Summary: This experiment was carried out to determine the relationship between the pressure and the temperature

of saturated steam in equilibrium. Besides that this experiment was also done to demonstrate the vapour pressure curve. The market Boiler was used for this experiment. When the pressure increases, the temperature also increases. Therefore, the relationship of pressure and temperature is directly proportional. The derived formulae and the data were used to calculate the slope. The dT/dP measured was compared with the data in the steam table. Theoretically, the values measured should be almost the same with the predicted values. However, at certain points, the values are not the same. This may because of the errors made in the experiment. Introduction: Thermodynamics is a part of physics, which deals with work energy and power of a system. Thermodynamics mainly woks with large scale system, which can be measured by experiment study of liquid or gas or the properties of fluid is also a part of thermodynamics. An ideal gas obeys the equation of state that relates the pressure, specific volume or density, and absolute temperature with mass of molecule and the gas constant, R. However, real gas does not absolutely obey the equation of state. A few modifications on the ideal gas equation of state allow its application in the properties of real gas. When energy is added within water, the increasing of activities among the molecules caused the increase in the number of molecule escape from the surface until an equilibrium state is reached. The state of equilibrium depends on the pressure between the water surface and steam. The lower the pressure, the easier the molecules leaving the water surface and thus less energy is required to achieve the state of equilibrium (boiling point). The temperature where equilibrium occurs at a given pressure level is called saturated temperature. The pressure where equilibrium occurs at a given temperature is called saturated pressure. Marcet Boiler is used to investigate the relationship between the pressure and temperature of saturated steam in equilibrium with water at all temperature levels between the atmospheric pressure and 10 bars. The measured value of the slope of the graph (dT/dP) obtained from the experiment results can be compared to the theoretical value determined through calculation from the steam table. ClausiusClapeyron states:
SAT =

Tvfg/ hfg vf ) / hf hg

SAT = T(vg

hfg = hg - hf
SAT =

T ( vf vg ) / hfg = Tvg / hfg

Vf= specific volume of saturated liquid

Vg= specific volume of saturated vapor Hfg= latent heat of vaporization Apparatus: The unit consists of a stainless steel pressure vessel fitted with high pressure immersion electrical heater. The unit also comes together with a safety relief valve, temperature and pressure measuring devices. Water feed port is installed to allow water changing. The unit comes with temperature and pressure transducers so that it is easy to read the respective valves on the digital indicator. The water heater is protected from burnout by setting the maximum operating temperature with temperature controller.

Figure: Marcet Boiler

Procedures: General Start up procedures 1. A quick inspection is performed before starting the experiment to ensure the units is in proper operating condition. 2. The Marcet boiler is connected to the nearest power supply. 3. The valves at the feedport are now opened. 4. The boiler is filed with distilled water at about half of boilers height through the feedport. 5. The valve at the level sight tube is then closed. 6. The power supply is then turned on, to start the experiment.

General Shut down procedures: 1. The heater is switched off and is allowed the boiler temperature to drop. 2. The main switch and power supply is switched off. The fundamental pressure temperature relationship of saturated steam in equilibrium with water 1. The temperature controller is set to 1850C, that is slightly above the expected boiling point of water at 10bar (abs). 2. The valve at the feed port was opened while the heater was turned on. 3. The valve at the level sight tube are made sure to be closed before turning on the heater as the sight tube is not designed to withstand high pressure and temperature. 4. The rise of the steam temperature could be observed when the water boils. 5. The steam from the valve was allowed to come out 30 seconds before the valve was closed. This step is very important to remove the air from the boiler as the accuracy of the experiment results would be significantly affected if air is present. 6. The steam temperature and pressure is recordedwhen the boiler is heated until the steam pressure reached 10.0 bar (abs). 7. After the experiment, the heater is allowed to cool down to room temperature. 8. All the readings of results are recorded and tabulated on a table. 9. Graph is plotted at absolute temperature T against absolute pressure P. 10. Another graph
SAT versus

P and Tvfg/ hfgversus P is plotted.

Results: Pressure P, bar Gauge Absolute 1 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 Temperature T
0

C 372.5 384.2 393.2 400.4 406.6 412.0 416.9 421.3 425.2 428.9 432.2 435.3 438.2 441.0 443.6

0 0.4 0.9 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0

99.5 111.2 120.2 127.4 133.6 139.0 143.9 148.3 152.2 155.9 159.2 162.3 165.2 168.0 170.6

Conversion Factors: T(K)=T(0C) + 273

Discussion: dT dP Measured Slope

SAT

Vg

hfg

Calculated slope Tvfg/ hfg 0.28 0.20 0.16 0.13 0.11 0.10 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05

Error percentages % -5.26 -6.67 0 8.33 0 0 0 0 14.29 0 0 0 0

0 20.7 16.2 13.4 11.6 10.3 9.3 8.3 7.6 7.0 6.4 6.0 5.7 5.4 0

0 110 110 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

0.19 0.15 0.13 0.12 0.10 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.05

1.7029 1.1678 0.8865 0.7211 0.606 0.5232 0.4598 0.4107 0.3722 0.3076 0.3131 0.2901 0.2712 0.2545 0.2395

2257.72 2226.41 2201.54 2181.19 2163.19 2147.26 2132.52 2119.04 2106.85 2095.12 2084.56 2074.46 2064.93 2055.52 2046.75

Sample calculation: Hfg Calculation, For temperature 99.50C (from the saturated water- temperature table) 100-95/ 2256.4-2269.6 = 99.5-95/ hfg-2269.6 5hfg 11348 = -59.4 Hfg= 2257.72

Vg calculation, For temperature 99.50C (from the saturated water- temperature table) 100-95/ 1.6720-1.9808 = 99.5-95/ Vg- 1.9808 5Vg 9.904 = -1.3896 Vg = 1.7209

Tvfg/ hfg (372.5x1.7209)/2257.72 = 0.28

Calculating the values of Pabs at the temperature 111.20C Pabs = Pgauge + Patm Pabs = 0.4 x 100kPa + 101kPa = 141kPa Calculating the values of Pabs at the temperature 127.4 0C Pabs = Pgauge + Patm Pabs = 1.5 x 100kPa + 101kPa = 251kPa Calculating the value of dP dP=251kpa-141kPa =110kPa

Calculating the values of dT (127.4 + 273)-(111.2 + 273) = 16.2 Calculating 16.2/110=0.15

SAT

It is necessary to remove air form the boiler as this could affect the accuracy of theexperimental results. Based on the graphs, the relationship between pressure andtemperature is directly proportional while there is a small deviation between theexperimental slope and the theoretical slope. The percentage of error ranged form-6.67%to 14.29%. Sources of errors are measurements or reading accuracy, room temperature and pressure, the stability of materials and calculations. When the liquid absorbed enoughheat energy, it will change to vapour form. As the steam is not allowed to exit, it willcause an increase in pressure and thus causing the temperature to increase. Applicationsof Marcet Boiler include water boiler, gasifier, power plant and cooking utilities. Conclusion: In this experiment, the relationship between pressure and temperature is found to bedirectly proportional. When compared to the theoretical slope, the experimental slopeshows a small deviation between them because of certain errors. The percentage of error ranged form-6.67% to 14.29% which can validate this experiment. References: 1. Theory of marcet boiler, retrieved on 17th April 2013 http://www.studymode.com/essays/Boiler-Experiment-1059371.html 2. Boiler , retrieved on 17th April 2013 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler_(power_generation)