 9inetic and potential energy changes are
negligible. 3 +ir is an ideal gas with variable specific
heats.

%$ . "&&
7tu=lbm 5$.0&
B 8&0
"
"
"

r
u
T
v

( ) 7tu=lbm "".$1 $ 0& . "1 %$ . "&&
1
" "
$
"
$
$ $ $
u
r
r r r
v v
v
v
v
6tu)l7 /1."1/

$1 . $"" :0 . &8$
&"5 . $
7tu=lbm &8$.:0
B $&00
$ %
%
%
%
u u q
u
T
in
r
v
!b# )rocess %.& isentropic expansion.
( )( ) 7tu=lbm $08.8& %8 . "5 &"5 . $ 1
&
%
&
% % &
u r
r r r
v v
v
v
v
)rocess &." v @ constant heat rejection.
7tu=lbm 80 . ""% 0& . 5$ 8& . $08
" & out
u u q
30"!8
7tu=lbm $&".&$
7tu=lbm ""%.80
" "
in
out
th
q
q
!c#
$$"38
B $&00
B 8&0
" "
C th,
H
L
T
T
5.$"
v
v
P
&
"
%
$
q
in
q
out
$&00 B
8&0 B
9-41E +n ideal Ftto cycle with argon as the working fluid has a compression ratio of 1. The amount of
heat transferred to the argon during the heat addition process, the thermal efficiency, and the thermal
efficiency of a Carnot cycle operating between the same temperature limits are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The air.standard assumptions are applicable with argon as the working fluid. 2 9inetic
and potential energy changes are negligible. 3 +rgon is an ideal gas with constant specific heats.
Properties The properties of argon are cp @ 0."$8% 7tu=lbm.B,
cv @ 0.0:8; 7tu=lbm.B, and k @ ".;;: !Table +.$(#.
( )( ) B $";" 1 B 8&0
0.;;:
"
$
"
" $

,
_
k
T T
v
v
( )
( )( )
!"/#$% 18.07

B $";" $&00 7tu=lbm.B 0.0:8;
$ % $ % in
T T c u u q
v
( ) B ;00
1
"
B $&00
0.;;:
"
&
%
% &

,
_
,
_
k
T T
v
v
( ) ( )( ) 7tu=lbm &.8%; B 8&0 ;00 7tu=lbm.B 0.0:8;
" & " & out
T T c u u q
v
$1"98
7tu=lbm "1.0:
7tu=lbm &.8%;
" "
in
out
th
q
q
!c#
$$"38
B $&00
B 8&0
" "
C th,
H
L
T
T
5.$$
v
v
P
&
"
%
$
q
in
q
out
9-42 + gasoline engine operates on an Ftto cycle. The compression and expansion processes are modeled
as polytropic. The temperature at the end of expansion process, the net work output, the thermal
efficiency, the mean effective pressure, the engine speed for a given net power, and the specific fuel
consumption are to be determined.
Properties The properties of air at 180 9 are cp @ ".""0 k<=kgA9, cv @ 0.1$% k<=kgA9, R @ 0.$1: k<=kgA9,
and k @ ".%&5 !Table +.$b#.
Analysis !a# )rocess ".$ polytropic compression

( )( )
( )( ) k)a "558 "0 k)a "00
9 & . ;;& "0 9 %%%
".%
$
"
" $
" . ".%
"
$
"
" $

,
_
,
_
n
n
P P
T T
v
v
v
v

)rocess $.% constant volume heat addition
( ) 9 $;;&
k)a "558
k)a 1000
9 ;;&.&
$
%
$ %

,
_
,
_
P
P
T T

( )
( )( ) k<=kg ";&; 9 ;;&.& $;;& 9 k<=kg 0.1$%
$ % $ % in

T T c u u q
v
( ) + .003
,
_
,
_
" . ".%
"
&
%
% &
"0
"
9 $;;&
n
T T
v
v
( ) k)a 5 . &00
"0
"
k)a 1000
".%
"
$
% &

,
_
,
_
n
P P
v
v
)rocess &." constant voume heat rejection.
( ) ( )( ) k<=kg 1 . 1$& 9 %%% "%%8 9 k<=kg 0.1$%
" & " & out
T T c u u q
v
!b# The net work output and the thermal efficiency are
'()'* %/!"9 1 . 1$& ";&;
out in out net,
q q w
!"199
k<=kg ";&;
k<=kg 1$0.5
in
out net,
th
q
w
!c# The mean effective pressure is determined as follows

( )( )
( )( )
'Pa 931"0
,
_

k<
m k)a
"="0 " =kg m 0.588:
k<=kg 1$0.5
# = " " !
'()
=kg m 0.588:
k)a "00
9 %%% 9 =kg m k)a 0.$1:
%
%
"
out net,
$ "
out net,
max
$ min
max
%
%
"
"
"
r
w w
r
P
RT
v v v
v
v v
v v
5.$%
"
Q
in
$
%
&
P
V
Q
out
!d# The clearance volume and the total volume of the engine at the beginning of compression process
!state "# are
%
%
m 000$&&& . 0
m 00$$ . 0
"0
+

+
c
c
c
c
d c
r V
V
V
V
V V
%
"
m 00$&&& . 0 00$$ . 0 000$&&& . 0 + +
d c
V V V
The total mass contained in the cylinder is
( )( )
kg 0.00$881
9 %%% 9 =kg m k)a 0.$1:
# m &&& k)a#=0.00$ "00 !
%
%
"
" "

RT
V P
m
t
The engine speed for a net power output of :0 kD is
re2)in 1!!.
,
_

min "
s ;0
cycle# k<=kg kg#!1$0.5 00$881 . 0 !
k<=s :0
rev=cycle# $ ! $
net
net
w m
W
n
t
Iote that there are two revolutions in one cycle in four.stroke engines.
!e# The mass of fuel burned during one cycle is
kg 000"808 . 0
kg# 00$881 . 0 !
"; +>

f
f
f
f
f t
f
a
m
m
m
m
m m
m
m
>inally, the specific fuel consumption is
*)'Wh /3%"!
,
_
,
_

kDh "
k< %;00
kg "
g "000
k<=kg# kg#!1$0.5 00$881 . 0 !
kg 000"808 . 0
sfc
net
w m
m
t
f
5.$&
9-43E The properties at various states of an ideal Ftto cycle are given. The mean effective pressure is to
be determined.
%
Analysis +t the end of the compression, the temperature is
( ) B "$8$ 5 B# 8$0 !
" & . " "
"
"
$
"
" $

,
_
k
k
r T T T
v
v
while the air temperature at the end of the expansion is
B 5 . 1"%
5
"
B# "5;0 !
"
" & . " "
%
"
&
%
% &

,
_

,
_
,
_
k
k
r
T T T
v
v
+pplication of the first law to the compression and expansion processes gives
7tu=lbm 1" . :0
B # 8$0 "$8$ #! B 7tu=lbm ":" . 0 ! B # 5 . 1"% "5;0 #! B 7tu=lbm ":" . 0 !
# ! # !
" $ & % net

T T c T T c w
v v
+t the beginning of the compression, the specific volume is
=lbm ft :; . "%
psia "&
B# 8$0 #! B =lbm ft psia %:0& . 0 !
%
%
"
"
"

P
RT
v
while the specific volume at the end of the compression is
=lbm ft 8$5 . "
5
=lbm ft :; . "%
%
%
"
$

r
v
v
psia 0."0
,
_
7tu "
ft psia &0& . 8
=lbm ft # 8$5 . " :; . "% !
7tu=lbm 1" . :0
'()
%
%
$ "
net
v v
w
5.$8
v
P
&
"
%
$
q
in
q
out
9-44E The power produced by an ideal Ftto cycle is given. The rate of heat addition and rejection are to
be determined.
%
Analysis The thermal efficiency of the cycle is
81&1 . 0
5
"
"
"
"
" ".& "
th

k
r
+ccording to the definition of the thermal efficiency, the rate of

heat addition to this cycle is
6tu)h #!9,.!!
,
_

hp "
7tu=h $8&&.8
0.81&1
hp "&0
th
net
in
W
Q

The rate of heat rejection is then

6tu)h /3/,9!! 7tu=h# 8 . $8&& "&0 ! "00 , ;05
net in out
W Q Q

9-45 The expressions for the maximum gas temperature and pressure of an ideal Ftto cycle are to be
determined when the compression ratio is doubled.
Analysis The temperature at the end of the compression varies with the compression ratio as
"
"
"
$
"
" $

,
_
k
k
r T T T
v
v
since T" is fixed. The temperature rise during the combustion
remains constant since the amount of heat addition is fixed.
Then, the maximum cycle temperature is given by
"
" in $ in %

+ +
k
r T q T q T
The smallest gas specific volume during the cycle is
r
"
%
v
v
Dhen this is combined with the maximum temperature, the maximum pressure is given by
( )
"
" in
" %
%
%

+
k
r T q
Rr RT
P
v v
5.$;
v
P
&
"
%
$
q
out
q
in
v
P
&
"
%
$
q
out
q
in
9-46 It is to be determined if the polytropic exponent to be used in an Ftto cycle model will be greater
than or less than the isentropic exponent.
Analysis 6uring a polytropic process,
constant
constant
= # " !
n n
n
TP
Pv
and for an isentropic process,
constant
constant
= # " !
k k
k
TP
Pv
If heat is lost during the expansion of the gas,
s
T T
& &
>
where T&s is the temperature that would occur if the expansion were reversible and adiabatic !n@k#. This
can only occur when
k n
5.$:
v
v
P
&
"
%
$
q
out
q
in
9-47 +n ideal Ftto cycle is considered. The heat rejection, the net work production, the thermal efficiency,
and the mean effective pressure are to be determined.
Properties The properties of air at room temperature are R @ 0.$1: k<=kg.9, cp @ ".008 k<=kgA9, cv @
0.:"1 k<=kgA9, and k @ ".& !Table +.$a#.
Analysis The mass in this system is
kg 00&"1" . 0
9# %00 #! 9 =kg m k)a $1: . 0 !
# m k)a#!0.00& 50 !
%
%
"
" "

RT
P
m
V
The two unknown temperatures are
( ) 9 & . ;8% : 9# %00 !
" & . " "
"
"
$
"
" $

,
_
k
k
r T T T
v
v
9 1 . ;&$
:
"
9# "&00 !
"
" & . " "
%
"
&
%
% &

,
_

,
_
,
_
k
k
r
T T T
v
v
+pplication of the first law to four cycle processes gives
k< 0;" . " 9 # %00 & . ;8% #! 9 k<=kg :"1 . 0 ! kg# 00&"1" . 0 ! # !
" $ $ "

T T mc W
v
k< $&" . $ 9 # & . ;8% "&00 #! 9 k<=kg :"1 . 0 ! kg# 00&"1" . 0 ! # !
$ % % $

T T mc Q
v
k< $:% . $ 9 # 1 . ;&$ "&00 #! 9 k<=kg :"1 . 0 ! kg# 00&"1" . 0 ! # !
& % & %

T T mc W
v
'( ."!/9
9 # %00 1 . ;&$ #! 9 k<=kg :"1 . 0 ! kg# 00&"1" . 0 ! # !

" & " &
T T mc Q
v
The net work is
'( ."/./

0;" . " $:% . $
$ " & % net
W W W
The thermal efficiency is then
!"31.
k< $.$&"
k< ".$"$
in
net
th
Q
W
The minimum volume of the cycle occurs at the end of the compression
%
%
"
$
m 0008:"& . 0
:
m 00& . 0

r
V
V
'Pa 031
,
_
k< "
m k)a "
m # 0008:"& . 0 00& . 0 !
k< $"$ . "
'()
%
%
$ "
net
V V
W
5.$1
v
v
P
&
"
%
$
q
out
q
in
9-48 The power produced by an ideal Ftto cycle is given. The rate of heat addition is to be determined.
Properties The properties of air at room temperature are R @ 0.$1: k)aAm
%
=kg.9, cp @ ".008 k<=kgA9, cv
@ 0.:"1 k<=kgA9, and k @ ".& !Table +.$a#.
Analysis The compression ratio is
;;: . ;
"8 0
"
"
$
"

v
v
v
v
r
and the thermal efficiency is
8%"1 . 0
;.;;:
"
"
"
"
" ".& "
th

k
r
The rate at which heat must be added to this engine is then

'W ./#"/
,
_

hp "
kD 0.:&8:
0.8%"1
hp 50
th
net
in
W
Q

5.$5
v
P
&
"
%
$
q
in
q
out
9iesel Cycle
9-49C + diesel engine differs from the gasoline engine in the way combustion is initiated. In diesel
engines combustion is initiated by compressing the air above the self.ignition temperature of the fuel
whereas it is initiated by a spark plug in a gasoline engine.
9-50C The 6iesel cycle differs from the Ftto cycle in the heat addition process only- it takes place at
constant volume in the Ftto cycle, but at constant pressure in the 6iesel cycle.
9-51C The gasoline engine.
9-52C 6iesel engines operate at high compression ratios because the diesel engines do not have the
engine knock problem.
9-53C Cutoff ratio is the ratio of the cylinder volumes after and before the combustion process. +s the
cutoff ratio decreases, the efficiency of the diesel cycle increases.
9-54 +n expression for cutoff ratio of an ideal diesel cycle is to be developed.
Analysis (mploying the isentropic process e?uations,
"
" $

k
r T T
while the ideal gas law gives
"
"
$ %
T r r r T T
k
c c

Dhen the first law and the closed system work integral is
applied to the constant pressure heat addition, the result is
# ! # !
"
"
"
"
$ % in
T r T r r c T T c q
k k
c p p

Dhen this is solved for cutoff ratio, the result is
"
"
in
"
T r r c
q
r
k
c p
c

+
5.%0
v
v
P
&
"
$ %
q
in
q
out
9-55 +n ideal diesel cycle has a compression ratio of "1 and a cutoff ratio of ".8. The maximum
temperature of the air and the rate of heat addition are to be determined.
%
=kg9, cp @ ".008 k<=kgA9, cv
@ 0.:"1 k<=kgA9, and k @ ".& !Table +.$a#.
Analysis De begin by using the process types to fix the
temperatures of the states.
9 8 . 5$" 9#!"1# $50 !
" & . " "
"
"
$
"
" $

,
_
k
k
r T T T
v
v
+ .0%/
,
_
9#!".8# 8 . 5$" !
$
$
%
$ % c
r T T T
v
v
Combining the first law as applied to the various processes
with the process e?uations gives
;8;8 . 0
# " 8 . " ! & . "
" 8 . "
"1
"
"
# " !
" "
"
& . "
" ".& "
th

c
k
c
k
r k
r
r
+ccording to the definition of the thermal efficiency,

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net
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q
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9-56 + 6iesel cycle with non.isentropic compression and expansion processes is considered. The
maximum temperature of the air and the rate of heat addition are to be determined.
%
=kg9, cp @ ".008 k<=kgA9, cv
@ 0.:"1 k<=kgA9, and k @ ".& !Table +.$a#.
Analysis De begin by determining the temperatures of the cycle states
using the process e?uations and component efficiencies. The ideal
temperature at the end of the compression is then
9 8 . 5$" 9#!"1# $50 !
" & . " "
"
"
$
"
" $

,
_
k
k
s
r T T T
v
v
Dith the isentropic compression efficiency, the actual temperature at
the end of the compression is
9 : . 55"
0.50
9 # $50 !5$".8
9# $50 !
" $
" $
" $
" $
T T
T T
T T
T T
s s
The maximum temperature is
+ .1%%
,
_
9#!".8# : . 55" !
$
$
%
$ % c
r T T T
v
v
>or the isentropic expansion process,
9 : . 880
"1
".8
9# "&11 !
" & . " "
%
"
&
%
% &

,
_
,
_
,
_
k
c
k
s
r
r
T T T
v
v
since
&
%
$ &
$ %
$
&
$
%
=
=

v
v
v v
v v
v
v
v
v

r
r
r
r
c
c
The actual temperature at the end of expansion process is then
9 ; . 85: 9 # : . 880 !"&11 # 58 . 0 ! 9# "&11 ! # !
& % % &
& %
& %

s
s
T T T T
T T
T T

The net work production is the difference between the work produced by the expansion and that used by
the compression,
k<=kg 8 . "%8
9 # $50 : . 55" #! 9 k<=kg :"1 . 0 ! 9 # ; . 85: "&11 #! 9 k<=kg :"1 . 0 !
# ! # !
" $ & % net

T T c T T c w
v v
The heat addition occurs during process $.%,
k<=kg 1 . &51 9 # : . 55" "&11 #! 9 k<=kg 008 . " ! # !
$ % in
T T c q
p
$:": . 0
k<=kg &51.1
k<=kg "%8.8
in
net
th

q
w
+ccording to the definition of the thermal efficiency,

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5.%$
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P
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q
in
q
out
9-57 +n ideal diesel cycle has a a cutoff ratio of ".$. The power produced is to be determined.
0.$1: k<=kgA9, and k @ ".& !Table +.$a#.
Analysis The specific volume of the air at the start of the
compression is
=kg m 1:0" . 0
k)a 58
9# $11 #! 9 =kg m k)a $1: . 0 !
%
%
"
"
"

P
RT
v
The total air mass taken by all 1 cylinders when they are charged is
kg 001;;8 . 0
=kg m 1:0" . 0
m#=& "$ . 0 ! m# "0 . 0 !
# 1 !
& =
%
$
"
$
cyl
"
cyl

v v
V ! "
# # m
The rate at which air is processed by the engine is determined from
kg=s ""88 . 0
rev=cycle $
rev=s# ";00=;0 kg=cycle#! !0.001;;8
rev

#
n m
m

since there are two revolutions per cycle in a four.stroke engine. The compression ratio is
$0
08 . 0
"
r
+t the end of the compression, the air temperature is
( ) 9 ; . 58& $0 9# $11 !
" & . " "
" $

k
r T T
+pplication of the first law and work integral to the constant pressure heat addition gives
k<=kg "%$8 9 # ; . 58& $$:% #! 9 k<=kg 008 . " ! # !
$ % in
T T c q
p
while the thermal efficiency is
;1;: . 0
# " $ . " ! & . "
" $ . "
$0
"
"
# " !
" "
"
& . "
" ".& "
th

c
k
c
k
r k
r
r
The power produced by this engine is then

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k<=kg# ;:#!"%$8 kg=s#!0.;1 !0.""88
in th net net
q m w m W
5.%%
v
v
P
&
"
$ %
q
in
q
out
9-58E +n ideal dual cycle has a compression ratio of $0 and cutoff ratio of ".%. The thermal efficiency,
amount of heat added, and the maximum gas pressure and temperature are to be determined.
%
Analysis Dorking around the cycle, the germane properties
at the various states are
( ) B ":8: $0 B# 8%0 !
" & . " "
"
"
$
"
" $

,
_
k
k
r T T T
v
v
( ) psia 5$1 $0 psia# "& !
& . "
"
$
"
" $

,
_
k
k
r P P P
v
v
psia ...1 psia# 5$1 #! $ . " !
$ %
P r P P
p $
B $"05
psia 5$1
psia """&
B# ":8: !
$
$

,
_
,
_
P
P
T T
$
$
R /$1/
,
_
B#!".%# $"05 !
%
% c $
$
$
r T T T
v
v
B 1 . 5"1
$0
".%
B# $:&$ !
" & . " "
%
"
&
%
% &

,
_
,
_
,
_
k
c
k
r
r
T T T
v
v
+pplying the first law and work expression to the heat addition processes gives
6tu)l7 /./".
+
+
B # $"05 $:&$ #! B 7tu=lbm $&0 . 0 ! B # ":8: $"05 #! B 7tu=lbm ":" . 0 !
# ! # !
% $ in $ p $
T T c T T c q
v
The heat rejected is
7tu=lbm &1 . ;; B # 8%0 1 . 5"1 #! B 7tu=lbm ":" . 0 ! # !
" & out
T T c q
v
Then,
!"#%$
7tu=lbm $"$."
7tu=lbm ;;.&1
" "
in
out
th
q
q
5.%&
v
P
&
"
$
%
q
out
$
q
in
9-59E +n ideal dual cycle has a compression ratio of "$ and cutoff ratio of ".%. The thermal efficiency,
amount of heat added, and the maximum gas pressure and temperature are to be determined.
%
Analysis Dorking around the cycle, the germane properties
at the various states are
( ) B "&%$ "$ B# 8%0 !
" & . " "
"
"
$
"
" $

,
_
k
k
r T T T
v
v
( ) psia 5 . &8% "$ psia# "& !
& . "
"
$
"
" $

,
_
k
k
r P P P
v
v
psia 311"$ psia# 5 . &8% #! $ . " !
$ %
P r P P
p $
B ":"1
psia &8%.5
psia 8&&.:
B# "&%$ !
$
$

,
_
,
_
P
P
T T
$
$
R //00
,
_
B#!".%# ":"1 !
%
% c $
$
$
r T T T
v
v
B 5 . 5":
"$
".%
B# $$%% !
" & . " "
%
"
&
%
% &

,
_
,
_
,
_
k
c
k
r
r
T T T
v
v
+pplying the first law and work expression to the heat addition processes gives
6tu)l7 .$/"3
+
+
B # ":"1 $$%% #! B 7tu=lbm $&0 . 0 ! B # "&%$ ":"1 #! B 7tu=lbm ":" . 0 !
# ! # !
% $ in $ p $
T T c T T c q
v
7tu=lbm %% . ;; B # 8%0 5 . 5": #! B 7tu=lbm ":" . 0 ! # !
" & out
T T c q
v
Then,
!"#.3
7tu=lbm ":$.8
7tu=lbm ;;.%%
" "
in
out
th
q
q
5.%8
v
P
&
"
$
%
q
out
$
q
in
9-60E +n air.standard 6iesel cycle with a compression ratio of "1.$ is considered. The cutoff ratio, the
heat rejection per unit mass, and the thermal efficiency are to be determined.

%$ . "&&
7tu=lbm & 0 . 5$
B 8&0
"
"
"

r
u
T
v
( )
7tu=lbm &0$.08
B ";$%.;
5% . : %$ . "&&
$ . "1
" "
$
$
"
$
" " $

h
T
r
r r r
v v
v
v
v
)rocess $.% P @ constant heat addition.
."%1%
B ";$%.;
B %000
$
%
$
%
$
$ $
%
% %
T
T
T
P
T
P
v
v v v
!b#
7tu=lbm %11.;% 08 . &0$ ;1 . :50
"10 . "
7tu=lbm :50.;1
B %000
$ % in
%
%
%

h h q
h
T
r
v
( ) 7tu=lbm 5" . $80 ;$" . "" "10 . "
1&1 . "
$ . "1
1&1 . " 1&1 . "
&
$
&
%
&
% % % &
u
r
r r r r
v v
v
v
v
v
v
v
!c#
59.1%
!"/#$% 158.87

7tu=lbm %11.;%
7tu=lbm "81.1:
" "
0& . 5$ 5" . $80
in
out
th
" & out
q
q
u u q
5.%;
v
v
P
&
"
$ %
q
in
q
out
%000 B
9-61E +n air.standard 6iesel cycle with a compression ratio of "1.$ is considered. The cutoff ratio, the
heat rejection per unit mass, and the thermal efficiency are to be determined.
and k @ ".& !Table +.$(#.
( )( ) B ":$& "1.$ B 8&0
0.&
"
$
"
" $

,
_
k
T T
v
v
)rocess $.% ) @ constant heat addition.
."$1.
B ":$&
B %000
$
%
$
%
$
$ $
%
% %
T
T
T
P
T
P
v
v v v
!b#
( ) ( )( ) 7tu=lbm %0; B ":$& %000 7tu=lbm.B 0.$&0
$ % $ % in
T T c h h q
p
( ) B "":%
"1.$
".:&"
B %000
:&" . "
0.&
"
&
$
%
"
&
%
% &

,
_
,
_
,
_
k k
v
T T T
v
v
v
!c#
( )
( )( )
#1"#8
6tu)l7 .!%

7tu=lbm %0;
7tu=lbm "01
" "
B 0 8& "":% 7tu=lbm.B 0.":"
in
out
th
" & " & out
q
q
T T c u u q
v
5.%:
v
v
P
&
"
$ %
q
in
9-62 +n ideal diesel engine with air as the working fluid has a compression ratio of $0. The thermal
efficiency and the mean effective pressure are to be determined.
0.$1: k<=kgA9, and k @ ".& !Table +.$#.
( )( ) 9 5:"." $0 9 $5%
0.&
"
$
"
" $

,
_
k
T T
V
V
$.$;8
9 5:"."
9 $$00
$
%
$
%
$
$ $
%
% %

T
T
T
P
T
P
V
V V V
( )
( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )( )
63.5%

,
_

,
_
,
_
,
_

k<=kg "$%8
k<=kg :1&.&
k<=kg :1&.& ; . &80 "$%8
k<=kg &80.; 9 $5% 5$0.; 9 k<=kg 0.:"1
k<=kg "$%8 9 5:"." $$00 9 k<=kg ".008
9 5$0.;
$0
$.$;8
9 $$00
$;8 . $ $;8 . $
in
out net,
th
out in out net,
" & " & out
$ % $ % in
0.& "
%
"
&
$
%
"
&
%
% &
q
w
q q w
T T c u u q
T T c h h q
r
T T T T
p
k
k k
v
V
V
V
V
!b#
( )( )
( )
( )( )
kP& 933
k<
m k)a
"=$0 " =kg m 0.118
k<=kg :1&.&
= " "
'()
=kg m 0.118
k)a 58
9 $5% 9 =kg m k)a 0.$1:
%
%
"
out net,
$ "
out net,
max
$ min
max
%
%
"
"
"
,
_

r
w w
r
P
RT
v v v
v
v v
v v
5.%1
v
v
P
&
"
$ %
q
in
q
out
9-63 + diesel engine with air as the working fluid has a compression ratio of $0. The thermal efficiency
and the mean effective pressure are to be determined.
".008 k<=kgA9, cv @ 0.:"1 k<=kgA9, and k @ ".& !Table +.$#.
( )( ) 9 5:"." $0 9 $5%
0.&
"
$
"
" $

,
_
k
T T
V
V
$.$;8
9 5:"."
9 $$00
$
%
$
%
$
$ $
%
% %

T
T
T
P
T
P
V
V V V
( )
( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )( ) k<=kg 8$;.% 9 $5% "0$; 9 k<=kg 0.:"1
k<=kg "$%8 9 5:"." $$00 9 k<=kg ".008
9 "0$;
$0
$.$;8
9 $$00
r
$.$;8 $.$;8
" & " & out
$ % $ % in
0.%8 " n
%
" n
&
$
%
"
&
%
% &

,
_

,
_
,
_
,
_

T T c u u q
T T c h h q
T T T T
p
n
v
V
V
V
V
Iote that ?out in this case does not represent the entire heat rejected since some heat is also rejected during
the polytropic process, which is determined from an energy balance on process %.&
( ) ( )( )
( )
( )( )
k<=kg "$0."
9 $$00 "0$; 9 k<=kg 0.:"1 k<=kg 5;%
k<=kg 5;%
".%8 "
9 $$00 "0$; 9 k<=kg 0.$1:
"
% & out %&, in %&, % & out %&, in %&,
system out in
% &
out %&,
+
+

T T c w q u u w q
E E E
n
T T R
w
v
which means that "$0." k<=kg of heat is transferred to the combustion gases during the expansion process.
This is unrealistic since the gas is at a much higher temperature than the surroundings, and a hot gas
loses heat during polytropic expansion. The cause of this unrealistic result is the constant specific heat
assumption. If we were to use u data from the air table, we would obtain
( ) k<=kg " . "$1 # & . "1:$ % . :1" ! 5;%
% & out %&, in %&,
+ + u u w q
which is a heat loss as expected. Then ?out becomes
k<=kg ;8&.& % . 8$; " . "$1
out &", out %&, out
+ + q q q
and
47.0%

k<=kg "$%8
k<=kg 810.;
k<=kg 810.; & . ;8& "$%8
in
out net,
th
out in out net,
q
w
q q w
!b#
( )( )
( )
( )( )
kP& 691
,
_

k<
m k)a "
"=$0 " =kg m 0.118
k<=kg 810.;
= " "
'()
=kg m 0.118
k)a 58
9 $5% 9 =kg m k)a 0.$1:
%
%
"
out net,
$ "
out net,
max
$ min
max
%
%
"
"
"
r
w w
r
P
RT
v v v
v
v v
v v
5.%5
v
v
P
&
"
$ %
q
in
q
out
)olytropic
9-64 EES )roblem 5.;% is reconsidered. The effect of the compression ratio on the net work output, mean
effective pressure, and thermal efficiency is to be investigated. +lso, T.s and P.v diagrams for the cycle
are to be plotted.
Proce5ure ?Tota3-.12!-.23!-.34!-.41@ -.in.tota3!-.out.tota3"
-.in.tota3 = 0
-.out.tota3 = 0
IA -.12 B 0" TC0D -.in.tota3 = -.12 01E0 -.out.tota3 = - -.12
I, -.23 B 0 t4en -.in.tota3 = -.in.tota3 : -.23 e3se -.out.tota3 = -.out.tota3 - -.23
0DD
"Input Data"
T[1]=2=3 [K]
P[1]==< [kPa]
T[3] = 2200 [K]
n=1'3<
6r.comp = 207
s[2]=s[1]
P[2]#$[2]%T[2]=P[1]#$[1]%T[1]
P[1]#$[1]=&#T[1]
&=0'28( [k)%k*-K]
F[2] = F[1]% r.comp
-.12 - /.12 = D01T2u.12
"Process 2-3 is constant pressure 4eat a55ition"
P[3]=P[2]
P[3]#$[3]=&#T[3]
-.23 - /.23 = D01T2u.23
/.23 =P[2]#F[3] - F[2]""constant pressure process"
"Process 3-4 is po3ytropic e8pansion"
P[3]%P[4] =F[4]%F[3]"Gn
P[4]#$[4]=&#T[4]
-.34 - /.34 = D01T2u.34 "-.34 is not 0 ,or t4e p3oytropic process"
P[3]#F[3]Gn = +onst
/.34=P[4]#F[4]-P[3]#F[3]"%1-n"
"Process 4-1 is constant $o3ume 4eat re9ection"
F[4] = F[1]
-.41 - /.41 = D01T2u.41
5.&0
/.41 =0 "constant $o3ume process"
+a33 ?Tota3-.12!-.23!-.34!-.41@ -.in.tota3!-.out.tota3"
/.net = /.12:/.23:/.34:/.41
0ta.t4=/.net%-.in.tota3#100 "T4erma3 e,,iciency! in percent"
"T4e mean e,,ecti$e pressure is@"
H0P = /.net%F[1]-F[2]"
rcomp t4
H0P [kPa] /net
[k)%k*]
14 4('>= =(0'8 (=('=
1> <0'14 =8< 81('4
18 <2'1> ==2'> 82='8
20 <3'8< ==<'4 83('0
22 <<'2= ==4'= 840'>
24 <>'<4 ==2 841'<
1"! 1"3 3"! 3"3 #"! #"3 $"! $"3
/!!
1!!
#!!
%!!
.!!!
./!!
.1!!
.#!!
.%!!
/!!!
//!!
/1!!
s &'()'*-+,
-

&
+
,

9
5

k
P
a

3
4
0
.
1

k
P
a

5
9
2
0

k
P
a

0
.
0
4
4

0
.
1

0
.
8
8

m
3
/
k
g

Air
/
.
0
1

5.&"
.!
-/
.!
-.
.!
!
.!
.
.!
/
.!
.
.!
/
.!
0
.!
1
.!
.
.!
/
.!
0
.!
1
2 &
0
)'*,
P

&
'
P
a
, 293 K
1049 K
2200 K

5
.
6
9

6
.
7
4

k
J
/
k
g
-
K
Air

.1 .# .% /! // /1
$9!
%!!
%.!
%/!
%0!
%1!
%3!
r
cop
5
n
e
t

&
'
(
)
'
*
,

.1 .# .% /! // /1
1$
19
3.
30
33
3$
r
cop
t
h

5.&$
.1 .# .% /! // /1
9$!
9$3
9%!
9%3
99!
993
.!!!
r
cop
:
E
P

&
'
P
a
,

5.&%
9-65 + four.cylinder ideal diesel engine with air as the working fluid has a compression ratio of ": and a
cutoff ratio of $.$. The power the engine will deliver at "800 rpm is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The cold air.standard assumptions are applicable. 2 9inetic and potential energy changes
are negligible. 3 +ir is an ideal gas with constant specific heats.
0.$1: k<=kgA9, and k @ ".& !Table +.$#.
Analysis )rocess ".$ isentropic compression.
( )( ) 9 "0"5 ": 9 %$1
0.&
"
$
"
" $

,
_
k
T T
V
V

( )( ) 9 $$&" 9 "0"5 $.$ $ . $
$ $
$
%
%
$
$ $
%
% %
T T T
T
P
T
P
v
v v v
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )( )( )
( ) ( ) k' 46.6

,
_

,
_
,
_
,
_

k<=rev ".1;& rev=s "800=;0
k<=rev 1;& . " ":& . " 0%1 . %
k< ":& . " 9 %$1 515.$ 9 k<=kg 0.:"1 kg "0 &:% . $
k< %.0%1 9 # "0"5 $$&" #! 9 k<=kg ".008 #! kg "0 .&:% $ !
kg "0 &:% . $
# 9 %$1 #! 9 =kg m k)a 0.$1: !
# m 0.00$& #! k)a 5: !
9 515.$
":
$ . $
9 $$&"
$ . $ $ . $
out net, out net,
out in out net,
%
" & " & out
%
$ % $ % in
%
%
%
"
" "
& . 0 "
%
"
&
$
%
"
&
%
% &
W n W
Q Q W
T T mc u u m Q
T T mc h h m Q
RT
P
m
r
T T T T
v
p
k
k k
V
V
V
V
V
Discussion Iote that for $.stroke engines, " thermodynamic cycle is e?uivalent to " mechanical cycle
!and thus revolutions#.
5.&&
v
P
&
"
$ %
Q
in
Q
out
9-66 + four.cylinder ideal diesel engine with nitrogen as the working fluid has a compression ratio of ":
and a cutoff ratio of $.$. The power the engine will deliver at "800 rpm is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The air.standard assumptions are applicable with nitrogen as the working fluid. 2 9inetic
and potential energy changes are negligible. 3 Iitrogen is an ideal gas with constant specific heats.
Properties The properties of nitrogen at room temperature are cp @ ".0%5 k<=kgA9, cv @ 0.:&% k<=kgA9,
R @ 0.$5;1 k<=kgA9, and k @ ".& !Table +.$#.
Analysis )rocess ".$ isentropic compression.
( )( ) 9 "0"5 ": 9 %$1
0.&
"
$
"
" $

,
_
k
T T
V
V

( )( ) 9 $$&" 9 "0"5 $.$ $ . $
$ $
$
%
%
$
$ $
%
% %
T T T
T
P
T
P
v
v v v
( )
( ) ( )
( )( )
( ) ( )
( )( )( )
( ) ( )
( )( )( )
( ) ( ) k' 46.6

,
_

,
_
,
_
,
_

k<=rev ".1;% rev=s "800=;0
k<=rev .1;% " ":8 . " 0%: . %
k< ".":8 9 %$1 515.$ 9 k<=kg 0.:&% kg "0 $.%5"
k< %.0%: 9 "0"5 $$&" 9 k<=kg ".0%5 kg "0 $.%5"
kg "0 %5" . $
9 %$1 9 =kg m k)a 0.$5;1
m 0.00$& k)a 5:
9 515.$
":
$.$
9 $$&"
$ . $ $ . $
out net, out net,
out in out net,
%
" & " & out
%
$ % $ % in
%
%
%
"
" "
0.& "
%
"
&
$
%
"
&
%
% &
W n W
Q Q W
T T mc u u m Q
T T mc h h m Q
RT
P
m
r
T T T T
p
k
k k
v
V
V
V
V
V
Discussion Iote that for $.stroke engines, " thermodynamic cycle is e?uivalent to " mechanical cycle
!and thus revolutions#.
5.&8
v
P
&
"
$ %
Q
in
Q
out
9-67 +n ideal dual cycle has a compression ratio of "1 and cutoff ratio of ".". The power produced by the
cycle is to be determined.
0.$1: k<=kgA9, and k @ ".& !Table +.$a#.
Analysis De begin by fixing the temperatures at all states.
( ) 9 : . 5$& "1 9# $5" !
" & . " "
"
"
$
"
" $

,
_
k
k
r T T T
v
v
( ) k)a 8"&1 "1 k)a# 50 !
& . "
"
$
"
" $

,
_
k
k
r P P P
v
v
k)a 8;;% k)a# 8"&1 #! " . " !
$ %
P r P P
p $
9 "0":
k)a 8"&1
k)a 8;;%
9# : . 5$& !
$
$

,
_
,
_
P
P
T T
$
$
9 """5 9# "0": #! " . " !
%

$ c
T r T
9 1 . %;8
"1
"."
9# """5 !
" & . " "
%
"
&
%
% &

,
_
,
_
,
_
k
c
k
r
r
T T T
v
v
+pplying the first law to each of the processes gives
k<=kg 0 . &88 9 # $5" : . 5$& #! 9 k<=kg :"1 . 0 ! # !
" $ $ "

T T c w
v
k<=kg 8 . "0$ 9 # "0": """5 #! 9 k<=kg 008 . " ! # !
% %

$ p $
T T c q
k<=kg $; . $5 9 # "0": """5 #! 9 k<=kg :"1 . 0 ! 8 . "0$ # !
% % %

$ $ $
T T c q w
v
k<=kg 1 . 8&0 9 # 1 . %;8 """5 #! 9 k<=kg :"1 . 0 ! # !
& % & %

T T c w
v
The net work of the cycle is
k<=kg " . ""8 0 . &88 $; . $5 1 . 8&0
$ " % & % net
+ +

w w w w
$
The mass in the device is given by
kg 00%$%% . 0
9# $5" #! 9 =kg m k)a $1: . 0 !
# m k)a#!0.00% 50 !
%
%
"
" "

RT
P
m
V
The net power produced by this engine is then
'W /1"% cycle=s# 0=;0 k<=kg#!&00 ""8." kg=cycle#! 00%$%% . 0 !
net net
n mw W
5.&;
v
P
&
"
$
%
q
out
$
q
in
9-68 + dual cycle with non.isentropic compression and expansion processes is considered. The power
produced by the cycle is to be determined.
0.$1: k<=kgA9, and k @ ".& !Table +.$a#.
Analysis De begin by fixing the temperatures at all states.
( ) 9 : . 5$& "1 9# $5" !
" & . " "
"
"
$
"
" $

,
_
k
k
s
r T T T
v
v
9 "0%:
0.18
9 # $5" !5$&.:
9# $5" !
" $
" $
" $
" $
T T
T T
T T
T T
s s
( ) k)a 8"&1 "1 k)a# 50 !
& . "
"
$
"
" $

,
_
k
k
r P P P
v
v
k)a 8;;% k)a# 8"&1 #! " . " !
$ %
P r P P
p $
9 ""&"
k)a 8"&1
k)a 8;;%
9# "0%: !
$
$

,
_
,
_
P
P
T T
$
$
9 "$88 9# ""&" #! " . " !
%

$ c
T r T
9 % . &"0
"1
"."
9# "$88 !
" & . " "
%
"
&
%
% &

,
_
,
_
,
_
k
c
k
s
r
r
T T T
v
v
9 1 . &5& 9 # % . &"0 !"$88 # 50 . 0 ! 9# "$88 ! # !
& % % &
& %
& %

s
s
T T T T
T T
T T

k<=kg ; . 8%8 9 # $5" "0%: #! 9 k<=kg :"1 . 0 ! # !
" $ $ "

T T c w
v
k<=kg ; . ""& 9 # ""&" "$88 #! 9 k<=kg 008 . " ! # !
% %

$ p $
T T c q
k<=kg :8 . %$ 9 # ""&" "$88 #! 9 k<=kg :"1 . 0 ! ; . ""& # !
% % %

$ $ $
T T c q w
v
k<=kg 1 . 8&8 9 # 1 . &5& "$88 #! 9 k<=kg :"1 . 0 ! # !
& % & %

T T c w
v
k<=kg 58 . &$ ; . 8%8 :8 . %$ 1 . 8&8
$ " % & % net
+ +

w w w w
$
The mass in the device is given by
kg 00%$%% . 0
9# $5" #! 9 =kg m k)a $1: . 0 !
# m k)a#!0.00% 50 !
%
%
"
" "

RT
P
m
V
The net power produced by this engine is then
'W 9"/# cycle=s# 0=;0 k<=kg#!&00 &$.58 kg=cycle#! 00%$%% . 0 !
net net
n mw W
5.&:
v
v
P
&
"
$
%
q
out
$
q
in
9-69E +n ideal dual cycle has a compression ratio of "8 and cutoff ratio of ".&. The net work, heat
addition, and the thermal efficiency are to be determined.
%
Analysis Dorking around the cycle, the germane properties at the various states are
( ) B "810 "8 B# 8%8 !
" & . " "
"
"
$
"
" $

,
_
k
k
r T T T
v
v
( ) psia $ . ;$5 "8 psia# $ . "& !
& . "
"
$
"
" $

,
_
k
k
r P P P
v
v
psia " . ;5$ psia# $ . ;$5 #! " . " !
$ %
P r P P
p $
B ":%1
psia ;$5.$
psia ;5$."
B# "810 !
$
$

,
_
,
_
P
P
T T
$
$
B $&%% B#!".&# ":%1 !
%
%

,
_
c $
$
$
r T T T
v
v
B $ . 5&$
"8
".&
B# $&%% !
" & . " "
%
"
&
%
% &

,
_
,
_
,
_
k
c
k
r
r
T T T
v
v
7tu=lbm : . ":1 B # 8%8 "810 #! B 7tu=lbm ":" . 0 ! # !
" $ $ "

T T c w
v
7tu=lbm 0$ . $: B # "810 ":%1 #! B 7tu=lbm ":" . 0 ! # !
$ $

T T c q
$ $ v
7tu=lbm 1 . ";; B # ":%1 $&%% #! B 7tu=lbm $&0 . 0 ! # !
% %

$ p $
T T c q
7tu=lbm 5; . &: B # ":%1 $&%% #! B 7tu=lbm ":" . 0 ! 7tu=lbm 1 . ";; # !
% % %

$ $ $
T T c q w
v
7tu=lbm 5 . $8& B # $ . 5&$ $&%% #! B 7tu=lbm ":" . 0 ! # !
& % & %

T T c w
v
6tu)l7 ./1"/ + +

: . ":1 5; . &: 5 . $8&
$ " % & % net
w w w w
$
and the net heat addition is
6tu)l7 .90"% + +

1 . ";; 0$ . $:
% $ in $ $
q q q
3ence, the thermal efficiency is
!"#1.
7tu=lbm "5%.1
7tu=lbm "$&.$
in
net
th
q
w
5.&1
v
P
&
"
$
%
q
out
$
q
in
9-70 +n expression for the thermal efficiency of a dual cycle is to be developed and the thermal efficiency
for a given case is to be calculated.
0.$1: k<=kgA9, and k @ ".& !Table +.$#
Analysis The thermal efficiency of a dual cycle may be expressed as
# ! # !
# !
" "
% $
" &
in
out
th
$ p $
T T c T T c
T T c
q
q
+

v
v
7y applying the isentropic process relations for ideal gases with constant specific heats to the processes ".
$ and %.&, as well as the ideal gas e?uation of state, the temperatures may be eliminated from the thermal
efficiency expression. This yields the result

1
1
]
1
" # " !
"
"
"
"
th
p c p
k
c p
k
r r kr
r r
r
where
$
P
P
r
$
p

and
$
c
r
v
v
%

Dhen rc @ rp, we obtain
,
_
" # !
"
"
"
$
"
"
th
p p p
k
p
k
r r r k
r
r
>or the case r @ $0 and rp @ $,

!"##!
,
_
" $ # $ $ ! & . "

" $
$0
"
"
$
" & . "
" & . "
th
5.&5
v
P
&
"
$
%
q
out
$
q
in
9-71 +n expression regarding the thermal efficiency of a dual cycle for a special case is to be obtained.
Analysis The thermal efficiency of a dual cycle may be expressed as
# ! # !
# !
" "
% $
" &
in
out
th
$ p $
T T c T T c
T T c
q
q
+

v
v
7y applying the isentropic process relations for ideal gases with constant specific heats to the processes ".
$ and %.&, as well as the ideal gas e?uation of state, the temperatures may be eliminated from the thermal
efficiency expression. This yields the result

1
1
]
1
" # " !
"
"
"
"
th
p c p
k
c p
k
r r kr
r r
r
where
$
P
P
r
$
p

and
$
c
r
v
v
%

Dhen rc @ rp, we obtain
,
_
" # !
"
"
"
$
"
"
th
p p p
k
p
k
r r r k
r
r
Bearrangement of this result gives

"
th
$
"
# " !
" # !
"

+

+
k
p p p
k
p
r
r r r k
r
5.80
v
P
&
"
$
%
q
out
$
q
in
9-72 + six.cylinder compression ignition engine operates on the ideal 6iesel cycle. The maximum
temperature in the cycle, the cutoff ratio, the net work output per cycle, the thermal efficiency, the mean
effective pressure, the net power output, and the specific fuel consumption are to be determined.
and k @ ".%&5 !Table +.$b#.
Analysis !a# )rocess ".$ Isentropic compression
( )( )
( )( ) k)a &%&" ": k)a 58
9 : . 11" ": 9 %$1
".%&5
$
"
" $
" . ".%&5
"
$
"
" $

,
_
,
_
k
k
P P
T T
v
v
v
v

The clearance volume and the total volume of the engine at
the beginning of compression process !state "# are
%
%
m 000$1"% . 0
m 00&8 . 0
":
+

+
c
c
c
c
d c
r
V
V
V
V
V V

%
"
m 00&:1" . 0 00&8 . 0 000$1"% . 0 + +
d c
V V V
The total mass contained in the cylinder is
( )( )
kg 0.00&1$8
9 %$1 9 =kg m k)a 0.$1:
# m :1" k)a#!0.00& 58 !
%
%
"
" "

RT
P
m
V
The mass of fuel burned during one cycle is
kg 000"5% . 0
kg# 00&1$8 . 0 !
$&

f
f
f
f
f
f
a
m
m
m
m
m m
m
m
%&
)rocess $.% constant pressure heat addition
k< 0%5 . 1 1# k<=kg#!0.5 kg#!&$,800 000"5% . 0 !
3J in

c f
q m Q
+ /0%0
% % $ % in
9 # : . 11" ! k<=kg.9# kg#!0.1$% 00&1$8 . 0 ! k< 0%5 . 1 # ! T T T T mc Q
v
The cutoff ratio is
/"$
9 11".:
9 $%1%
$
%
T
T
!b#
%
%
"
$
m 000$1"% . 0
":
m 0.00&:1"

r
V
V
$ %
" &
% %
$ %
m 000:; . 0 # m 000$1"% . 0 #! :0 . $ !
P P

V V
V V
5.8"
"
Q
in
$
%
&
P
V
Q
out
( )
( ) k)a $ . %;%
m 0.00&:1"
m 0.000:;
k)a &%&"
9 "$8&
m 0.00&:1"
m 0.000:;
9 $%1%
".%&5
%
%
&
%
% &
" . ".%&5
%
%
"
&
%
% &
,
_
,
_
,
_
,
_
k
k
P P
T T
V
V
V
V

( ) ( )( ) k< ;:: . % 9 %$1 "$8& 9 k<=kg 0.1$% kg# 00&1$8 . 0 !
" & out
T T mc Q
v
The net work output and the thermal efficiency are
'( 1"0#. ;:: . % 0%5 . 1
out in out net,
Q Q W
!"310
k< 1.0%5
k< &.%;"
in
out net,
th
Q
W
!c# The mean effective pressure is determined to be

'Pa 9#9"/
,
_
k<
m k)a
m # 000$1"% . 0 00&:1" . 0 !
k< &.%;"
'()
%
%
$ "
out net,
V V
W
!d# The power for engine speed of $000 rpm is
'W $/"$
,
_

s ;0
min "
rev=cycle# $ !
!rev=min# $000
k<=cycle# !&.%;"
$
net net
n
W W

!e# >inally, the specific fuel consumption is
*)'Wh .39"0
,
_
,
_

kDh "
k< %;00
kg "
g "000
k<=kg &.%;"
kg 000"5% . 0
sfc
net
W
m
f
5.8$
Stirlin* and Ericsson Cycles
9-73C The efficiencies of the Carnot and the ,tirling cycles would be the same, the efficiency of the Ftto
cycle would be less.
9-74C The efficiencies of the Carnot and the (ricsson cycles would be the same, the efficiency of the
6iesel cycle would be less.
9-75C The ,tirling cycle.
9-76C The two isentropic processes of the Carnot cycle are replaced by two constant pressure
regeneration processes in the (ricsson cycle.
9-77 +n ideal steady.flow (ricsson engine with air as the working fluid is considered. The maximum
pressure in the cycle, the net work output, and the thermal efficiency of the cycle are to be determined.
Assumptions +ir is an ideal gas.
Properties The gas constant of air is R @ 0.$1: k<=kg.9 !Table +."#.
Analysis !a# The entropy change during process %.& is
9 k<=kg 0.8
9 %00
k<=kg "80
0
out %&,
% &

T
q
s s
and
( ) 9 k<=kg 0.8
k)a "$0
)
ln 9 k<=kg 0.$1:
ln ln
&
%
&
0
%
&
% &

P
P
R
T
T
c s s
p
It yields P& @ 685.2 kP&

!b# >or reversible cycles,
( ) k<=kg ;00 k<=kg "80
9 %00
9 "$00
out in
in
out
q
T
T
q
T
T
q
q
L
H
H
L
Thus,
kJ/kg 450 "80 ;00
out in out net,
q q w
!c# The thermal efficiency of this totally reversible cycle is determined from
75.0%
9 "$00
9 %00
" "
th
H
L
T
T
5.8%
s
T
%
$
q
in
q
out
&
"
"$00 9
%00 9
9-78 +n ideal ,tirling engine with air as the working fluid operates between the specified temperature and
pressure limits. The net work produced per cycle and the thermal efficiency of the cycle are to be
determined.
0.$1: k<=kgA9, and k @ ".& !Table +.$a#.
Analysis ,ince the specific volume is constant during process $.%,
k)a : . $;;
9 %00
9 100
k)a# "00 !
%
$
% $

,
_

T
T
P P
3eat is only added to the system during reversible process ".$. Then,
k<=kg .; &;$ # 9 k<=kg 0.8:1$ #! 9 100 ! # !
9 k<=kg 8:1$ . 0
k)a $000
k)a $;;.:
ln # 9 k<=kg 0.$1: ! 0
ln ln
" $ " in
"
$
0
"
$
" $

,
_

s s T q
P
P
R
T
T
c s s

v
The thermal efficiency of this totally reversible cycle is determined from
!"#/3
9 100
9 %00
" "
th
H
L
T
T
Then,
'( /%9". k<=kg# kg#!&;$.; !0.;$8#!"
in th net
mq W
5.8&
s
T
%
$
q
in
q
out
&
"
100 9
%00 9
9-79 +n ideal ,tirling engine with air as the working fluid operates between the specified temperature and
pressure limits. The power produced and the rate of heat input are to be determined.
0.$1: k<=kgA9, and k @ ".& !Table +.$a#.
Analysis ,ince the specific volume is constant during process $.%,
k)a : . $;;
9 %00
9 100
k)a# "00 !
%
$
% $

,
_

T
T
P P
3eat is only added to the system during reversible process ".$. Then,
k<=kg .; &;$ # 9 k<=kg 0.8:1$ #! 9 100 ! # !
9 k<=kg 8:1$ . 0
k)a $000
k)a $;;.:
ln # 9 k<=kg 0.$1: ! 0
ln ln
" $ " in
"
$
0
"
$
" $

,
_

s s T q
P
P
R
T
T
c s s

v
The thermal efficiency of this totally reversible cycle is determined from
0.;$8
9 100
9 %00
" "
th

H
L
T
T
Then,
k< $15." k<=kg# kg#!&;$.; !0.;$8#!"
in th net
mq W
The rate at which heat is added to this engine is
'W 0%33 cycle=s# =;0 k<=kg#!800 &;$.; kg=cycle#! " !
in in
n mq Q
while the power produced by the engine is

'W /1!9 cycle=s# 800=;0 k<=cycle#! " . $15 ! #
net net
n W W
5.88
s
T
%
$
q
in
q
out
&
"
100 9
%00 9
9-80E +n ideal ,tirling engine with hydrogen as the working fluid operates between the specified
temperature limits. The amount of external heat addition, external heat rejection, and heat transfer
between the working fluid and regenerator per cycle are to be determined.
Assumptions 3ydrogen is an ideal gas with constant specific heats.
Properties The properties of hydrogen at room temperature are R @ 8.%$$& psiaAft
%
=lbm.B @ 0.518"
7tu=lbmAB, cp @ %.&% 7tu=lbmAB, cv @ $.&& 7tu=lbmAB, and k @ ".&0& !Table +.$(a#.
Analysis The mass of the air contained in this engine is
lbm 00;1%$ . 0
B# ""00 #! B =lbm ft psia %$$& . 8 !
# ft psia#!0." &00 !
%
%
"
" "

RT
P
m
V
+t the end of the compression, the pressure will be
psia &0
ft "
ft 0."
psia# &00 !
%
%
$
"
" $

,
_

V
V
P P
The entropy change is
B 7tu=lbm $;1 . $
psia &00
psia &0
ln # B 7tu=lbm 0.518" ! 0
ln ln
"
$
0
"
$
& % " $

,
_

P
P
R
T
T
c s s s s

v
,ince the processes are reversible,
6tu .$"! # B 7tu=lbm $;1 . $ #! B 00 "" ! lbm# 0.00;1%$ ! # !
" $ " in
s s mT Q
6tu $"$3 # B 7tu=lbm $;1 . $ #! B 00 8 ! lbm# 0.00;1%$ ! # !
% & % out
s s mT Q
+pplying the first law to the process where the gas passes through the regenerator gives
6tu .!"! B # 800 ""00 #! B 7tu=lbm && . $ ! lbm# 0.00;1%$ ! # !
& " regen
T T mc Q
v
5.8;
s
T
%
$
q
in
q
out
&
"
""00B
800 B
9-81E +n ideal ,tirling engine with air as the working fluid operates between specified pressure limits.
The heat added to and rejected by this cycle, and the net work produced by the cycle are to be determined.
%
=lbm.B @ 0.0;188 7tu=lbmAB,
cp @ 0.$&0 7tu=lbmAB, cv @ 0.":" 7tu=lbmAB, and k @ ".& !Table +.$(a#.
Analysis +pplying the ideal gas e?uation to the isothermal process %.& gives
psia "00 psia#!"0# "0 !
&
%
% &

v
v
P P
,ince process &." is a constant volume process,,
B %%;0
psia "00
psia ;00
B# 8;0 !
&
"
& "

,
_
,
_
P
P
T T
+ccording to first law and work integral,
6tu)l7 30!"0

B#ln!"0# %%;0 #! B 7tu=lbm 0.0;188 ! ln
"
$
" $ " in
v
v
RT w q
and
6tu)l7 %%"1
,
_

"0
"
B#ln 8;0 #! B 7tu=lbm 0.0;188 ! ln
%
&
% & % out
v
v
RT w q
The net work is then
6tu)l7 11."9 & . 11 % . 8%0
out in net
q q w
9-82E +n ideal ,tirling engine with air as the working fluid operates between specified pressure limits.
The heat transfer in the regenerator is to be determined.
%
=lbm.B, cp @ 0.$&0
7tu=lbmAB, cv @ 0.":" 7tu=lbmAB, and k @ ".& !Table +.$(a#.
Analysis +pplying the ideal gas e?uation to the isothermal process ".$ gives
psia ;0
"0
"
psia# ;00 !
$
"
" $

,
_

v
v
P P
,ince process $.% is a constant.volume process,
B %%;0
psia "0
psia ;0
B# 8;0 !
%
$
% $

,
_
,
_
P
P
T T
+pplication of the first law to process $.% gives
6tu)l7 1$%"% B # 8;0 %%;0 #! B 7tu=lbm ":" . 0 ! # !
% $ regen
T T c q
v
5.8:
s
T
%
$
q
in
q
out
&
"
8;0 B
s
T
%
$
q
in
q
out
&
"
8;0 B
9-83 +n ideal (ricsson cycle operates between the specified temperature limits. The rate of heat addition
is to be determined.
Analysis The thermal efficiency of this totally reversible
cycle is determined from
0.;115
9 500
9 $10
" "
th

H
L
T
T
+ccording to the general definition of the thermal efficiency,

the rate of heat addition is
'W $/#
0.;115
kD 800
th
net
in
W
Q

9-84 +n ideal (ricsson cycle operates between the specified temperature limits. The power produced by
the cycle is to be determined.
Analysis The power output is 800 kD when the cycle is
repeated $000 times per minute. Then the work per cycle is
k<=cycle "8
cycle=s !$000=;0#
k<=s 800
net
net

n
W
W
Dhen the cycle is repeated %000 times per minute, the power
output will be
'W $3! k<=cycle# 8 cycle=s#!" 000=;0 % !
net net
W n W
5.81
s
T
%
$
q
in
q
out
&
"
500 9
$10 9
s
T
%
$
q
in
q
out
&
"
500 9
$10 9
Ideal and Actual Gas--ur7ine ;6rayton< Cycles
9-85C In gas turbine engines a gas is compressed, and thus the compression work re?uirements are very
large since the steady.flow work is proportional to the specific volume.
9-86C They are !"# isentropic compression !in a compressor#, !$# P @ constant heat addition, !%#
isentropic expansion !in a turbine#, and !&# P @ constant heat rejection.
9-87C >or fixed maximum and minimum temperatures, !a# the thermal efficiency increases with pressure
ratio, !b# the net work first increases with pressure ratio, reaches a maximum, and then decreases.
9-88C 7ack work ratio is the ratio of the compressor !or pump# work input to the turbine work output. It
is usually between 0.&0 and 0.; for gas turbine engines.
9-89C +s a result of turbine and compressor inefficiencies, !a# the back work ratio increases, and !b# the
thermal efficiency decreases.
5.85
9-90E + simple ideal 7rayton cycle with air as the working fluid has a pressure ratio of "0. The air
temperature at the compressor exit, the back work ratio, and the thermal efficiency are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 ,teady operating conditions exist. 2 The air.standard assumptions are applicable. 3
9inetic and potential energy changes are negligible. 4 +ir is an ideal gas with variable specific heats.
Analysis !a# Ioting that process ".$ is isentropic,
T
h
P
r
1
1
1
12147

520 R
124.27 Btu / lbm
.
( )( )
7tu=lbm $&0.""
"&: . "$ $"&: . " "0
$
$
"
$
" $

h
T
P
P
P
P
r r
R 996.5
!b# )rocess %.& is isentropic, and thus
( )
7tu=lbm %1.11 $ 1% . $;8 :" . 80&
7tu=lbm ""8.1& $: . "$& "" . $&0
7tu=lbm $;8.1% & . ": 0 . ":&
"0
"
0 . ":&
7tu=lbm 80&.:"
B $000
& % out T,
" $ in C,
&
%
&
%
%
% &
%

,
_

h h w
h h w
h P
P
P
P
P
h
T
r r
r
Then the back.work ratio becomes
48.5%
7tu=lbm $%1.11
7tu=lbm ""8.1&
out T,
in C,
bw
w
w
r
!c#
46.5%

7tu=lbm $;&.;0
7tu=lbm "$%.0&
7tu=lbm "$%.0& 1& . ""8 11 . $%1
7tu=lbm $;&.;0 "" . $&0 :" . 80&
in
out net,
th
in C, out T, out net,
$ % in
q
w
w w w
h h q
5.;0
s
T
"
$
&
%
q
in
q
out
$000
8$0
9-91 (%'s( s('ved by EE! (n enc'(sed )*) + simple 7rayton cycle with air as the working fluid has a
pressure ratio of 1. The air temperature at the turbine exit, the net work output, and the thermal efficiency
are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 ,teady operating conditions exist. 2 The
air.standard assumptions are applicable. 3 9inetic and
potential energy changes are negligible. 4 +ir is an
ideal gas with variable specific heats.
Analysis !a# Ioting that process ".$s is isentropic,
T
h
P
r
1
1
1
15546

310 K
310.24 kJ / kg
.
( )( )
( )
( )
( )( )
k<=kg 15."; :
"5 . ;5$ 5$ . "$%0 1$ . 0 5$ . "$%0
9 % . ;10 and k<=kg ;5$."5 50 . $8 $ . $0:
1
"
$ . $0:
k<=kg "$%0.5$
9 "";0
k<=kg ;&;.:
:8 . 0
$& . %"0 81 . 8;$
$& . %"0
9 88:.$8 and k<=kg 8;$.81 && . "$ 88&; . " 1
& % % &
& %
& %
& &
%
&
%
%
" $
" $
" $
" $
$ $
"
$
% &
%
" $

,
_

s T
s
T
s s r r
r
)
s s
)
s s r r
h h h h
h h
h h
T h P
P
P
P
P
h
T
h h
h h
h h
h h
T h P
P
P
P

Thus,
T& @ 770.1 K
!b#
kJ/kg 105.3

5$ . &:1 $ . 81&
k<=kg &:1.5$ $& . %"0 "; . :15
k<=kg 81&.$ : . ;&; 5$ . "$%0
out in out net,
" & out
$ % in
q q w
h h q
h h q
!c# 18.0%
k<=kg 81&.$
k<=kg "08.%
in
out net,
th
q
w
5.;"
s
T
"
$s
&s
%
q
in
q
out
"";0 9
%"0 9
$
&
9-92 EES )roblem 5.5" is reconsidered. The mass flow rate, pressure ratio, turbine inlet temperature, and
the isentropic efficiencies of the turbine and compressor are to be varied and a general solution for the
problem by taking advantage of the diagram window method for supplying data to ((, is to be developed.
"Input 5ata - ,rom 5ia*ram /in5o/"
6P.ratio = 87
6T[1] = 310 [K]
P[1]= 100 [kPa]
T[3] = 11>0 [K]
m.5ot = 20 [k*%s]
0ta.c = (<%100
0ta.t = 82%1007
"In3et con5itions"
4[1]=0DTC21PI2ir!T=T[1]"
s[1]=0DT&JPI2ir!T=T[1]!P=P[1]"
"+ompressor anaysis"
s.s[2]=s[1] "Aor t4e i5ea3 case t4e entropies are constant across t4e compressor"
P.ratio=P[2]%P[1]"De,inition o, pressure ratio - to ,in5 P[2]"
T.s[2]=T0HP0&2TK&02ir!s=s.s[2]!P=P[2]" "T.s[2] is t4e isentropic $a3ue o, T[2] at
compressor e8it"
4.s[2]=0DTC21PI2ir!T=T.s[2]"
0ta.c =4.s[2]-4[1]"%4[2]-4[1]" "+ompressor a5iaLatic e,,iciencyM 0ta.c =
;.5ot.c.i5ea3%;.5ot.c.actua3' "
m.5ot#4[1] :;.5ot.c=m.5ot#4[2] "EEEA Airst 1a/ ,or t4e actua3 compressor!
assumin*@ a5iaLatic! ke=pe=0"
"08terna3 4eat e8c4an*er ana3ysis"
P[3]=P[2]"process 2-3 is EEEA constant pressure"
4[3]=0DTC21PI2ir!T=T[3]"
m.5ot#4[2] : ?.5ot.in= m.5ot#4[3]"EEEA Airst 1a/ ,or t4e 4eat e8c4an*er!
assumin* ;=0! ke=pe=0"
"TurLine ana3ysis"
s.s[4]=s[3] "Aor t4e i5ea3 case t4e entropies are constant across t4e turLine"
P.ratio= P[3] %P[4]
T.s[4]=T0HP0&2TK&02ir!s=s.s[4]!P=P[4]" "Ts[4] is t4e isentropic $a3ue o, T[4] at
turLine e8it"
4.s[4]=0DTC21PI2ir!T=T.s[4]" "0ta.t = ;.5ot.t %;ts.5ot turLine a5iaLatic
e,,iciency! ;ts.5ot B ;.5ot.t"
0ta.t=4[3]-4[4]"%4[3]-4.s[4]"
m.5ot#4[3] = ;.5ot.t : m.5ot#4[4] "EEEA Airst 1a/ ,or t4e actua3 compressor!
"+yc3e ana3ysis"
;.5ot.net=;.5ot.t-;.5ot.c"De,inition o, t4e net cyc3e /ork! k;"
0ta=;.5ot.net%?.5ot.in"+yc3e t4erma3 e,,iciency"
N/r=;.5ot.c%;.5ot.t "Nack /ork ratio"
"T4e ,o33o/in* state points are 5etermine5 on3y to pro5uce a T-s p3ot"
T[2]=temperatureOairO!4=4[2]"
5.;$
s[2]=entropyOairO!T=T[2]!P=P[2]"
N/r Pratio ;c [k;] ;net [k;] ;t [k;] ?in [k;]
0'<22= 0'1 2 1818 1><= 34(( 1><8(
0'>30< 0'1>44 4 4033 23>4 >3=> 143(3
0'(038 0'1814 > <<43 2333 (8(> 128>2
0'(>11 0'180> 8 >(23 2110 8833 11>82
0'8088 0'1(02 10 ((0< 1822 =<2( 10(00
0'8< 0'1<33 12 8<<3 1<10 100>3 =8<2
0'88>4 0'131 14 =304 11=2 104=> =102
0'=1=2 0'1041 1> ==80 8(('2 108<( 842>
0'=4=1 0'0(2(2 18 10<=> <>('= 111>4 (80=
0'=(>( 0'03>(< 20 111>< 2>>'1 11431 (241
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
0
500
1000
1500
s &'()'*-+,
-

&
+
,
100 kPa
800 kPa
.
/
s
/
0
1
1
s
Air Standard 6rayton Cycle
Pressure ratio = % and -
a>
= ..#!+

5.;%
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
P
ratio
C
y
c
l
e

e
?
?
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
,

W
n
e
t

&
'
W
,
W
net
-
a>
=..#! +
@ote P
ratio
?or a>iu 5or' and
c
= !"$3
t
= !"%/

5.;&
9-93 + simple 7rayton cycle with air as the working fluid has a pressure ratio of 1. The air temperature at
the turbine exit, the net work output, and the thermal efficiency are to be determined.
9inetic and potential energy changes are negligible. 4 +ir is an ideal gas with constant specific heats.
Properties The properties of air at room temperature are cp @ ".008 k<=kgA9 and k @ ".& !Table +.$#.
Analysis !a# Using the compressor and turbine efficiency relations,
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )( )
K 733.9
& . ;&0 "";0 1$ . 0 "";0
9 ;&8.%
:8 . 0
%"0 8 . 8;"
%"0
9 ;&0.&
1
"
9 "";0
9 8;".8 1 9 %"0
& % % &
& %
& %
& %
& %
" $
" $
" $
" $
" $
" $
0.&=".&
= "
%
&
% &
0.&=".&
= "
"
$
" $

,
_
,
_
,
_
s T
s p
p
s
T
)
s
p
s p
s
)
k k
s
k k
s
T T T T
T T c
T T c
h h
h h
T T
T T
T T c
T T c
h h
h h
P
P
T T
P
P
T T

!b#
( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )( )
kJ/kg 91.3 0 . &$; % . 8":
k<=kg &$;.0 9 %"0 :%%.5 9 k<=kg ".008
k<=kg 8":.% 9 ;&8.% "";0 9 k<=kg ".008
out in out net,
" & " & out
$ % $ % in

q q w
T T c h h q
T T c h h q
p
p
!c# 17.6%
k<=kg 8":.%
k<=kg 5".%
in
out net,
th
q
w
5.;8
s
T
"
$s
&s
%
?
in
?
out
"";0 9
%"0 9
$
&
9-94 + simple ideal 7rayton cycle with air as the working fluid operates between the specified temperature
and pressure limits. The net work and the thermal efficiency are to be determined.
Properties The properties of air at room temperature are cp @ ".008 k<=kgA9 and k @ ".& !Table +.$a#.
Analysis Using the isentropic relations for an ideal gas,
9 ." :0;
k)a "00
k)a $000
9# %00 !
0.&=".&
= # " !
"
$
" $

,
_
,
_
k k
P
P
T T
,imilarly,
9 5 . &$&
k)a $000
k)a "00
9# "000 !
0.&=".&
= # " !
%
&
% &

,
_
,
_
k k
P
P
T T
+pplying the first law to the constant.pressure heat
addition process $.% produces

k<=kg & . $58 9 # " . :0; "000 #! 9 k<=kg ".008 ! # !
$ % $ % in
T T c h h q
p
,imilarly,
k<=kg 8 . "$8 9 # %00 5 . &$& #! 9 k<=kg ".008 ! # !
" & " & out
T T c h h q
p
The net work production is then
'()'* .#9"9 8 . "$8 & . $58
out in net
q q w
and the thermal efficiency of this cycle is
!"3$3
k<=kg $58.&
k<=kg ";5.5
in
net
th
q
w
5.;;
s
T
"
$
&
%
q
in
q
out
"000 9
%00 9
9-95 + simple 7rayton cycle with air as the working fluid operates between the specified temperature and
pressure limits. The net work and the thermal efficiency are to be determined.
Analysis Using the isentropic relations for an ideal gas,
9 ." :0;
k)a "00
k)a $000
9# %00 !
0.&=".&
= # " !
"
$
" $

,
_
,
_
k k
P
P
T T
>or the expansion process,
9 5 . &$&
k)a $000
k)a "00
9# "000 !
0.&=".&
= # " !
%
&
% &

,
_
,
_
k k
s
P
P
T T

9 & . &1$
# 5 . &$& "000 #! 50 . 0 ! "000
# !
# !
# !
& % % &
& %
& %
& %
& %
s T
s p
p
s
T
T T T T
T T c
T T c
h h
h h

+pplying the first law to the constant.pressure heat addition process $.% produces

k< & . $58 9 # " . :0; "000 #! 9 k<=kg ".008 #! kg " ! # ! # !
$ % $ % in
T T mc h h m Q
p
,imilarly,
k< % . "1% 9 # %00 & . &1$ #! 9 k<=kg ".008 #! kg " ! # ! # !
" & " & out
T T mc h h m Q
p
'( ../". % . "1% & . $58
out in net
Q Q W
!"0$9
k< $58.&
k< ""$."
in
net
th
Q
W
5.;:
&s
s
T
"
$
&
%
q
in
q
out
"000 9
%00 9
Properties The properties of air at room temperature are
cp @ ".008 k<=kgA9 and k @ ".& !Table +.$a#.
Analysis >or the compression process,
9 ." :0;
k)a "00
k)a $000
9# %00 !
0.&=".&
= # " !
"
$
" $

,
_
,
_
k k
s
P
P
T T

9 ; . 10:
10 . 0
%00 " . :0;
%00
# !
# !
" $
" $
" $
" $
" $
" $
)
s
p
s p
s
)
T T
T T
T T c
T T c
h h
h h

9 5 . &$&
k)a $000
k)a "00
9# "000 !
0.&=".&
= # " !
%
&
% &

,
_
,
_
k k
s
P
P
T T
9 & . &1$
# 5 . &$& "000 #! 50 . 0 ! "000
# !
# !
# !
& % % &
& %
& %
& %
& %
s T
s p
p
s
T
T T T T
T T c
T T c
h h
h h


k< & . "5% 9 # ; . 10: "000 #! 9 k<=kg ".008 #! kg " ! # ! # !
$ % $ % in
T T mc h h m Q
p
,imilarly,
k< % . "1% 9 # %00 & . &1$ #! 9 k<=kg ".008 #! kg " ! # ! # !
" & " & out
T T mc h h m Q
p
'( .!". % . "1% & . "5%
out in net
Q Q W
!"!3//
k< "5%.&
k< "0."
in
net
th
Q
W
5.;1
&s
s
T
"
$s
&
%
q
in
q
out
"000 9
%00 9
$
cp @ ".008 k<=kgA9 and k @ ".& !Table +.$a#.
Analysis >or the compression process,
9 ." :0;
k)a "00
k)a $000
9# %00 !
0.&=".&
= # " !
"
$
" $

,
_
,
_
k k
s
P
P
T T

9 ; . 10:
10 . 0
%00 " . :0;
%00
# !
# !
" $
" $
" $
" $
" $
" $
)
s
p
s p
s
)
T T
T T
T T c
T T c
h h
h h

9 0 . &$1
k)a "580
k)a "00
9# "000 !
0.&=".&
= # " !
%
&
% &

,
_
,
_
k k
s
P
P
T T
9 $ . &18
# 0 . &$1 "000 #! 50 . 0 ! "000
# !
# !
# !
& % % &
& %
& %
& %
& %
s T
s p
p
s
T
T T T T
T T c
T T c
h h
h h


k< & . "5% 9 # ; . 10: "000 #! 9 k<=kg ".008 #! kg " ! # ! # !
$ % $ % in
T T mc h h m Q
p
,imilarly,
k< " . "1; 9 # %00 $ . &18 #! 9 k<=kg ".008 #! kg " ! # ! # !
" & " & out
T T mc h h m Q
p
'( $"0 " . "1; & . "5%
out in net
Q Q W
!"!0$$
k< "5%.&
k< :.%
in
net
th
Q
W
5.;5
&s
s
T
"
$s
&
%
q
in
q
out
"000 9
%00 9
$
9-98 + gas turbine power plant that operates on the simple 7rayton cycle with air as the working fluid
has a specified pressure ratio. The re?uired mass flow rate of air is to be determined for two cases.
Properties The properties of air at room temperature
are cp @ ".008 k<=kgA9 and k @ ".& !Table +.$#.
Analysis !a# Using the isentropic relations,

( )
( )( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )( )
kg/* 352

,
_
,
_
,
_
k<=kg "55."
k<=s :0,000
k<=kg 55." " :8 . %"" 1& . 8"0
k<=kg 8"0.1& 9 &5".: "000 9 k<=kg ".008
k<=kg %"".:8 9 %00 ;"0.$ 9 k<=kg ".008
9 &5".:
"$
"
9 "000
9 ;"0.$ "$ 9 %00
out net, s,
out net,
in C, s, out T, s, out net, s,
& % & % out T, s,
" $ " $ in C, s,
0.&=".&
= "
%
&
% &
0.&=".&
= "
"
$
" $
w
W
m
w w w
T T c h h w
T T c h h w
P
P
T T
P
P
T T
s
s p s
s p s
k k
s
k k
s
!b# The net work output is determined to be

( )( )
kg/* 1037

k<=kg ;:.8
k<=s :0,000
k<=kg ;:.8 0.18 %"".:8 1& . 8"0 18 . 0
=
out net, a,
out net,
in C, s, out T, s, in C, a, out T, a, out net, a,
w
W
m
w w w w w
a
) T

5.:0
s
T
"
$s
&s
%
"000 9
%00 9
$
&
9-99 + stationary gas.turbine power plant operates on a simple ideal 7rayton cycle with air as the
working fluid. The power delivered by this plant is to be determined assuming constant and variable
specific heats.
9inetic and potential energy changes are negligible. 4 +ir is an ideal gas.
Analysis !a# +ssuming constant specific heats,

( )
( )( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )( ) k' 15+680

,
_
,
_
,
_
kD %8,000 0.&&1
&&1 . 0
% . 8$8 ""00
$50 $ . ;0:
" " " "
9 ;0:.$
1
"
9 ""00
9 8$8.% 1 9 $50
in th out net,
$ %
" &
$ %
" &
in
out
th
0.&=".&
= "
%
&
% &
0.&=".&
= "
"
$
" $
Q W
T T
T T
T T c
T T c
q
q
P
P
T T
P
P
T T
p
p
k k
s
k k
s

!b# +ssuming variable specific heats !Table +.":#,

( )( )
( )
( )( ) k' 15+085

,
_

kD %8,000 0.&%"
&%" . 0
"" . 8$; 0: . "";"
"; . $50 %: . ;8"
" " "
k<=kg ;8".%: 15 . $0 " . ";:
1
"
" . ";:
k<=kg "";".0:
9 ""00
k<=kg 8$;."$ 1&11 . 5 $%"" . " 1
$%"" . "
k<=kg $50.";
9 $50
in out net,
$ %
" &
in
out
th
&
%
&
%
%
$
"
$
"
"
% &
%
" $
"
Q W
h h
h h
q
q
h P
P
P
P
P
h
T
h P
P
P
P
P
h
T
T
r r
r
r r
r

5.:"
s
T
"
$
&
%
q
in
q
out
""00 9
$50 9
9-100 +n actual gas.turbine power plant operates at specified conditions. The fraction of the turbine work
output used to drive the compressor and the thermal efficiency are to be determined.
9inetic and potential energy changes are negligible. 4 +ir is an ideal gas with variable specific heats.
Analysis !a# Using the isentropic relations,
T h
T h
1 1
2 2

300 K 300.19 kJ / kg
580 K 586.04 kJ / kg
( )
( ) ( )( ) k<=kg 8&$.0 508.1% "8%;.0& 1; . 0
k<=kg $18.18 "5 . %00 0& . 81;
k<=kg 08.1% 5 :% . ;: "" . &:&
:
"
"" . &:&
k<=kg "8%;.0& 0& . 81; 580
:
"00
:00
& % out T,
" $ in C,
&
%
&
% $ % in
"
$
% &
%

,
_

+

s T
s r r
r
p
h h w
h h w
h P
P
P
P
P
h h h q
P
P
r
Thus,
52.7%
k<=kg 8&$.0
k<=kg $18.18
out T,
in C,
bw
w
w
r
!b#
27.0%

k<=kg 580
k<=kg $8;."8
k<=kg $8;."8 $18.18 .0 8&$
in
out net,
th
in C, out T, net.out
q
w
w w w
5.:$
s
T
"
$s
&s
%
580 k<=kg
810 9
%00 9
$
&
9-101 + gas.turbine power plant operates at specified conditions. The fraction of the turbine work output
used to drive the compressor and the thermal efficiency are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 ,teady operating conditions exist. 2 The air.
standard assumptions are applicable. 3 9inetic and potential
energy changes are negligible. 4 +ir is an ideal gas with
constant specific heats.
cp @ ".008 k<=kgA9 and k @ ".& !Table +.$#.
Analysis !a# Using constant specific heats,
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )( )
( ) ( ) ( )( )( ) k<=kg 8;$.$ 9 1:&.1 "8$8.% 9 k<=kg ".008 1; . 0
k<=kg $1".& 9 %00 810 9 k<=kg ".008
9 1:&.1
:
"
9 "8$8.%
9 "8$8.%
9 k<=kg ".008 = k<=kg 580 9 810
=
:
"00
:00
& % & % out T,
" $ " $ in C,
0.&=".&
=k " k
%
&
% &s
in $ % $ % $ % in
"
$

,
_
,
_
+
+

s p T s T
p
p p
p
T T c h h w
T T c h h w
P
P
T T
c q T T T T c h h q
P
P
r

Thus,
50.1%
k<=kg 8;$.$
k<=kg $1".&
out T,
in C,
bw
w
w
r
!b#
29.6%

k<=kg 580
k<=kg $10.1
k<=kg $10.1 $1".& $ . 8;$
in
out net,
th
in C, out T, out net,
q
w
w w w
5.:%
s
T
"
$s
&s
%
580 k<=kg
810 9
%00 9
$
&
9-102E + simple ideal 7rayton cycle with argon as the working fluid operates between the specified
temperature and pressure limits. The rate of heat addition, the power produced, and the thermal efficiency
Assumptions 1 ,teady operating conditions exist. 2 9inetic and potential energy changes are negligible. 3
+rgon is an ideal gas with constant specific heats.
Properties The properties of argon at room temperature are R @ 0.$;1; psiaft
%
=lbmAB !Table +."(#, cp @
0."$8% 7tu=lbmAB and k @ ".;;: !Table +.$(a#.
Analysis +t the compressor inlet,
=lbm ft ;:0 . 5
psia "8
B# 8&0 #! B =lbm ft psia $;1; . 0 !
%
%
"
"
"

P
RT
v
lbm=s 08 . ;$
=lbm ft ;:0 . 5
ft=s# #!$00 ft % !
%
$
"
" "

v
V %
m
+ccording to the isentropic process expressions for an ideal gas,
B "%8:
psia "8
psia "80
B# 8&0 !
: 0.;;:=".;; = # " !
"
$
" $

,
_
,
_
k k
P
P
T T
B : . ;;0
psia "80
psia "8
B# ";;0 !
: 0.;;:=".;; = # " !
%
&
% &

,
_
,
_
k k
P
P
T T
+pplying the first law to the constant.pressure heat addition process $.% gives
6tu)s /03# B # "%8: ";;0 #! B 7tu=lbm "$8% . 0 ! lbm=s# 08 . ;$ ! # !
$ % in
T T c m Q
p
The net power output is

6tu)s .1.$
+
+
B # "%8: 8&0 : . ;;0 ";;0 #! B 7tu=lbm "$8% . 0 ! lbm=s# 08 . ;$ !
# !
$ " & % net
T T T T c m W
p

!"#!.
7tu=s $%8;
7tu=s "&":
in
net
th
Q
W
5.:&
s
T
"
$
&
%
q
in
q
out
";;0 B
8&0 B
9-103 +n aircraft engine operates as a simple ideal 7rayton cycle with air as the working fluid. The
pressure ratio and the rate of heat input are given. The net power and the thermal efficiency are to be
determined.
Analysis >or the isentropic compression process,
9 ." 8$: 9#!"0# $:% !
0.&=".& = # " !
" $

k k
p
r T T
The heat addition is
k<=kg 800
kg=s "
kD 800
in
in

m
Q
q
+pplying the first law to the heat addition process,

9 "0$8
9 k<=kg ".008
k<=kg 800
9 " . 8$:
# !
in
$ %
$ % in
+ +

p
p
c
q
T T
T T c q
The temperature at the exit of the turbine is
9 5 . 8%0
"0
"
9# "0$8 !
"
0.&=".&
= # " !
% &

,
_
,
_
k k
p
r
T T
+pplying the first law to the adiabatic turbine and the compressor produce
k<=kg ; . &5; 9 # 5 . 8%0 "0$8 #! 9 k<=kg ".008 ! # !
& % T
T T c w
p
k<=kg & . $88 9 # $:% " . 8$: #! 9 k<=kg ".008 ! # !
" $ C
T T c w
p
The net power produced by the engine is then
'W /1."/ k<=kg # & . $88 ; kg=s#!&5;. " ! # !
C T net
w w m W
>inally the thermal efficiency is

!"1%/
kD 800
kD $&".$
in
net
th
Q
W
5.:8
s
T
"
$
&
%
q
in
q
out
$:% 9
9-104 +n aircraft engine operates as a simple ideal 7rayton cycle with air as the working fluid. The
pressure ratio and the rate of heat input are given. The net power and the thermal efficiency are to be
determined.
Analysis >or the isentropic compression process,
9 .1 85" 9#!"8# $:% !
0.&=".& = # " !
" $

k k
p
r T T
The heat addition is
k<=kg 800
kg=s "
kD 800
in
in

m
Q
q
+pplying the first law to the heat addition process,

9 "015
9 k<=kg ".008
k<=kg 800
9 1 . 85"
# !
in
$ %
$ % in
+ +

p
p
c
q
T T
T T c q
The temperature at the exit of the turbine is
9 % . 80$
"8
"
9# "015 !
"
0.&=".&
= # " !
% &

,
_
,
_
k k
p
r
T T
+pplying the first law to the adiabatic turbine and the compressor produce
k<=kg ; . 815 9 # % . 80$ "015 #! 9 k<=kg ".008 ! # !
& % T
T T c w
p
k<=kg & . %$0 9 # $:% 1 . 85" #! 9 k<=kg ".008 ! # !
" $ C
T T c w
p
The net power produced by the engine is then
'W /#9"/ k<=kg # & . %$0 ; kg=s#!815. " ! # !
C T net
w w m W
>inally the thermal efficiency is

!"30%
kD 800
kD $;5.$
in
net
th
Q
W
5.:;
s
T
"
$
&
%
q
in
q
out
$:% 9
9-105 + gas.turbine plant operates on the simple 7rayton cycle. The net power output, the back work
ratio, and the thermal efficiency are to be determined.
Properties The gas constant of air is R @ 0.$1: k<=kgA9 !Table +."#.
Analysis !a# >or this problem, we use the properties
from ((, software. Bemember that for an ideal gas,
enthalpy is a function of temperature only whereas
entropy is functions of both temperature and pressure.
)rocess ".$ Compression
9 k<=kg :"85 . 8
k)a "00
C %0
k<=kg ;0 . %0% C %0
"
"
"
" "

s
P
T
h T
k<=kg %: . ;":
k<=kg.9 :"85 . 8
k)a "$00
$
" $
$
s
h
s s
P
k<=kg $& . ;1;
;0 . %0%
;0 . %0% %: . ;":
1$ . 0
$
$ " $
" $
C

h
h h h
h h
s
)rocess %.& (xpansion

k<=kg ;$ . :5$ C 800
& &
h T
s s
h h
h
h h
h h
& %
%
& %
& %
T
;$ . :5$
11 . 0

De cannot find the enthalpy at state % directly. 3owever, using the following lines in ((, together with
the isentropic efficiency relation, we find h% @ "&0&.: k<=kg, T% @ "0%&KC, s% @ ;.8;55 k<=kg.9. The
solution by hand would re?uire a trial.error approach.
4.3=ent4a3py2ir! T=T.3"
s.3=entropy2ir! T=T.3! P=P.2"
4.4s=ent4a3py2ir! P=P.1! s=s.3"
The mass flow rate is determined from
( )( )
kg=s 1:8 . $
9 $:% %0 9 =kg m k)a 0.$1:
# s = m 0 k)a#!"80=; "00 !
%
%
"
" "
+

RT
P
m
V
The net power output is

kD ""00 #k<=kg ;0 . %0% $& kg=s#!;1;. 1:8 . $ ! # !
" $ in C,
h h m W
kD ":85 #k<=kg ;$ . :5$ .: kg=s#!"&0& 1:8 . $ ! # !

& % out T,
h h m W
'W #39 ""00 ":85

in C, out T, net
W W W

!b# The back work ratio is
!"#/3
kD ":85
kD ""00
out T,
in C,
bw
W
W
r

!c# The rate of heat input and the thermal efficiency are
kD $0;8 #k<=kg $& . ;1; .: kg=s#!"&0& 1:8 . $ ! # !
$ % in
h h m Q
!"0.9
kD $0;8
kD ;85
in
net
Q
W
th

5.::
"
Combustion
chamber
Turbine
$
%
&
Compress.
"00 k)a
%0LC
800LC
".$ ')a
6rayton Cycle 5ith Re*eneration
9-106C Begeneration increases the thermal efficiency of a 7rayton cycle by capturing some of the waste
heat from the exhaust gases and preheating the air before it enters the combustion chamber.
9-107C *es. +t very high compression ratios, the gas temperature at the turbine exit may be lower than
the temperature at the compressor exit. Therefore, if these two streams are brought into thermal contact
in a regenerator, heat will flow to the exhaust gases instead of from the exhaust gases. +s a result, the
thermal efficiency will decrease.
9-108C The extent to which a regenerator approaches an ideal regenerator is called the effectiveness ,
and is defined as + qregen, act ,qregen, max.
9-109C !b# turbine exit.
9-110C The steam injected increases the mass flow rate through the turbine and thus the power output.
This, in turn, increases the thermal efficiency since
in
= Q W and W increases while Qin remains
constant. ,team can be obtained by utiliGing the hot exhaust gases.
5.:1
9-111 + 7rayton cycle with regeneration produces "80 kD power. The rates of heat addition and rejection
Assumptions 1 The air standard assumptions are applicable. 2 +ir is an ideal gas with constant specific
heats at room temperature. 3 9inetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Properties The properties of air at room temperature are cp @ ".008 k<=kg.9 and k @ ".& !Table +.$a#.
Analysis +ccording to the isentropic process expressions for an ideal gas,
9 1 . 8%0 9#!1# $5% !
0.&=".& = # " !
" $

k k
p
r T T
9 % . 85$
1
"
9# "0:% !
"
0.&=".&
= # " !
& 8

,
_
,
_
k k
p
r
T T
Dhen the first law is applied to the heat exchanger, the result is
; 8 $ %
T T T T
while the regenerator temperature specification gives
9 % . 81$ "0 % . 85$ "0
8 %
T T
The simultaneous solution of these two results gives
9 1 . 8&0 # 1 . 8%0 % . 81$ ! % . 85$ # !
$ % 8 ;
T T T T
+pplication of the first law to the turbine and compressor gives
k<=kg $&&."
9 # $5% 1 . 8%0 #! 9 k<=kg 008 . " ! 9 # % . 85$ "0:% #! 9 k<=kg 008 . " !
# ! # !
" $ 8 & net

T T c T T c w
p p
Then,
kg=s ;"&8 . 0
k<=kg $&&."
kD "80
net
net

w
W
m

+pplying the first law to the combustion chamber produces

'W 0!0"! 9 # % . 81$ "0:% #! 9 k<=kg 008 . " ! kg=s# ;"&8 . 0 ! # !
% & in
T T c m Q
p
,imilarly,
'W .30"! 9 # $5% 1 . 8&0 #! 9 k<=kg 008 . " ! kg=s# ;"&8 . 0 ! # !
" ; out
T T c m Q
p
5.:5
s
T
"
$
8
&
q
in "0:% 9
$5% 9
%
;
q
out
9-112 + 7rayton cycle with regeneration produces "80 kD power. The rates of heat addition and rejection
Analysis >or the compression and expansion processes we have
9 1 . 8%0 9#!1# $5% !
0.&=".& = # " !
" $

k k
p s
r T T
9 % . 8;;
1: . 0
$5% 1 . 8%0
$5%
# !
# !
" $
" $
" $
" $
)
s
p
s p
)
T T
T T
T T c
T T c
9 % . 85$
1
"
9# "0:% !
"
0.&=".&
= # " !
& 8

,
_
,
_
k k
p
s
r
T T
9 5 . ;$8
# % . 85$ "0:% #! 5% . 0 ! "0:%
# !
# !
# !
8 & & 8
8 &
8 &
s T
s p
p
T
T T T T
T T c
T T c

Dhen the first law is applied to the heat exchanger, the result is
; 8 $ %
T T T T
9 5 . ;"8 "0 5 . ;$8 "0
8 %
T T
9 % . 8:; # % . 8;; 5 . ;"8 ! 5 . ;$8 # !
$ % 8 ;
T T T T
+pplication of the first law to the turbine and compressor gives
k<=kg : . ":&
9 # $5% % . 8;; #! 9 k<=kg 008 . " ! 9 # 5 . ;$8 "0:% #! 9 k<=kg 008 . " !
# ! # !
" $ 8 & net

T T c T T c w
p p
Then,
kg=s 181; . 0
k<=kg ":&.:
kD "80
net
net

w
W
m

+pplying the first law to the combustion chamber produces

'W 091"1 9 # 5 . ;"8 "0:% #! 9 k<=kg 008 . " ! kg=s# 181; . 0 ! # !
% & in
T T c m Q
p
,imilarly,
'W /11"3 9 # $5% % . 8:; #! 9 k<=kg 008 . " ! kg=s# 181; . 0 ! # !
" ; out
T T c m Q
p
5.10
s
T
"
$ 8s
&
q
in
"0:% 9
$5% 9
%
;
q
out
8
$s
9-113 + 7rayton cycle with regeneration is considered. The thermal efficiencies of the cycle for parallel.
flow and counter.flow arrangements of the regenerator are to be compared.
Properties The properties of air at room temperature are cp @ ".008 k<=kg9 and k @ ".& !Table +.$a#.
9 5 . 8"0 9#!:# $5% !
0.&=".& = # " !
" $

k k
p
r T T
9 8 . 8:%
:
"
9# "000 !
"
0.&=".&
= # " !
& 8

,
_
,
_
k k
p
r
T T
Dhen the first law is applied to the heat exchanger
as originally arranged, the result is
; 8 $ %
T T T T
9 8 . 8;: ; 8 . 8:% ;
8 %
T T
9 5 . 8"; 5 . 8"0 8 . 8;: 8 . 8:%
$ % 8 ;
+ + T T T T
The thermal efficiency of the cycle is then
!"1%/

8 . 8;: "000
$5% 8";.5
" " "
% &
" ;
in
out
th
T T
T T
q
q
>or the rearranged version of this cycle,

;
; %
T T
+n energy balance on the heat exchanger gives
; 8 $ %
T T T T
The solution of these two e?uations is
9 $ . 8&8
9 $ . 8%5
;
%
T
T
!"130

$ . 8%5 "000
$5% 8&8.$
" " "
% &
" ;
in
out
th
T T
T T
q
q
5.1"
s
T
"
$
8
&
q
in
"000 9
$5% 9
%
;
q
out
s
T
"
$
8
&
q
in
"000 9
$5% 9
%
;
q
out
9-114E +n ideal 7rayton cycle with regeneration has a pressure ratio of 1. The thermal efficiency of the
cycle is to be determined with and without regenerator cases.
Properties The properties of air at room temperature are cp @ 0.$& 7tu=lbmB and k @ ".& !Table +.$(a#.
B 1 . 5$% B#!1# 8"0 !
0.&=".& = # " !
" $

k k
p
r T T
B "01$
1
"
B# "5;0 !
"
0.&=".&
= # " !
& 8

,
_
,
_
k k
p
r
T T
The regenerator is ideal !i.e., the effectiveness is "00C# and thus,
B 1 . 5$%
B "01$
$ ;
8 %

T T
T T
!"3/9

"01$ "5;0
8"0 5$%.1
" " "
% &
" ;
in
out
th
T T
T T
q
q
The solution without a regenerator is as follows

B 1 . 5$% B#!1# 8"0 !
0.&=".& = # " !
" $

k k
p
r T T
B "01$
1
"
B# "5;0 !
"
0.&=".&
= # " !
% &

,
_
,
_
k k
p
r
T T
!"11%

1 . 5$% "5;0
8"0 "01$
" " "
$ %
" &
in
out
th
T T
T T
q
q
5.1$
s
T
"
$
8
&
q
in
"5;0 B
8"0 B
%
;
q
out
s
T
"
$
&
%
q
in
q
out
"5;0 B
8"0 B
9-115 +n expression for the thermal efficiency of an ideal 7rayton cycle with an ideal regenerator is to be
developed.
Analysis The expressions for the isentropic compression and expansion processes are
k k
p
r T T
= # " !
" $

k k
p
r
T T
= # " !
% &
"

,
_
>or an ideal regenerator,

$ ;
& 8
T T
T T
The thermal efficiency of the cycle is

k k
p
k k
p
k k
p
r
T
T
r
r
T
T
T T
T T
T
T
T T
T T
T
T
T T
T T
q
q
= # " !
%
"
= # " !
= # " !
%
"
% &
" $
%
"
% 8
" ;
%
"
8 %
" ;
in
out
th
"
"
"
"
# = ! "
" # = !
"
# = ! "
" # = !
" " "

5.1%
s
T
"
$
&
%
q
in
8
;
q
out
9-116E + car is powered by a gas turbine with a pressure ratio of &. The thermal efficiency of the car and
the mass flow rate of air for a net power output of 58 hp are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 ,teady operating conditions exist. 2 +ir is an ideal gas with variable specific heats. 3 The
ambient air is 8&0 B and "&.8 psia. 4 The effectiveness of the regenerator is 0.5, and the isentropic
efficiencies for both the compressor and the turbine are 10C. 5 The combustion gases can be treated as
air.
Properties The properties of air at the compressor and turbine inlet temperatures can be obtained from
Table +.":(.
Analysis The gas turbine cycle with regeneration can be analyGed as follows
( )( )
( ) 7tu=lbm %:$.$ 8% . 8: "$ . $%0
&
"
"$ . $%0
7tu=lbm 8&5.%8
B $";0
7tu=lbm 0 . "5$ 8&& . 8 %1; . " &
%1; . "
7tu=lbm "$5.0;
B 0 8&
&
%
&
%
%
$
"
$
"
"
% &
%
" $
"

,
_

s r r
r
s r r
r
h P
P
P
P
P
h
T
h P
P
P
P
P
h
T
and
7tu=lbm ;% . &0:
$ . %:$ %8 . 8&5
%8 . 8&5
0.10
7tu=lbm :& . $0:
0; . "$5
0; . "$5 0 . "5$
0.10
&
&
& %
& %
turb
$
$ " $
" $
comp

h
h
h h
h h
h
h h h
h h
s
s
Then the thermal efficiency of the gas turbine cycle becomes

7tu=lbm ":5.5 # :& . $0: ;% . &0: ! 5 . 0 # !
$ & regen
h h q
7tu=lbm ;%.0 # 0; . "$5 :& . $0: ! # ;% . &0: %8 . 8&5 ! # ! # !
7tu=lbm ";".: @ 5 . ":5 # :& . $0: %8 . 8&5 ! # !
" $ & % in C, out T, out net,
regen $ % in

h h h h w w w
q h h q
0.%5
7tu=lbm ";".:
7tu=lbm ;%.0
in
out net,
th
% 39
q
w
>inally, the mass flow rate of air through the turbine becomes
#$%/* 1.07
,
_

hp "
7tu=s :0;1 . 0
7tu=lbm ;%.0
hp 58
net
net
air
w
W
m

5.1&
s
T
"
$s
&s
%
q
in $";0 B
8&0 B
8
&
$
9-117 (%'s( s('ved by EE! (n enc'(sed )*) The thermal efficiency and power output of an actual gas
turbine are given. The isentropic efficiency of the turbine and of the compressor, and the thermal
efficiency of the gas turbine modified with a regenerator are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 +ir is an ideal gas with variable specific heats. 2 9inetic and potential energy changes are
negligible. 3 The mass flow rates of air and of the combustion gases are the same, and the properties of
combustion gases are the same as those of air.
Analysis The properties at various states are

( )( )
( ) k<=kg $% . 1$8 &: . &1 8 . :"$
: . "&
"
8 . :"$
k<=kg ":"0.0
9 "8;" C "$11
k<=kg % . ;&% :;8 . "1 $:;8 . " : . "&
$:;8 . "
k<=kg $5%.$
9 $5% @ C $0
&
%
&
%
%
$
"
$
"
"
% &
%
" $
"

,
_

s r r
r
s r r
r
h P
P
P
P
P
h
T
h P
P
P
P
P
h
T
The net work output and the heat input per unit mass are
C ;80 k<=kg 8& . 581 $ . $5% %& . ;;8
k<=kg %& . ;;8 ;; . %:$ 0 . "0%1
k<=kg 0 . ;:$ "0%1 ":"0
k<=kg 0 . "0%1
0.%85
k<=kg %:$.;;
k<=kg ;; . %:$
h "
s %;00
kg=h ",8%;,000
kD "85,000
& " out & " & out
net in out
% $ $ % in
th
net
in
net
net
+ +

,
_

T h q h h h q
w q q
q h h h h q
w
q
m
W
w
in
Then the compressor and turbine efficiencies become

0.924
0.849
$ . $5% ;:$
$ . $5% % . ;&%
$% . 1$8 ":"0
8& . 581 ":"0
" $
" $
& %
& %
h h
h h
h h
h h
s
)
s
T
Dhen a regenerator is added, the new heat input and the thermal efficiency become
0.496

k<=kg :8".&;
k<=kg %:$.;;
k<=kg :8".&; @ 8& . $1; "0%1
k<=kg $1;.8& @ ;:$.0# . .8& !0.10#!581 @ # !
new in,
net
new th,
regen in new in,
$ & regen
q
w
q q q
h h q
Discussion Iote an 10C efficient regenerator would increase the thermal efficiency of this gas turbine
from %8.5C to &5.;C.
5.18
s
T
"
$s
&s
%
q
in "8;" 9
$5% 9
8
&
$
9-118 EES )roblem 5."": is reconsidered. + solution that allows different isentropic efficiencies for the
compressor and turbine is to be developed and the effect of the isentropic efficiencies on net work done
and the heat supplied to the cycle is to be studied. +lso, the T.s diagram for the cycle is to be plotted.
"Input 5ata"
T[3] = 1288 [+]
Pratio = 14'(
T[1] = 20 [+]
P[1]= 100 [kPa]
6T[4]=<8= [+]7
6;.5ot.net=1<= [H;] 7";e omit t4e in,ormation aLout t4e cyc3e net /ork"
m.5ot = 1<3>000 [k*%4]#+on$ertk*%4!k*%s"
60ta.t4.nore*=0'3<=7 ";e omit t4e in,ormation aLout t4e cyc3e e,,iciency'"
0ta.re* = 0'80
0ta.c = 0'8=2 "+ompressor isentorpic e,,iciency"
0ta.t = 0'=2> "TurLien isentropic e,,iciency"
"Isentropic +ompressor anaysis"
P[2] = Pratio#P[1]
s.s[2]=0DT&JPI2ir!T=T.s[2]!P=P[2]"
"T.s[2] is t4e isentropic $a3ue o, T[2] at compressor e8it"
0ta.c = ;.5ot.compisen%;.5ot.comp
"compressor a5iaLatic e,,iciency! ;.5ot.comp B ;.5ot.compisen"
"+onser$ation o, ener*y ,or t4e compressor ,or t4e isentropic case@
0.5ot.in - 0.5ot.out = D01T20.5ot=0 ,or stea5y-,3o/"
m.5ot#4[1] : ;.5ot.compisen = m.5ot#4.s[2]
4[1]=0DTC21PI2ir!T=T[1]"
4.s[2]=0DTC21PI2ir!T=T.s[2]"
"2ctua3 compressor ana3ysis@"
m.5ot#4[1] : ;.5ot.comp = m.5ot#4[2]
4[2]=0DTC21PI2ir!T=T[2]"
s[2]=0DT&JPI2ir!T=T[2]! P=P[2]"
"EEEA Airst 1a/ ,or t4e 4eat e8c4an*er! assumin* ;=0! ke=pe=0
0.5ot.in - 0.5ot.out =D01T20.5ot.c$ =0 ,or stea5y ,3o/"
m.5ot#4[2] : ?.5ot.in.nore* = m.5ot#4[3]
-.in.nore*=?.5ot.in.nore*%m.5ot
4[3]=0DTC21PI2ir!T=T[3]"
"TurLine ana3ysis"
P[4] = P[3] %Pratio
s.s[4]=0DT&JPI2ir!T=T.s[4]!P=P[4]""T.s[4] is t4e isentropic $a3ue o, T[4] at
turLine e8it"
5.1;
0ta.t = ;.5ot.turL %;.5ot.turLisen "turLine a5iaLatic e,,iciency! ;.5ot.turLisen B
;.5ot.turL"
"EEEA Airst 1a/ ,or t4e isentropic turLine! assumin*@ a5iaLatic! ke=pe=0
0.5ot.in -0.5ot.out = D01T20.5ot.c$ = 0 ,or stea5y-,3o/"
m.5ot#4[3] = ;.5ot.turLisen : m.5ot#4.s[4]
4.s[4]=0DTC21PI2ir!T=T.s[4]"
"2ctua3 TurLine ana3ysis@"
m.5ot#4[3] = ;.5ot.turL : m.5ot#4[4]
4[4]=0DTC21PI2ir!T=T[4]"
s[4]=0DT&JPI2ir!T=T[4]! P=P[4]"
"+yc3e ana3ysis"
"Ksin* t4e 5e,inition o, t4e net cyc3e /ork an5 1 H; = 1000 k;@"
;.5ot.net#1000=;.5ot.turL-;.5ot.comp "k)%s"
0ta.t4.nore*=;.5ot.net#1000%?.5ot.in.nore*"+yc3e t4erma3 e,,iciency"
N/r=;.5ot.comp%;.5ot.turL"Nack /ork ratio"
";it4 t4e re*enerator t4e 4eat a55e5 in t4e e8terna3 4eat e8c4an*er is"
m.5ot#4[<] : ?.5ot.in./it4re* = m.5ot#4[3]
-.in./it4re*=?.5ot.in./it4re*%m.5ot
4[<]=0DTC21PI2ir! T=T[<]"
s[<]=0DT&JPI2ir!T=T[<]! P=P[<]"
P[<]=P[2]
"T4e re*enerator e,,ecti$eness *i$es 4[<] an5 t4us T[<] as@"
0ta.re* = 4[<]-4[2]"%4[4]-4[2]"
"0ner*y La3ance on re*enerator *i$es 4[>] an5 t4us T[>] as@"
m.5ot#4[2] : m.5ot#4[4]=m.5ot#4[<] : m.5ot#4[>]
4[>]=0DTC21PI2ir! T=T[>]"
s[>]=0DT&JPI2ir!T=T[>]! P=P[>]"
P[>]=P[4]
"+yc3e t4erma3 e,,iciency /it4 re*enerator"
0ta.t4./it4re*=;.5ot.net#1000%?.5ot.in./it4re*
"T4e ,o33o/in* 5ata is use5 to comp3ete t4e 2rray TaL3e ,or p3ottin* purposes'"
s.s[1]=s[1]
T.s[1]=T[1]
s.s[3]=s[3]
T.s[3]=T[3]
s.s[<]=0DT&JPI2ir!T=T[<]!P=P[<]"
T.s[<]=T[<]
s.s[>]=s[>]
T.s[>]=T[>]
5.1:
t c t4!nore* t4!/it4re*
?innore*
[k;]
?in/it4re*
[k;]
;net [k;]
0'( 0'8=2 0'230= 0'340< 4420>3 2==(>> 102'1
0'(< 0'8=2 0'2(3> 0'3841 4420>3 3148>3 120'=
0'8 0'8=2 0'31>3 0'423( 4420>3 32==>0 13='8
0'8< 0'8=2 0'3<= 0'4<== 4420>3 34<0<> 1<8'(
0'= 0'8=2 0'401> 0'4=3 4420>3 3>01<3 1(('>
0'=< 0'8=2 0'4443 0'<234 4420>3 3(<2<0 1=>'4
1 0'8=2 0'48( 0'<<1< 4420>3 3=034> 21<'3
4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5
-100
100
300
500
700
900
1100
1300
1500
1700
s &'()'*-+,
-

&
C
, 100 kPa
1470 kPa
--s 9ia*ra ?or Gas -ur7ine 5ith Re*eneration
.
/
s
/
3
0
1
s
1
#

!"$ !"$3 !"% !"%3 !"9 !"93 .
.!!
./!
.1!
.#!
.%!
/!!
//!
t
W
n
e
t

&
'
W
,

5.11
!"$ !"$3 !"% !"%3 !"9 !"93 .
/$3!!!
0.!!!!
013!!!
0%!!!!
1.3!!!
13!!!!
t
A
d
o
t
,
i
n
no re*eneration
5ith re*eneration

!"$ !"$3 !"% !"%3 !"9 !"93 .
!"/
!"/3
!"0
!"03
!"1
!"13
!"3
!"33
!"#
t
E
t
a
t
h
5ith re*eneration
no re*eneration

5.15
9-119 + 7rayton cycle with regeneration using air as the working fluid is considered. The air temperature
at the turbine exit, the net work output, and the thermal efficiency are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The air standard assumptions are
applicable. 2 +ir is an ideal gas with variable specific
heats. 3 9inetic and potential energy changes are
negligible.
Analysis !a# The properties of air at various states are

( )( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )( ) k<=kg 10%."& :"".10 "$"5.$8 0.1$ "$"5.$8
k<=kg :"".10 85 . $1 "8 . $00
:
"
"8 . $00
k<=kg "$"5.$8
9 "80 "
k<=kg ;"1.$; 0.:8 = %"0.$& 8&".$; "0.$& % =
k<=kg 8&".$; 11 . "0 88&; . " :
88&; . "
k<=kg %"0.$&
9 %"0
& % % &
& %
& %
&
%
&
%
%
" $ " $
" $
" $
$
"
$
"
"
% &
%
" $
"

,
_

+ +

s T
s
T
s r r
r
) s
s
)
s r r
r
h h h h
h h
h h
h P
P
P
P
P
h
T
h h h h
h h
h h
h P
P
P
P
P
h
T

Thus,
T& @ 782.8 K
!b#
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
kJ/kg 108.09

$& . %"0 $; . ;"1 "& . 10% $8 . "$"5
" $ & % in C, out T, net
h h h h w w w
!c#
( )
( )( )
k<=kg :%1.&%
;"1.$; 10%."& 0.;8 $; . ;"1
$ & $ 8
$ &
$ 8
+
+
h h h h
h h
h h

Then,
22.5%

k<=kg &10.1$
k<=kg "01.05
k<=kg &10.1$ :%1.&% "5.$8 "$
in
net
th
8 % in
q
w
h h q
5.50
s
T
"
$s
&s
%
q
in ""80 9
%"0 9
8
;
&
$
9-120 + stationary gas.turbine power plant operating on an ideal regenerative 7rayton cycle with air as
the working fluid is considered. The power delivered by this plant is to be determined for two cases.
Assumptions 1 The air standard assumptions are applicable. 2 +ir is an ideal gas. 3 9inetic and potential
energy changes are negligible.
Properties Dhen assuming constant specific heats, the properties of air at room temperature are cp @
".008 k<=kg.9 and k @ ".& !Table +.$a#. Dhen assuming variable specific heats, the properties of air are
obtained from Table +.":.
Analysis !a# +ssuming constant specific heats,
( )
( )( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )( ) k' 39+188

,
_
,
_
,
_
kD :8,000 0.8$$8
8$$8 . 0
$ . ;0: ""00
$50 % . 8$8
" " " "
9 8$8.% and 9 ;0:.$ C "00
9 ;0:.$
1
"
9 ""00
9 8$8.% 1 9 $50
in net
8 %
" ;
8 %
" ;
in
out
th
$ ; & 8
0.&=".&
= "
%
&
% &
0.&=".&
= "
"
$
" $
Q W
T T
T T
T T c
T T c
q
q
T T T T
P
P
T T
P
P
T T
T
p
p
k k
k k

!b# +ssuming variable specific heats,

( )( )
( )
( )( ) k' 40+283

,
_

kD :8,000 0.8%:"
8%:" . 0
%: . ;8" 0: . "";"
"; . $50 "$ . 8$;
" " "
k<=kg 8$;."$ and k<=kg ;8".%: C "00
k<=kg ;8".%: 15 . $0 " . ";:
1
"
" . ";:
k<=kg "";".0:
9 ""00
k<=kg 8$;."$ 1&11 . 5 $%"" . " 1
$%"" . "
k<=kg 50."; $
9 0 $5
in net
8 %
" ;
in
out
th
$ ; & 8
&
%
&
%
%
$
"
$
"
"
% &
%
" $
"
Q W
h h
h h
q
q
h h h h
h P
P
P
P
P
h
T
h P
P
P
P
P
h
T
T
r r
r
r r
r

5.5"
s
T
"
$
&
%
:8,000 kD ""00 9
$50 9
8
q
out
;
9-121 + regenerative gas.turbine engine using air as the working fluid is considered. The amount of heat
transfer in the regenerator and the thermal efficiency are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The air standard assumptions are applicable. 2 +ir is an ideal gas with variable specific
heats. 3 9inetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis !a# The properties at various states are
( )
( )
( )( )
( ) ( )( ) kJ/kg 152.5 0& . 81; 11 . :5: :$ . 0
k<=kg :5:.11
:8 . :"5 :5 . "$:: 1; . 0 :5 . "$::
k<=kg :"5.:8 :8 . $5 0 . $%1
1
"
$%1.0
k<=kg "$::.:5 9 $00 "
k<=kg 1;.0& 8 9 810
k<=kg 00."5 % 9 %00
1 "00 = 100 =
$ & regen
& % % &
& %
& %
&
%
&
% %
$ $
" "
" $
% &
%

,
_

h h q
h h h h
h h
h h
h P
P
P
P
P
h T
h T
h T
P P r
s T
s
T
s r r
r
p

!b#
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
36.0%

k<=kg 8%5.$%
k<=kg "5&.0;
k<=kg 8%5.$% "8$.8$ 81;.0& "$::.:5
k<=kg "5&.0; %00."5 81;.0& 11 . :5: :5 . "$::
in
net
th
regen $ % in
q
w
q h h q
h h h h w w w
5.5$
s
T
"
$s
&s
% q
in "$00 9
%00 9
8
;
&
810 9
$
Properties The properties of air at room temperature
are cp @ ".008 k<=kg.9 and k @ ".& !Table +.$a#.
Analysis !a# Using the isentropic relations and
turbine efficiency,
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )( )
( ) ( ) ( )( )( ) '()'* ..1"/

,
_
,
_
9 810 :%:.1 9 k<=kg ".008 0.:$

9 :%:.1
8 . ;;$ "$00 1; . 0 "$00
9 ;;$.8
1
"
9 "$00
1 "00 = 100 =
$ & $ & regen
& % % &
& %
& %
& %
& %
& . " = & . 0
= "
%
&
% &
" $
T T c h h q
T T T T
T T c
T T c
h h
h h
P
P
T T
P P r
p
s T
s p
p
s
T
k k
s
p

!b#
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
( ) ( )
( )( )
0#"!8

k<=kg 801.5
k<=kg "1%."
k<=kg 801.5 ""&.$ 9 810 "$00 9 k<=kg ".008
k<=kg "1%." 9 %00 810 :%:.1 "$00 9 k<=kg ".008
in
net
th
regen $ % regen $ % in
q
w
q T T c q h h q
T T c T T c w w w
p
p p
5.5%
s
T
"
$s
&s
% q
in "$00 9
%00 9
8
;
&
810 9
$
Analysis !a# The properties of air at various states are
( )
( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )( ) kJ/kg 148.3 0& . 81; 11 . :5: :0 . 0
k<=kg :5:.11 :8 . :"5 :5 . "$:: 1; . 0 :5 . "$::
k<=kg :"5.:8 :8 . $5 0 . $%1
1
"
$%1.0
k<=kg "$::.:5 9 $00 "
k<=kg 1;.0& 8 9 810
k<=kg 00."5 % 9 %00
1 "00 = 100 =
$ % regen
& % % &
& %
& %
&
%
&
% %
$ $
" "
" $
% &
%

,
_

h h q
h h h h
h h
h h
h P
P
P
P
P
h T
h T
h T
P P r
s T
s
T
s r r
r
p

!b#
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
35.7%

k<=kg 8 8&%.
k<=kg "5&.0;
k<=kg 8&%.8 "&1.% 81;.0& "$::.:5
k<=kg "5&.0; %00."5 81;.0& 11 . :5: :5 . "$::
in
net
th
regen $ % in
q
w
q h h q
h h h h w w w
5.5&
s
T
"
$s
&s
% q
in "$00 9
%00 9
8
;
&
810 9
$
6rayton Cycle 5ith Intercoolin*, Reheatin*, and Re*eneration
9-124C +s the number of compression and expansion stages are increased and regeneration is employed,
the ideal 7rayton cycle will approach the (ricsson cycle.
9-125C !a# decrease, !b# decrease, and !c# decrease.
9-126C !a# increase, !b# decrease, and !c# decrease.
9-127C !a# increase, !b# decrease, !c# decrease, and !d# increase.
9-128C !a# increase, !b# decrease, !c# increase, and !d# decrease.
9-129C 7ecause the steady.flow work is proportional to the specific volume of the gas. Intercooling
decreases the average specific volume of the gas during compression, and thus the compressor work.
Beheating increases the average specific volume of the gas, and thus the turbine work output.
9-130C !c# The Carnot !or (ricsson# cycle efficiency.
5.58
9-131 +n ideal gas.turbine cycle with two stages of compression and two stages of expansion is
considered. The back work ratio and the thermal efficiency of the cycle are to be determined for the cases
of with and without a regenerator.
Assumptions 1 The air standard assumptions are applicable.
2 +ir is an ideal gas with variable specific heats. 3 9inetic
and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis !a# The work inputs to each stage of compressor are
identical, so are the work outputs of each stage of the turbine
since this is an ideal cycle. Then,
( )( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) k<=kg ;$.1; ; %; . 5&; :5 . "$:: $ $
k<=kg $."& $$ "5 . %00 $; . &"" $ $
k<=kg 5&;.%; %% . :5 $%1
%
"
$%1
k<=kg ::.:5 "$
9 $00 "
k<=kg &"".$; "81 . & %1; . " %
%1; . "
k<=kg %00."5
9 %00
; 8 out T,
" $ in C,
1 ;
8
;
: 8
8
& $
"
$
"
"
8 ;
8
" $
"

,
_

h h w
h h w
h h P
P
P
P
P
h h
T
h h P
P
P
P
P
h
T
r r
r
r r
r
Thus,
33.5%
k<=kg ;;$.1;
k<=kg $$$."&
out T,
in C,
bw
w
w
r
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
36.8%

+ +
k<=kg ""5:.5;
k<=kg &&0.:$
k<=kg &&0.:$ $$$."& 1; . ;;$
k<=kg ""5:.5; %; . 5&; :5 . "$:: $; . &"" :5 . "$::
in
net
th
in C, out T, net
; : & 8 in
q
w
w w w
h h h h q
!b# Dhen a regenerator is used, rbw remains the same. The thermal efficiency in this case becomes
( ) ( )( )
55.3%

k<=kg :5;.;%
k<=kg &&0.:$
k<=kg :5;.;% %% . &0" 5; . ""5:
k<=kg % % . &0" $; . &"" %; . 5&; :8 . 0
in
net
th
regen old in, in
& 1 regen
q
w
q q q
h h q
5.5;
s
T
%
&
"
8
q
in
"$00 9
%00 9
1 ;
:
"0
5
$
9-132 + gas.turbine cycle with two stages of compression and two stages of expansion is considered. The
back work ratio and the thermal efficiency of the cycle are to be determined for the cases of with and
without a regenerator.
Analysis !a# The work inputs to each stage of compressor are identical, so are the work outputs of each
stage of the turbine. Then,
( )( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) k<=kg ;%.&& 8 0: . 55; :5 . "$:: $ $
k<=kg ::.;1 $ "5 . %00 0% . &%5 $ $
k<=kg 5;.0: 5
%; . 5&; :5 . "$:: 18 . 0 :5 . "$::
k<=kg 5&;.%; %% . :5 $%1
%
"
$%1
k<=kg "$::.:5 9 "$00
k<=kg 5.0% &%
10 . 0 = "5 . %00 $; . &"" "5 . %00
=
k<=kg &"".$; "81 . & %1; . " %
%1; . "
k<=kg %00."5 9 %00
; 8 out T,
" $ in C,
; 8 8 1 ;
; 8
; 8
1 ;
8
;
: 8 8
" $ " & $
" $
" $
& $
"
$
" "
8 ;
8
" $
"

,
_
+
+

h h w
h h w
h h h h h
h h
h h
h h P
P
P
P
P
h h T
h h h h h
h h
h h
h h P
P
P
P
P
h T
s T
s
T
r r
r
) s
s
)
s s r r
r

Thus,
49.3%
k<=kg 8;%.&&
k<=kg $::.;1
out T,
in C,
bw
w
w
r
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
25.5%

+ +
k<=kg ""$0.&1
k<=kg $18.:;
k<=kg 8.:; $1 ;1 . $:: && . 8;%
k<=kg ""$0.&1 55;.0: "$::.:5 &%5.0% "$::.:5
in
net
th
in C, out T, net
; : & 8 in
q
w
w w w
h h h h q
!b# Dhen a regenerator is used, rbw remains the same. The thermal efficiency in this case becomes
( ) ( )( )
40.7%

k<=kg :0$.:0
k<=kg $18.:;
k<=kg .:0 :0$ :1 . &": &1 . ""$0
k<=kg ":.:1 & 0% . &%5 0: . 55; :8 . 0
in
net
th
regen old in, in
& 1 regen
q
w
q q q
h h q
5.5:
s
T
%
&
"
8
q
in
1 ;
:
"
5
$
1 ;s
& $s
9-133E + regenerative gas.turbine cycle with two stages of compression and two stages of expansion is
considered. The mass flow rate of air and the rates of heat addition and rejection for a specified net power
output are to be determined.
B : . :"" B#!%# 8$0 !
0.&=".& = # " !
" & $

k k
p
r T T T
B "0$%
%
"
B# "&00 !
"
0.&=".&
= # " !
; 5 :

,
_
,
_

k k
p
r
T T T
B : . :""
B "0$%
$ "0
: 8

T T
T T
The net work output is determined as follows
7tu=lbm 5& . 11 0$ . 5$ 5; . "10
7tu=lbm 5; . "10 B # "0$% B#!"&00 7tu=lbm $!0.$& # ! $
7tu=lbm 0$ . 5$ B 0# 8$ B#!:"".: 7tu=lbm $!0.$& # ! $
in C, out T, net
: ; out T,
" $ in C,

w w w
T T c w
T T c w
p
p
The mass flow rate is then
l7)s $"91$
,
_

hp "
7tu=s 0.:0;1
7tu=lbm 5& . 11
hp "000
net
net
w
W
m

+pplying the first law to the heat addition processes gives

6tu)s .10%
+
+
B # "0$% "&00 "0$% B#!"&00 7tu=lbm & lbm=s#!0.$ 5&: . : !
# ! # !
: 1 8 ; in
T T c m T T c m Q
p p

,imilarly,
6tu)s $0.
+
+
B # 8$0 : . :"" 8$0 B#!:"".: 7tu=lbm & lbm=s#!0.$ 5&: . : !
# ! # !
% $ " "0 out
T T c m T T c m Q
p p

5.51
s
T
%
&
"
;
"&00 B
8$0 B
5
:
1
$
8
"
0
9-134E + regenerative gas.turbine cycle with two stages of compression and two stages of expansion is
considered. The mass flow rate of air and the rates of heat addition and rejection for a specified net power
output are to be determined.
Analysis >or the compression and expansion processes, we have
B : . :"" B#!%# 8$0 !
0.&=".& = # " !
" & $

k k
p s s
r T T T
B 1 . :%:
11 . 0
8$0 : . :""
8$0
# !
# !
" $
" & $
" $
" $
)
s
p
s p
)
T T
T T T
T T c
T T c
B "0$%
%
"
B# "&00 !
"
0.&=".&
= # " !
; 5 :

,
_
,
_

k k
p
s s
r
T T T
B "0&5 # "0$% "&00 #! 5% . 0 ! "&00
# !
# !
# !
: ; ; 5 :
: ;
: ;

s T
s p
p
T
T T T T T
T T c
T T c

B 1 . :%:
B "0&5
$ "0
: 8

T T
T T
The net work output is determined as follows
7tu=lbm 5& . ;% 8& . "0& &1 . ";1
7tu=lbm &1 . ";1 B # "0&5 B#!"&00 7tu=lbm $!0.$& # ! $
7tu=lbm 8& . "0& B 0# 8$ B#!:%:.1 7tu=lbm $!0.$& # ! $
in C, out T, net
: ; out T,
" $ in C,

w w w
T T c w
T T c w
p
p
The mass flow rate is then
lbm=s "".08
hp "
7tu=s 0.:0;1
7tu=lbm 5& . ;%
hp "000
net
net
,
_

w
W
m


6tu)s .%#/
+
+
B # "0&5 "&00 "0&5 B#!"&00 7tu=lbm & lbm=s#!0.$ 08 . "" !
# ! # !
: 1 8 ; in
T T c m T T c m Q
p p

5.55
s
T
%
&s
"
;
"&00 B
8$0 B
5
:
1
$
8
"
0
&
$s
:s
5s
9-135 + regenerative gas.turbine cycle with two stages of compression and two stages of expansion is
considered. The thermal efficiency of the cycle is to be determined.
Analysis The temperatures at various states are obtained as follows
9 5 . &%0 9#!&# $50 !
0.&=".& = # " !
" & $

k k
p
r T T T
9 5 . &80 $0 5 . &%0 $0
& 8
+ + T T
9 & . :&5
9 k<=kg ".008
k<=kg %00
9 5 . &80
# !
in
8 ;
8 ; in
+ +

p
p
c
q
T T
T T c q
9 % . 80&
&
"
9# & . :&5 !
"
0.&=".&
= # " !
; :

,
_
,
_
k k
p
r
T T
9 1 . 10$
9 k<=kg ".008
k<=kg %00
9 % . 80&
in
: 1

+ +
p
c
q
T T
9 $ . 8&0
&
"
9# 1 . 10$ !
"
0.&=".&
= # " !
1 5

,
_
,
_
k k
p
r
T T
9 $ . 8$0 $0 $ . 8&0 $0
5 "0
T T
The heat input is
k<=kg ;00 %00 %00
in
+ q
k<=kg %:%.0
B # $50 5 . &%0 $50 9#!8$0.$ k<=kg !".008
# ! # !
% $ " "0 out
+
+ T T c T T c q
p p
!"0$%
;00
0 . %:%
" "
in
out
th
q
q
5."00
s
T
%
&
"
;
$50 9
5
:
1
$
8
"
0
9-136 + regenerative gas.turbine cycle with three stages of compression and three stages of expansion is
Analysis The temperatures at various states are obtained as follows
9 5 . &%0 9#!&# $50 !
0.&=".& = # " !
" ; & $

k k
p
r T T T T
9 5 . &80 $0 5 . &%0 $0
; :
+ + T T
9 & . :&5
9 k<=kg ".008
k<=kg %00
9 5 . &80
# !
in
: 1
: 1 in
+ +

p
p
c
q
T T
T T c q
9 % . 80&
&
"
9# & . :&5 !
"
0.&=".&
= # " !
1 5

,
_
,
_
k k
p
r
T T
9 1 . 10$
9 k<=kg ".008
k<=kg %00
9 % . 80&
in
5 "0

+ +
p
c
q
T T
9 $ . 8&0
&
"
9# 1 . 10$ !
"
0.&=".&
= # " !
"0 ""

,
_
,
_
k k
p
r
T T
9 : . 1%1
9 k<=kg ".008
k<=kg %00
9 $ . 8&0
in
"" "$

+ +
p
c
q
T T
9 & . 8;&
&
"
9# : . 1%1 !
"
0.&=".&
= # " !
"$ "%

,
_
,
_
k k
p
r
T T
9 & . 8&& $0 & . 8;& $0
"% "&
T T
The heat input is
k<=kg 500 %00 %00 %00
in
+ + q
k<=kg .5 8%1
B # $50 5 . &%0 $50 5 . &%0 $50 9#!8&&.& k<=kg !".008
# ! # ! # !
8 & % $ " "& out
+ +
+ + T T c T T c T T c q
p p p
!"1!.
500
5 . 8%1
" "
in
out
th
q
q
5."0"
s
T
%
&
"
$50 9
5
1
$
8
"
0
""
"
;
:
"$
"
"%
"
"&
"
9-137 + regenerative gas.turbine cycle with three stages of compression and three stages of expansion is
Analysis ,ince all compressors share the same compression ratio and begin at the same temperature,
9 5 . &%0 9#!&# $50 !
0.&=".& = # " !
" ; & $

k k
p
r T T T T
>rom the problem statement,
&0
"% :
T T
The relations for heat input and expansion processes are
p
p
c
q
T T T T c q
in
: 1 : 1 in
# ! +
k k
p
r
T T
= # " !
1 5
"

,
_
p
c
q
T T
in
5 "0
+ ,
k k
p
r
T T
= # " !
"0 ""
"

,
_
p
c
q
T T
in
"" "$
+ ,
k k
p
r
T T
= # " !
"$ "%
"

,
_
The simultaneous solution of above e?uations using ((, software gives the following results
9 : . 85; 9, : . 11; 9, $ . 811 9, 0 . 1:&
9 8 . 8:8 9, $ . 188 9, : . 88;
"% "$ "" "0
5 1 :

T T T T
T T T
>rom am energy balance on the regenerator,
9 5 . &:0 &0 5 . &%0 &0 # &0 !
; "& "& "% ; "%
"& "% ; :
+ +

T T T T T T
T T T T
The heat input is
k<=kg 500 %00 %00 %00
in
+ + q
k<=kg 0 . &;8
B # $50 5 . &%0 $50 5 . &%0 $50 9#!&:0.5 k<=kg !".008
# ! # ! # !
8 & % $ " "& out
+ +
+ + T T c T T c T T c q
p p p
!"1%0
500
0 . &;8
" "
in
out
th
q
q
5."0$
s
T
%
&
"
$50 9
5
1
$
8
"
0
""
"
;
:
"$
"
"%
"
"&
"
(et-Propulsion Cycles
9-138C The power developed from the thrust of the engine is called the propulsive power. It is e?ual to
thrust times the aircraft velocity.
9-139C The ratio of the propulsive power developed and the rate of heat input is called the propulsive
efficiency. It is determined by calculating these two ?uantities separately, and taking their ratio.
9-140C It reduces the exit velocity, and thus the thrust.
5."0%
9-141E + turboprop engine operating on an ideal cycle is considered. The thrust force generated is to be
determined.
Assumptions 1 ,teady operating conditions exist. 2 The air standard assumptions are applicable. 3 +ir is
an ideal gas with constant specific heats at room temperature. 4 The turbine work output is e?ual to the
compressor work input.
Properties The properties of air at room temperature are R @ 0.%:0& psiaft
%
=lbmB !Table +."(#- cp @ 0.$&
7tu=lbmB and k @ ".& !Table +.$(a#.
Analysis Dorking across the two isentropic processes of the cycle yields
B 1 . 1;1 B#!"0# &80 !
0.&=".& = # " !
" $

k k
p
r T T
B " . :$8
"0
"
B# "&00 !
"
0.&=".&
= # " !
% 8

,
_
,
_
k k
p
r
T T
,ince the work produced by expansion %.& e?uals that used
by compression ".$, an energy balance gives
B $ . 51" # &80 1 . 1;1 ! "&00 # !
" $ % &
T T T T
The excess enthalpy generated by expansion &.8 is used to increase the kinetic energy of the flow through
the propeller,
$
# !
$
inlet
$
exit
8 &
V V
m T T c m
p p e

which when solved for the velocity at which the air leaves the propeller gives
ft=s 5 . :";
# ft=s ;00 !
7tu=lbm "
=s ft $8,0%:
B # " . :$8 $ . 51" #! B 7tu=lbm $& . 0 !
$0
"
$
# ! $
$ = "
$
$ $
$ = "
$
inlet 8 & exit
1
1
]
1
,
_

1
1
]
1
+ V T T c
m
m
V
p
p
e
The mass flow rate through the propeller is

lbm=s $$;"
=lbm ft 1& . $0
ft=s ;00
&
ft# "0 !
&
=lbm ft 1& . $0
psia 1
B# &80 ! # ft psia %:0& . 0 !
%
$
"
"
$
"
"
%
%
"

v v
v
V * %V
m
P
RT
p
The thrust force generated by this propeller is then

l7? %/.3
,
_

$
inlet exit
ft=s lbm %$.":&
lbf "
;00#ft=s .5 lbm=s#!:"; !$$;" # ! V V m &
p
5."0&
s
T
"
$
&
%
q
in
8
q
out
9-142E + turboprop engine operating on an ideal cycle is considered. The thrust force generated is to be
determined.
%
=lbmB !Table +."(#- cp @ 0.$&
B 1 . 1;1 B#!"0# &80 !
0.&=".& = # " !
" $

k k
p
r T T
B " . :$8
"0
"
B# "&00 !
"
0.&=".&
= # " !
% 8

,
_
,
_
k k
p
r
T T
B $ . 51" # &80 1 . 1;1 ! "&00 # !
" $ % &
T T T T
The mass flow rate through the propeller is
lbm=s "&&:
=lbm ft 1& . $0
ft=s ;00
&
ft# 1 !
&
=lbm ft 1& . $0
psia 1
B# &80 ! # ft psia %:0& . 0 !
%
$
"
"
$
"
"
%
%
"

v v
v
V * %V
m
P
RT
p
+ccording to the previous problem,

lbm=s " . ""%
$0
lbm=s $$;"
$0

p
e
m
m

The excess enthalpy generated by expansion &.8 is used to increase the kinetic energy of the flow through
the propeller,
$
# !
$
inlet
$
exit
8 &
V V
m T T c m
p p e

ft=s 0 . ::8
# ft=s ;00 !
7tu=lbm "
=s ft $8,0%:
B # " . :$8 $ . 51" #! B 7tu=lbm $& . 0 !
lbm=s "&&:
lbm=s " . ""%
$
# ! $
$ = "
$
$ $
$ = "
$
inlet 8 & exit
1
1
]
1
,
_

1
1
]
1
+ V T T c
m
m
V
p
p
e
The thrust force generated by this propeller is then

l7? $%$!
,
_

$
inlet exit
ft=s lbm %$.":&
lbf "
;00#ft=s lbm=s#!::8 !"&&: # ! V V m &
p
5."08
s
T
"
$
&
%
q
in
8
q
out
9-143 + turbofan engine operating on an ideal cycle produces 80,000 I of thrust. The air temperature at
the fan outlet needed to produce this thrust is to be determined.
Properties The properties of air at room temperature are R @ 0.$1: k)am
%
=kg9- cp @ ".008 k<=kg9 and k
@ ".& !Table +.$a#.
Analysis The total mass flow rate is
kg=s " . ;:;
=kg m &8$ . "
m=s $00
&
m# 8 . $ !
&
=kg m &8$ . "
k)a 80
9# $8% ! # m k)a $1: . 0 !
%
$
"
"
$
"
"
%
%
"

v v
v
V * %V
m
P
RT
Iow,
kg=s 8" . 1&
1
kg=s " . ;:;
1

m
m
e

The mass flow rate through the fan is

kg=s ; . 85" 8" . 1& " . ;:;
e f
m m m
In order to produce the specified thrust force, the velocity at the fan exit will be
m=s $1&.8
I "
m=s kg "
kg=s 85".;
I 80,000
m=s# !$00
# !
$
inlet exit
inlet exit
,
_

+ +

f
f
m
&
V V
V V m &
+n energy balance on the stream passing through the fan gives

+ /0/"#
,
_

$ $
$ $
$
inlet
$
exit
& 8
$
inlet
$
exit
8 &
=s m "000
k<=kg "
# 9 k<=kg 008 . " ! $
# m=s $00 ! # m=s 8 . $1& !
9 $8%
$
$
# !
p
p
c
V V
T T
V V
T T c
5."0;
s
T
"
$
&
%
q
in
8
q
out
9-144 + pure jet engine operating on an ideal cycle is considered. The velocity at the noGGle exit and the
thrust produced are to be determined.
Properties The properties of air at room temperature are R @ 0.$1: k)am
%
=kg9- cp @ ".008 k<=kg9 and k
@ ".& !Table +.$a#.
9 " . 8$: 9#!"0# $:% !
0.&=".& = # " !
" $

k k
p
r T T
9 8 . %:&
"0
"
9# :$% !
"
0.&=".&
= # " !
% 8

,
_
,
_
k k
p
r
T T
9 5 . &;1 # $:% " . 8$: ! :$% # !
" $ % &
T T T T
The excess enthalpy generated by expansion &.8 is used to
increase the kinetic energy of the flow through the propeller,
$
# !
$
inlet
$
exit
8 &
V V
T T c
p

[ ]
)s 3/%"9
1
1
]
1
,
_

+
$ = "
$
$ $
$ = "
$
inlet 8 & exit
# m=s %00 !
k<=kg "
=s m "000
9 # 8 . %:& 5 . &;1 #! 9 k<=kg 008 . " ! $
# ! $ V T T c V
p
The mass flow rate through the engine is
kg=s : . :$"
=kg m %0; . "
m=s %00
&
m# $ !
&
=kg m %0; . "
k)a ;0
9# $:% ! # m k)a $1: . 0 !
%
$
"
"
$
"
"
%
%
"

v v
v
V * %V
m
P
RT
The thrust force generated is then

@ .#3,/!!
,
_

$
inlet exit
m=s kg "
I "
00#m=s % 5 kg=s#!8$1. !:$".: # ! V V m &
5."0:
s
T
"
$
&
%
q
in
8
q
out
9-145 + turbojet aircraft flying at an altitude of 5"80 m is operating on the ideal jet propulsion cycle. The
velocity of exhaust gases, the propulsive power developed, and the rate of fuel consumption are to be
determined.
an ideal gas with constant specific heats at room temperature. 4 9inetic and potential energies are
negligible, except at the diffuser inlet and the noGGle exit. 5 The turbine work output is e?ual to the
".008 k<=kg.9 and k @ ".& !Table +.$a#.
Analysis !a# De assume the aircraft is stationary and the air is
moving towards the aircraft at a velocity of V " @ %$0 m=s. Ideally,
the air will leave the diffuser with a negligible velocity !V $ 0#.
6iffuser
( )
( )
( )( )
( )
( ) k)a ;$.;
9 $&"
9 $5".5
k)a %$
9 $5".5
=s m "000
k<=kg "
9 k<=kg ".008 $
m=s %$0
9 $&"
$
$ = 0
$
0 $ = $ =
".&=0.& " =
"
$
" $
$ $
$ $
"
" $
$
" " $
$
"
0
$
$
" $
$
$ $
$
" "
out in
!steady# 0
system out in
,
_
,
_
,
_
+ +

+ + +

k k
p
p
T
T
P P
c
V
T T
V T T c
V V
h h V h V h
E E E E E

Compressor
( )( ) ( )( )
( )
( )( ) 9 85%.: "$ 9 $5".5
k)a :8".$ k)a ;$.; "$
0.&=".&
= "
$
%
$ %
$ & %

,
_

k k
p
P
P
T T
P r P P
Turbine
( ) ( )
8 & $ % 8 & $ % out turb, in comp,
T T c T T c h h h h w w
p p

or
9 "051.$ $5".5 85%.: "&00
$ % & 8
+ + T T T T
IoGGle
( )
( )
( ) $ = 0
$
0
$ = $ =
9 8;1.$
k)a :8".$
k)a %$
9 "&00
$
; 8 ;
0
$
8
$
;
8 ;
$
; ;
$
8 8
out in
!steady# 0
system out in
0.&=".& = "
&
;
& ;
V T T c
V V
h h
V h V h
E E E E E
P
P
T T
p
k k
+
+
+ +

,
_
,
_

or,
5."01
s
T
"
$
&
%
Q
in
8
;
A
( )( )( ) %/* 1032
k<=kg "
=s m "000
9 8;1.$ "051.$ 9 k<=kg ".008 $
$ $
;

,
_
V
!b# ( ) ( )( ) ( ) k' 13+670
,
_

$ $
aircraft inlet exit
=s m "000
k<=kg "
m=s %$0 m=s %$0 "0%$ kg=s ;0 V V V m W
p

!c#
( ) ( ) ( )( )( )
kg/* 1.14

k<=kg &$,:00
k<=s &1,;$0
3J
k<=s &1,;$0 9 85%.: "&00 9 k<=kg ".008 kg=s ;0
in
fuel
% & % & in
Q
m
T T c m h h m Q
p
5."05
9-146 + turbojet aircraft is flying at an altitude of 5"80 m. The velocity of exhaust gases, the propulsive
power developed, and the rate of fuel consumption are to be determined.
an ideal gas with constant specific heats at room temperature. 4 9inetic and potential energies are
negligible, except at the diffuser inlet and the noGGle exit.
Analysis !a# >or convenience, we assume the aircraft is stationary and the air is moving towards the
aircraft at a velocity of V " @ %$0 m=s. Ideally, the air will leave the diffuser with a negligible velocity !V $
0#.
6iffuser
( )
( )
( )( )
( )
( ) k)a ;$.;
9 $&"
9 $5".5
k)a %$
9 $5".5
=s m "000
k<=kg "
9 k<=kg ".008 $
m=s %$0
9 $&"
$
$ = 0
$
0
$ = $ =
".&=0.& " =
"
$
" $
$ $
$ $
"
" $
$
" " $
$
"
0
$
$
" $
$
$ $
$
" "
out in
!steady# 0
system out in
,
_
,
_
,
_
+ +

+
+ +

k k
p
p
T
T
P P
c
V
T T
V T T c
V V
h h
V h V h
E E
E E E

Compressor
( )( ) ( )( )
( )
( )( ) 9 85%.: "$ 9 $5".5
k)a :8".$ k)a ;$.; "$
0.&=".&
= "
$
%
$ %
$ & %

,
_

k k
s
p
P
P
T T
P r P P
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) 9 ;;5.$ 0.10 = $5".5 85%.: ".5 $5 =
$ % $ %
$ %
$ %
$ %
$ %
+ +
) s
p
s p
s
)
T T T T
T T c
T T c
h h
h h
Turbine
or,
( ) ( )
9 "0$$.: $5".5 ;;5.$ "&00
$ % & 8
8 & $ % 8 & $ % out turb, in comp,
+ +

T T T T
T T c T T c h h h h w w
p p
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) k)a "5:.:
9 "&00
9 58;."
k)a :8".$
9 58;." 18 . 0 = "0$$.: "&00 "&00 =
".&=0.& " =
&
8
& 8
8 & & 8
8 &
8 &
8 &
8 &
,
_
,
_
k k
s
T s
s p
p
s
T
T
T
P P
T T T T
T T c
T T c
h h
h h
5.""0
s
T
"
$
&
%
Q
in
8s
;
A
8
IoGGle
( )
( )
( ) $ = 0
$
0
$ = $ =
9 ;0:.1
k)a "5:.:
k)a %$
9 "0$$.:
$
; 8 ;
0
$
8
$
;
8 ;
$
; ;
$
8 8
out in
!steady# 0
system out in
0.&=".& = "
8
;
8 ;
V T T c
V V
h h
V h V h
E E
E E E
P
P
T T
p
k k
+
+
+ +
,
_
,
_

or,
( )( )( ) %/* 913.2
,
_

k<=kg "
=s m "000
9 ;0:.1 "0$$.: 9 k<=kg ".008 $
$ $
;
V
!b#
( )
( )( ) ( )
k' 11+390
,
_

$ $
aircraft inlet exit
=s m "000
k<=kg "
m=s %$0 m=s %$0 5"%.$ kg=s ;0
V V V m W
p

!c#
( ) ( ) ( )( )( )
kg/* 1.03

k<=kg &$,:00
k<=s &&,0;:
3J
k<=s &&,0;: 9 ;;5.$ "&00 9 k<=kg ".008 kg=s ;0
in
fuel
% & % & in
Q
m
T T c m h h m Q
p
5."""
9-147 + turbojet aircraft that has a pressure rate of "$ is stationary on the ground. The force that must be
applied on the brakes to hold the plane stationary is to be determined.
an ideal gas with variable specific heats. 4 9inetic and potential energies are negligible, except at the
noGGle exit.
Properties The properties of air are given in Table +":.
Analysis !a# Using variable specific heats for air,
Compressor
%1; . "
k<=kg %00."5 9 %00
"
" "

r
P
h T
( )( )
( )( )
$: . %5;
k<=kg "&;&.;8 18& ;"0.;8
k<=kg 18&
kg=s "0
k<=s 18&0
k<=s 18&0 k<=kg &$,:00 kg=s 0.$ 3J
k<=kg ;"0.;8 ;% . "; %1; . " "$
%
" $
$ % $ % in
in
in
fuel in
$
"
$

+ +

r
in
r r
P
q h h h h q
m
Q
q
m Q
h P
P
P
P
Turbine
or,
k<=kg :&".": %00."5 ;"0.;8 &;&.;8 "
" $ % &
& % " $ out turb, in comp,
+ +

h h h h
h h h h w w
IoGGle
( )
$
0
$ = $ =
k<=kg &".:5 : 0$ . %%
"$
"
$: . %5;
0
$
&
$
8
& 8
$
8 8
$
& &
out in
!steady# 0
system out in
8
%
8
% 8
V V
h h
V h V h
E E
E E E
h
P
P
P P
r r
+
+ +

,
_
,
_

or,
( ) ( )( ) m=s 501.5
k<=kg "
=s m "000
k<=kg :&".": ""8&."5 $ $
$ $
8 & 8

,
_
h h V
7rake force @ Thrust @ ( ) ( )( ) , 9089
,
_

$
inlet exit
m=s kg "
I "
m=s 0 501.5 kg=s "0 V V m
5.""$
s
T
"
%
$
q
in
&
8
9-148 EES )roblem 5."&: is reconsidered. The effect of compressor inlet temperature on the force that
must be applied to the brakes to hold the plane stationary is to be investigated.
P.ratio = 12
T.1 = 2( [+]
T[1] = T.1:2(3 "[K]"
P[1]= =< [kPa]
P[<]=P[1]
Fe3[1]=0 [m%s]
F.5ot[1] = ='0>3 [mG3%s]
CF.,ue3 = 42(00 [k)%k*]
m.5ot.,ue3 = 0'2 [k*%s]
0ta.c = 1'0
0ta.t = 1'0
0ta.D = 1'0
"In3et con5itions"
4[1]=0DTC21PI2ir!T=T[1]"
$[1]=$o3ume2ir!T=T[1]!P=P[1]"
m.5ot = F.5ot[1]%$[1]
compressor e8it"
4.s[2]=0DTC21PI2ir!T=T.s[2]"
4[3]=0DTC21PI2ir!T=T[3]"
?.5ot.in = m.5ot.,ue3#CF.,ue3
"TurLine ana3ysis"
6P.ratio= P[3] %P[4]7
T.s[4]=T0HP0&2TK&02ir!4=4.s[4]" "Ts[4] is t4e isentropic $a3ue o, T[4] at turLine
e8it"
64.s[4]=0DTC21PI2ir!T=T.s[4]"7 "0ta.t = ;.5ot.t %;ts.5ot turLine a5iaLatic
0ta.t=4[3]-4[4]"%4[3]-4.s[4]"
T[4]=T0HP0&2TK&02ir!4=4[4]"
P[4]=pressure2ir!s=s.s[4]!4=4.s[4]"
5.""%
"+yc3e ana3ysis"
;.5ot.net = 0 [k;]
"08it noPP3e ana3ysis@"
s.s[<]=s[4] "Aor t4e i5ea3 case t4e entropies are constant across t4e noPP3e"
T.s[<]=T0HP0&2TK&02ir!s=s.s[<]! P=P[<]" "T.s[<] is t4e isentropic $a3ue o, T[<] at
noPP3e e8it"
4.s[<]=0DTC21PI2ir!T=T.s[<]"
0ta.D=4[4]-4[<]"%4[4]-4.s[<]"
m.5ot#4[4] = m.5ot#4.s[<] : Fe3.s[<]G2%2#con$ertmG2%sG2!k)%k*""
m.5ot#4[4] = m.5ot#4[<] : Fe3[<]G2%2#con$ertmG2%sG2!k)%k*""
T[<]=T0HP0&2TK&02ir!4=4[<]"
s[<]=entropyOairO!T=T[<]!P=P[<]"
"Nrake Aorce to 4o35 t4e aircra,t@"
T4rust = m.5ot#Fe3[<] - Fe3[1]" "[D]"
NrakeAorce = T4rust "[D]"
Nrake
Aorce
[D]
m
[k*%s]
T3
[K]
T1
[+]
==(1 11'8> 11>4 -20
=(>4 11'41 120> -10
=<>8 10'== 124( 0
=383 10'> 128= 10
=20( 10'24 1330 20
=040 ='= 13(1 30
5.""&
4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
s &'()'*-+,
-

&
+
,

9
5

k
P
a

1
1
4
0

k
P
a

Air
.
/s
0
1s
3s

-20 -10 0 10 20 30
9000
9200
9400
9600
9800
10000
-
.
&C,
6
r
a
'
e
B
o
r
c
e

&
@
,

5.""8
9-149 +ir enters a turbojet engine. The thrust produced by this turbojet engine is to be determined.
an ideal gas with variable specific heats. 4 9inetic and potential energies are negligible, except at the
diffuser inlet and the noGGle exit.
Analysis De assume the aircraft is stationary and the air is moving towards the aircraft at a velocity of V "
@ %00 m=s. Taking the entire engine as our control volume and writing the steady.flow energy balance
yield
T h
T h
1 1
2 2
280 28013
700 71327

K kJ / kg
K kJ / kg
.
.

( )
( )
1
1
]
1
,
_
,
_

+
+ + +

$ $
$ $
$
$
"
$
$
" $ in
$
$ $
$
" " in
out in
!steady# 0
system out in
=s m "000
k<=kg "
$
m=s %00
"% . $10 $: . :"% kg=s "; k<=s 000 , "8
$
# $ = ! # $ = !
V
V V
h h m Q
V h m V h m Q
E E
E E E

It gives
V $ @ "0&1 m=s
Thus,
( ) ( )( ) @ ..,9#% m=s %00 "0&1 kg=s ";
" $
V V m &
p

5."";
"8,000 k<=s
"
:C
%00 m=s
"; kg=s
$
&$:C
Second-La5 Analysis o? Gas Po5er Cycles
9-150E The exergy destruction associated with the heat rejection process of the 6iesel cycle described in
)rob. 5.;0 and the exergy at the end of the expansion stroke are to be determined.
Analysis >rom )rob. 5.;0(, qout @ "81.5 7tu=lbm, T" @ 8&0 B, T& @ "&$0.; B, and v & @ v ". +t Tavg @ !T& M
T"#=$ @ !"&$0.; M 8&0#=$ @ 510.% B, we have cv,avg @ 0."10 7tu=lbmAB. The entropy change during process
&." is
( ) B 7tu=lbm 0.":&"
B "&$0.;
B 8&0
ln B 7tu=lbm 0."10 ln ln
0
&
"
&
"
& "
+
v
v
R
T
T
c s s
v
Thus,
( ) !"/#$% 64.9
,
_
,
_
+
B 8&0
7tu=lbm "81.5
B 7tu=lbm 0.":&" B 8&0
&" ,
& " 0 &" destroyed,
R
R
T
q
s s T $
Ioting that state & is identical to the state of the surroundings, the exergy at the end of the power stroke
!state &# is determined from
( ) ( ) ( )
0 & 0 0 & 0 0 & &
v v + P s s T u u
where
B 7tu=lbm 0.":&"
0
B 7tu=lbm 5 . 81 "
" & 0 &
" & 0 &
out " & 0 &

s s s s
q u u u u
v v v v
Thus,
( ) ( )( ) !"/#$% 64.9 + 0 B 7tu=lbm 0.":&" B 8&0 7tu=lbm "81.5
&
Discussion Iote that the exergy at state & is identical to the exergy destruction for the process &." since
state " is identical to the dead state, and the entire exergy at state & is wasted during process &.".
5."":
9-151 The exergy destruction associated with each of the processes of the 7rayton cycle described in )rob.
5.5" is to be determined.
Analysis >rom )rob. 5.5", qin @ 81&.;$ k<=kg, qout @ &:1.5$ k<=kg, and
9 k<=kg $.;:;0$ k<=kg :15.";
9 k<=kg %."%5"; 9 "";0
9 k<=kg $.&:$8; k<=kg ;.% ;&
9 k<=kg .:%&51 " 9 %"0
& &
% %
$ $
" "

s h
s T
s h
s T
Thus,
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) kJ/kg 220
kJ/kg 41.4
kJ/kg 93.4
kJ/kg 43.6
,
_
,
_
,
_
,
_
,
_
,
_
,
_
,
_

9 %"0
k<=kg &:1.5$
$.;:;0$ ".:%&51 9 %"0
ln
"=1 ln 9 k<=kg 0.$1: %."%5"; $.;:;0$ 9 %"0
ln
9 ";00
k<=kg 81&.;$
$.&:$8; %."%5"; 9 %"0
ln
1 ln 9 k<=kg 0.$1: ".:%&51 $.&:$8; 9 %"0
ln
out
0
&
"
& " 0
&" ,
& " 0 &" gen, 0 &" destroyed,
%
&
% & 0 % & 0 %& gen, 0 %& destroyed,
in
0
$
%
$ % 0
$% ,
$ % 0 $% gen, 0 $% destroyed,
"
$
" $ 0 " $ 0 "$ gen, 0 "$ destroyed,
L R
R
H R
R
T
q
P
P
R s s T
T
q
s s T s T $
P
P
R s s T s s T s T $
T
q
P
P
R s s T
T
q
s s T s T $
P
P
R s s T s s T s T $

5.""1
9-152E The exergy loss of an ideal dual cycle described in )rob. 5.81( is to be determined.
Analysis >rom )rob. 5.81(, qout @ ;;.&1 7tu=lbm, T" @ 8%0 B, T$ @ ":8: B, T$ @ $"05 B, T% @ $:&$ B, and
T& @ 5"1.1 B. +lso,
7tu=lbm 5 . "8" B # $"05 $:&$ #! B 7tu=lbm $&0 . 0 ! # !
7tu=lbm "5 . ;0 B # ":8: $"05 #! B 7tu=lbm ":" . 0 ! # !
% % , in
$ $ , in

$ $
$ $
T T c q
T T c q
v
v
k<=kg % . "&; 9 # $5" 1 . &5& #! 9 k<=kg :"1 . 0 ! # !
" & out
T T c q
v
The exergy destruction during a process of the cycle is
,
_
+
sink
out
source
in
0 gen 0 dest
T
q
T
q
s T s T $
+pplication of this e?uation for each process of the cycle gives
0
$ . dest,"
$
!isentropic process#
B 7tu=lbm 0%"$% . 0 0
B ":8:
B $"05
ln # B 7tu=lbm ":" . 0 !
ln ln
$ $
$
+
+
v
v
v
$ $
$
R
T
T
c s s
7tu=lbm &.5":
B $:&$
7tu=lbm ;0."5
B 7tu=lbm 0.0%"$% B# 8%0 !
source
. $ in,
$ 0 . $ dest,

,
_
,
_

T
q
s s T $
$
$ $
B 7tu=lbm 0;$55 . 0 0
B $"05
B $:&$
ln # B 7tu=lbm $&0 . 0 ! ln ln
% %
%

$ $
p $
P
P
R
T
T
c s s
7tu=lbm &.0$&
B $:&$
7tu=lbm "8".5
B 7tu=lbm 0.0;$55 B# 8%0 !
source
% . in,
% 0 % . dest,

,
_
,
_

T
q
s s T $
$
$ $
0
& . dest,%
$
!isentropic process#
B 7tu=lbm 05&01 . 0 0
B 1 . 5"1
B 8%0
ln # B 7tu=lbm ":" . 0 ! ln ln
&
"
&
"
& "
+ +
v
v
v
R
T
T
c s s
7tu=lbm ";.;$
B 8%0
7tu=lbm ;;.&1
B 7tu=lbm 0.05&01 B# 8%0 !
sink
out
& " 0 " . dest,&

,
_
,
_
+
T
q
s s T $
The largest exergy destruction in the cycle occurs during the heat.rejection process
s. The total exergy destruction in the cycle is
6tu)l7 /3"# + + ;$ . "; 0$& . & 5": . &
total dest,
$
5.""5
v
v
P
&
"
$
%
q
out
$
q
in
9-153E The entropy generated by the 7rayton cycle of )rob. 5."0$( is to be determined.
Analysis >rom )rob. 5."0$(,
B 8&0
B ";;0
7tu=s 5%5 "&": $%8;
7tu=s $%8;
net in out
in
L
H
T
T
W Q Q
Q

Io entropy is generated by the working fluid since it always returns to its original state. Then,
R 6tu)s !"0/!
B ";;0
7tu=s $%8;
B 8&0
7tu=s 5%5
in out
gen
H L
T
Q
T
Q
!

9-154 The exergy loss of each process for a regenerative 7rayton cycle described in )rob. 5.""$ is to be
determined.
Analysis >rom )rob. 5.""$, T" @ $5% 9, T$ @ 8;;.% 9, T% @
"0:% 9, T& @ ;$8.5 9, T8 @ ;"8.5 9, T; @ 8:;.% 9, and rp @ 1.
+lso,
k<=kg : . $1& 9 # $5% % . 8:; #! 9 k<=kg 008 . " ! # !
k<=kg & . ;85 9 # 5 . ;"8 "0:% #! 9 k<=kg 008 . " ! # !
" ; out
8 % in

T T c q
T T c q
p
p
The exergy destruction during a process of a stream from an
inlet state to exit state is given by
,
_
+
sink
out
source
in
0 gen 0 dest
T
q
T
q
s s T s T $
i e
'()'* .9"/
1
]
1
,
_
# 1 ln! # $1: . 0 !
$5%
8;;.%
!".008#ln # $5% ! ln ln
"
$
"
$
0 $ . " dest,
P
P
R
T
T
c T $
p
'()'* 0%"!
1
]
1
,
_

"0:%
& . &85
0
;"8.5
"0:%
!".008#ln # $5% ! ln ln
8
%
8
%
0 % . 8 dest,
s(urce
in
p
T
q
P
P
R
T
T
c T $
'()'* .#".
1
]
1
,
_
,
_

1
"
ln # $1: . 0 !
"0:%
;$8.5
!".008#ln 9# $5% ! ln ln
%
&
%
&
0 & . % dest,
P
P
R
T
T
c T $
p
'()'* %3"3
1
]
1
,
_
+
$5%
: . $1&
0
8:;.%
$5%
!".008#ln # $5% ! ln ln
sin ;
"
;
"
0 " . ; dest,
k
(ut
p
T
q
P
P
R
T
T
c T $
'()'* !"1.
1
]
1
,
_
+ +

;$8.5
8:;.%
!".008#ln
8;;.%
;"8.5
!".008#ln # $5% !
ln ln !
&
;
$
8
0 ; & 8 $ 0 regen dest,
T
T
c
T
T
c T s s T $
p p
5."$0
s
T
"
$ &s
%
q
in
"0:% 9
$5% 9
8
;
q
out
&
$s
9-155 The total exergy destruction associated with the 7rayton cycle described in )rob. 5.""5 and the
exergy at the exhaust gases at the turbine exit are to be determined.
Analysis >rom )rob. 5.""5, qin @ &10.1$, qout @ %:$.:% k<=kg, and
9 k<=kg 01"8 ; . $ k<=kg :%1.&%
9 k<=kg ;5&0: . $ k<=kg "& . 10%
9 k<=kg "$500 . % 9 ""80
9 k<=kg &$:;% . $ k<=kg $; . ;"1
9 k<=kg ".:%&51 9 %"0
8 8
& &
% %
$ $
" "

s h
s h
s T
s h
s T
and, from an energy balance on the heat exchanger,
9 k<=kg $.8$1;"
k<=kg 5: . ;1$ # $; . ;"1 &% . :%1 ! "& . 10%
;
; ; & $ 8

s
h h h h h
Thus,
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) [ ] ( ) ( ) [ ]
( )( )
( )
( ) kJ/kg 126.7
kJ/kg 78.66
kJ/kg 4.67
kJ/kg 38.30
kJ/kg 41.59
,
_
,
_
,
_
,
_
,
_
,
_

+
+ +

,
_
,
_

9 %"0
k<=kg %:$.:%
$.8$1;" ".:%&51 9 %"0
ln
9 "100
k<=kg &10.1$
$.;01"8 %."$500 9 %"0
ln
$.;5&0: $.8$1;" $.&$:;% $.;01"8 9 %"0
"=: ln 9 k<=kg 0.$1: %."$500 $.;5&0: 9 %"0
ln
: ln 9 k<=kg 0.$1: ".:%&51 $.&$:;% 9 %"0
ln
out
0
;
"
; " 0
;" ,
; " 0 ;" gen, 0 ;" destroyed,
0
8
%
8 % 0
8% ,
8 % 0 8% gen, 0 8% destroyed,
& ; $ 8 0 & ; $ 8 0 regen gen, 0 regen destroyed,
%
&
% & 0 % & 0 %& gen, 0 %& destroyed,
"
$
" $ 0 " $ 0 "$ gen, 0 "$ destroyed,
L R
R
H
in
R
R
T
q
P
P
R s s T
T
q
s s T s T $
T
q
P
P
R s s T
T
q
s s T s T $
s s s s T s s s s T s T $
P
P
R s s T s s T s T $
P
P
R s s T s s T s T $

Ioting that h0 @ hN %"0 9 @ %"0.$& k<=kg, the stream exergy at the exit of the regenerator !state ;# is
determined from
( ) ( )
0
;
0
$
;
0 ; 0 0 ; ;
$

./
V
s s T h h + +
where 9 k<=kg 0.:5%;% ".:%&51 $.8$1;" ln
0
"
;
" ; " ; 0 ;

P
P
R s s s s s s

Thus, ( )( ) kJ/kg 126.7 9 k<=kg 0.:5%;% 9 %"0 %"0.$& 5: . ;1$
;
5."$"
s
T
"
$s
&s
% q
in ""80 9
%"0 9
8
;
&
$
9-156 EES )rob. 5."88 is reconsidered. The effect of the cycle pressure on the total irreversibility for the
cycle and the exergy of the exhaust gas leaving the regenerator is to be investigated.
"Qi$en"
T[1]=310 [K]
P[1]=100 [kPa]
&atio.P=(
P[2]=&atio.P#P[1]
T[3]=11<0 [K]
eta.+=0'(<
eta.T=0'82
epsi3on=0'><
T.C=1800 [K]
T0=310 [K]
P0=100 [kPa]
"2na3ysis ,or ProL3em =-1<>"
-.in=4[3]-4[<]
-.out=4[>]-4[1]
4[<]-4[2]=4[4]-4[>]
s[2]=entropyA3ui5R! P=P[2]! 4=4[2]"
s[4]=entropyA3ui5R! 4=4[4]! P=P[4]"
s[<]=entropyA3ui5R! 4=4[<]! P=P[<]"
P[<]=P[2]
s[>]=entropyA3ui5R! 4=4[>]! P=P[>]"
P[>]=P[1]
4[0]=ent4a3pyA3ui5R! T=T0"
s[0]=entropyA3ui5R! T=T0! P=P0"
8.5estroye5.12=T0#s[2]-s[1]"
8.5estroye5.34=T0#s[4]-s[3]"
8.5estroye5.re*en=T0#s[<]-s[2]:s[>]-s[4]"
8.5estroye5.<3=T0#s[3]-s[<]--.in%T.C"
8.5estroye5.>1=T0#s[1]-s[>]:-.out%T0"
8.tota3=8.5estroye5.12:8.5estroye5.34:8.5estroye5.re*en:8.5estroye5.<3:8.5
estroye5.>1
8>=4[>]-4[0]-T0#s[>]-s[0]" "since state 0 an5 state 1 are i5entica3"
"2na3ysis ,or ProL3em =-11="
A3ui5R=OairO
"a""
4[1]=ent4a3pyA3ui5R! T=T[1]"
s[1]=entropyA3ui5R! T=T[1]! P=P[1]"
s.s[2]=s[1] "isentropic compression"
4.s[2]=ent4a3pyA3ui5R! P=P[2]! s=s.s[2]"
eta.+=4.s[2]-4[1]"%4[2]-4[1]"
4[3]=ent4a3pyA3ui5R! T=T[3]"
s[3]=entropyA3ui5R! T=T[3]! P=P[3]"
P[3]=P[2]
s.s[4]=s[3] "isentropic e8pansion"
4.s[4]=ent4a3pyA3ui5R! P=P[4]! s=s.s[4]"
P[4]=P[1]
eta.T=4[3]-4[4]"%4[3]-4.s[4]"
5."$$
-.re*en=epsi3on#4[4]-4[2]"
"L""
/.+.in=4[2]-4[1]"
/.T.out=4[3]-4[4]
/.net.out=/.T.out-/.+.in
-.in=4[3]-4[2]"--.re*en
eta.t4=/.net.out%-.in
&atio.P 8tota3
[k)%k*]
8> [k)%k*]
> 2(='8 120'(
( 28='= 12>'(
8 2=='8 132'<
= 30='< 138
10 318'8 143'4
11 32('= 148'>
12 33>'( 1<3'(
13 34<'2 1<8'>
14 3<3'4 1>3'4
# $ % 9 .! .. ./ .0 .1
/$!
/%!
/9!
0!!
0.!
0/!
00!
01!
03!
0#!
./!
./3
.0!
.03
.1!
.13
.3!
.33
.#!
.#3
.$!
.$3
.%!
Ratio
P

>
t
o
t
a
l

&
'
(
)
'
*
,
>
#

&
'
(
)
'
*
,
5."$%
9-157E The exergy loss of each process for a reheat.regenerative 7rayton cycle with intercooling
described in )rob. 5."%&( is to be determined.
Analysis >rom )rob. 5."%&(,
T" @ T% @ 8$0 B,
T$ @ T& @ T"0 @ :%:.1 B,
T8 @ T: @ T5 @ "0&5 9,
T; @ T1 @ "&00 B, and rp @ %.
+lso,

7tu=lbm $: . 8$ B # 8$0 1 . :%: #! B 7tu=lbm $&0 . 0 !
# !
7tu=lbm $& . 1& B # "0&5 "&00 #! B 7tu=lbm $&0 . 0 !
# !
" "0 % . out,$ " . out,"0
8 ; 1 . in,: ; . in,8

T T c q q
T T c q q
p
p
The exergy destruction during a process of a stream from an inlet state to exit state is given by
,
_
+
sink
out
source
in
0 gen 0 dest
T
q
T
q
s s T s T $
i e
7tu=lbm &.80 # % ln! # 0;188 . 0 !
8$0
:%:.1
!0.$&#ln # 8$0 ! ln ln
"
$
"
$
0 & . % dest, $ . " dest,

1
]
1
,
_

P
P
R
T
T
c T $ $
p
7tu=lbm .:% &
"&00
$& . 1&
0
"0&5
"&00
!0.$&#ln # 8$0 ! ln ln
source
; . in,8
8
;
8
;
0 1 . : dest, ; . 8 dest,

1
]
1
,
_

T
q
P
P
R
T
T
c T $ $
p
7tu=lbm %."&
%
"
ln # 0;188 . 0 !
"&00
"0&5
!0.$&#ln # 8$0 ! ln ln
;
:
;
:
0 5 . 1 dest, : . ; dest,

1
]
1
,
_
,
_

P
P
R
T
T
c T $ $
p
7tu=lbm 1.;"
8$0
$: . 8$
0
:%:.1
8$0
!0.$&#ln # 8$0 ! ln ln
sink
out
"0
"
"0
"
0 % . $ dest, " . "0 dest,

1
]
1
,
_
+
T
q
P
P
R
T
T
c T $ $
p
7tu=lbm 0
"0&5
:%:.1
!0.$&#ln
:%:.1
"0&5
!0.$&#ln # 8$0 !
ln ln !
5
"0
&
8
0 "0 5 8 & 0 regen dest,
1
]
1
,
_
+ +

T
T
c
T
T
c T s s T $
p p
The greatest exergy destruction occurs during the heat rejection processes.
5."$&
s
T
%
&s
"
;
"&00 B
8$0 B
5
:
1
$
8
"0
&
$s
:s
5s
9-158 The exergy loss of each process for a regenerative 7rayton cycle with three stages of reheating and
intercooling described in )rob. 5."%: is to be determined.
Analysis >rom )rob. 5."%:,
rp @ &, qin,:.1 @ qin,5."0 @ qin,""."$ @ %00 k<=kg,
qout,"&." @ "1".1 k<=kg, qout,$.% @ qout,&.8 @ "&".; k<=kg,
T" @ T% @ T8 @ $50 9 , T$ @ T& @ T; @ &%0.5 9
9 5 . &:0 9, : . 85;
9, : . 11; 9, $ . 811 9, 0 . 1:&
9 8 . 8:8 9, $ . 188 9, : . 88;
"& "%
"$ "" "0
5 1 :

T T
T T T
T T T
The exergy destruction during a process of a stream from
an inlet state to exit state is given by
,
_
+
sink
out
source
in
0 gen 0 dest
T
q
T
q
s s T s T $
i e
! '()'* !"!0
1
]
1
,
_

# & ln! # $1: . 0 !
$50
&%0.5
!".008#ln # $50 !
ln ln
"
$
"
$
0 ; . 8 dest, & . % dest, $ . " dest,
P
P
R
T
T
c T $ $ $
p
'()'* /$"!
1
]
1
,
_

: . 11;
%00
0
88;.:
188.$
!".008#ln # $50 ! ln ln
source
1 . in,:
:
1
:
1
0 1 . : dest,
T
q
P
P
R
T
T
c T $
p
'()'* /0"$
1
]
1
,
_

: . 11;
%00
0
8:8.8
1:&.0
!".008#ln # $50 ! ln ln
source
"0 . in,5
:
1
5
"0
0 "0 . 5 dest,
T
q
P
P
R
T
T
c T $
p
'()'* /."3
1
]
1
,
_

: . 11;
%00
0
811.$
11;.:
!".008#ln # $50 ! ln ln
source
"$ . in,""
""
"$
""
"$
0 "$ . "" dest,
T
q
P
P
R
T
T
c T $
p
! '()'* !"!#
1
]
1
,
_
,
_

&
"
ln # $1: . 0 !
188.$
8:8.8
!".008#ln # $50 ! ln ln
1
5
1
5
0 5 . 1 dest,
P
P
R
T
T
c T $
p
! '()'* !"1/
1
]
1
,
_
,
_

&
"
ln # $1: . 0 !
1:&.0
811.$
!".008#ln # $50 ! ln ln
"0
""
"0
""
0 "" . "0 dest,
P
P
R
T
T
c T $
p
! '()'* !"!3
1
]
1
,
_
,
_

&
"
ln # $1: . 0 !
11;.:
85;.:
!".008#ln # $50 ! ln ln
"$
"%
"$
"%
0 "% . "$ dest,
P
P
R
T
T
c T $
p
'()'* 1!"3
1
]
1
,
_
+
$50
1 . "1"
0
&:0.5
$50
!".008#ln # $50 ! ln ln
sink
" . out,"&
"&
"
"&
"
0 " . "& dest,
T
q
P
P
R
T
T
c T $
p
'()'* /#"/
1
]
1
,
_
+
$50
; . "&"
0
&%0.5
$50
!".008#ln # $50 ! ln ln
sink
% . out,$
$
%
$
%
0 8 . & dest, % . $ dest,
T
q
P
P
R
T
T
c T $ $
p
'()'* 3"#3
1
]
1
,
_
+ +

85;.:
&:0.5
!".008#ln
&%0.5
88;.:
!".008#ln # $50 !
ln ln # !
"%
"&
;
:
0 "& "% : ; 0 regen dest,
T
T
c
T
T
c T s s T $
p p
5."$8
s
T
%
&
"
5
1
$
8
"0
""
"
;
:
"$
"
"%
"
"&
"
9-159 + gas.turbine plant uses diesel fuel and operates on simple 7rayton cycle. The isentropic efficiency
of the compressor, the net power output, the back work ratio, the thermal efficiency, and the second.law
efficiency are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The air.standard assumptions
are applicable. 2 9inetic and potential energy
changes are negligible. 3 +ir is an ideal gas
with constant specific heats.
Properties The properties of air at 800KC @ ::%
9 are cp @ ".05% k<=kgA9, cv @ 0.10;
k<=kgA9, R @ 0.$1: k<=kgA9, and k @ ".%8:
!Table +.$b#.
Analysis !a# The isentropic efficiency of the
compressor may be determined if we first
calculate the exit temperature for the isentropic
case
( ) 9 ; . 808
k)a "00
k)a :00
9 %0%
"#=".%8: . !".%8:
= # " !
"
$
" $

,
_
,
_
k k
s
P
P
T T
!"%%.
9 # %0% 8%% !
9 # %0% ; . 808 !
" $
" $
T T
T T
s
)
!b# The total mass flowing through the turbine and the rate of heat input are
kg=s 1" . "$ kg=s $" . 0 kg=s ; . "$
;0
kg=s ; . "$
kg=s ; . "$
+>
+ + + +
a
a f a t
m
m m m m

kD 1888 :# k<=kg#!0.5 00 kg=s#!&$,0 $" . 0 !
3J in

c f
q m Q
The temperature at the exit of combustion chamber is

9 ""&& #9 8%% k<=kg.9#! % kg=s#!".05 1" . "$ ! k<=s 1888 # !
% % $ % in
T T T T c m Q
p
The temperature at the turbine exit is determined using isentropic efficiency relation
( ) 9 : . ;18
k)a :00
k)a "00
9 ""&&
"#=".%8: . !".%8:
= # " !
%
&
% &

,
_
,
_
k k
s
P
P
T T
9 & . :8&
9 # : . ;18 ""&& !
9 # ""&& !
18 . 0
&
&
& %
& %

T
T
T T
T T
s
T
The net power and the back work ratio are

kD %";1 #9 %0% %% k<=kg.9#!8 % kg=s#!".05 ; . "$ ! # !
" $ in C,
T T c m W
p a
kD 8&88 #9 & . :8& "&& k<=kg.9#!" % kg=s#!".05 1" . "$ ! # !

& % out T,
T T c m W
p
'W //%$ %";1 8&88

in C, out T, net
W W W

!"3%.
kD 8&88
kD %";1
out T,
in C,
bw
W
W
r

!c# The thermal efficiency is !"/#$

kD 1888
kD $$1:
in
net
th
Q
W
The second.law efficieny of the cycle is defined as the ratio of actual thermal efficiency to the maximum
possible thermal efficiency !Carnot efficiency#. The maximum temperature for the cycle can be taken to be
the turbine inlet temperature. That is,
:%8 . 0
9 ""&&
9 %0%
" "
%
"
max

T
T
and
!"0#1
:%8 . 0
$;: . 0
max
th
II
5."$;
"
Combustion
chamber
Turbine
$
%
&
Compress.
"00 k)a
%0LC
6iesel fuel
:00 k)a
$;0LC
9-160 + modern compression ignition engine operates on the ideal dual cycle. The maximum temperature
in the cycle, the net work output, the thermal efficiency, the mean effective pressure, the net power output,
the second.law efficiency of the cycle, and the rate of exergy of the exhaust gases are to be determined.
and k @ ".%&5 !Table +.$b#.
Analysis !a# The clearance volume and the total volume of the engine at the beginning of compression
process !state "# are

$ c
c
c
c
d c
r V V V
V
V
V
V V

+

+
$
%
%
m 000$"8& . 0
m 00$1 . 0
"&

&
%
"
m 00%0"8 . 0 00$1 . 0 000$"8& . 0 V V V V + +
d c
)rocess ".$ Isentropic compression
( )( )
( )( ) k)a %%&" "& k)a 58
9 5 . 1$% "& 9 %$1
".%&5
$
"
" $
" . ".%&5
"
$
"
" $

,
_
,
_
k
k
P P
T T
v
v
v
v

)rocess $.x and x.% Constant.volume and
constant pressure heat addition processes
9 $$$0
k)a %%&"
k)a 5000
9# 5 . 1$% !
$
$

P
P
T T
$
$
k<=kg ""&5 9 # 5 . 1$% $$$0 ! k<=kg.9# !0.1$% # !
$ . $
T T c q
$ $ v
+ 0/31
% % % % . $
9 # $$$0 ! k<=kg.9# !0.1$% k<=kg ""&5 # ! T T T T c q q
$ p $ $
!b# k<=kg $$51 ""&5 ""&5
% . $ in
+ +
$ $
q q q
% % %
%
m 000%"81 . 0
9 $$$0
9 %$8&
# m 000$"8& . 0 !
$
$
T
T
V V
( )
( ) k)a 5 . &$1
m 0.00%0"8
m 0.000%"81
k)a 5000
9 "&1"
m 0.00%0"8
m 0.000%"81
9 %$8&
".%&5
%
%
&
%
% &
" . ".%&5
%
%
"
&
%
% &
,
_
,
_
,
_
,
_
k
k
P P
T T
V
V
V
V

( ) ( )( ) k<=kg : . 5&1 9 %$1 "&1" 9 k<=kg 0.1$%
" & out
T T c q
v
The net work output and the thermal efficiency are
'()'* .019 : . 5&1 $$51
out in out net,
q q w
5."$:
"
Q
in
$
%
&
P
V
Q
out
$
!"3%$
k<=kg $$51
k<=kg "%&5
in
out net,
th
q
w
!c# The mean effective pressure is determined to be

( )( )
kg 0.00%0&%
9 %$1 9 =kg m k)a 0.$1:
# m 0"8 k)a#!0.00% 58 !
%
%
"
" "

RT
P
m
V
'Pa .1##
,
_
k<
m k)a
m # 000$"8& . 0 00%0"8 . 0 !
k<=kg# kg#!"%&5 !0.00%0&%
'()
%
%
$ "
out net,
V V
mw
!d# The power for engine speed of %800 rpm is
'W ./!
,
_

s ;0
min "
rev=cycle# $ !
!rev=min# %800
k<=kg# kg#!"%&5 00%0&% . 0 !
$
net net
n
mw W

!e# The second.law efficieny of the cycle is defined as the ratio of actual thermal efficiency to the
maximum possible thermal efficiency !Carnot efficiency#. De take the dead state temperature and pressure
to be $8KC and "00 k)a.
501 . 0
9 %$8&
9 # $:% $8 !
" "
%
0
max

+

T
T
and
!"#1#
501 . 0
81: . 0
max
th
II
The rate of exergy of the exhaust gases is determined as follows

( )
( )( ) k<=kg ; . 8;:
"00
5 . &$1
ln $1: . 0
$51
"&1"
k<=kg.9ln ""0 . " ! # $51 ! $51 "&1" 0.1$%
ln ln # !
0
&
0
&
0 0 & 0 & 0 0 & &
1
]
1

1
]
1

P
P
R
T
T
c T T T c s s T u u $
p v
'W 3!"1
,
_

s ;0
min "
rev=cycle# $ !
!rev=min# %800
k<=kg# kg#!8;:.; 00%0&% . 0 !
$
& &
n
m$ 0

5."$1
Re2ie5 Pro7les
9-161 + turbocharged four.stroke J."; diesel engine produces %800 hp at "$00 rpm. The amount of
power produced per cylinder per mechanical and per thermodynamic cycle is to be determined.
Analysis Ioting that there are "; cylinders and each thermodynamic cycle corresponds to $ mechanical
cycles !revolutions#, we have
!a#
cycle# mech k<=cyl 1."; !@
hp "
7tu=min &$.&"
rev=min# !"$00 cylinders# !";
hp %800
cycles# mechanical of !Io. cylinders# of !Io.
produced power Total
mechanical

,
_
cycle ech 6tu)cyl $"$0

w
!b#
cycle# therm k<=cyl ";.%" !@
hp "
7tu=min &$.&"
rev=min# !"$00=$ cylinders# !";
hp %800
cycles# amic thermodyn of !Io. cylinders# of !Io.
produced power Total
mic thermodyna

,
_
cycle ther 6tu)cyl .3"1#

w
9-162 + simple ideal 7rayton cycle operating between the specified temperature limits is considered. The
pressure ratio for which the compressor and the turbine exit temperature of air are e?ual is to be
determined.
Properties The specific heat ratio of air is k @".& !Table +.$#.
Analysis De treat air as an ideal gas with constant specific heats. Using the isentropic relations, the
temperatures at the compressor and turbine exit can be expressed as
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) k k
p
k k
k k
p
k k
r
T
P
P
T T
r T
P
P
T T
= "
%
= "
%
&
% &
= "
"
= "
"
$
" $
"

,
_
,
_
,
_
,etting T$ @ T& and solving for rp gives

( )
16.7
,
_
,
_
".&=0.1 " $ =
"
%
9 %00
9 "800
k k
p
T
T
r
Therefore, the compressor and turbine exit temperatures will be e?ual when the compression ratio is ";.:.
5."$5
s
T
"
$
&
%
q
in
q
out
T
%
T
"
Analysis !b# De treat air as an ideal gas with variable specific heats,
( )
( )

k<=kg $%::.:
k<=kg "::8.% 9 $"00
9 %00
k)a "00
k)a :00
k<=kg 8$%.50 :0$ . 5 %1; . "
k)a "00
k)a :00
%1; . "
k<=kg $"&.0: 9 %00
%
% %
"
"
%
% max
"
" "
%
% %
$
"
$
" "
" $
"
,
_
,
_

h
u T
T
P
P
T T
T
P
T
P
h P
P
P
P
P
u T
r r
r
K 2100
v v
!c#

k<=kg "18%.1
k<=kg "8;".$%
" "
k<=kg "8;".$% 0: . $"& % . "::8
k<=kg "18%.1 5 . 8$% : . $%::
in
out
th
" % out
$ % in
15.8%

q
q
u u q
h h q
5."%0
v
v
P
% $
"
q
in
q
out
s
T
%
$
"
q
out
q
in
9-164 +ll three processes of an air.standard cycle are described. The cycle is to be shown on P-v and T-s
Assumptions 1 The air.standard assumptions are applicable. 2
9inetic and potential energy changes are negligible. 3 +ir is an
ideal gas with constant specific heats.
".008 k<=kg.9, cv @ 0.:"1 k<=kgA9, and k @ ".& !Table +.$#.
Analysis !b# De treat air as an ideal gas with constant specific heats.
)rocess ".$ is isentropic
( )
( )
( ) K 2100 9 %00
k)a "00
k)a :00
9 8$%."
k)a "00
k)a :00
9 %00
"
"
%
% max
"
" "
%
% %
0.&=".& = "
"
$
" $
,
_
,
_
,
_
T
P
P
T T
T
P
T
P
P
P
T T
k k
v v
!c#
( )
( )( )
( )
( )( )
18.5%

k<=kg "81&.1
k<=kg "$5$.&
" "
k<=kg "$5$.& 9 %00 $"00 9 k<=kg 0.:"1
k<=kg "81&.1 9 8$%." $"00 9 k<=kg ".008
in
out
th
" % " % out
$ % $ % in
q
q
T T c u u q
T T c h h q
v
p
5."%"
v
v
P
% $
"
q
in
q
out
s
T
%
$
"
q
out
q
in
9-165 (%'s( s('ved by EE! (n enc'(sed )*) + four.cylinder spark.ignition engine with a compression
ratio of 1 is considered. The amount of heat supplied per cylinder, the thermal efficiency, and the rpm for
a net power output of ;0 kD are to be determined.
Properties The gas constant of air is R @ 0.$1: k<=kgA9 !Table +."#. The properties of air are given in
Table +.":.
( )
k<=kg &:8.""
8" . 1& " . ;:;
1
" "
" . ;:;
k<=kg $0;.5" 9 0 $5
$
"
$
" "
" " $
"

u
r
u T
r r r
r
v v
v
v
v
v
( ) ( )
( )( )
( ) ( )( ) kJ 0.715 k<=kg &:8."" "&1:.$ kg "0 :.0;8
kg "0 :.0;8
9 $50 9 =kg m k)a 0.$1:
m 0.000; k)a 51
55& . %
k<=kg "&1:.$ 9 "100
&
$ % in
&
%
%
"
" "
% %
%

u u m Q
RT
P
m
u T
r
V
v
( )( ) k<=kg ;5%.$% 58 . %" 55& . % 1
&
%
&
% % &
u r
r r r
v v
v
v
v
( ) ( )( )
3."98

k< 0.:"8
k< 0.%:"
k< 0.%:" %&& . 0 :"8 . 0
k<=kg $0;.5" ;5%.$% kg "0 :.0;8
in
net
th
out in net
.&
" & out
Q
W
Q Q W
u u m Q
kJ 0.344
!c# rp 1%3/
,
_

min "
s ;0
k<=cycle# 0.%:" ! &
k<=s ;0
rev=cycle# $ ! $
cyl net, cyl
net
W n
W
n

Iote that for four.stroke cycles, there are two revolutions per cycle.
5."%$
v
v
P
&
"
%
$
Q
in
Q
out
"100 9
9-166 EES )roblem 5.";8 is reconsidered. The effect of the compression ratio net work done and the
efficiency of the cycle is to be investigated. +lso, the T.s and P.v diagrams for the cycle are to be plotted.
"Input Data"
T[1]=1(:2(3" [K]
P[1]==8 [kPa]
T[3]=1800 [K]
F.cy3=0'> [1]#+on$ert1! mG3"
r.$=8 "+ompression ratio"
;.5ot.net = >0 [k;]
D.cy3=4 "numLer o, cyc3in5ers"
$[1]%$[2]=r.$
"T4e ,irst part o, t4e so3ution is 5one per unit mass'"
s[2]=s[1]
s[2]=entropyair! T=T[2]! $=$[2]"
P[2]#$[2]%T[2]=P[1]#$[1]%T[1]
P[1]#$[1]=&#T[1]
&=0'28( [k)%k*-K]
"+onser$ation o, ener*y ,or process 1 to 2@ no 4eat trans,er s=const'" /it4 /ork
input"
/.in = D01T2u.12
6P[3]#$[3]%T[3]=P[2]#$[2]%T[2]7
P[3]#$[3]=&#T[3]
$[3]=$[2]
"+onser$ation o, ener*y ,or process 2 to 3@ t4e /ork is Pero ,or $=const! 4eat is
a55e5"
-.in = D01T2u.23
s[4]=s[3]
P[4]#$[4]%T[4]=P[3]#$[3]%T[3]
6P[4]#$[4]=&#T[4]7
"+onser$ation o, ener*y ,or process 3 to 4@ no 4eat trans,er s=const" /it4 /ork
output"
- /.out = D01T2u.34
$[4]=$[1]
"+onser$ation o, ener*y ,or process 2 to 3@ t4e /ork is Pero ,or $=constM 4eat is
re9ecte5"
- -.out = D01T2u.41
/.net = /.out - /.in
0ta.t4=/.net%-.in#+on$ert! S" "T4erma3 e,,iciency! in percent"
"T4e mass containe5 in eac4 cy3in5er is ,oun5 ,rom t4e $o3ume o, t4e cy3in5er@"
5."%%
F.cy3=m#$[1]
"T4e net /ork 5one per cyc3e is@"
;.5ot.net=m#/.net"k)%cy3"#D.cy3#D.5ot"mec4anica3
cyc3es%min"#1"min"%>0"s"#1"t4erma3 cyc3e"%2"mec4anica3 cyc3es"
5."%&
t4
[S]
r$ /net
[k)%k*]
42'81 < 4>('1
4>'3= > 4=2'<
4='2> ( <0='8
<1'>3 8 <21'(
<3'>3 = <2='8
<<'3< 10 <3<'2
<>'8< 11 <38'<
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
10
1
10
2
50
100
1000
8000
2 &
0
)'*,
P

&
'
P
a
,
290 K
1800 K
Air Otto Cycle P-2 9ia*ra
s = const
.
/
0
1

4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
s &'()'*-+,
-

&
+
,
98 kPa
4866 kPa
Air Otto Cycle --s 9ia*ra
.
/
0
1
2 = const

5."%8
3 # $ % 9 .! ..
1#!
1$!
1%!
19!
3!!
3.!
3/!
30!
31!
r
2
5
n
e
t

&
'
(
)
'
*
,

3 # $ % 9 .! ..
1/
11
1#
1%
3!
3/
31
3#
3%
r
2
t
h

&
8
,

5."%;
9-167 +n ideal gas Carnot cycle with helium as the working fluid is considered. The pressure ratio,
compression ratio, and minimum temperature of the energy source are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 9inetic and potential energy changes are negligible. 2 3elium is an ideal gas with
Properties The specific heat ratio of helium is k @ ".;;: !Table +.$a#.
Analysis >rom the definition of the thermal efficiency of a Carnot heat engine,
+ 3$#

0.80 "
9 $:%# !"8
"
"
Carnot th,
Carnot th,
L
H
H
L
T
T
T
T
+n isentropic process for an ideal gas is one in which Pv
k
remains constant. Then, the pressure ratio is
3"#3
,
_
,
_
# " ;;: . " =! ;;: . "

# " =!
"
$
"
$
9 $11
9 8:;
k k
T
T
P
P
7ased on the process e?uation, the compression ratio is
/"%0
,
_
;;: . " = "

= "
"
$
$
"
# ;8 . 8 !
k
P
P
v
v
9-168E +n ideal gas Carnot cycle with helium as the working fluid is considered. The pressure ratio,
compression ratio, and minimum temperature of the energy.source reservoir are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 9inetic and potential energy changes are negligible. 2 3elium is an ideal gas with
Properties The specific heat ratio of helium is k @ ".;;: !Table +.$(a#.
Analysis >rom the definition of the thermal efficiency of a Carnot heat engine,
R .0!!

0.;0 "
B # &;0 !;0
"
"
Carnot th,
Carnot th,
L
H
H
L
T
T
T
T
+n isentropic process for an ideal gas is one in which Pv
k
remains constant. Then, the pressure ratio is
9"%%
,
_
,
_
# " ;;: . " =! ;;: . "

# " =!
"
$
"
$
B 8$0
B "%00
k k
T
T
P
P
7ased on the process e?uation, the compression ratio is
0"93
,
_
;;: . " = "

= "
"
$
$
"
# 11 . 5 !
k
P
P
v
v
5."%:
s
T
%
$
q
in
q
out
&
"
T
H
$11 9
s
T
%
$
q
in
q
out
&
"
T
H
8$0 B
9-169 The compression ratio re?uired for an ideal Ftto cycle to produce certain amount of work when
consuming a given amount of fuel is to be determined.
negligible. 3 +ir is an ideal gas with constant specific heats. 4 The combustion efficiency is "00 percent.
@ ".& !Table +.$#.
Analysis The heat input to the cycle for 0.0&% grams of fuel
consumption is
k< 10; . " k<=kg# kg#!&$,000 "0 0&% . 0 !
%
3J fuel in

q m Q
The thermal efficiency is then
88%: . 0
k< ".10;
k< "
in
net
th

Q
W
>rom the definition of thermal efficiency, we obtain the re?uired compression ratio to be
$"3/

# " & . " =! " # " =! "
th
"
th
# 88%: . 0 " !
"
# " !
" "
"
k k
r
r
9-170 +n e?uation is to be developed for # =!

"
" in
k
r T c q
v
in terms of k, rc and rp.
Analysis The temperatures at various points of the dual cycle are given by
"
" $

k
r T T
"
" $
$
$

,
_
k
p p
$
$
r T r r T
P
P
T T
"
"
%
%

,
_
k
c p c $
$
$
r T r r r T T T
v
v
+pplication of the first law to the two heat addition processes gives
# ! # !
# ! # !
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
% $ in

+
+
k
p
k
c p p
k k
p
$ p $
r T r r T r r c r T r T r c
T T c T T c q
v
v
or upon rearrangement
# " ! # " !
"
"
in
+
c p p
k
r kr r
r T c
q
v
5."%1
v
v
P
&
"
$
%
q
out
$
q
in
v
v
P
&
"
%
$
q
out
q
in
9-171 +n ideal Ftto cycle with air as the working fluid with a compression ratio of 5.$ is considered. The
amount of heat transferred to the air, the net work output, the thermal efficiency, and the mean effective
Properties The gas constant of air is R @ 0.$1: k<=kgA9
!Table +."#. The properties of air are given in Table +.":.

( )
( ) ( ) k)a $"$5 k)a 51
9 %00
9 :01.%
5.$
k<=kg 5 . 8"1
9 % . :01 8$ . ;: $ . ;$"
$ . 5
" "
$ . ;$"
k<=kg $"&.0: 9 %00
"
"
$
$
"
$
"
" "
$
$ $
$
$
"
$
" "
" " $
"
,
_

P
T
T
P
T
P
T
P
u
T
r
u T
r r r
r
v
v v v
v v
v
v
v
v
( )( )
kJ/kg 609.8 5 . 8"1 : . ""$1
85% . 1
k<=kg ""$1.: 9 "&";.; % . :01 $ $
$ %
% $ $
$
%
%
$
$ $
%
% %
%

u u q
u T T
P
P
T
T
P
T
P
in
r
v
v v
( )( ) k<=kg &1:.:8 0; . :5 85% . 1 $ . 5
&
%
&
% % &
u r
r r r
v v
v
v
v
kJ/kg 336.1 : . $:% 1 . ;05
k<=kg $:%.: 0: . $"& :8 . &1:
out in net
" & out

q q w
u u q
!c#
55.1%
k<=kg ;05.1
k<=kg %%;."
in
net
th
q
w
!d#
( )( )
( )
( )( )
kP& 429
k< "
m k)a "
"=5.$ " =kg m 0.1:5
k<=kg %%;."
= " "
'()
=kg m 0.1:5
k)a 51
9 %00 9 =kg m k)a 0.$1:
%
%
"
net
$ "
net
max
$ min
%
%
"
"
" max
,
_

r
w w
r
P
RT
v v v
v
v v
v v
5."%5
v
v
P
&
"
%
$
q
in
q
out
9-172 +n ideal Ftto cycle with air as the working fluid with a compression ratio of 5.$ is considered. The
amount of heat transferred to the air, the net work output, the thermal efficiency, and the mean effective
".008 k<=kg.9, cv @ 0.:"1 k<=kgA9, and k @ ".& !Table +.
$#.
Analysis !a# )rocess ".$ is isentropic compression
( )( )
( ) ( ) k)a $"50 k)a 51
9 %00
9 :$1.1
5.$
9 :$1.1 5.$ 9 %00
"
"
$
$
"
$
"
" "
$
$ $
0.&
"
$
"
" $
,
_
,
_
P
T
T
P
T
P
T
P
T T
k
v
v v v
v
v
( )( )
( ) ( )( ) kJ/kg 523.3 9 :$1.1 "&8:.; 9 k<=kg 0.:"1
9 &8:.; " 1 . :$1 $ $
$ % $ %
$ $
$
%
%
$
$ $
%
% %

T T c u u q
T T
P
P
T
T
P
T
P
in v
v v
( ) 9 ;00.0
5.$
"
9 "&8:.;
0.&
"
&
%
% &

,
_
,
_
k
T T
v
v
( ) ( )( )
kJ/kg 307.9 & . $"8 % . 8$%
k<=kg $"8.& 9 %00 ;00 9 k<=kg 0.:"1
out in net
" & " & out

q q w
T T c u u q
v
!c#
58.8%
k<=kg 8$%.%
k<=kg %0:.5
in
net
th
q
w
!d#
( )( )
( )
( )( )
kP& 393
k< "
m k)a "
"=5.$ " =kg m 0.1:5
k<=kg %0:.5
= " "
'()
=kg m 0.1:5
k)a 51
9 %00 9 =kg m k)a 0.$1:
%
%
"
net
$ "
net
max
$ min
%
%
"
"
" max
,
_

r
w w
r
P
RT
v v v
v
v v
v v
5."&0
v
v
P
&
"
%
$
q
in
q
out
9-173 +n engine operating on the ideal diesel cycle with air as the working fluid is considered. The
pressure at the beginning of the heat.rejection process, the net work per cycle, and the mean effective
Properties The gas constant of air is R @ 0.$1: k<=kgA9 !Table +."#. The properties of air are given in
Table +.":.
Analysis !a# The compression and the cutoff ratios are
$
cm :8
cm "80
";
cm :8
cm "$00
%
%
$
%
%
%
$
"

V
V
V
V
c
r r
)rocess ".$ isentropic compression.
( )
k<=kg 1;%.0%
9 1%:.% $8; . &$ " . ;:;
";
" "
" . ;:;
k<=kg $0;.5" 9 0 $5
$
$
"
$
" "
" " $
"

h
T
r
u T
r r r
r
v v
v
v
v
v
( )( )
00$ . 8
k<=kg "1&1.5
9 ";:&.; % . 1%: $ $
%
%
$ $
$
%
%
$
$ $
%
% %

r
h
T T T
T
P
T
P
v
v
v v v
( )
k<=kg ;%;.00
9 18%.& 0"; . &0 00$ . 8
$
";
$ $
&
&
$
&
%
&
% % % &

,
_

u
T
r
r r r r
v v
v
v
v
v
v
v
( ) kP& 294.3
,
_
k)a "00
9 $50
9 18%.&
"
"
&
&
"
" "
&
& &
P
T
T
P
T
P
T
P v v
!b#
( ) ( )
( )( )
kg "0 ".&&$
9 $50 9 =kg m k)a 0.$1:
m 0.00"$ k)a "00
%
%
%
"
" "

RT
P
m
V
( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )( )
kJ 0.803

;"5 . 0 &$$ . "
k< 0.;"5 k<=kg $0;.5" ;%;.00 kg "0 ".&&$
k< ".&$$ 1;%.01 "1&1.5 kg "0 ".&&$
out in net
% .
" & out
.%
$ % in
Q Q W
u u m Q
h h m Q
!c#
( )
( )( )
kP& 714
,
_
k< "
m k)a "
"="; " m 0.00"$
k< 0.10%
= " "
'()
%
%
"
net
$ "
net
r
W W
V V V
5."&"
v
v
P
&
"
$ %
q
in
q
out
9-174 +n engine operating on the ideal diesel cycle with argon as the working fluid is considered. The
pressure at the beginning of the heat.rejection process, the net work per cycle, and the mean effective
negligible. 3 +rgon is an ideal gas with constant specific heats.
Properties The properties of argon at room temperature are cp @ 0.8$0% k<=kg.9, cv @ 0.%"$$ k<=kgA9,
R @ 0.$01" k<=kgA9 and k @ ".;;: !Table +.$#.
Analysis !a# The compression and the cutoff ratios are
$
cm :8
cm "80
";
cm :8
cm "$00
%
%
$
%
%
%
$
"

V
V
V
V
c
r r
( )( ) 9 "1&% "; 9 $50
0.;;:
"
"
$
" $

,
_
k
T T
V
V
( )( ) 9 %;1; "1&% $ $
$ $
$
%
%
$
$ $
%
% %
T T T
T
P
T
P
v
v v v
( ) 9 5$0.5
";
$
9 %;1;
$ $
0.;;: "
%
"
&
$
%
"
&
%
% &

,
_

,
_
,
_
,
_

k
k k
r
T T T T
V
V
V
V
( ) kP& 317.6
,
_
k)a "00
9 $50
9 5$0.5
"
"
&
&
"
" "
&
& &
P
T
T
P
T
P
T
P v v
!b#
( ) ( )
( )( )
kg "0 ".511
9 $50 9 =kg m k)a 0.$01"
m 0.00"$ k)a "00
%
%
%
"
" "

RT
P
m
V

( ) ( ) ( )( )( )
( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )
kJ 1.514

%5$ . 0 50; . "
k< 0.%5$ 9 $50 5$0.5 9 k<=kg 0.%"$$ kg "0 ".511
k< ".50; 9 "1&% %;1; 9 k<=kg 0.8$0% kg "0 ".511
out in net
% .
" & " & out
.%
$ % $ % in
Q Q W
T T mc u u m Q
T T mc h h m Q
p
v
!c#
( )
( )( )
kP& 1346
,
_
k< "
m k)a "
"="; " m 0.00"$
k< ".8"&
= " "
'()
%
%
"
net
$ "
net
r
W W
V V V
5."&$
v
v
P
&
"
$ %
Q
in
Q
out
9-175E +n ideal dual cycle with air as the working fluid with a compression ratio of "$ is considered. The
thermal efficiency of the cycle is to be determined.
and k @ ".& !Table +.$(#.
Analysis The mass of air is

( ) ( )
( )( )
lbm "0 %."%$
B 880 B =lbm ft psia 0.%:0&
ft :8=":$1 psia "&.:
%
%
%
"
" "

RT
P
m
V
( )( ) B "&1; "$ B 880
0.&
"
$
"
" $

,
_
k
T T
V
V
)rocess $.x v @ c(nstant heat addition,
( ) ( )
( )( )( ) B $0&; B "&1; B 7tu=lbm 0.":" lbm "0 %."%$ 7tu 0.%
x
%
$ $ in , $

$
$ $ $
T T
T T mc u u m Q
v
)rocess x.% ) @ c(nstant heat addition.
( ) ( )
( )( )( )
".:"8
B $0&;
B %805
B %805 B $0&; B 7tu=lbm 0.$&0 lbm "0 %."%$ 7tu "."
% %
%
% %
% %
%
% % in , %

$ $
c
$
$ $
$ p $ $
T
T
r
T
P
T
P
T T
T T mc h h m Q
V
V V V
( ) B ";""
"$
".:"8
B %805
:"8 . " :"8 . "
0.& "
%
"
&
"
%
"
&
%
% &

,
_

,
_
,
_
,
_

k
k k
r
T T T T
V
V
V
V
( ) ( )
( )( )( )
59.4%

7tu ".&
7tu 0.8;1
" "
7tu 0.8;1 B 880 ";"" B 7tu=lbm 0.":" lbm "0 %."%$
in
out
th
%
" & " & out
Q
Q
T T mc u u m Q
v
5."&%
v
v
P
&
"
$
%
"." 7tu
Q
out
$
0.% 7tu
9-176 +n ideal ,tirling cycle with air as the working fluid is considered. The maximum pressure in the
cycle and the net work output are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The air.standard assumptions are
applicable. 2 9inetic and potential energy changes are
negligible. 3 +ir is an ideal gas with constant specific
heats.
R @ 0.$1: k<=kg.9, cp @ ".008 k<=kg.9, cv @ 0.:"1
k<=kgA9, and k @ ".& !Table +.$#.
Analysis !a# The entropy change during process ".$ is
9 k<=kg 0.8
9 "100
k<=kg 500
"$
" $

H
T
q
s s
and
( )
( )( ) kP& 5873
,
_

+
9 %80
9 "100
8.:"0 k)a $00
:"0 . 8 ln 9 k<=kg 0.$1: 9 k<=kg 0.8 ln ln
%
"
"
$
%
%
"
"
%
% "
"
" "
%
% %
"
$
"
$
"
$
0
"
$
" $
T
T
P
T
T
P P
T
P
T
P
R
T
T
c s s
v
v
v
v v v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
!b# ( ) kJ/kg 725
,
_
,
_
k<=kg 500
9 "100
9 %80
" "
in in th net
q
T
T
q w
H
L
5."&&
s
T
%
$
q
in
@ 500 k<=kg
q
out
&
"
"100 9
%80 9
9-177 + simple ideal 7rayton cycle with air as the working fluid is considered. The changes in the net
work output per unit mass and the thermal efficiency are to be determined.
Analysis The properties at various states are
T h
P
T h
P
r
r
1 1
3 3
1
3
1386
330 9

300 K 300.19 kJ / kg
1300 K 1395.97 kJ / kg
.
.
>or rp @ ;,
( )( )
( )
C 5 . %:
k<=kg 15&.8:
k<=kg %%5.&;
k<=kg %%5.&; "" . 888 8: . 15&
k<=kg 888."" "5 . %00 % . 188
k<=kg 15&.8: &0 . 80" 5: . "%58
k<=kg 188.% "8 . 88 5 . %%0
;
"
k<=kg 80".&0 %"; . 1 %1; . " ;
in
net
th
out in net
" & out
$ % in
&
%
&
$
"
$
% &
" $

,
_

q
w
q q w
h h q
h h q
h P
P
P
P
h P
P
P
P
r r
r r
>or rp @ "$,
( )( )
( )
C 8 . &1
k<=kg :18.%:
k<=kg %10.5;
k<=kg %10.5; &" . &0& %: . :18
k<=kg &0&.&" "5 . %00 ; . :0&
k<=kg :18.%: ;0 . ;"0 5: . "%58
k<=kg :0&.; 81 . $: 5 . %%0
"$
"
k<=kg ;"0.; ;% . "; %1; . " "$
in
net
th
out in net
" & out
$ % in
&
%
&
$
"
$
% &
" $

,
_

q
w
q q w
h h q
h h q
h P
P
P
P
h P
P
P
P
r r
r r
Thus,
!a# ( ) increase &; . %%5 5; . %10
net
kJ/kg 41.5 w
!b# ( ) increase C 5 . %: C 8 . &1
th
10.6%
5."&8
s
T
"
$
&
% q
in
q
out
$
%
9-178 + simple ideal 7rayton cycle with air as the working fluid is considered. The changes in the net
work output per unit mass and the thermal efficiency are to be determined.
Properties The properties of air at room temperature are R @ 0.$1: k<=kg.9, cp @ ".008 k<=kg.9, cv @
0.:"1 k<=kgA9, and k @ ".& !Table +.$#.
Analysis )rocesses ".$ and %.& are isentropic. Therefore, >or rp @ ;,
( )
( )( )
( )
( )
( )
( )( )
( )
( )( )
C " . &0
k<=kg 10%.&
k<=kg %$".5
k<=kg %$".5 8 . &1" & . 10%
k<=kg &1".8 9 %00 ::5." 9 k<=kg ".008
k<=kg 10%.& 9 800.; "%00 9 k<=kg ".008
9 ::5."
;
"
9 "%00
9 800.; ; 9 %00
in
net
th
out in net
" & " & out
$ % $ % in
0.&=".&
= "
%
&
% &
0.&=".&
= "
"
$
" $

,
_
,
_
,
_
q
w
q q w
T T c h h q
T T c h h q
P
P
T T
P
P
T T
p
p
k k
k k
>or rp @ "$,
( )
( )( )
( )
( )
( )
( )( )
( )
( )( )
C 1 . 80
k<=kg ;5%.$
k<=kg %8$.%
k<=kg %8$.% 5 . %&0 $ . ;5%
k<=kg %&0.5 9 %00 ;%5.$ 9 k<=kg ".008
k<=kg ;5%.$ 9 ;"0.$ "%00 9 k<=kg ".008
9 ;%5.$
"$
"
9 "%00
9 ;"0.$ "$ 9 %00
in
net
th
out in net
" & " & out
$ % $ % in
0.&=".&
= "
%
&
% &
0.&=".&
= "
"
$
" $

,
_
,
_
,
_
q
w
q q w
T T c h h q
T T c h h q
P
P
T T
P
P
T T
p
p
k k
k k
Thus,
!a# ( ) increase 5 . %$" % . %8$
net
kJ/kg 30.4 w
!b# ( ) increase C " . &0 C 1 . 80
th
10.7%
5."&;
s
T
"
$
&
% q
in
q
out
$
%
9-179 + regenerative gas.turbine engine operating with two stages of compression and two stages of
expansion is considered. The back work ratio and the thermal efficiency are to be determined.
".008 k<=kg.9, cv @ 0.:"1 k<=kgA9, and k @ ".& !Table +.
$#.
Analysis The work inputs to each stage of compressor are
identical, so are the work outputs of each stage of the turbine.
( )
( )( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )( )
( )
( )
( )
( )( )
( ) ( ) ( )( )
( ) ( ) ( )( ) k<=kg ;$&." 9 115.8 "$00 9 k<=kg ".008 $ $ $
k<=kg %%$.: 9 %00 &;8.8 9 k<=kg ".008 $ $ $
9 ::0.1
8 . &;8 8 . 115 :$ . 0 8 . &;8
9 115.8
5 . 1%1 "$00 1; . 0 "$00
9 1%1.5
%.8
"
9 "$00
9 &;8.8
:1 . 0 = %00 " . &$5 %00
=
9 &$5." %.8 9 %00
: ; : ; out T,
" $ " $ in C,
& 5 & 8
& 5
& 8
& 5
& 8
: ; ; : 5
: ;
: ;
: ;
: ;
0.&=".&
= "
;
:
; : 5
" $ " $ &
" $
" $
" $
" $
0.&=".&
= "
"
$
" $ &

+
+

,
_
,
_
+
+
,
_
T T c h h w
T T c h h w
T T T T
T T c
T T c
h h
h h
T T T T T
T T c
T T c
h h
h h
P
P
T T T
T T T T T
T T c
T T c
h h
h h
P
P
T T T
p
p
p
p
s T
s p
p
s
T
k k
s s
) s
p
s p
s
)
k k
s s

Thus,
53.3%
k<=kg ;$&."
k<=kg %%$.:
out T,
in C,
bw
w
w
r
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
39.2%

+
+ +
k<=kg :&%.&
k<=kg $5".&
k<=kg $5".& : . %%$ " . ;$&
k<=kg :&%.& 9 115.8 "$00 ::0.1 "$00 9 k<=kg ".008
in
net
th
in C, out T, net
: 1 8 ; : 1 8 ; in
q
w
w w w
T T T T c h h h h q
p
5."&:
s
T
%
&
"
;
5 :
1
8
$
5 :s
& $s
9-180 EES )roblem 5.":5 is reconsidered. The effect of the isentropic efficiencies for the compressor and
turbine and regenerator effectiveness on net work done and the heat supplied to the cycle is to be
investigated. +lso, the T.s diagram for the cycle is to be plotted.
"Input 5ata"
T[>] = 1200 [K]
T[8] = T[>]
Pratio = 3'<
T[1] = 300 [K]
P[1]= 100 [kPa]
T[3] = T[1]
0ta.re* = 0'(2 "&e*enerator e,,ecti$eness"
0ta.c =0'(8 "+ompressor isentorpic e,,iciency"
0ta.t =0'8> "TurLien isentropic e,,iciency"
"1P +ompressor@"
P[2] = Pratio#P[1]
0ta.c = /.compisen.1P%/.comp.1P
"compressor a5iaLatic e,,iciency! ;.comp B ;.compisen"
"+onser$ation o, ener*y ,or t4e 1P compressor ,or t4e isentropic case@
e.in - e.out = D01T2e=0 ,or stea5y-,3o/"
4[1] : /.compisen.1P = 4.s[2]
4[1]=0DTC21PI2ir!T=T[1]"
4.s[2]=0DTC21PI2ir!T=T.s[2]"
4[1] : /.comp.1P = 4[2]
4[2]=0DTC21PI2ir!T=T[2]"
s[2]=0DT&JPI2ir!T=T[2]! P=P[2]"
"CP +ompressor@"
s.s[4]=s[3] "Aor t4e i5ea3 case t4e entropies are constant across t4e CP compressor"
P[4] = Pratio#P[3]
P[3] = P[2]
0ta.c = /.compisen.CP%/.comp.CP
4[3] : /.compisen.CP = 4.s[4]
4[3]=0DTC21PI2ir!T=T[3]"
4.s[4]=0DTC21PI2ir!T=T.s[4]"
5."&1
4[3] : /.comp.CP = 4[4]
4[4]=0DTC21PI2ir!T=T[4]"
s[4]=0DT&JPI2ir!T=T[4]! P=P[4]"
"Intercoo3in* 4eat 3oss@"
4[2] = -.out.intercoo3 : 4[3]
e.in - e.out =D01T2e.c$ =0 ,or stea5y ,3o/"
4[4] : -.in.nore* = 4[>]
4[>]=0DTC21PI2ir!T=T[>]"
P[>]=P[4]"process 4-> is EEEA constant pressure"
"CP TurLine ana3ysis"
s[>]=0DT&JPI2ir!T=T[>]!P=P[>]"
s.s[(]=s[>] "Aor t4e i5ea3 case t4e entropies are constant across t4e turLine"
P[(] = P[>] %Pratio
s.s[(]=0DT&JPI2ir!T=T.s[(]!P=P[(]""T.s[(] is t4e isentropic $a3ue o, T[(] at CP
turLine e8it"
0ta.t = /.turL.CP %/.turLisen.CP "turLine a5iaLatic e,,iciency! /.turLisen B
/.turL"
e.in -e.out = D01T2e.c$ = 0 ,or stea5y-,3o/"
4[>] = /.turLisen.CP : 4.s[(]
4.s[(]=0DTC21PI2ir!T=T.s[(]"
4[>] = /.turL.CP : 4[(]
4[(]=0DTC21PI2ir!T=T[(]"
s[(]=0DT&JPI2ir!T=T[(]! P=P[(]"
"&e4eat ?.in@"
4[(] : -.in.re4eat = 4[8]
4[8]=0DTC21PI2ir!T=T[8]"
"C1 TurLine ana3ysis"
P[8]=P[(]
s.s[=]=s[8] "Aor t4e i5ea3 case t4e entropies are constant across t4e turLine"
P[=] = P[8] %Pratio
s.s[=]=0DT&JPI2ir!T=T.s[=]!P=P[=]""T.s[=] is t4e isentropic $a3ue o, T[=] at 1P
turLine e8it"
0ta.t = /.turL.1P %/.turLisen.1P "turLine a5iaLatic e,,iciency! /.turLisen B /.turL"
4[8] = /.turLisen.1P : 4.s[=]
4.s[=]=0DTC21PI2ir!T=T.s[=]"
4[8] = /.turL.1P : 4[=]
5."&5
4[=]=0DTC21PI2ir!T=T[=]"
s[=]=0DT&JPI2ir!T=T[=]! P=P[=]"
"+yc3e ana3ysis"
/.net=/.turL.CP:/.turL.1P - /.comp.CP - /.comp.1P
-.in.tota3.nore*=-.in.nore*:-.in.re4eat
0ta.t4.nore*=/.net%-.in.tota3.nore*"#+on$ert! S" "[S]" "+yc3e t4erma3
e,,iciency"
N/r=/.comp.CP : /.comp.1P"%/.turL.CP:/.turL.1P""Nack /ork ratio"
";it4 t4e re*enerator! t4e 4eat a55e5 in t4e e8terna3 4eat e8c4an*er is"
4[<] : -.in./it4re* = 4[>]
4[<]=0DTC21PI2ir! T=T[<]"
s[<]=0DT&JPI2ir!T=T[<]! P=P[<]"
P[<]=P[4]
"T4e re*enerator e,,ecti$eness *i$es 4[<] an5 t4us T[<] as@"
0ta.re* = 4[<]-4[4]"%4[=]-4[4]"
"0ner*y La3ance on re*enerator *i$es 4[10] an5 t4us T[10] as@"
4[4] : 4[=]=4[<] : 4[10]
4[10]=0DTC21PI2ir! T=T[10]"
s[10]=0DT&JPI2ir!T=T[10]! P=P[10]"
P[10]=P[=]
-.in.tota3./it4re*=-.in./it4re*:-.in.re4eat
0ta.t4./it4re*=/.net%-.in.tota3./it4re*"#+on$ert! S" "[S]"
"T4e ,o33o/in* 5ata is use5 to comp3ete t4e 2rray TaL3e ,or p3ottin* purposes'"
s.s[1]=s[1]
T.s[1]=T[1]
s.s[3]=s[3]
T.s[3]=T[3]
s.s[<]=0DT&JPI2ir!T=T[<]!P=P[<]"
T.s[<]=T[<]
s.s[>]=s[>]
T.s[>]=T[>]
s.s[8]=s[8]
T.s[8]=T[8]
s.s[10]=s[10]
T.s[10]=T[10]
+ re* t t4!nore*
[S]
t4!/it4re*
[S]
-in!tota3!nore*
[k)%k*]
-in!tota3!/it4re*
[k)%k*]
/net
[k)%k*]
0'(8 0'> 0'8> 2('03 3>'<= 1130 834'> 30<'4
0'(8 0'>< 0'8> 2('03 3('( 1130 810 30<'4
0'(8 0'( 0'8> 2('03 38'88 1130 (8<'4 30<'4
0'(8 0'(< 0'8> 2('03 40'14 1130 (>0'8 30<'4
0'(8 0'8 0'8> 2('03 41'48 1130 (3>'2 30<'4
0'(8 0'8< 0'8> 2('03 42'=2 1130 (11'> 30<'4
0'(8 0'= 0'8> 2('03 44'4< 1130 >8( 30<'4
0'(8 0'=< 0'8> 2('03 4>'11 1130 >>2'4 30<'4
5."80
0'(8 1 0'8> 2('03 4('88 1130 >3('8 30<'4
1"3 3"! 3"3 #"! #"3 $"! $"3
/!!
1!!
#!!
%!!
.!!!
./!!
.1!!
.#!!
s &'()'*-+,
-

&
+
,
1
0
0

k
P
a

3
5
0

k
P
a

1
2
2
5

k
P
a

Air
.
/
0
1
3
#
$
%
9
.!

0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50

t
h

re*
= !"$/

c
= !"$%
With re*eneration
@o re*eneration

5."8"
!"# !"#3 !"$ !"$3 !"% !"%3 !"9 !"93 .
#!!
$!!
%!!
9!!
.!!!
..!!
./!!
t
4
i
n
,
t
o
t
a
l

re*
= !"$/

c
= !"$%
@o re*eneration
With re*eneration

!"# !"#3 !"$ !"$3 !"% !"%3 !"9 !"93 .
.!!
.3!
/!!
/3!
0!!
03!
1!!
13!
t
5
n
e
t

&
'
(
)
'
*
,

re*
= !"$/

c
= !"$%

!"# !"#3 !"$ !"$3 !"% !"%3 !"9 !"93 .
/3
0!
03
1!
13
3!
re*

t
h

c
= !"$%

t
= !"%#
With re*enertion
@o re*eneration

5."8$
!"# !"#3 !"$ !"$3 !"% !"%3 !"9 !"93 .
.3
/!
/3
0!
03
1!
13
3!

t
h

re*
= !"$/

t
= !"%#
With re*eneration
@o re*eneration

5."8%
9-181 + regenerative gas.turbine engine operating with two stages of compression and two stages of
expansion is considered. The back work ratio and the thermal efficiency are to be determined.
2 9inetic and potential energy changes are negligible. 3
3elium is an ideal gas with constant specific heats.
Properties The properties of helium at room temperature are
cp @ 8."5$; k<=kg.9 and k @ ".;;: !Table +.$#.
Analysis The work inputs to each stage of compressor are
identical, so are the work outputs of each stage of the turbine.

( )
( )( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )( )
( )
( )
( )
( )( )
( ) ( ) ( )( )
( ) ( ) ( )( ) k<=kg &$$8.: 9 :5%." "$00 9 k<=kg 8."5$; $ $ $
k<=kg $855.& 9 %00 880.% 9 k<=kg 8."5$; $ $ $
9 :$8."
% . 880 " . :5% :$ . 0 % . 880
9 :5%."
5 . :$; "$00 1; . 0 "$00
9 :$;.5
%.8
"
9 "$00
9 880.%
:1 . 0 = %00 $ . &58 %00
=
9 &58.$ %.8 9 %00
: ; : ; out T,
" $ " $ in C,
& 5 & 8
& 5
& 8
& 5
& 8
: ; ; : 5
: ;
: ;
: ;
: ;
: 0.;;:=".;;
= "
;
:
; : 5
" $ " $ &
" $
" $
" $
" $
: 0.;;:=".;;
= "
"
$
" $ &

+
+

,
_
,
_
+
+
,
_
T T c h h w
T T c h h w
T T T T
T T c
T T c
h h
h h
T T T T T
T T c
T T c
h h
h h
P
P
T T T
T T T T T
T T c
T T c
h h
h h
P
P
T T T
p
p
p
p
s T
s p
p
s
T
k k
s s
) s
p
s p
s
)
k k
s s

Thus,
61.5%
k<=kg &$$8.:
k<=kg $855.&
out T,
in C,
bw
w
w
r
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
35.5%

+
+ +
k<=kg &8:1.1
k<=kg ";$;.%
k<=kg ";$;.% & . $855 : . &$$8
k<=kg &8:1.1 9 :5%." "$00 :$8." "$00 9 k<=kg 8."5$;
in
net
th
in C, out T, net
: 1 8 ; : 1 8 ; in
q
w
w w w
T T T T c h h h h q
p
5."8&
s
T
%
&
"
;
q
in
5 :
1
8
$
5 :s
& $s
9-182 +n ideal gas.turbine cycle with one stage of compression and two stages of expansion and
regeneration is considered. The thermal efficiency of the cycle as a function of the compressor pressure
ratio and the high.pressure turbine to compressor inlet temperature ratio is to be determined, and to be
compared with the efficiency of the standard regenerative cycle.
Analysis The T.s diagram of the cycle is as shown in the
figure. If the overall pressure ratio of the cycle is rp, which is
the pressure ratio across the compressor, then the pressure
ratio across each turbine stage in the ideal case becomes rp.
Using the isentropic relations, the temperatures at the
compressor and turbine exit can be expressed as
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) k k
p
k k
p
k k
p
k k
p
k k
p
k k
k k
p
k k
p
k k
k k
p
k k
r T r r T r T
r
T
P
P
T T
r T
r
T
P
P
T T T
r T
P
P
T T T
$ = "
"
$ = " = "
"
$ = "
$
= "
8
= "
8
;
8 ;
$ = "
%
= "
%
= "
%
&
% & :
= "
"
= "
"
$
" $ 8
"
"

,
_
,
_
,
_
,
_
,
_

Then,
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) "
"
$ = "
" " ; " ; out
$ = "
% : % : % in

k k
p p p
k k
p p p
r T c T T c h h q
r T c T T c h h q
and thus
( )
( )
( )
( )
k k
p p
k k
p p
r T c
r T c
q
q
$ = "
%
$ = "
"
in
out
th
"
"
" "

which simplifies to
( ) k k
p
r
T
T
$ = "
%
"
th
"

The thermal efficiency of the single stage ideal regenerative cycle is given as
( ) k k
p
r
T
T
= "
%
"
th
"

Therefore, the regenerative cycle with two stages of expansion has a higher thermal efficiency than the
standard regenerative cycle with a single stage of expansion for any given value of the pressure ratio rp.
5."88
s
T
"
$
:
q
in
8
;
&
%
q
out
9-183 + gas.turbine plant operates on the regenerative 7rayton cycle with reheating and intercooling. The
back work ratio, the net work output, the thermal efficiency, the second.law efficiency, and the exergies at
the exits of the combustion chamber and the regenerator are to be determined.
Properties The gas constant of air is R @ 0.$1: k<=kgA9.
Analysis !a# >or this problem, we use the properties from ((, software. Bemember that for an ideal gas,
enthalpy is a function of temperature only whereas entropy is functions of both temperature and pressure.
Fptimum intercooling and reheating pressure is
k)a & . %&; # "$00 #! "00 !
& " $
P P P
)rocess ".$, %.& Compression
9 k<=kg :08& . 8
k)a "00
9 %00
k<=kg &% . %00 9 %00
"
"
"
" "

s
P
T
h T
k<=kg :5 . &$1
k<=kg.9 :08& . 8
k)a & . %&;
$
" $
$
s
h
s s
P
k<=kg 11 . &;0
&% . %00
&% . %00 :5 . &$1
10 . 0
$
$ " $
" $
C

h
h h h
h h
s
9 k<=kg 80&0 . 8
k)a & . %&;
9 %80
k<=kg :1 . %80 9 %80
%
%
%
% %

s
P
T
h T
k<=kg &$ . 800
k<=kg.9 80&0 . 8
k)a "$00
&
% &
&
s
h
s s
P
k<=kg 1% . 8%:
:1 . %80
:1 . %80 &$ . 800
10 . 0
&
& % &
% &
C

h
h h h
h h
s
)rocess ;.:, 1.5 (xpansion

9 k<=kg ;8"& . ;
k)a "$00
9 "&00
k<=kg 5 . "8"& 9 "&00
;
;
;
; ;

s
P
T
h T
k<=kg 5 . "01%
k<=kg.9 ;8"& . ;
k)a & . %&;
:
; :
:
s
h
s s
P
k<=kg " . "":0
5 . "01% 5 . "8"&
5 . "8"&
10 . 0
:
:
: ;
: ;
T

h
h
h h
h h
s
9 k<=kg 5"5; . ;
k)a & . %&;
9 "%00
k<=kg ; . "%58 9 "%00
1
1
1
1 1

s
P
T
h T
5."8;
s
T
%
&
"
8
q
in
1 ;
:
"0
5
$
1s ;s
&s $s
k<=kg 00 . 55;
k<=kg.9 5"5; . ;
k)a "00
5
1 5
5
s
h
s s
P
k<=kg 5 . "0:8
00 . 55; ; . "%58
; . "%58
10 . 0
5
5
5 1
5 1
T

h
h
h h
h h
s
Cycle analysis
k<=kg 80 . %&: :1 . %80 1% . 8%: &% . %00 11 . &;0
% & " $ in C,
+ + h h h h w
k<=kg 80 . ;;& 5 . "0:8 ; . "%58 " . "":0 5 . "8"&
5 1 : ; out T,
+ + h h h h w
!"3/0
80 . ;;&
80 . %&:
out T,
in C,
bw
w
w
r
'()'* 0.$"! 80 . %&: 80 . ;;&
in C, out T, net
w w w
Begenerator analysis
k<=kg %; . ;:$
1% . 8%: 5 . "0:8
5 . "0:8
:8 . 0
"0
"0
& 5
"0 5
regen

h
h
h h
h h
9 k<=kg 8"8: . ;
k)a "00
9 %; . ;:$
"0
"0
"0

s
P
h
k<=kg &0 . 5&" 1% . 8%: %; . ;:$ 5 . "0:8
8 8 & 8 "0 5 regen
h h h h h h q
!b# k<=kg 8& . 8:% &0 . 5&" 5 . "8"&
8 ; in
h h q
!"330
8& . 8:%
0 . %":
in
net
th
q
w
!c# The second.law efficieny of the cycle is defined as the ratio of actual thermal efficiency to the
maximum possible thermal efficiency !Carnot efficiency#. The maximum temperature for the cycle can be
taken to be the turbine inlet temperature. That is,
:1; . 0
9 "&00
9 %00
" "
;
"
max

T
T
and
!"$!1
:1; . 0
88% . 0
max
th
11
!d# The exergies at the combustion chamber exit and the regenerator exit are
'()'* 90!"$

k<=kg.9 # :08& . 8 ;8"& . ; #! 9 %00 ! k<=kg # &% . %00 5 . "8"& !
# !
0 ; 0 0 ; ;
s s T h h $
'()'* ./%"%

k<=kg.9 # :08& . 8 8"8: . ; #! 9 %00 ! k<=kg # &% . %00 %; . ;:$ !
# !
0 "0 0 0 "0 "0
s s T h h $
5."8:
9-184 The thermal efficiency of a two.stage gas turbine with regeneration, reheating and intercooling to
that of a three.stage gas turbine is to be compared.
Analysis
T-. S!&g/*0
The pressure ratio across each stage is
& ";
p
r
The temperatures at the end of compression and expansion are
9 8 . &$0 9#!&# $1% !
0.&=".& = # " !
min

k k
p c
r T T
9 8 . 81:
&
"
9# 1:% !
"
0.&=".&
= # " !
max

,
_
,
_
k k
p
e
r
T T
The heat input and heat output are
k<=kg 5 . 8:% 9 # 8 . 81: 9#!1:% k<=kg $!".008 # ! $
max in

e p
T T c q
k<=kg & . $:; 9 # $1% 9#!&$0.8 k<=kg $!".008 # ! $
min out
T T c q
c p
!"3.%
5 . 8:%
& . $:;
" "
in
out
th
q
q
T12// S!&g/*0
The pressure ratio across each stage is
8$0 . $ ";
% = "

p
r
The temperatures at the end of compression and expansion are
9 8 . %;1 9#!$.8$0# $1% !
0.&=".& = # " !
min

k k
p c
r T T
9 & . ;:0
$.8$0
"
9# 1:% !
"
0.&=".&
= # " !
max

,
_
,
_
k k
p
e
r
T T
The heat input and heat output are
k<=kg 1 . ;"0 9 # & . ;:0 9#!1:% k<=kg %!".008 # ! %
max in

e p
T T c q
k<=kg 1 . $8: 9 # $1% 9#!%;1.8 k<=kg !".008 % # ! %
min out
T T c q
c p
!"3$%
1 . ;"0
1 . $8:
" "
in
out
th
q
q
5."81
s
T
%
&
"
;
1:% 9
$1% 9
5
:
1
$
8
"0
s
T
%
&
"
5
1
$
8
"0
""
"
;
:
"$
"
"%
"
"&
"
9-185E + pure jet engine operating on an ideal cycle is considered. The thrust force produced per unit
mass flow rate is to be determined.
%
=lbmB !Table +."(#- cp @ 0.$&
B 0 . 5"1 B#!5# &50 !
0.&=".& = # " !
" $

k k
p
r T T
B $ . ;"5
5
"
B# "";0 !
"
0.&=".&
= # " !
% 8

,
_
,
_
k k
p
r
T T
The work input to the compressor is

7tu=lbm : . "0$ &50#B . B#!5"1.0 7tu=lbm $& . 0 ! # !
" $ C
T T c w
p
+n energy balance gives the excess enthalpy to be
7tu=lbm 05 . $:
7tu=lbm "0$.: #B $ . ;"5 B#!"";0 7tu=lbm $& . 0 !
# !
C 8 %

w T T c h
p
The velocity of the air at the engine exit is determined from
$
$
inlet
$
exit
V V
h

Bearranging,
( )
ft=s ";:$
# ft=s "$00 !
7tu=lbm "
=s ft $8,0%:
7tu=lbm# 05 . $: ! $
$
$ = "
$
$ $
$ = "
$
inlet exit
1
1
]
1
,
_
+ V h V
The specific impulse is then
)s 1$/ "$00 ";:$
inlet exit
V V
m
&
5."85
s
T
"
$
&
%
q
in
8
q
out
9-186 + simple ideal 7rayton cycle with air as the working fluid operates between the specified
temperature limit. The net work is to be determined using constant and variable specific heats.
9inetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis !a# Constant specific heats
9 1 . 85" 9#!"8# $:% !
0.&=".& = # " !
" $

k k
p
r T T
9 : . &0$
"8
"
9# 1:% !
"
0.&=".&
= # " !
% &

,
_
,
_
k k
p
r
T T
'()'* .3/"0
+
+

9 # 1 . 85" $:% : . &0$ 1:% #! 9 k<=kg ".008 !
# !
# ! # !
$ " & %
" $ & %
comp turb net
T T T T c
T T c T T c
w w w
p
p p
!b# Jariable specific heats !using air properties from Table +.":#
5510 . 0
k<=kg "$ . $:%
9 $:%
"
"
"

r
P
h
T
k<=kg ;5 . 85$ 5: . "& # 5510 . 0 #! "8 !
$ "
"
$
$
h P
P
P
P
r r
k<=kg 81 . &"5 &;" . & # 5$ . ;; !
"8
"
5$ . ;;
k<=kg :; . 50$
9 1:%
& %
%
&
&
%
%
%

,
_

h P
P
P
P
P
h
T
r r
r
'()'* .#0"#

# "$ . $:% ;5 . 85$ ! # 81 . &"5 :; . 50$ !
# ! # !
" $ & %
comp turb net
h h h h
w w w
5.";0
s
T
"
$
&
%
q
in
q
out
1:% 9
$:%
9-187 +n Ftto cycle with a compression ratio of 1 is considered. The thermal efficiency is to be
determined using constant and variable specific heats.
negligible.
%
=kgA9, cp @ ".008 k<=kgA9, cv
@ 0.:"1 k<=kgA9, and k @ ".& !Table +.$a#.
!"3#1$
" ".& "
th
1
"
"
"
"
k
r
5 . :"1
k<=kg 5 . $0"
9 $1%
"
"
"

r
u
T
v
k<=kg :; . &;% 1; . 15 # 5 . :"1 !
1
" "
$ $ $
"
$
$
u
r
r r r
v v
v
v
v
k<=kg &&8.;% :; . &;% %5 . 505
8$5 . "8
k<=kg %5 . 505
9 "":%
$ %
%
%
%

u u q
u
T
in
r
v
k<=kg 0; . &01 $ . "$& # 8$5 . "8 #! 1 !
& % %
%
&
&
u r
r r r
v v
v
v
v
k<=kg "; . $0; 5 . $0" 0; . &01
" & out
u u q
!"30$1
k<=kg &&8.;%
k<=kg $0;.";
" "
in
out
th
q
q
5.";"
v
v
P
&
"
%
$
9-188 +n ideal diesel engine with air as the working fluid has a compression ratio of $$. The thermal
efficiency is to be determined using constant and variable specific heats.
0.$1: k<=kgA9, and k @ ".& !Table +.$a#.
9 : . 55" 9#!$$# $11 !
0.&
"
$
"
" $

,
_
k
T T
V
V
&18 . "
9 55".:
9 "&:%
$
%
$
%
$
$ $
%
% %

T
T
T
P
T
P
V
V V V
( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )( )
!"#9%

,
_

,
_
,
_
,
_

k<=kg &:%.:
k<=kg %%0.:
k<=kg : . %%0 0 . "8% : . &1%
k<=kg 0 . "8% 9 $11 80"." 9 k<=kg 0.:"1
k<=kg : . &1% 9 : . 55" "&:% 9 k<=kg ".008
9 " . 80"
$$
".&18
9# "&:% !
&18 . " &18 . "
in
out net,
th
out in out net,
" & " & out
$ % $ % in
0.& "
%
"
&
$
%
"
&
%
% &
q
w
q q w
T T c u u q
T T c h h q
r
T T T T
p
k
k k
v
V
V
V
V
" . ;11
k<=kg &1 . $08
9 $11
"
"
"

r
u
T
v
k<=kg :% . 5;8
9 $ . 5$5
$1 . %" # " . ;11 !
$$
" "
$
$
" "
"
$
$

h
T
r
r r r
v v
v
v
v
818 . "
9 5$5.$
9 "&:%
$
%
$
%
$
$ $
%
% %

T
T
T
P
T
P
v
v v v
k<=kg ; . ;%: :% . 5;8 %% . ";0%
818 . :
k<=kg %% . ";0%
9 "&:%
$ % in
%
%
%

h h q
h
T
r
v

k<=kg ;" . &%8 % . "08 # 818 . : !
818 . "
$$
818 . " 818 . "
& % %
$
&
%
%
&
&
u
r
r r r r
v v
v
v
v
v
v
v
k<=kg $%0."% &1 . $08 ;" . &%8
" & out
u u q
Then
!"#09
k<=kg ;%:.;
k<=kg $%0."%
" "
in
out
th
q
q
5.";$
v
v
P
&
"
$ %
q
in
q
out
9-189 The electricity and the process heat re?uirements of a manufacturing facility are to be met by a
cogeneration plant consisting of a gas.turbine and a heat exchanger for steam production. The mass flow
rate of the air in the cycle, the back work ratio, the thermal efficiency, the rate at which steam is produced
in the heat exchanger, and the utiliGation efficiency of the cogeneration plant are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The air.standard
assumptions are applicable. 2
9inetic and potential energy
changes are negligible. 3 +ir is
an ideal gas with variable
specific heats.
Analysis !a# >or this problem,
we use the properties of air from
((, software. Bemember that
for an ideal gas, enthalpy is a
function of temperature only
whereas entropy is functions of
both temperature and pressure.
)rocess ".$ Compression
9 k<=kg :"85 . 8
k)a "00
C %0
k<=kg ;0 . %0% C %0
"
"
"
" "

s
P
T
h T
k<=kg %: . ;":
k<=kg.9 :"85 . 8
k)a "$00
$
" $
$
s
h
s s
P
k<=kg $& . ;1;
;0 . %0%
;0 . %0% %: . ;":
1$ . 0
$
$ " $
" $
C

h
h h h
h h
s
)rocess %.& (xpansion

k<=kg ;$ . :5$ C 800
& &
h T
s s
h h
h
h h
h h
& %
%
& %
& %
T
;$ . :5$
1$ . 0

De cannot find the enthalpy at state % directly. 3owever, using the following lines in ((, together with
the isentropic efficiency relation, we find h% @ "&0&.: k<=kg, T% @ "0%&KC, s% @ ;.8;55 k<=kg.9. The
solution by hand would re?uire a trial.error approach.
4.3=ent4a3py2ir! T=T.3"
s.3=entropy2ir! T=T.3! P=P.2"
4.4s=ent4a3py2ir! P=P.1! s=s.3"
+lso,
k<=kg && . ;%" C %80
8 8
h T
The inlet water is compressed li?uid at $8KC and at the saturation pressure of steam at $00KC !"888 k)a#.
This is not available in the tables but we can obtain it in ((,. The alternative is to use saturated li?uid
enthalpy at the given temperature.
5.";%
"
Combustion
chamber
Turbine
$
%
&
Compress
.
"00 k)a
%0LC
800LC
".$ ')a
%80LC $8LC
,at. vap.
$00LC
3eat
exchange
r
8
k<=kg 0 . $:5$
"
C $00
k<=kg $: . "0;
k)a "888
C $8
$
$
$
"
"
"

w
w
w
w
h
$
T
h
P
T
The net work output is
k<=kg 0% . ;"$ ;$ . :5$ : . "&0&
k<=kg ;& . %1$ ;0 . %0% $& . ;1;
& % out T,
" $ in C,

h h w
h h w
k<=kg %5 . $$5 ;& . %1$ 0% . ;"$
in C, out T, net
w w w
The mass flow rate of air is
'*)s 0"1%$
k<=kg %5 . $$5
k<=s 100
net
net
w
W
m
a

!b# The back work ratio is

!"#/3
0% . ;"$
;& . %1$
out T,
in C,
bw
w
w
r
The rate of heat input and the thermal efficiency are
kD $808 #k<=kg $& . ;1; .: kg=s#!"&0& &1: . % ! # !
$ % in
h h m Q
a
!"0.9
kD $808
kD 100
in
net
th
Q
W
!c# +n energy balance on the heat exchanger gives

'*)s !"/!90

w w
w w w a
m m
h h m h h m

#k<=kg $: . "0; !$:5$.0 #k<=kg && . ;%" ;$ kg=s#!:5$. &1: . % !
# ! # !
" $ 8 &
!d# The heat supplied to the water in the heat exchanger !process heat# and the utiliGation efficiency are
kD " . 8;$ #k<=kg $: . "0; .0 kg=s#!$:5$ $05% . 0 ! # !
" $ p

w w w
h h m Q
!"311
+
kD $808
" . 8;$ 100
in
p net
Q
Q W
u

5.";&
9-190 + turbojet aircraft flying is considered. The pressure of the gases at the turbine exit, the mass flow
rate of the air through the compressor, the velocity of the gases at the noGGle exit, the propulsive power,
and the propulsive efficiency of the cycle are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The air.standard assumptions are applicable. 2 )otential energy changes are negligible. 3
+ir is an ideal gas with variable specific heats.
Analysis !a# >or this problem, we use the properties from ((,
software. Bemember that for an ideal gas, enthalpy is a function of
temperature only whereas entropy is functions of both temperature
and pressure.
*iffuser- Pr(cess 2-34
k<=kg $% . $%1 C %8
" "
h T

k<=kg %: . $;5
=s m "000
k<=kg "
$
m=s# !"8
=s m "000
k<=kg "
$
m=s# !500=%.;
k<=kg# $% . $%1 !
$ $
$
$ $
$
$
$ $
$
$
$
$
$
"
"

,
_
+
,
_
+
+ +
h h
V
h
V
h
9 k<=kg :58" . 8
k)a 80
k<=kg %: . $;5
$
$
$

s
P
h
)(mpress(r- Pr(cess 3-54
k<=kg "5 . 808
k<=kg.9 :58" . 8
k)a &80
%
$ %
%
s
h
s s
P
k<=kg 80 . 88%
%: . $;5
%: . $;5 "5 . 808
1% . 0
%
% $ %
$ %
C

h
h h h
h h
s
Turbine- Pr(cess 5-64

k<=kg 1 . "%0& C 580
& &
h T
k<=kg ; . "0$0 1 . "%0& %: . $;5 80 . 88%
8 8 8 & $ %
h h h h h h
where the mass flow rates through the compressor and the turbine are assumed e?ual.
k<=kg &8 . 5;$
1 . "%0&
; . "0$0 1 . "%0&
1% . 0
8
8 8 &
8 &
T

s
s s
h
h h h
h h
9 k<=kg ::$8 . ;
k)a &80
C 580
&
&
&

s
P
T
'Pa .1$"1
8
& 8
8
9 k<=kg ::$8 . ;
k<=kg &8 . 5;$
P
s s
h
s
!b# The mass flow rate of the air through the compressor is
'*)s ."$#!
k<=kg # %: . $;5 80 . 88% !

k<=s 800
$ %
C
h h
W
m

!c# #(//'e- Pr(cess 7-84

5.";8
s
T
"
$
&
%
q
in
8
q
out
;
9 k<=kg 1%%; . ;
k)a & . "&:
k<=kg ; . "0$0
8
8
8

s
P
h
k<=kg ;; . :05
k<=kg.9 1%%; . ;
k)a &0
;
8 ;
;
s
h
s s
P
k<=kg 8$ . :;$
;; . :05 ; . "0$0
; . "0$0
1% . 0
;
;
; 8
; 8
I

h
h
h h
h h
s
)s $.%"3
,
_
+ +
+ +
;
$ $
$
;
$
;
;
$
8
8
=s m "000
k<=kg "
$
k<=kg 8$ . :;$ 0 k<=kg# ; . "0$0 !
$ $
V
V
V
h
V
h
where the velocity at noGGle inlet is assumed Gero.
!d# The propulsive power and the propulsive efficiency are
'W /!#".
,
_

$ $
" " ;
=s m "000
k<=kg "
m=s# $80 #! m=s $80 m=s 8 . :"1 ! kg=s# :; . " ! # ! V V V m W
p

kD "%$$ k<=kg # 80 . 88% 1 . "%0& ! kg=s# :; . " ! # !

% & in
h h m Q
!".3#
kD "%$$
kD " . $0;
in
Q
W
p
p

5.";;
9-191 EES The effects of compression ratio on the net work output and the thermal efficiency of the Ftto
cycle for given operating conditions is to be investigated.
"Input Data"
T[1]=300 [K]
P[1]=100 [kPa]
T[3] = 2000 [K]
r.comp = 12
s[2]=s[1]
P[2]#$[2]%T[2]=P[1]#$[1]%T[1]
P[1]#$[1]=&#T[1]
&=0'28( [k)%k*-K]
F[2] = F[1]% r.comp
-.12 - /.12 = D01T2u.12
$[3]=$[2]
P[3]#$[3]=&#T[3]
-.23 - /.23 = D01T2u.23
s[4]=s[3]
P[4]#$[4]=&#T[4]
-.34 -/.34 = D01T2u.34
F[4] = F[1]
-.41 - /.41 = D01T2u.41
-.in.tota3=-.23
-.out.tota3 = --.41
/.net = /.12:/.23:/.34:/.41
0ta.t4=/.net%-.in.tota3#+on$ert! S" "T4erma3 e,,iciency! in percent"
5.";:
t4
[S]
rcomp /net
[k)%k*]
4<'83 > <>('4
48'>( ( <8='3
<1'03 8 >04'=
<3'02 = >1>'2
<4'(4 10 >24'3
<>'24 11 >30
<('<( 12 >33'8
<8'(< 13 >3>'3
<='83 14 >3('<
>0'8 1< >3('=
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
560
570
580
590
600
610
620
630
640
r
cop
5
n
e
t

&
'
(
)
'
*
,

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
45
48.5
52
55.5
59
62.5
r
cop
t
h

&
8
,

5.";1
9-192 The effects of pressure ratio on the net work output and the thermal efficiency of a simple 7rayton
cycle is to be investigated. The pressure ratios at which the net work output and the thermal efficiency are
maximum are to be determined.
P.ratio = 8
T[1] = 300 [K]
P[1]= 100 [kPa]
T[3] = 1800 [K]
m.5ot = 1 [k*%s]
0ta.c = 100%100
0ta.t = 100%100
"In3et con5itions"
4[1]=0DTC21PI2ir!T=T[1]"
compressor e8it"
4.s[2]=0DTC21PI2ir!T=T.s[2]"
4[3]=0DTC21PI2ir!T=T[3]"
"TurLine ana3ysis"
P.ratio= P[3] %P[4]
turLine e8it"
0ta.t=4[3]-4[4]"%4[3]-4.s[4]"
"+yc3e ana3ysis"
5.";5
5.":0
N/r Pratio ;c
[k;]
;net
[k;]
;t
[k;]
?in
[k;]
0'2<4 0'3383 < 1(<'8 <1>'3 >=2'1 1<2>
0'2>>< 0'3>8= > 201'2 <<3'( (<4'= 1<01
0'2((> 0'3=38 ( 223'( <82'2 80<'= 14(8
0'28(> 0'414> 8 244'1 >04'< 848'< 14<8
0'2=>8 0'4324 = 2>2'> >22'4 88< 143=
0'30<2 0'44(8 10 2(='( >3( =1>'( 1422
0'313 0'4>1< 11 2=<'( >4= =44'( 140>
0'3203 0'4(3> 12 310'> ><='1 =>='> 13=2
0'32(2 0'484> 13 324'> >>('< ==2'1 13(8
0'333( 0'4=4< 14 33('8 >(4'( 1013 13>4
0'33=8 0'<03> 1< 3<0'4 >80'8 1031 13<2
0'34<( 0'<12 1> 3>2'4 >8<'= 1048 1340
0'3<13 0'<1=( 1( 3(3'= >=0'3 10>4 1328
0'3<>( 0'<2>= 18 384'8 >=4'1 10(= 131(
0'3>18 0'<33> 1= 3=<'4 >=('3 10=3 130(
0'3>>8 0'<3== 20 40<'< (00 110> 12=(
0'3(1> 0'<4<8 21 41<'3 (02'3 1118 128(
0'3(>2 0'<<13 22 424'( (04'3 112= 12((
0'380> 0'<<>> 23 433'8 (0<'= 1140 12>8
0'38< 0'<>1< 24 442'( (0('2 11<0 12<=
0'38=2 0'<>>3 2< 4<1'2 (08'3 11>0 12<1
0'3=32 0'<(0( 2> 4<='> (0='2 11>= 1243
0'3=(2 0'<(< 2( 4>('( (0='8 11(( 1234
0'401 0'<(=1 28 4(<'< (10'3 118> 122(
0'4048 0'<83 2= 483'2 (10'> 11=4 121=
0'4084 0'<8>( 30 4=0'( (10'( 1201 1211
0'412 0'<=03 31 4=8 (10'8 120= 1204
0'41<< 0'<=3( 32 <0<'1 (10'( 121> 11=(
0'418= 0'<=( 33 <12'1 (10'4 1223 11=0
0'4222 0'>002 34 <18'= (10'1 122= 1183
5 10 15 20 25 30 35
500
525
550
575
600
625
650
675
700
725
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.65
P
ratio
W
n
e
t

&
'
W
,

t
h

5.":"
9-193 EES The effects of pressure ratio on the net work output and the thermal efficiency of a simple
7rayton cycle is to be investigated assuming adiabatic efficiencies of 18 percent for both the turbine
and the compressor. The pressure ratios at which the net work output and the thermal efficiency are
maximum are to be determined.
P.ratio = 8
T[1] = 300 [K]
P[1]= 100 [kPa]
T[3] = 1800 [K]
m.5ot = 1 [k*%s]
0ta.c = 8<%100
0ta.t = 8<%100
"In3et con5itions"
4[1]=0DTC21PI2ir!T=T[1]"
compressor e8it"
4.s[2]=0DTC21PI2ir!T=T.s[2]"
4[3]=0DTC21PI2ir!T=T[3]"
"TurLine ana3ysis"
P.ratio= P[3] %P[4]
turLine e8it"
0ta.t=4[3]-4[4]"%4[3]-4.s[4]"
"+yc3e ana3ysis"
5.":$
5.":%
N/r Pratio ;c
[k;]
;net
[k;]
;t
[k;]
?in
[k;]
0'3<1< 0'2<<1 < 20>'8 381'< <88'3 14=<
0'3>8= 0'2(>4 > 23>'( 40< >41'( 14><
0'3843 0'2=31 ( 2>3'2 421'8 >8< 143=
0'3=81 0'30>8 8 28('1 434'1 (21'3 141<
0'410( 0'3182 = 30= 443'3 (<2'2 13=3
0'4224 0'32(8 10 32='1 4<0'1 ((='2 13(3
0'4332 0'33>1 11 34('8 4<<'1 803 13<4
0'4433 0'3432 12 3><'4 4<8'8 824'2 133(
0'4<28 0'34=< 13 381'= 4>1'4 843'3 1320
0'4>18 0'3<< 14 3=('< 4>3'2 8>0'> 130<
0'4(04 0'3<== 1< 412'3 4>4'2 8(>'< 12=0
0'4(8< 0'3>43 1> 42>'4 4>4'( 8=1'1 12(>
0'48>2 0'3>82 1( 43='8 4>4'( =04'> 12>2
0'4=3( 0'3(1( 18 4<2'( 4>4'4 =1('1 124=
0'<008 0'3(48 1= 4><'1 4>3'> =28'8 123(
0'<0(( 0'3((( 20 4(('1 4>2'> =3='( 122<
0'<143 0'3802 21 488'> 4>1'4 =<0 1214
0'<20( 0'382< 22 4=='( 4>0 =<='> 1202
0'<2>8 0'384> 23 <10'4 4<8'4 =>8'8 11=2
0'<328 0'38>< 24 <20'8 4<>'> =(('4 1181

3 9 .0 .$ /. /3
0%!
09!
1!!
1.!
1/!
10!
11!
13!
1#!
1$!
!"/1
!"/#
!"/%
!"0
!"0/
!"01
!"0#
!"0%
!"1
P
ratio
W
n
e
t

&
'
W
,

t
h
P
ratio
?or
W
net,a>
W
net

th

5.":&
9-194 EES The effects of pressure ratio, maximum cycle temperature, and compressor and turbine
inefficiencies on the net work output per unit mass and the thermal efficiency of a simple 7rayton cycle
with air as the working fluid is to be investigated. Constant specific heats at room temperature are to be
used.
Proce5ure +onstProp&esu3tT[1]!P[1]!r.comp!T[3]@0ta.t4.+onstProp!0ta.t4.easy"
"Aor 2ir@"
+.F = 0'(18 [k)%k*-K]
k = 1'4
T2 = T[1]#r.compGk-1"
P2 = P[1]#r.compGk
-.in.23 = +.F#T[3]-T2"
T4 = T[3]#1%r.comp"Gk-1"
-.out.41 = +.F#T4-T[1]"
0ta.t4.+onstProp = 1--.out.41%-.in.23"#+on$ert! S" "[S]"
"T4e 0asy ;ay to ca3cu3ate t4e constant property Jtto cyc3e e,,iciency is@"
0ta.t4.easy = 1 - 1%r.compGk-1""#+on$ert! S" "[S]"
0DD
"Input Data"
T[1]=300 [K]
P[1]=100 [kPa]
6T[3] = 1000 [K]7
r.comp = 12
s[2]=s[1]
P[2]#$[2]%T[2]=P[1]#$[1]%T[1]
P[1]#$[1]=&#T[1]
&=0'28( [k)%k*-K]
F[2] = F[1]% r.comp
-.12 - /.12 = D01T2u.12
$[3]=$[2]
P[3]#$[3]=&#T[3]
-.23 - /.23 = D01T2u.23
s[4]=s[3]
P[4]#$[4]=&#T[4]
-.34 -/.34 = D01T2u.34
5.":8
F[4] = F[1]
-.41 - /.41 = D01T2u.41
-.in.tota3=-.23
-.out.tota3 = --.41
/.net = /.12:/.23:/.34:/.41
0ta.t4=/.net%-.in.tota3#+on$ert! S" "T4erma3 e,,iciency! in percent"
+a33 +onstProp&esu3tT[1]!P[1]!r.comp!T[3]@0ta.t4.+onstProp!0ta.t4.easy"
Per+ent0rror = 2NE0ta.t4 - 0ta.t4.+onstProp"%0ta.t4#+on$ert! S" "[S]"
Per+ent0rro
r [S]
rcomp t4
[S]
t4!+onstProp
[S]
t4!easy
[S]
T3
[K]
3'>04 12 >0'8 >2'== >2'== 1000
>'>81 12 <='04 >2'== >2'== 1<00
='421 12 <('<( >2'== >2'== 2000
11'>4 12 <>'42 >2'== >2'== 2<00
5.":;
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
r
cop
P
e
r
C
e
n
t
E
r
r
o
r

&
8
,
Percent Error = C
th
-
th,ConstProp
C )
th
-
a>
= .!!! +

1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600
4
6.2
8.4
10.6
12.8
15
-&0, &+,
P
e
r
C
e
n
t
E
r
r
o
r

&
8
,
r
cop
= #
=./

5."::
efficiencies on the net work output per unit mass and the thermal efficiency of a simple 7rayton cycle
with air as the working fluid is to be investigated. Jariable specific heats are to be used.
6P.ratio = 87
6T[1] = 300 [K]
P[1]= 100 [kPa]
T[3] = 800 [K]
m.5ot = 1 [k*%s]
0ta.c = (<%100
0ta.t = 82%1007
"In3et con5itions"
4[1]=0DTC21PI2ir!T=T[1]"
compressor e8it"
4.s[2]=0DTC21PI2ir!T=T.s[2]"
4[3]=0DTC21PI2ir!T=T[3]"
"TurLine ana3ysis"
P.ratio= P[3] %P[4]
turLine e8it"
0ta.t=4[3]-4[4]"%4[3]-4.s[4]"
"+yc3e ana3ysis"
5.":1
5.":5
N/r Pratio ;c
[k;]
;net
[k;]
;t
[k;]
?in
[k;]
0'<22= 0'1 2 1818 1><= 34(( 1><8(
0'>30< 0'1>44 4 4033 23>4 >3=> 143(3
0'(038 0'1814 > <<43 2333 (8(> 128>2
0'(>11 0'180> 8 >(23 2110 8833 11>82
0'8088 0'1(02 10 ((0< 1822 =<2( 10(00
0'8< 0'1<33 12 8<<3 1<10 100>3 =8<2
0'88>4 0'131 14 =304 11=2 104=> =102
0'=1=2 0'1041 1> ==80 8(('2 108<( 842>
0'=4=1 0'0(2(2 18 10<=> <>('= 111>4 (80=
0'=(>( 0'03>(< 20 111>< 2>>'1 11431 (241
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
0
500
1000
1500
s &'()'*-+,
-

&
+
,
100 kPa
800 kPa
.
/
s
/
0
1
1
s
Air Standard 6rayton Cycle
a>
= ..#!+

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
P
ratio
C
y
c
l
e

e
?
?
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
,

W
n
e
t

&
'
W
,
W
net
-
a>
=..#! +
@ote P
ratio
?or a>iu 5or' and
c
= !"$3
t
= !"%/

5."10
efficiencies on the net work output per unit mass and the thermal efficiency of a simple 7rayton cycle
with helium as the working fluid is to be investigated.
Aunction 4Aunc;orkA3ui5R!T!P"
"T4e 00E ,unctions teat 4e3ium as a rea3 *asM t4us! T an5 P are nee5e5 ,or 4e3iumOs
ent4a3py'"
IA ;orkA3ui5R = O2irO t4en 4Aunc@=ent4a3py2ir!T=T" 01E0
4Aunc@ = ent4a3pyCe3ium!T=T!P=P"
en5i,
0DD
Proce5ure 0ta+4eck0ta.t4@0ta0rrorR"
I, 0ta.t4 T 0 t4en 0ta0rrorR = O;4y are t4e net /ork 5one an5 e,,iciency T 0UO 03se
0ta0rrorR = OO
0DD
6P.ratio = 87
6T[1] = 300 [K]
P[1]= 100 [kPa]
T[3] = 800 [K]
m.5ot = 1 [k*%s]
0ta.c = 0'8
0ta.t = 0'8
;orkA3ui5R = OCe3iumO7
"In3et con5itions"
4[1]=4Aunc;orkA3ui5R!T[1]!P[1]"
s[1]=0DT&JPI;orkA3ui5R!T=T[1]!P=P[1]"
T.s[2]=T0HP0&2TK&0;orkA3ui5R!s=s.s[2]!P=P[2]" "T.s[2] is t4e isentropic $a3ue o,
T[2] at compressor e8it"
4.s[2]=4Aunc;orkA3ui5R!T.s[2]!P[2]"
4[3]=4Aunc;orkA3ui5R!T[3]!P[3]"
"TurLine ana3ysis"
s[3]=0DT&JPI;orkA3ui5R!T=T[3]!P=P[3]"
P.ratio= P[3] %P[4]
T.s[4]=T0HP0&2TK&0;orkA3ui5R!s=s.s[4]!P=P[4]" "Ts[4] is t4e isentropic $a3ue o,
T[4] at turLine e8it"
4.s[4]=4Aunc;orkA3ui5R!T.s[4]!P[4]" "0ta.t = ;.5ot.t %;ts.5ot turLine a5iaLatic
0ta.t=4[3]-4[4]"%4[3]-4.s[4]"
5."1"
"+yc3e ana3ysis"
0ta.t4=;.5ot.net%?.5ot.in"+yc3e t4erma3 e,,iciency"
+a33 0ta+4eck0ta.t4@0ta0rrorR"
N/r Pratio ;c
[k;]
;net
[k;]
;t
[k;]
?in
[k;]
0'<22= 0'1 2 1818 1><= 34(( 1><8(
0'>30< 0'1>44 4 4033 23>4 >3=> 143(3
0'(038 0'1814 > <<43 2333 (8(> 128>2
0'(>11 0'180> 8 >(23 2110 8833 11>82
0'8088 0'1(02 10 ((0< 1822 =<2( 10(00
0'8< 0'1<33 12 8<<3 1<10 100>3 =8<2
0'88>4 0'131 14 =304 11=2 104=> =102
0'=1=2 0'1041 1> ==80 8(('2 108<( 842>
0'=4=1 0'0(2(2 18 10<=> <>('= 111>4 (80=
0'=(>( 0'03>(< 20 111>< 2>>'1 11431 (241
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
0
500
1000
1500
s &'()'*-+,
-

&
+
,
100 kPa
800 kPa
.
/
s
/
0
1
1
s
6rayton Cycle
a>
= ..#!+

5."1$
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
P
ratio
C
y
c
l
e

e
?
?
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
,

W
n
e
t

&
'
W
,
W
net
-
a>
=..#! +
@ote P
ratio
?or a>iu 5or' and
c
= !"$3
t
= !"%/
6rayton Cycle usin* Air

air
= /! '*)s

5."1%
9-197 EES The effect of the number of compression and expansion stages on the thermal efficiency
of an ideal regenerative 7rayton cycle with multistage compression and expansion and air as the
working fluid is to be investigated.
"Input 5ata ,or air"
+.P = 1'00< [k)%k*-K]
k = 1'4
"Dsta*es is t4e numLer o, compression an5 e8pansion sta*es"
Dsta*es = 1
T.> = 1200 [K]
Pratio = 12
T.1 = 300 [K]
P.1= 100 [kPa]
0ta.re* = 1'0 "re*enerator e,,ecti$eness"
0ta.c =1'0 "+ompressor isentorpic e,,iciency"
0ta.t =1'0 "TurLine isentropic e,,iciency"
&.p = PratioG1%Dsta*es"
T.2s = T.1#&.pGk-1"%k"
P.2 = &.p#P.1
"T.2s is t4e isentropic $a3ue o, T.2 at compressor e8it"
0ta.c = /.compisen%/.comp
/.compisen = +.P#T.2s-T.1"
/.comp = +.P#T.2 - T.1"
"Eince intercoo3in* is assume5 to occur suc4 t4at T.3 = T.1 an5 t4e compressors
4a$e t4e same pressure ratio! t4e /ork input to eac4 compressor is t4e same' T4e
tota3 compressor /ork is@"
/.comp.tota3 = Dsta*es#/.comp
"T4e 4eat a55e5 in t4e e8terna3 4eat e8c4an*er : t4e re4eat Let/een turLines is"
-.in.tota3 = +.P#T.> - T.<" :Dsta*es - 1"#+.P#T.8 - T.("
"&e4eat is assume5 to occur unti3@"
T.8 = T.>
"TurLine ana3ysis"
P.( = P.> %&.p
"T.(s is t4e isentropic $a3ue o, T.( at turLine e8it"
T.(s = T.>#1%&.p"Gk-1"%k"
"TurLine a5iaLatic e,,iciency! /.turLisen B /.turL"
0ta.t = /.turL %/.turLisen
/.turLisen = +.P#T.> - T.(s"
/.turL = +.P#T.> - T.("
5."1&
/.turL.tota3 = Dsta*es#/.turL
"+yc3e ana3ysis"
/.net=/.turL.tota3-/.comp.tota3 "[k)%k*]"
N/r=/.comp%/.turL "Nack /ork ratio"
P.4=P.2
P.<=P.4
P.>=P.<
T.4 = T.2
"T4e re*enerator e,,ecti$eness *i$es T.< as@"
0ta.re* = T.< - T.4"%T.= - T.4"
T.= = T.(
"0ner*y La3ance on re*enerator *i$es T.10 as@"
T.4 : T.==T.< : T.10
0ta.t4.re*enerati$e=/.net%-.in.tota3#+on$ert! S" "[S]"
"T4e e,,iciency o, t4e 0ricsson cyc3e is t4e same as t4e +arnot cyc3e operatin*
Let/een t4e same ma8 an5 min temperatures! T.> an5 T.1 ,or t4is proL3em'"
0ta.t4.0ricsson = 1 - T.1%T.>"#+on$ert! S" "[S]"
t4!0ricksson
[S]
t4!&e*enerati$e
[S]
Dsta*es
(< 4='1< 1
(< >4'3< 2
(< >8'32 3
(< (0'14 4
(< (2'33 (
(< (3'(= 1<
(< (4'0< 1=
(< (4'18 22
! / 1 # % .! ./ .1 .# .% /! // /1
1!
3!
#!
$!
%!
@sta*es
t
h

&
8
,
Ericsson
Ideal Re*enerati2e 6rayton

5."18
9-198 EES The effect of the number of compression and expansion stages on the thermal efficiency
of an ideal regenerative 7rayton cycle with multistage compression and expansion and helium as the
working fluid is to be investigated.
"Input 5ata ,or Ce3ium"
+.P = <'1=2> [k)%k*-K]
k = 1'>>(
"Dsta*es is t4e numLer o, compression an5 e8pansion sta*es"
6Dsta*es = 17
T.> = 1200 [K]
Pratio = 12
T.1 = 300 [K]
P.1= 100 [kPa]
0ta.re* = 1'0 "re*enerator e,,ecti$eness"
0ta.c =1'0 "+ompressor isentorpic e,,iciency"
0ta.t =1'0 "TurLine isentropic e,,iciency"
&.p = PratioG1%Dsta*es"
T.2s = T.1#&.pGk-1"%k"
P.2 = &.p#P.1
"T.2s is t4e isentropic $a3ue o, T.2 at compressor e8it"
0ta.c = /.compisen%/.comp
/.compisen = +.P#T.2s-T.1"
/.comp = +.P#T.2 - T.1"
"Eince intercoo3in* is assume5 to occur suc4 t4at T.3 = T.1 an5 t4e compressors
4a$e t4e same pressure ratio! t4e /ork input to eac4 compressor is t4e same' T4e
tota3 compressor /ork is@"
/.comp.tota3 = Dsta*es#/.comp
"T4e 4eat a55e5 in t4e e8terna3 4eat e8c4an*er : t4e re4eat Let/een turLines is"
-.in.tota3 = +.P#T.> - T.<" :Dsta*es - 1"#+.P#T.8 - T.("
"&e4eat is assume5 to occur unti3@"
T.8 = T.>
"TurLine ana3ysis"
P.( = P.> %&.p
"T.(s is t4e isentropic $a3ue o, T.( at turLine e8it"
T.(s = T.>#1%&.p"Gk-1"%k"
"TurLine a5iaLatic e,,iciency! /.turLisen B /.turL"
0ta.t = /.turL %/.turLisen
/.turLisen = +.P#T.> - T.(s"
5."1;
/.turL = +.P#T.> - T.("
/.turL.tota3 = Dsta*es#/.turL
"+yc3e ana3ysis"
/.net=/.turL.tota3-/.comp.tota3
N/r=/.comp%/.turL "Nack /ork ratio"
P.4=P.2
P.<=P.4
P.>=P.<
T.4 = T.2
"T4e re*enerator e,,ecti$eness *i$es T.< as@"
0ta.re* = T.< - T.4"%T.= - T.4"
T.= = T.(
"0ner*y La3ance on re*enerator *i$es T.10 as@"
T.4 : T.==T.< : T.10
0ta.t4.re*enerati$e=/.net%-.in.tota3#+on$ert! S" "[S]"
"T4e e,,iciency o, t4e 0ricsson cyc3e is t4e same as t4e +arnot cyc3e operatin*
Let/een t4e same ma8 an5 min temperatures! T.> an5 T.1 ,or t4is proL3em'"
0ta.t4.0ricsson = 1 - T.1%T.>"#+on$ert! S" "[S]"
t4!0ricksson
[S]
t4!&e*enerati$e
[S]
Dsta*es
(< 32'43 1
(< <8'= 2
(< ><'18 3
(< >('=< 4
(< (1'18 (
(< (3'2= 1<
(< (3'>> 1=
(< (3'84 22
5."1:

! / 1 # % .! ./ .1 .# .% /! // /1
0!
1!
3!
#!
$!
%!
@sta*es
t
h

&
8
,
Ericsson
Ideal Re*enerati2e 6rayton

5."11
Bundaentals o? En*ineerin* ;BE< E>a Pro7les
9-199 +n Ftto cycle with air as the working fluid has a compression ratio of 1.$. Under cold air standard
conditions, the thermal efficiency of this cycle is
!a# $&C !b# &%C !c# 8$C !d# 8:C !e# :8C
%nswer !d# 8:C
S.#"!3.4 ,olved by ((, ,oftware. ,olutions can be verified by copying.and.pasting the following lines on
a blank ((, screen. !,imilar problems and their solutions can be obtained easily by modifying numerical
values#.
r=8'2
k=1'4
0ta.Jtto=1-1%rGk-1"

"Eome ;ron* Eo3utions /it4 +ommon Histakes@"
;1.0ta = 1%r "Takin* e,,iciency to Le 1%r"
;2.0ta = 1%rGk-1" "Ksin* incorrect re3ation"
;3.0ta = 1-1%rGk1-1"M k1=1'>>( "Ksin* /ron* k $a3ue"
9-200 >or specified limits for the maximum and minimum temperatures, the ideal cycle with the lowest
thermal efficiency is
!a# Carnot !b# ,tirling !c# (ricsson !d# Ftto !e# +ll are the same
%nswer !d# Ftto
9-201 + Carnot cycle operates between the temperatures limits of %00 9 and $000 9, and produces ;00
kD of net power. The rate of entropy change of the working fluid during the heat addition process is
!a# 0 !b# 0.%00 kD=9 !c# 0.%8% kD=9 !d# 0.$;" kD=9 !e# $.0 kD=9
%nswer !c# 0.%8% kD=9
values#.
T1=300 "K"
TC=2000 "K"
;net=>00 "k)%s"
;net= TC-T1"#DE
;1.DE = ;net%TC "Ksin* TC instea5 o, TC-T1"
;2.DE = ;net%T1 "Ksin* T1 instea5 o, TC-T1"
;3.DE = ;net%TC:T1" "Ksin* TC:T1 instea5 o, TC-T1"
5."15
9-202 +ir in an ideal 6iesel cycle is compressed from % 4 to 0."8 4, and then it expands during the
constant pressure heat addition process to 0.%0 4. Under cold air standard conditions, the thermal
efficiency of this cycle is
!a# %8C !b# &&C !c# ;8C !d# :0C !e# 1$C
%nswer !c# ;8C
values#.
F1=3 "1"
F2= 0'1< "1"
F3= 0'30 "1"
r=F1%F2
rc=F3%F2
k=1'4
0ta.Diese3=1-1%rGk-1""#rcGk-1"%k%rc-1"
;1.0ta = 1-1%r1Gk-1""#rcGk-1"%k%rc-1"M r1=F1%F3 ";ron* r $a3ue"
;2.0ta = 1-0ta.Diese3 "Ksin* incorrect re3ation"
;3.0ta = 1-1%rGk1-1""#rcGk1-1"%k1%rc-1"M k1=1'>>( "Ksin* /ron* k $a3ue"
;4.0ta = 1-1%rGk-1" "Ksin* Jtto cyc3e e,,iciency"
9-203 3elium gas in an ideal Ftto cycle is compressed from $0C and $.8 4 to 0.$8 4, and its temperature
increases by an additional :00C during the heat addition process. The temperature of helium before the
expansion process is
!a# ":50C !b# $0;0C !c# "$&0C !d# ;$0C !e# 1$0C
%nswer !a# ":50C
values#.
k=1'>>(
F1=2'<
F2=0'2<
r=F1%F2
T1=20:2(3 "K"
T2=T1#rGk-1"
T3=T2:(00-2(3 "+"
;1.T3 =T22:(00-2(3M T22=T1#rGk1-1"M k1=1'4 "Ksin* /ron* k $a3ue"
;2.T3 = T3:2(3 "Ksin* K instea5 o, +"
;3.T3 = T1:(00-2(3 "Disre*ar5in* temp rise 5urin* compression"
;4.T3 = T222:(00-2(3M T222=T1-2(3"#rGk-1" "Ksin* + ,or T1 instea5 o, K"
5."50
9-204 In an ideal Ftto cycle, air is compressed from ".$0 kg=m
%
and $.$ 4 to 0.$; 4, and the net work
output of the cycle is &&0 k<=kg. The mean effective pressure !'()# for this cycle is
!a# ;"$ k)a !b# 855 k)a !c# 8$1 k)a !d# &"; k)a !e# %;: k)a
%nswer !b# 855 k)a
values#.
r4o1=1'20 "k*%mG3"
k=1'4
F1=2'2
F2=0'2>
m=r4o1#F1%1000 "k*"
/.net=440 "k)%k*"
;tota3=m#/.net
H0P=;tota3%F1-F2"%1000"

;1.H0P = /.net%F1-F2"%1000" "Disre*ar5in* mass"
;2.H0P = ;tota3%F1%1000" "Ksin* F1 instea5 o, F1-F2"
;3.H0P = r4o1#F2%1000"#/.net%F1-F2"%1000"M "Ain5in* mass usin* F2 instea5 o,
F1"
;4.H0P = ;tota3%F1:F2"%1000" "255in* F1 an5 F2 instea5 o, suLtractin*"
9-205 In an ideal 7rayton cycle, air is compressed from 58 k)a and $8C to 100 k)a. Under cold air
standard conditions, the thermal efficiency of this cycle is
!a# &;C !b# 8&C !c# 8:C !d# %5C !e# ;"C
%nswer !a# &;C
values#.
P1==< "kPa"
P2=800 "kPa"
T1=2<:2(3 "K"
rp=P2%P1
k=1'4
0ta.Nrayton=1-1%rpGk-1"%k"
;1.0ta = 1%rp "Takin* e,,iciency to Le 1%rp"
;2.0ta = 1%rpGk-1"%k" "Ksin* incorrect re3ation"
;3.0ta = 1-1%rpGk1-1"%k1"M k1=1'>>( "Ksin* /ron* k $a3ue"
5."5"
9-206 Consider an ideal 7rayton cycle executed between the pressure limits of "$00 k)a and "00 k)a and
temperature limits of $0C and "000C with argon as the working fluid. The net work output of the cycle
is
!a# ;1 k<=kg !b# 5% k<=kg !c# "81 k<=kg !d# "1; k<=kg !e# %"0 k<=kg
%nswer !c# "81 k<=kg
values#.
P1=100 "kPa"
P2=1200 "kPa"
T1=20:2(3 "K"
T3=1000:2(3 "K"
rp=P2%P1
k=1'>>(
+p=0'<203 "k)%k*'K"
+$=0'3122 "k)%k*'K"
T2=T1#rpGk-1"%k"
-.in=+p#T3-T2"
0ta.Nrayton=1-1%rpGk-1"%k"
/.net=0ta.Nrayton#-.in
;1./net = 1-1%rpGk-1"%k""#-in1M -in1=+$#T3-T2" "Ksin* +$ instea5 o, +p"
;2./net = 1-1%rpGk-1"%k""#-in2M -in2=1'00<#T3-T2" "Ksin* +p o, air instea5 o,
ar*on"
;3./net = 1-1%rpGk1-1"%k1""#+p#T3-T22"M T22=T1#rpGk1-1"%k1"M k1=1'4
"Ksin* k o, air instea5 o, ar*on"
;4./net = 1-1%rpGk-1"%k""#+p#T3-T222"M T222=T1-2(3"#rpGk-1"%k" "Ksin* + ,or
T1 instea5 o, K"
9-207 +n ideal 7rayton cycle has a net work output of "80 k<=kg and a backwork ratio of 0.&. If both the
turbine and the compressor had an isentropic efficiency of 18C, the net work output of the cycle would be
!a# :& k<=kg !b# 58 k<=kg !c# "05 k<=kg !d# "$1 k<=kg !e# ":: k<=kg
%nswer !b# 58 k<=kg
values#.
/comp%/turL=0'4
/turL-/comp=1<0 "k)%k*"
0,,=0'8<
/.net=0,,#/turL-/comp%0,,
;1./net = 0,,#/turL-/comp#0,, "Hakin* a mistake in ;net re3ation"
;2./net = /turL-/comp"%0,, "Ksin* a /ron* re3ation"
;3./net = /turL%e,,-/comp#0,, "Ksin* a /ron* re3ation"
5."5$
9-208 In an ideal 7rayton cycle, air is compressed from "00 k)a and $8C to " ')a, and then heated to
"$00C before entering the turbine. Under cold air standard conditions, the air temperature at the turbine
exit is
!a# &50C !b# 8"8C !c# ;$$C !d# :;%C !e# 158C
%nswer !a# &50C
values#.
P1=100 "kPa"
P2=1000 "kPa"
T1=2<:2(3 "K"
T3=1200:2(3 "K"
rp=P2%P1
k=1'4
T4=T3#1%rp"Gk-1"%k"-2(3

;1.T4 = T3%rp "Ksin* /ron* re3ation"
;2.T4 = T3-2(3"%rp "Ksin* /ron* re3ation"
;3.T4 = T4:2(3 "Ksin* K instea5 o, +"
;4.T4 = T1:800-2(3 "Disre*ar5in* temp rise 5urin* compression"
5."5%
9-209 In an ideal 7rayton cycle with regeneration, argon gas is compressed from "00 k)a and $8C to &00
k)a, and then heated to "$00C before entering the turbine. The highest temperature that argon can be
heated in the regenerator is
!a# $&;C !b# 1&;C !c# ;15C !d# %;1C !e# 8:%C
%nswer !e# 8:%C
values#.
k=1'>>(
+p=0'<203 "k)%k*'K"
P1=100 "kPa"
P2=400 "kPa"
T1=2<:2(3 "K"
T3=1200:2(3 "K"
"T4e 4i*4est temperature t4at ar*on can Le 4eate5 in t4e re*enerator is t4e turLine
e8it temperature!"
rp=P2%P1
T2=T1#rpGk-1"%k"
T4=T3%rpGk-1"%k"-2(3

;1.T4 = T3%rp "Ksin* /ron* re3ation"
;2.T4 = T3-2(3"%rpGk-1"%k" "Ksin* + instea5 o, K ,or T3"
;3.T4 = T4:2(3 "Ksin* K instea5 o, +"
;4.T4 = T2-2(3 "Takin* compressor e8it temp as t4e ans/er"
5."5&
9-210 In an ideal 7rayton cycle with regeneration, air is compressed from 10 k)a and "0C to &00 k)a
and ":8C, is heated to &80C in the regenerator, and then further heated to "000C before entering the
turbine. Under cold air standard conditions, the effectiveness of the regenerator is
!a# %%C !b# &&C !c# ;$C !d# ::C !e# 15C
%nswer !d# ::C
values#.
k=1'4
+p=1'00< "k)%k*'K"
P1=80 "kPa"
P2=400 "kPa"
T1=10:2(3 "K"
T2=1(<:2(3 "K"
T3=1000:2(3 "K"
T<=4<0:2(3 "K"
"T4e 4i*4est temperature t4at t4e *as can Le 4eate5 in t4e re*enerator is t4e
turLine e8it temperature!"
rp=P2%P1
T2c4eck=T1#rpGk-1"%k" "+4eckin* t4e *i$en $a3ue o, T2' It c4ecks'"
T4=T3%rpGk-1"%k"
0,,ecti$e=T<-T2"%T4-T2"
;1.e,, = T<-T2"%T3-T2" "Ksin* /ron* re3ation"
;2.e,, = T<-T2"%T44-T2"M T44=T3-2(3"%rpGk-1"%k" "Ksin* + instea5 o, K ,or T3"
;3.e,, = T<-T2"%T444-T2"M T444=T3%rp "Ksin* /ron* re3ation ,or T4"
5."58
9-211 Consider a gas turbine that has a pressure ratio of ; and operates on the 7rayton cycle with
regeneration between the temperature limits of $0C and 500C. If the specific heat ratio of the working
fluid is ".%, the highest thermal efficiency this gas turbine can have is
!a# %1C !b# &;C !c# ;$C !d# 81C !e# 5:C
%nswer !c# ;$C
values#.
k=1'3
rp=>
T1=20:2(3 "K"
T3==00:2(3 "K"
0ta.re*en=1-T1%T3"#rpGk-1"%k"
;1.0ta = 1-T1-2(3"%T3-2(3""#rpGk-1"%k" "Ksin* + ,or temperatures instea5 o, K"
;2.0ta = T1%T3"#rpGk-1"%k" "Ksin* incorrect re3ation"
;3.0ta = 1-T1%T3"#rpGk1-1"%k1"M k1=1'4 "Ksin* /ron* k $a3ue t4e one ,or air""
9-212 +n ideal gas turbine cycle with many stages of compression and expansion and a regenerator of
"00 percent effectiveness has an overall pressure ratio of "0. +ir enters every stage of compressor at $50
9, and every stage of turbine at "$00 9. The thermal efficiency of this gas.turbine cycle is
!a# %;C !b# &0C !c# 8$C !d# ;&C !e# :;C
%nswer !e# :;C
values#.
k=1'4
rp=10
T1=2=0 "K"
T3=1200 "K"
0,,=1-T1%T3
;1.0ta = 100
;2.0ta = 1-1%rpGk-1"%k" "Ksin* incorrect re3ation"
;3.0ta = 1-T1%T3"#rpGk-1"%k" "Ksin* /ron* re3ation"
;4.0ta = T1%T3 "Ksin* /ron* re3ation"
5."5;
9-213 +ir enters a turbojet engine at $;0 m=s at a rate of %0 kg=s, and exits at 100 m=s relative to the
aircraft. The thrust developed by the engine is
!a# 1 kI !b# "; kI !c# $& kI !d# $0 kI !e# %$ kI
%nswer !b# "; kI
values#.
Fe31=2>0 "m%s"
Fe32=800 "m%s"
T4rust=m#Fe32-Fe31"%1000 "kD"
m= 30 "k*%s"
;1.t4rust = Fe32-Fe31"%1000 "Disre*ar5in* mass ,3o/ rate"
;2.t4rust = m#Fe32%1000 "Ksin* incorrect re3ation"
9-/.1 DDD 9-//! 9esi*n and Essay Pro7les"
5."5:

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Chap 9

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Chapter 9

GAS POWER CYCLES

Therefore, an efficiency of 88 percent is possible.

!b# The heat rejection from the cycle is

!d# The power output for the Carnot cycle is

Then, the second.law efficiency of the actual cycle becomes

" & . "

The work output per cycle is

+ccording to the definition of the cycle efficiency,

The rate of heat addition is then

The rate of heat addition is then

+t the beginning of compression, the maximum specific volume of this cycle is

!c# The mean effective pressure is determined as follows

+ccording to the definition of the thermal efficiency, the rate of

The rate of heat rejection is then

9 # %00 1 . ;&$ #! 9 k<=kg :"1 . 0 ! kg# 00&"1" . 0 ! # !

The rate at which heat must be added to this engine is then

+ccording to the definition of the thermal efficiency,

+ccording to the definition of the thermal efficiency,

The power produced by this engine is then

>or the case r @ $0 and rp @ $,

" $ # $ $ ! & . "

Bearrangement of this result gives

!c# The mean effective pressure is determined to be

It yields P& @ 685.2 kP&

while the power produced by the engine is

+ccording to the general definition of the thermal efficiency,

>or the expansion process,

>or the expansion process,

!b# The net work output is determined to be

!b# +ssuming variable specific heats !Table +.":#,

The net power output is

The thermal efficiency of this cycle is then

+pplying the first law to the heat addition process,

>inally the thermal efficiency is

+pplying the first law to the heat addition process,

>inally the thermal efficiency is

)rocess %.& (xpansion

The net power output is

kD ":85 #k<=kg ;$ . :5$ .: kg=s#!"&0& 1:8 . $ ! # !

'W #39 ""00 ":85

+pplying the first law to the combustion chamber produces

+pplying the first law to the combustion chamber produces

>or the rearranged version of this cycle,

The solution without a regenerator is as follows

>or an ideal regenerator,

The thermal efficiency of the cycle is

Then the thermal efficiency of the gas turbine cycle becomes

Then the compressor and turbine efficiencies become

!b# +ssuming variable specific heats,

9 810 :%:.1 9 k<=kg ".008 0.:$

+pplying the first law to the heat addition processes gives

The rate of heat addition is then

The mass flow rate through the propeller is

The thrust force generated by this propeller is then

+ccording to the previous problem,

The thrust force generated by this propeller is then

The mass flow rate through the fan is

+n energy balance on the stream passing through the fan gives

The thrust force generated is then

The temperature at the exit of combustion chamber is

The net power and the back work ratio are

kD 8&88 #9 & . :8& "&& k<=kg.9#!" % kg=s#!".05 1" . "$ ! # !