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Tradução:
Richard Gordon Hartley
Revisão português:
Carmen Penido
Revisão inglês:
Russel Franker
Projeto Gráfico
Tiago Pedroza
Fotografias
Pedro Lima, Luiz Pedreira Gonzaga, Robson
Silva, Gabriel Rocha, Luiz Cláudio Marigo,
Haroldo Palo Jr, César Musso, Marques , Dante
Buzzetti
L71a
616p.:
Bibliografia:
CDU 598.2
www.ao.com.br - AO ONLINE -> LIVROS; ATUALIDADES ORNITOLÓGICAS N. 134 Novembro/Dezembro de 2006 p.29
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AGRADECIMENTOS
Agradeço à Cetrel em nome de seus diretores, Dr. Ney Silva, Dr. Carlos Eugênio e Dr.
Demóstenes Miranda de Carvalho Filho, Renato Pinheiro que apoiaram e incentivaram todas as
minhas pesquisas de campo e financiaram a grande maioria delas e também agradeço a todos os
funcionários da Cetrel, desde 1988 até hoje, que abraçaram o ideal conservacionista. Também
a todas as empresas parceiras da Cetrel que contribuíram através de seus funcionários para
a conservação do meio ambiente, desde 1988 até o presente momento. Ao Dr. José Antônio
Andrade e ao Dr. Fonte Lima que foram os responsáveis pelo meu ingresso na Cetrel em 1988
e que apoiaram as minhas novas idéias visando a mudança de hábitos em prol da conservação.
A todos os estagiários que tive o prazer de conhecer, entre eles Joelson de Oliveira Castro e
Margarete Peixoto Maia que foram os meus primeiros estagiários e que muito contribuíram
para as pesquisas; a Sidnei Sampaio dos Santos (Biologia- UFBA), com o qual tive o prazer de
trocar idéias e conhecimentos por mais de 10 anos e que contribuiu significativamente para a
maioria das pesquisas. Relaciono, a seguir, os demais estagiários: Maria Teresa Nunes Marques
Rocha (Biologia UFBA), Francisco Pedro da Fonseca (Biologia UCSAL), Daniel Schmukler
(Biologia UFBA), Luciana Araújo Souza (Veterinária UFBA), Luciana D’ Carlos (Veterinária
UFBA), Oberdan Nunes (Veterinária UFBA), Tereza Maxová (República Tcheca). Através de
convênio com o IVSA (International Veterinary Students’ Association): Marcelo Araújo Boureau
(Veterinária UFBA), Luciana D’Carlos (Veterinária UFBA), Rodrigo Conceição de Oliveira,
Bruno Gabriel Pita (primo) e Jana Doege da LSV –SVM University.
Agradeço especialmente à Rita de Cássia Ferreira da Rocha Lima, que além de esposa é formada
em biologia e muito me ajudou nas pesquisas de campo; aos meus três filhos, Pedro Cerqueira
Lima Filho, Thyers Novaes de Cerqueira Lima Neto e Aloísio Ferreira da Rocha Neto que sempre
participaram e colaboraram nas minhas pesquisas de campo; a meus auxiliares, José Carlos
Dias, Paulino Rocha, Jean, Wilian Batista e Adison Lima que muito me apoiaram e ajudaram
nas pesquisas; a Silvano Abreu Farias que contribuiu significativamente para a organização do
banco de fotos e para a composição deste livro. Aos amigos Luiz Pedreira Gonzaga, Robson
Silva, Gabriel Rocha, Luiz Cláudio Marigo, Haroldo Palo Jr. César Musso, Marques e Dante
Buzzetti que contribuíram com algumas fotos, todas devidamente creditadas a eles, sendo que
as demais fotos do livro são da minha responsabilidade; a Helen Hays, Joseph Dicostanzo, Grace
Cormons e Tom Cormons do American Museum of Natural History que muito colaboraram
nas pesquisas sobre os representantes da família Sternidae; a Luis Monteiro da Universidade
dos Açores (in memoriam) que contribuiu com informações preciosas sobre os representantes
da família Sternidae provenientes dos Açores; a Alex Zino (in memoriam) e sua família que me
acolheram e muito contribuíram para as pesquisas sobre a mortandade das aves oceânicas; ao
meu amigo e voluntário, Zildomar Souza Magalhães, que até hoje colabora comigo nas pesquisas
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que desenvolvo; a Marcio Pita, que me apoiou em algumas pesquisas e ao meu amigo Rolf
Grantsau, que muito me ensinou e ainda ensina, e que também contribuiu para este livro com
algumas fotos. Ao Projeto TAMAR, ao MAMA, IBAMA e CEMAVE que sempre me apoiaram nas
pesquisas de campo. E a todos os voluntários que são tantos, que seria muito difícil relacioná-los
um por um, e, finalmente, um agradecimento especial a meu pai, Thyers Novais de Cerqueira
Lima (in memoriam), que despertou em mim o interesse no estudo das aves e à minha mãe,
Gizelia Antônia Pita, que sempre me incentivou a estudar.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I express my sincere thanks to Cetrel and its directors Ney Silva, Carlos Eugênio Meneses and
Demóstenes Miranda de Carvalho Filho, Renato Pinheiro who supported and encouraged my
field research and financed a great majority of it; I also thank all Cetrel employees since 1988
to date, who embraced the conservationist ideal. I would also like to express my gratitude to all
partner-companies of Cetrel that contributed through their employees for the conservation of the
environment. I am indebted to Jose Antonio Andrade and Fonte Lima who were responsible for
my admission to Cetrel in 1988 and supported my ideas focusing a change of habits for the benefit
of conservation. I would moreover like to thank all the trainees I had the opportunity of meeting,
among them Joelson de Oliveira Castro and Margarete Peixoto Maia who were the first I tutored
and who contributed significantly to my research; and also Sidnei Sampaio dos Santos (Biology-
UFBA) with whom I had the pleasure of exchanging ideas and knowledge and who contributed
significantly throughout most of my research. Next, I will list all my others trainees: Maria Teresa
Nunes Marques Rocha (Biology- UFBA), Francisco Pedro da Fonseca (Biology- UCSAL), Daniel
Schmukler (Biology- UFBA), Luciana Araújo Souza (Veterinary- UFBA), Luciana D’ Carlos
(Veterinary- UFBA), Oberdan Nunes (Veterinary-UFBA), Tereza Maxová (Czech Republic).
Through a covenant with IVSA (International Veterinary Students’Association): Marcelo Araújo
Boureau (Veterinary - UFBA), Luciana D’Carlos (Veterinary- UFBA), Rodrigo Conceição de
Oliveira, Bruno Gabriel Pita and Jana Doege ( LSV –SVM University).
My special thanks to Rita de Cássia Ferreira da Rocha Lima who besides being my wife is a biologist
and helped me a great deal in my field research; to my three sons Pedro Cerqueira Lima Filho,
Thyers Novaes de Cerqueira Lima Neto and Aloísio Ferreira da Rocha Neto who participated and
contributed to my field research; to my assistants José Carlos Dias, Paulino Rocha, Jean, Wilian
Batista and Adison Lima who supported and assisted me in my field research; to Silvano Abreu
Farias who contributed significantly towards the planning and organization of a photo collection
and to the composition of this book. I am indebted to my friends Luiz Pedreira Gonzaga, Robson
Silva, Gabriel Rocha, Luiz Cláudio Marigo, Haroldo Palo Jr. César Musso, Marques and Dante
Buzzetti who contributed with photographs, all of them duly credited ( the remaining photos of the
book are of my responsibility); to Helen Hays, Joseph Dicostanzo, Grace Cormons and Tom Cormons
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of the American Museum of Natural History who gave a significant contribution to my work by
providing precious information on specimens of the Sternidae family; to Luis Monteiro from the
University of Azores (in memoriam) who contributed with valuable information on the Sternidae
family originating from the Azores; to Alex Zino (in memoriam) and his family who welcomed me
and contributed greatly towards the investigations concerning the mortality of ocean birds; to my
friend and volunteer Zildomar Souza Magalhães who still works with me on the research I develop;
to Marcio Pita who supported me on some research and to my friend Rolf Grantsau who taught me
and still teaches me a lot and has contributed towards this book with some of his photos. I would
like to offer my thanks to the TAMAR Project, MAMA, IBAMA and CEMAVE that have always
supported me in my field research. I also thank all the many volunteers and finally my father,
Thyers Novais de Cerqueira Lima (in memoriam), who awoke my interest in the study of birds and
my mother Gizelia Antônia Pita (in memoriam) who always encouraged me to study.
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Tytonidae 179
Strigidae 180 Turdinae 306
Mimidae 311
Motacillidae 312
Ordem dos Caprimulgiformes 187 Vireonidae 313
Caprimulgiformes order 187 Coerebinae 316
Nyctibiidae 187 Cardinalinae 344
Caprimulgidae 189 Fringillidae 353
Passeridae 354
Estrildidae 355
Ordem dos Apodiformes 195
Apodiformes order 195
Pranchas
Apodidae 195
Trochilidae 196
Apodiformes 433
Pranchas ninhos
nest tables
Família Apodidae 433
Família Trochilidae 440
Trogoniformes 442
Família Trogonidae 442
Família Trogonidae 442
Coraciiformes 443
Alcedinidae 443
Referência
Bibliográfica
Reading List 605
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espécies de aves. Das 300 espécies anilhadas, 19 O município de Lauro de Freitas perdeu sua
são migrantes setentrionais e 06 são austrais. cobertura vegetal quase que totalmente, tendo
Também, obtivemos 1500 recuperações de ocorrido á supressão de dunas, restingas, Mata
99 espécies, das quais, 13 espécies foram Atlântica, matas secundárias e manguezais.
anilhadas por outros pesquisadores brasileiros Hoje, Lauro de Freitas só possui uma pequena
e estrangeiros (Tabela 2). cobertura de mata secundária, onde foi
detectada a presença do apuim-de-costa-preta
Do total de aves anilhadas (40.000), a grande (Touit melanonota) e da jandaia-de-testa-
maioria, 87,7%, foi anilhada no litoral norte e vermelha (Aratinga auricapilla), psitacídeos
o restante foi anilhado em outras localidades ameaçados de extinção. Ambas as espécies
do Estado da Bahia (Figura 1). estão listadas no apêndice II da Cites e quase
nada se sabe sobre o seu comportamento
Todos os ecossistemas do Litoral Norte
(Snyder et al, 2000). Desde 1997 vimos
sofreram, ao longo do tempo, muitos tipos
realizando pesquisas de reintrodução com a
de agressões, sendo os ecossistemas mais
espécie A. auricapilla e já temos obtido bons
próximos à grande metrópole (Salvador), os
resultados no decorrer de 1997 até hoje, tendo
que foram mais prejudicados, sem dúvida
reintroduzido cerca de 20 exemplares que já
alguma.
se encontram adaptados ao seu novo habitat.
de Camaçari, sendo que a APA do Joanes para as cerâmicas, é algo assustador. Todos os
Ipitanga é a maior de todas e abrange diversos dias podemos ver caminhões carregados de
municípios, tais como: Lauro de Freitas, madeira destinados às cerâmicas. Também,
Camaçari, Candeias, São Francisco do Conde o cordão das dunas vem sofrendo uma forte
e Simões Filho. As três APA são instrumentos pressão com a retirada constante de areia
legais de fundamental importância, para a que é utilizada na construção civil, além das
preservação dos ecossistemas do litoral norte. jazidas de cascalho e de barro vermelho. Estas
Além do cordão de dunas, as áreas alagadiças atividades são responsáveis pela supressão
dos estuários dos rios Joanes, Capivara da vegetação, com a conseqüente degradação
Grande, Jacuipe e Pojuca, precisam de maiores da biodiversidade. O comércio ilegal de
cuidados, a fim de evitar a poluição de suas orquídeas também preocupa muito: “grupo de
águas que além de prejudicar a fauna, pode profissionais” coletam e vendem as orquídeas
causar sérios danos à vida marinha. As áreas da região, na beira das estradas do litoral norte.
que estão merecendo cuidados especiais Nestas matas, tivemos ocasião de identificar
e preservação permanente são: Lagoa de algumas espécies de aves ameaçadas de
Arembepe, situada entre a Millennium e o extinção ( Tabela 4).
km 20 da Estrada do Coco, as margens do Rio
Capivara Grande, entre o km 18 da Estrada do
Espécie Nome Vulgar
Coco até a sua desembocadura no Rio Jacuipe,
área onde observa-se uma grande variedade Sarcoramphus papa Urubu-rei
de espécies de orquídeas, plantas carnívoras e Aratinga auricapilla Jandaia-de-testa-
vermelha
sempre vivas ( Tabela 3). Ainda no município
Amazona rhodocorytha Papagaio-chauã
de Camaçari, podemos destacar dois outros
Touit melanonota Apuim-de-costa-preta
ecossistemas, que merecem ser preservados: as
Tab. 4 - Relação de espécies de aves ameaçadas de extinção
matas que restam nas margens do Rio Joanes e registrada nas matas de Monte Gordo
Monte Gordo, nas proximidades da represa de
Santa Helena. Essas matas vêm sofrendo uma
série de degradações, entre elas a devastações O cerrado existente no município de Camaçari
das matas pelas cerâmicas estabelecidas nesta merece especial atenção, pois encontra-se
região, que precisam da madeira para abastecer encravado entre diversos outros tipos de
seus fornos e a expansão da agropecuária. A ecossistemas, sendo o único local no litoral
destruição das matas para a retirada da madeira norte da Bahia, que possui este tipo de
ecossistema, onde podemos encontrar algumas
espécies de aves típicas e algumas consideradas
Espécie Nome Vulgar
raras ou ameaçadas de extinção (Tabela. 5). A
Drosera intermedia Planta carnívora valorização do litoral norte após a duplicação
Drosera chrysolepis Planta carnívora da Estrada do Coco, suscitou um grande
Drosera tomentosa Planta carnívora interesse por parte de grupos empresariais que
Tab. 3 - Relação de plantas carnívoras e orquídeas do Litoral Norte
atualmente estão loteando áreas do cerrado
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nas matas secundárias e em capoeiras, que retirar a madeira. As pesquisas nesta reserva
correm o risco de desaparecer (Souza, 1994). ainda são preliminares e a continuidade dos
A presença dessas espécies já foi detectada trabalhos terá importância fundamental para
nas matas de Monte Gordo (Camaçari), em o melhor conhecimento deste ecossistema.
Sauípe e na Reserva do Bu (Esplanada). A
descoberta de Souza sobre a espécie no estado Entre Barra do Itariri e Siribinha (Conde),
de Sergipe, comprova que a distribuição destacamos as áreas de mata, os estuários dos
geográfica dessa espécie, é muito maior do que Rios Itariri e Itapicuru, as áreas alagadiças
se imaginava e nossas descobertas reforçam de Sitio do Conde e Poças, que são locais
esta comprovação. Apesar de tudo, a espécie freqüentados por uma infinidade de espécies de
P. atra tende a desaparecer do litoral norte, aves de hábitos aquáticos. Para melhor entender
caso medidas conservacionistas não sejam as áreas úmidas do litoral norte, realizamos
adotadas, para preservar as matas existentes. censos de aves aquáticas, duas vezes por ano
(verão/inverno) em várias regiões litorâneas,
Entre Subaúma e Baixios, destacamos as matas sendo que as áreas úmidas de Conde revelaram
de Subaúma que devem ser preservadas. Ao ser o local de maior concentração de aves de
mesmo tempo, é preciso criar um corredor de hábitos aquáticos. O censo foi coordenado
fauna para unir essas matas remanescentes, com pelo Biró Internacional para el Estudio de
as que existem em Baixios. O corredor de fauna las Aves Acuáticas y los Humedales e Ducks
deverá ser composto de espécies da vegetação Unlimited. No Brasil, o CEMAVE é responsável
nativa, a fim de garantir a presença das espécies pela organização do censo, que foi realizado,
animais existentes nos remanescentes florestais simultaneamente, em várias localidades de
da região. A Reserva do Bu, localizada em diversos estados brasileiros. Na América do
Baixios, é a maior área remanescente de Mata Sul, o censo foi realizado na Argentina, Chile,
Atlântica, em todo o litoral norte da Bahia. As Paraguai e Uruguai. O Censo Neotropical
pesquisas que desenvolvemos nessa reserva de Aves Aquáticas tem como objetivos: 1 -
e em seu entorno, detectaram a presença de Ampliar o conhecimento sobre a distribuição
73 espécies de aves, sendo algumas delas são e situação das aves aquáticas, para determinar
consideradas ameaçadas de extinção, como, as prioridades de conservação de habitats e
por exemplo, a espécie olho-de-fogo-rendado espécies (inclusão de sítios importantes na
(Pyriglena atra), que podemos considerar RHRAP e/ou na Convenção de Ramsar). 2 -
que se encontra em condições de equilíbrio Estabelecer um programa de monitoramento
por causa das dimensões da floresta (1200 a longo prazo, utilizando as aves aquáticas
ha), a jandaia-de-testa-vermelha (Aratinga como indicadores. As metas do censo são: 1-
auricapilla) e a ananbé-de-asa-branca contar com um sistema de alerta para fazer
(Xipholena atropurpurea). Apesar de o frente aos problemas de conservação que
proprietário dedicar seus melhores esforços afetam os ambientes aquáticos; 2- aumentar o
para preservar esta área, é muito comum a conhecimento da dinâmica populacional das
presença de caçadores e ações isoladas para aves aquáticas neotropicais, para melhorar sua
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Tab. 6 Relação de espécies levantadas pelo Censo Neotropical de Aves Aquáticas entre 1992 a 1995 no Litoral Norte, com as respectivas localidades.
Espécie Localidade
Podiceps dominicus Camaçari, Caboto
Podilymbus podiceps Camaçari, Caboto
Phalacrocorax olivaceus Caboto
Casmerodius albus Camaçari, Caboto, Mangue Seco, Conde
Egretta thula Camaçari, Mangue Seco, Conde
Egretta caerulea Mangue Seco, Caboto
Bubulcus ibis Camaçari, Conde
Butorides striatus Camaçari, Caboto ,Mangue Seco , Conde
Dendrocygna viduata Mangue Seco
Dendrocygna autumnalis Camaçari, Caboto , Conde
Anas bahamensis Camaçari, Conde
Netta erythrophthalma Camaçari, Caboto , Conde
Amazonetta brasiliensis Camaçari, Caboto , Conde
Sarkidiornis malanotos Camaçari, , Conde
Porphyrula martinica Conde
Gallinula chloropus Camaçari, Caboto
Aramus guarauna Camaçari, Caboto , Conde
Vanellus chilensis Conde
Pluvialis squatarola Camaçari, Mangue Seco , Conde
Charadrius collaris Mangue Seco
Charadrius semipalmatus Camaçari, Mangue Seco
Haematopus palliatus Camaçari, Mangue Seco
Himantopus mexicanus Camaçari, Conde
Jacana jacana Camaçari, Caboto ,Mangue Seco , Conde
Tringa melanoleuca Camaçari, Caboto ,Mangue Seco
Tringa flavipes Camaçari, Mangue Seco
Tringa solitaria Camaçari, Mangue Seco
Catoptrophorus semipalmatus Mangue Seco
Actitis macularia Mangue Seco
Numenius phaeopus Mangue Seco
Arenaria interpres Mangue Seco
Calidris minutilla Mangue Seco
Calidris alba Mangue Seco
Calidris pusilla Mangue Seco
Limnodromus griseus Mangue Seco
Gallinago paraguaiae Camaçari
Sterna hirundo Mangue Seco
Sterna superciliaris Mangue Seco
Thalasseus eurygnatha Mangue Seco
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Spheniscidae Pingüim 1
Diomedeidae Albatroz 5
Procellariidae Pardela 15
Oceanitaidae Painho 3
Phaethonidae Rabo-de-palha 1
Sulidae Atobá 3
Phalacrocoracidae Biguá 2
Fregatida Tesourão 1
Stercorariidae Mandrião 6
Tab.7 Relação das Famílias de aves oceânicas do Litoral Norte
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Procyon cancrivorus
Sciurus sp
Iguana iguana
Tupinambis teguixin
Euphractus sexcinctus
Dasyprocta sp
Platynotus semitaenianus
Tropidurus hispidus
Polychurus acutirostris
Enyalus sp
Tupinambis teguxin
Kentropyx calcarata
Ameiva ameiva
Mabuya heathi
Micrablepharus maximiliani
Ophiode striatus
Boa constrictor
Eunectes murinus
Liophis viridis
Tantila melanocephala
Spilotes pullatus
Drymarchon corais
Helicops leopardinus
Mastigodryas bifossatus
Waglerophis merremii
Philodryas patagoniensis
Oxybelis aenus
Oxyrhopus sp
Micrurus ibiboboca
Crotalus durissus
Rhynchonycteris naso
Saccopteryx bilineata
Noctilio albiventris
Lonchorhina aurita
Phyllostomus h. hastatus
Glossophaga soricina
Carollia p. perspicillata
Sturnira l. lilium
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Vampyrops lineatus
Artibeus literatus
Artibeus planirostris
Artibeus jamaicensis
Artibeus cinereus
Desmodus rotundus
Myotis nigricans
Molossus ater
Molossus molossus crassicaudatus
Agouti paca
Tamandua tetradactyla
*Ocorrência nova no Estado da Bahia
Tab.10 Relação das demais espécies animais do Litoral Norte
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coastal forests in Arembepe, and this was the 3,446 other birds were banded with colored and
first proven register of the bird in the north of numbered bands. Through this banding work, it
the country up to now (Lima,1992, 2000), even was possible for us to collect information about
though this species had been registered in ( Antas the migratory routes of many species of birds.
et al., 1994 ). In order to study the behavior of Of the 300 bird species that were banded, 19 are
birds in the north coast region, we used banding northern migrants and 6 are southern migrants.
techniques. Banding is an important tool We also had 1,500 recoveries from 99 species, of
with which to study the migratory routes, to which 13 species were banded by other Brazilian
determine the longevity of the species and for the and foreign researchers (Table 2).
preservation of the habitats located along these
migratory routes used by many bird species. Of the total of birds that were banded (40,000),
The process of banding consists of placing metal the great majority, 87,7%, was banded in the
rings, appropriate for the size of the bird, around north coast region and the rest were banded in
the bird’s tarsus, after it has been caught in a other locations in the state of Bahia.
mist net or by other means. During the 16 years
All the ecosystems within the north coast region
of work in this area, (1991-2006), more than
have, over time, suffered from human aggression
40,000 birds from 300 different species have
and without a doubt the most damaged are
been banded with Cemave (an organ IBAMA)
the ones around large metropolises such as
bands. This is the equivalent to 27% of all the
Salvador.
bird species in the state of Bahia. In addition,
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damage. It is imperative that the dunes that need the wood to stoke their ovens, and by the
remain intact be delineated to avoid any expansion of cattle rearing. This use of wood
further destruction. These areas are protected for the ovens is alarming. Every day we can see
by the APAs (Environmental Protection Areas) trucks laden with wood going to these pottery
in the municipality of Camaçari. The Joanes factories. Also, the belt of sand dunes is being
Ipitanga APA is the largest and encompasses depleted by the constant removal of sand that
several municipalities such as: Lauro de is used in civil construction with gravel and
Freitas, Camaçari, Candeias, São Francisco red mud. These activities are responsible for
do Conde and Simões Filho. These three APAs the removal of the native vegetation and the
are fundamentally important legal instruments consequent degradation of the biodiversity.
to preserve the ecosystems of the north coast The illegal orchid trade also generates concern;
region. Aside from this network of sand dunes, professional groups collect and sell the region’s
the wetlands around the estuaries of the rivers orchids alongside the roads in the north coast
Joanes, Capivara Grande, Jacuipe and Pojuca, region. In these forests we have identified some
need heightened attention in order to stop endangered species (Table 4).
pollution of the water which not only damages
the fauna around them, but also has serious
Species Common Name
negative effects on the maritime life. Areas
which warrant particular attention and a Sarcoramphus papa King vulture
state of permanent preservation are: Lagoa de Golden-capped
Aratinga auricapilla
parakeet
Arembepe, located between Millennium and
Amazona rhodocorytha Red-crowned Amazon
kilometer 20 of the coastal highway (Estrada
Touit melanonota Black eared parrotlet
do Coco), the banks of the Jacuipe River, an
Pyriglena atra Fringe-backed fire-eye
area where there are a wide variety of orchid
species, carnivore plants and strawflowers Tab. 4 - Relação de espécies de aves ameaçadas de extinção registrada
nas matas de Monte Gordo
(Table 3). Also in the municipality of Camaçari,
there are two other ecosystems which need to
be preserve: the gallery forests which remain The remaining savanna areas in the municipality
along the banks of the Joanes and Monte Gordo of Camaçari deserve special attention because
rivers, near to the Santa Helena dam. These they are sandwiched between other ecosystems
forests are being destroyed by ceramic factories in a way that is unique in the north coast
that are being implanted in the region which region. And there we can find some typical bird
species as well as some considered in danger
of extinction (Table.5). The increased value
Species Common Name of land in the north coast region after the
widening of the coastal highway, (Estrada do
Drosera intermedia Carnivorous plant
Coco), produced a big interest on the part of
Drosera chrysolepis Carnivorous plant
business groups who are dividing land into lots
Drosera tomentosa Carnivorous plant
Tab. 3 - List of carnivorous plants and orchids in the north coast region
for the construction of condominiums, beach
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houses, and cattle farming. Though the APAs considered very desirable, principally by hotel
are important tools to govern land use, they are operators. The Praia do Forte area, despite the
limited in their effect. It is of utmost importance very developed hotel/tourist infrastructure in
that governments create legal reserves along the place, still has significant preserved stretches
north coast to preserve the areas with diverse of regrowth forests, sandy, coastal forests and
ecosystems such as sand dunes, stretches of wetlands that are being used as ecotourist
Atlantic Rainforest, savanna areas, estuaries, attractions. The Sapiranga reserve is a good
mangroves, etc.. In terms of the beaches of example of an effective conservation initiative
Camaçari, we can point to two shore birds where a large diversity of species from aquatic
that are in danger of extinction such as: the habitats can be observed, many of them
spectacled petrel (Procellaria conspicillata) and endangered. Some of the species considered rare
the roseate tern (Sterna dougallii). The shore or in danger of extinction and listed for various
birds look for food on the continental platform location in the north coast region can also be
located about 20 to 30 miles from the coast. seen in the Sapiranga reserve. In the lake in
Local fishermen often kill these birds, using the front of the Eco-resort, we can see a large variety
excuse that they steal bait and contribute to of aquatic bird species, of particular interest
significant losses in their catch. This misguided are the snail kite (Rostrhamus sociabilis), the
attitude is responsible for the deaths of many limpkin (Aramus guarauna) and the azure
shore birds. gallinule (Porphyrula flavirostris). In terms
of endangered birds, we can highlight the king
The area that extends from Praia do Forte vulture (Sarcoramphus papa), the black-eared
(Mata de São João) to Massarandupió, is parrotlet (Touit melanonota ) and the (Aratinga
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auricapilla). The ecotourism activities at Praia state proves that geographic distribution of the
do Forte are a promising initiative to preserve species is much larger than previously imagined
the forest remnants in the region. Besides and our discoveries reinforces this evidence. But
the Sapiranga reserve the Projeto Tamar is despite this, the P. atra will tend to disappear
noteworthy because not only does it carry if conservation measures are not adopted to
out research on sea turtles, with the goal of preserve the existing forests.
preserving them, but it also works intensely
with the local community and generates jobs Between Subaúma and Baixios, we must
for those who used to live from hunting and highlight the forests of Subaúma which should
collecting turtle eggs. The Tamar project be preserved. At the same time, a fauna corridor
is also involved in environmental education that links these forests with those in Baixios
programs and the use of its base for ecotourism must be created. This fauna corridor should
activities, both of which are fundamentally be composed of native vegetation is order to
important to raise the consciousness of the local guarantee the presence of the existing animal
community. Repercussions from this successful species in the region’s forest remnants. The
project transcended state borders and reached Bu Reserve, located in Baixios, is the largest
other regions of Brazil and even abroad. What forest Atlantic Rainforest remnant in the north
is worrisome, however, are the large areas coast region of Bahia. The research that we’ve
which have been designated as expansion zones undertaken in the reserve and its surroundings
(ZEP) and this implies further deforestation detected the presence of 73 bird species some of
and subsequent loss of biodiversity. It is highly which are considered endangered, such as the
recommended that the zones for rigorous fringe-backed fire-eye (Pyriglena atra), which
protection (ZPR)be expanded with the idea we can consider as having a balanced condition
of saving existing biodiversity. Research due to the dimensions of the forest (1200ha), the
developed in Sauípe resulted in the detection of golden-capped parakeet (Aratinga auricapilla)
three species considered in danger of extinction: and white-winged cotinga (Xipholena
the (Aratinga auricapilla), the white-winged atropurpurea). Despite the best efforts of the
potoo (Nyctibius leucopterus) and the fringe- reserve’s owner to protect and preserve this
backed fire-eye (Pyriglena atra). The P. atra area, the presence of hunters is common as is
species, previously considered endemic to the the occasional removal of wood. The research
forests around the Recôncavo region, was done in the reserve is still preliminary and the
registered in 1994 in forest remnants in the continuation of the work will be fundamental
south of the state of Sergipe. The species survives for the amelioration of knowledge about this
in secondary and re-growth forests which are ecosystem.
at risk of disappearing. (Souza, 1994). The
Between Barra do Itariri and Siribinha
presence of these species has been detected
(Conde), we must highlight the forest areas,
in the forests of Monte Gordo (Camaçari), in
the estuaries of the Itariri and Itapicuru rivers,
Sauípe and in the Bu Reserve (Esplanada).
the wetlands in the Sitio do Conde and Poças,
Souza’s discovery about the species in Sergipe
which are frequented by innumerous aquatic
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bird species. To better understand the wetland the most fragile ecosystem in the whole of the
areas of the north coast regions, we have north coast region of Bahia. While researching
carried out censuses of the aquatic birds, twice the mortality of sea birds on the north coast
a year (Summer/winter) in various regions of Bahia, we discovered the Rio River estuary
along the coast, and found that the wetlands in Mangue Seco. This location is very rich in
around Conde had the highest concentration of migratory bird species which belong principally
aquatic bird species. The study was coordinated to three families: Scolopacidae (sandpipers)
by the Biró Internacional para el Estudio de with 17 species, Charadriidae (lapwings) with 7
las Aves Acuáticas y los Humedales and Ducks species and Sternidae (gulls) with 11 species. Of
Unlimited. In Brazil, CEMAVE is responsible the 11 species mentioned, two are endangered:
for the coordination of the census which was the Sterna antilarum, coming from Central
undertaken simultaneously in various locations America and the Sterna dougallii, which comes
in a variety of Brazilian states. In South from Central And North America and Canada,
America, the census was done in Argentina, Portugal and England. Almost nothing was
Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay. The Census known about the wintering grounds of the S.
of Neotropical Aquatic Birds had various dougallii species, the place to which it goes
objectives: 1 – Expand the existing knowledge when it leaves its reproductive colony. For more
about distribution and situation of aquatic birds than 40 years, Americans sought information
to determine the conservation priorities for the about these locations. In 1995, using mist nets
habitats and species (inclusions of the important to band the species belonging to the three species
sites in RHRAP and/or the Ramsar Convention). cited above, we discovered the presence of the
2 – Establish a long-term monitoring program S. dougallii species at the estuary of Mangue
using aquatic birds as indicators. The goals Seco. Due to this discovery, in 1997 we began
of the census are: 1- use a warning system to a partnership with the American Museum of
confront conservation problems which effect Natural History, with the goal of acquiring
aquatic environments; 2- increase knowledge more knowledge about the behavior of this bird
on the population dynamics of aquatic birds in in Mangue Seco. We also initiated preservation
the neo-tropics to improve their management campaigns of this habitat, which is visited not
and conservation. Table 6 reports on the species only by the S. dougallii, but also by members of
found and the locations where the aquatic birds the three families cited above. Mangue Seco has
censuses were performed. In terms of the forests, been subject to a series of human aggressions,
the ideal would be for them to be linked in a principally the result of unregulated tourism,
fauna corridor so that the existing fauna would whereby thousands of people, with no idea of
be able to move between forest remnants. environmental considerations, come the area
which results in its pollution and degradation.
Between Costa Azul and Mangue Seco, we must In addition, the hotels and inns built there don’t
highlight the sandy, coastal forest ecosystem and have any type of sewage treatment system and
the Rio River estuary. The area encompassed the raw sewage is spewed straight into the river.
in the APA of Mangue Seco is without a doubt Mangue Seco’s reputation as an enchanting
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Tab. 6 Relação de espécies levantadas pelo Censo Neotropical de Aves Aquáticas entre 1992 a 1995 no Litoral Norte, com as espectivas localidades.
Species Common Name Location
Podiceps dominicus Least grebe Camaçari, Caboto
Podilymbus podiceps Pied-billed grebe Camaçari, Caboto
Phalacrocorax olivaceus Neo-tropic cormorant Caboto
Casmerodius albus Great egret Camaçari, Caboto, Mangue Seco, Conde
Egretta thula Snowy egret Camaçari, Mangue Seco, Conde
Egretta caerulea Little blue heron Mangue Seco, Caboto
Bubulcus ibis Cattle egret Camaçari, Conde
Butorides striatus Striated heron Camaçari, Caboto ,Mangue Seco , Conde
Nycticorax nycticorax Black-crowned night heron Mangue Seco
Dendrocygna viduata White-faced tree duck Camaçari, Caboto , Conde
Dendrocygna autumnalis Black-bellied tree duck Camaçari, Conde
Anas bahamensis White-cheeked pinetail Camaçari, Caboto , Conde
Netta erythrophthalma Southern pochard Camaçari, Caboto , Conde
Amazonetta brasiliensis Brazilian duck Camaçari, Conde
Sarkidiornis malanotos Comb duck Conde
Porphyrula martinica Purple gallinule Camaçari, Conde
Gallinula chloropus Common gallinule Camaçari, Caboto , Conde
Aramus guarauna Limpkin Conde
Vanellus chilensis Southern lapwing Conde
Pluvialis squatarola Black bellied plover Camaçari, Mangue Seco , Conde
Charadrius collaris Collared plover Mangue Seco
Charadrius semipalmatus Semi-palmated plover Camaçari, Mangue Seco
Haematopus palliatus American oyster catcher Camaçari, Mangue Seco
Himantopus mexicanus Common stilt Camaçari, Conde
Jacana jacana Wattled jacana Camaçari, Caboto ,Mangue Seco , Conde
Tringa melanoleuca Greater yellow-legs Camaçari, Caboto ,Mangue Seco
Tringa flavipes Lesser yellow-legs Camaçari, Mangue Seco
Tringa solitaria Solitary sandpiper Camaçari, Mangue Seco
Catoptrophorus semipalmatus Willet Mangue Seco
Actitis macularia Spotted sandpiper Mangue Seco
Numenius phaeopus Whimbrel Mangue Seco
Arenaria interpres Ruddy turnstone Mangue Seco
Calidris minutilla Least sandpiper Mangue Seco
Calidris alba Sanderling Mangue Seco
Calidris pusilla Semipalmated sandpiper Mangue Seco
Limnodromus griseus Common dowitcher Mangue Seco
Gallinago paraguaiae ???? Snipe Camaçari
Sterna hirundo Common tern Mangue Seco
Sterna superciliaris Yellow-billed tern Mangue Seco
Thalasseus eurygnatha Cayenne tern Mangue Seco
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place means that more and more new hotels and coming from North America with Bahia being
restaurants are being built in the region. What in second place with 99 recoveries. Between the
is of most concern, however, is the interest by period of 1995 to 2001, we carried out survey
international hotel chains to build large hotels and banding campaigns of the resident and
there. Mangue Seco is an ecosystem consisting of migratory birds that seek food at the mouth of
dunes, estuaries and mangroves, which are very the Rio River in Mangue Seco, in Bahia (11 27’
fragile. With the cooperation of the American S, 37 21’ W). In 1996, we extended our area of
Museum of Natural History, we are developing operation to include all the coast of Bahia and
studies through banding and the use of radio we discovered other important rest points for
collars, to delineate the places where the S. the species. To map the whole coast of Bahia,
dougallii and S. hirundo look for their food. Our we used a schooner and a single-engine plane.
studies have proved that both the S. hirundo With these instruments at our disposal, we could
and a S. dougallii, migrate in a Europe/America cover the most important points in the region
direction. We have collected eight specimens of such as Cacha Prego (Itaparica Island), Ponta
the S. hirundo species in Mangue Seco that were do Curral (Morro de São Paulo Island), The Bay
banded in Portugal. One S. dougallii individual of Camamu (Ituberá) and Corumbal (Porto
was seen in the Azores which had been fitted Seguro). In 1998 we started banding campaigns
with a radio collar in Mangue Seco. Another in all the places mentioned above. From 1995 to
individual of the same species that had been 2006, we recovered 1,308 birds with American
banded in its nest in England by the British bands along the coast of Bahia, with larger
Museum Band on Rockabill Island on 24th of concentrations in Mangue Seco and Cacha Prego
January, 2000 was captured by us in Mangue (Figure 3). The American recoveries came from
Seco on 27th of January, 2001. This phenomena the states of Maine, Connecticut, New Jersey
had never before been registered. This discovery and New York. In 1996, Monteiro reported
is fundamentally important for the preservation that some specimens of the S. hirundo from the
of the S. dougallii species which is listed as in North America could migrate to Europe, though
danger of extinction. the opposite migration route was not possible.
However, from 1996 to 2006, we captured 30
Among the representatives of the Sternidae individuals from the S. hirundo species from
family, the Sterna hirundo species is the most the Azores, banded by Monteiro in 1997. In the
common on the Brazilian coast. Lara-Resende Azores, Monteiro captured a S. hirundo that
and Leal (1982) surveyed 213 birds with had been banded by our team in Mangue Seco.
American bands found in Brazil between 1928 In the same year, Vitor Encarnação captured
and 1980; Cordeiro et al (1996) reported 430 another bird that came from Mangue Seco, on
recoveries between 1980 and 1994, 218 of which Santa Maria Island in the Azores. These are the
were recovered in the National Park at Lagoa first registers of the east/west trans-Atlantic
do Peixe (Rio Grande do Sul state). Cordeiro movement of the species (Lima, 1996). Through
points to Rio Grande do Sul as having the the recovery of birds banded in North America
record amount of recoveries of the S. hirundo we can trace the migratory routes and we are
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also collected biometric data and studying the should be made into a reserve for ‘limícolas???’
feeding habits through the use of radio collars birds, similar to the National Park at Lagoa do
that help to track groups of the species when Peixe (RS), since both places are internationally
they are seeking food. Today, Bahia has the important areas. In addition, we should
record number of recoveries of the S. hirundo designate as ‘untouchable’ all the sand banks
species banded in North America and Europe. along the coast of Bahia because they are all
important locations as wintering grounds for
The Sterna dougallii is listed as a species in the migratory bird species.
danger of extinction in Canada, the US and the
Caribbean (Fish and Wildlife Service, 1987). Besides the studies undertaken with the two
Over a period of more than 30 years, nothing species mentioned above, over a period of 18
was known about the wintering grounds of this years we have studied the phenomena of the
species. In 1995, we discovered in Mangue Seco, mortality of shore birds along the north coast
Bahia, a large concentration of the S. dougallii of Bahia between Salvador and Mangue Seco
together with nine other representatives of (240 km of coastline). During this period, we
the Sternidae family, visiting the Rio River collected 36 species of shore birds belonging to
estuary (Hays et. al. 1999) and this was the nine families. (Table 7). Figure 4 relates the
first known register of such a concentration quantity of birds added to the list of birds for
of this species. Between 1995 and 2006, we Brazil and Bahia.
captured 380 specimens of the S. dougallii with
American bands. Of this total, the individual During our winter (from April to August), many
bird with band 762-03835 established a record species of shore birds die along the coast of
for longevity, attaining an age of 25.6 years old. Bahia, most of them as result of their youth and
Our research shows that the S. dougallii species is inexperience in attaining food (fish and squid).
distributed all along the coast of Bahia. To better The strong storms that occur on the coast during
understand the feeding habits of this species, the winter mean that weak and debilitated birds
we are using radio collars, with support from are thrown onto our shores and end up dying.
the American Museum of Natural History, to Often the birds weigh less than 50% of their
accompany the movements of the species as normal weight, a fact that can be demonstrated
they seek food. The S. dougallii makes the east/ by the Cory’s shearwater (Calonectris borealis)
west trans-Atlantic migration, a fact proved by which normally weighs about 900g. We found
the recovery of a bird banded in Mangue Seco thousands of these birds that were dead and
and recovered in a reproduction colony in the weighed between 350 and 400g. This species is
Azores, and another bird banded by the British originally from the Selvagem Grande, Selvagem
Museum, on the island of Rockabill in England Pequena, Desertas, Madeira Islands in Portugal
on the 24th of June, 2007 and captured on the and the Canary Islands in Spain, and are the
27th of January in 2001 in Mangue Seco. most numerous birds collected in our research
on the phenomena of the mortality of shore
The results of our research in the Rio River birds on the coast of Bahia. Among the 36
estuary in Mangue Seco, show that this ecosystem species of birds collected, dead or debilitated,
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*Ocorrência nova no Estado da Bahia | Tab.10 Relação das demais espécies animais do Litoral Norte
Espécies Common Name
Tupinambis teguxin
Rentropyx calcarata
Ameiva ameiva
Mabuya heathi
Ophiode striatus
Boa constrictor
Eunectes murinus
Liophis viridis
Tantila melanocephala
Spilotes pullatus
Drymarchon corais
Helicops leopardinus
Mastigodryas bifossatus
Waglerophis merremii
Philodryas patagoniensis
Oxybelis aenus
Oxyrhopus sp
Micrurus ibiboboca
Crotalus durissus
Bothrops leucurus
Rhynchonycteris naso
Saccopteryx bilineata
Noctilio albiventris
Lonchorhina aurita
Phyllostomus h. hastatus
Glossophaga soricina
Carollia p. perspicillata
Sturnira l. lilium
Vampyrops lineatus
Artibeus literatus
Artibeus planirostris
Artibeus jamaicensis
Artibeus cinereus*
Desmodus rotundus
Myotis nigricans
Eumops planirostris
Molossus ater
Agouti paca Paca
Tamandua tetradactyla Tamandua/anteater
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Tinamidae
Crypturellus parvirostris (Wagler, 1827).
Inambu-chororó (Small-billed Tinamou)
Tinamidae Family
Crypturellus parvirostris (Wagler, 1827)
Small-billed Tinamou
This is a small species with a short beak that measures less than 20
centimeters. The bird occurs at forest edges, disturbed fields and in
savannas, where it seeks its food and reproduces. It’s a skittish bird
that is difficult to see. More commonly the species is identified through
vocalization, most frequently heard at daybreak or dusk. Its pale red
coloring [Pedro: really?] also makes it difficult to see in its habitat. Often
it has the effect of startling someone if unexpectedly come upon, as it
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flies off noisily at ground level. When it senses the presence of a potential
predator, the Small-billed Tinamou crouches and raises its tail feathers,
which gives it the appearance of a flower in bloom. It is a bird much
coveted by local hunters. Morphometric data: weight 110 g, total length
228 mm, wing 117 mm, beak 20 mm, tarsus 28 mm.
This species can occur in both forests and open fields. It is a more robust
species than the preceding one and can weigh more than 800 grams.
Its song is melancholic and consists of two low notes. The tarsus of the
species is yellow, as its name suggests. The plumage grayish-brown
overall, with its most distinctive features being a shiny back and a yellow
superciliary. The Yellow-legged Tinamou is a skittish, ground-dwelling
bird whose coloration makes it perfectly camouflaged. Due to habitat loss
and relentless hunting, the species is currently listed as endangered. In a
savanna area, we have witnessed a Maned Wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus)
stalk a bird of this species that was nesting during the night. Morphometric
data: weight 600g, total length 350 mm, wing 190 mm, beak 27 mm,
tarsus 54 mm.
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This is a small ground bird that hides in dense vegetation. It has a greenish
tarsus. Its call is more frequent at dusk and dawn and consists of varying
hollow whistles. It is difficult to see and the species’ presence is recorded
much more often through its call. Hunting is the greatest danger to it.
Morphometric data: weight 125g, total length 195 mm, wing 106 mm,
beak 9 mm, tarsus 33mm.
É uma espécie que vive no solo, nas áreas abertas do cerrado e da restinga.
É uma ave robusta que pode pesar mais de 800g. É muito parecida com
a espécie Nothura maculosa, porém é maior e mais forte. O seu canto
pode ser ouvido de manhã e ao entardecer. Canta para delimitar o
território e muitas vezes ouvimos um indivíduo dessa espécie responder
ao outro. O ninho é uma cavidade no solo forrada com pouca vegetação
e os ovos são na cor de chocolate com brilho metálico, medindo 57 mm
x 45 mm e pesando em média, 62g. . É uma das aves mais perseguidas
pelos caçadores e já tivemos a ocasião de presenciar um caçador com
seu cão de caça matar mais de 10 aves dessa espécie numa única tarde.
Dados morfométricos: peso 750g, asa 105 mm, cauda 53 mm, bico 34
mm, tarso 50 mm.
The Spotted Nothura occurs in open fields with low vegetation. One of
its distinguishing habits is to stretch its neck for a wider view when in
motion or in a state of alertness. Its brownish coloring is often dyed by
the dirt or soil that gets into its plumage. The Spotted Nothura’s eggs
are chocolate-colored and measure 42mm x 30mm. Its call is sharp and
easily confused with a chirping cricket. Many of these birds are run over
by cars when they try to cross highways. Morphometric data: total length
230 mm, wing 105 mm, tail 37 mm, head 45 mm, beak 17 mm, tarsus 40
mm and weight 170g.
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Podicipedidae
Tachybaptus dominicus speciosus (Linch Arribalzaga 1877)
Mergulhão-pequeno (Least Grebe)
Podicipedidae Family
Tachybaptus dominicus speciosus (Linch Arribalzaga, 1877)
Least Grebe
This is the smaller of Bahia’s two grebes, easily recognized at close range
by its intense yellow eyes. When in flight, a large white area on its wings is
conspicuous. This species can occur in any flooded area with vegetation,
including the ponds at sewage treatment plants. Its nest is a sedge raft that
can float on the water wherever the wind takes it. The nest may contain
up to three whitish eggs. When they sense a possible predator, these birds
abandon their nests, leaving the eggs covered with sedge. The chicks are
born a grayish color with wisps of white and abandon the nests upon
birth. Instead they shelter themselves under the wings of their parents for
a certain amount of time. Morphometric data: weight 100g, total length
220 mm, wing 98 mm, tail 31 mm, and tarsus 21 mm.
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This species is much larger than the Least Grebe, with which it often
occurs. Its beak is distinctive, whitish with a black stripe. The bird’s
reproductive habits are similar to the Least Grebe, and it is constantly
diving to search for food or thwart the pursuit of possible predators. It
differs from the Least Grebe in that it lives alone or in pairs, whereas
the Least can live in groups of up to 20 individuals. Morphometric data:
weight 235g, total length 290 mm, wing 114 mm, beak 21 mm, tarsus 36
mm (female).
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DIOMEDEIDAE
Thalassarche melanophris (Temminck, 1828).
Albatroz-de-sobrancelha (Black-browed Albatross)
DIOMEDEIDAE
Thalassarche melanophris (Temminck, 1828).
Black-browed Albatross
Between 1994 and 2001, nine specimens of the species were collected on
Bahia’s northern beaches. Two skeletons, a beak and two skins are stored
in the MCNC (CETREL’s Museum of Natural Science). Morphometric
data: weight 1.600 kg, total length 750 mm, wing 500 mm, tail 175 mm,
beak 119 mm, tarsus 100 mm.
Souza (1999) lista essa espécie como uma ocorrência nova para a Bahia,
com base em dois espécimes coletados entre 1990 e 1992. De 1994 a
1999, 37 espécimes foram coletados pela equipe da Cetrel. Foram
depositados sete peles e quatro esqueletos na coleção do MCNC. Uma
fêmea coletada em 17 de julho de 1994 em Salvador (12° 55 ‘ S, 38° 21 ‘
W), está depositada na coleção de RG 9496. Em 2001, foram coletados
cinco outros espécimes que foram depositados na coleção do MCNC.
Dados morfométricos: comprimento total 730 mm, asa 510 mm, cauda
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175 mm, cabeça 185 mm, bico 118 mm, tarso 85 mm e peso 1.250 kg (
macho jovem).
Souza (1999) lists this as a new occurrence for Bahia, based on the two
specimens collected between 1990 and 1992. The subsequent discovery of
numerous additional specimens indicates that it probably occurs regularly,
and in good numbers, offshore. From 1994 to 1999, 37 were collected by
teams from CETREL. Seven skins and four skeletons were stored in MCNC’s
collection. A female collected on July 17, 1994 in Salvador (12° 55 ‘ S, 38°
21 ‘ W), is stored in the RG 9496 collection. In 2001, five other specimens
were collected and stored in the MCNC collection. Morphometric data:
total length 730 mm, wing 510 mm, tail 175 mm, head 185 mm, beak 118
mm, tarsus 85 mm and weight 1.250 kg ((male juvenile).
A young male individual (MCNC 28) was collected on the 3rd of March,
1996, in Salvador (12° 55 ‘ S, 38° 21 ‘ W). This was the second specimen
collected in Brazil; the first being from São Paulo (Willis & Oniki, 1985).
A third specimen has since been collected in Rio Grande do Sul, on
December 5, 1996 (Romano 1998). Morphometric data: total length 742
mm, wing 520 mm, tail 236, beak 109 mm, tarsus 80 mm.
Five specimens of this species have been collected in Bahia. The first (skin,
RG 9511) was found on the 31st of August, 1994 on Baixios beach (12°
03 ‘ 37 “ S, 37° 44 ‘ 36 “ W). [Pedro: the dates of these 2 specimens must
be wrong: the first date can’t be later than the second.] The skeleton of a
second specimen was collected on Subaúna beach (12° 13 ‘ 15 “S, 37° 50 ‘
07 “ W) on August 28th, 1994; Werner Bokermann prepared it and kept it
in his private collection. The cranium and skin are in the RG collection. A
third specimen was found on Itaparica Island in Bahia on the 7th of June,
1996. (Sampaio and Castro 1998). Sampaio and Castro (1998) concluded
that the specimen was an adult because it had a dark gray coloring which
generated some confusion since no Phoebetria is uniformly gray. The P.
fusca is the only species that has an almost uniform dark ashen coloring.
[Pedro: how was this resolved? As it is, it sounds like the specimen should
have been fusca.] Between June and August of 1999, three specimens
were collected on the northern Bahia coast, all in an advanced stage of
decomposition. The wings, craniums and other body parts from these
three specimens are stored in the MCNC collection. Morphometric data:
total length 760 mm, wing 486 mm, tail 234 mm, beak 110 mm, tarsus
77 mm.
PROCELLARIIDAE
Fulmarus glacialoides (Smith, 1840)
Pardelão-prateado (Southern Fulmar)
PROCELLARIIDAE
Fulmarus glacialoides (Smith, 1840)
Southern Fulmar
Bahia’s only specimen (RG 9497) was collected in Mangue Seco (11° 27
‘ S, 37° 27 ‘ W) on July 16, 1994. This speciesis very common on the
beaches in Rio Grande do Sul, (Vooren and Fernandes, 1989; Petry &
Fonseca, 2002). Morphometric data: total length 455 mm, wings 334 mm,
tail 124 mm, beak 40 mm, tarsus 47 mm.
Two specimens of this species are stored in the RG collection: one female
(RG 9573) collected on Porto Sauípe beach (12° 21 ‘ S, 37° 54 ‘ W) August
5, 1996, and one male (RG 9645) collected on Lauro de Freitas beach
(12° 55 ‘ S, 21° 10 ‘ W) September 10, 1996. Six individuals are stored
in the MCNC: three (3) collected in 1996 and three collected September
3, 1999, on the north coast of Bahia. In other areas of Brazil there are
recordsrecords of three specimens collected by Vooren on the Cassino
beach, Rio Grande do Sul, and another collected in October, 1987. In the
state of Paraná, an individual was collected May 30, 1994, on Atami beach
(Krul and Moraes, 1994). Morphometric data: weight 200g, total length
334, wing 235 mm, tail 100 mm, beak 27 mm, tarsus 35 mm (female);
weight 180g, total length 335 mm, wing 260 mm, tail 110 mm, beak 28
mm, tarsus 37 mm (male).
On the northern Bahia coast, six skeletons of this species were collected
on May 8, 1994 between Salvador and Mangue Seco and are now in
the collection of Werner Bokermann. Two specimens collected by Sônia
Riqueiro in June of 1984 are in the collection of the National Museum
(MN 33449, male; 33450, female). We have 11 specimens in the MCNC
collection, found on the beaches between Salvador and Mangue Seco. In
June 1996, thousands of P. belcheri and P. desolata died along the coast
from northern Paraná to Rio de Janeiro (Martuscelli et al., 1997). This
die-off also struck the northern coast. In Bahia, 986 individuals of both
species were collected. Two skins (RG 9482: male, RG 9483 female), were
collected in June 1994 on the north coast of Bahia. Morphometric data:
weight 86g, total length 270 mm, wing 230 mm, tail 100 mm, beak 30
mm, tarsus 35 mm, width at the base of the beak 13 mm (male).
Souza (1999) listou essa espécie como sendo uma ocorrência nova para
a Bahia, após observar um individuo sobrevoando as praias de Salvador
em 1998. É difícil nos basearmos nesse relato, uma vez que as três
espécies ocorrem na Bahia e seria muito difícil saber qual das três teria
sido avistada sobrevoando o mar. Um indivíduo (RG 9484) foi coletado
em junho de 1994 no litoral norte da Bahia. Também há três indivíduos
na coleção do MCNC, coletados entre 1994 e 1996 no litoral norte da
Bahia. Há muitos registros para São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina e
Rio Grande do Sul (Vooren e Fernandes, 1989; Martuscelli et al., 1997).
Dados morfométricos: peso 80g, comprimento total 280 mm, asa 190
mm, cauda 85 mm, bico 27 mm, tarso 33 mm, largura da base do bico
10 mm.
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Souza (1999) listed this species as a new occurrence for Bahia after
observing an individual flying around the beaches of Salvador in 1998.
It is difficult to back up this report since three of these species occur in
Bahia and it would be difficult to ascertain which of the three would
have been flying over the sea. An individual (RG 9484) was collected
in June of 1994 on the north coast of Bahia. There are also three other
individuals in the MCNC collection, all taken from the northern coast of
Bahia between 1994 and 1996. There are many records records of this
species for São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul
(Vooren e Fernandes, 1989; Martuscelli et al., 1997). Morphometric data:
weight 80g, total length 280 mm, wing 190 mm, tail 85 mm, beak 27 mm,
tarsus 33 mm, width at the base of the beak 10 mm.
In the MCNC collection, three skins of this species are stored. Six skins
of the species are in the RG collection and four skeletons are stored in
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480 mm, asa 350 mm, cauda 110 mm, cabeça 106 mm, bico 48 mm,
tarso 64 mm e peso 650g.
Out of the 3,447 dead birds collected between 1994 and 1999 that were
originally identified as Cory’s Shearwater, two individuals were of the form
C. edwardsii, recently considered a separate species. The first was found
decomposed in June 1995 at Praia do Forte beach and had the following
measurements: beak – 43 mm, wing – 285 mm, tail- 125 mm, tarsus – 44
mm, total length – 440 mm, middle finger with nail - 57 mm, wingspan
- 970 mm. The second individual died but was not kept (Lima et al, 2002).
The individual’s measurements when it was alive were: beak - 47 mm,
point of the nostril - 39 mm, head - 103 mm, tarsus - 58 mm, tarsus
diameter - 6 mm, wing - 310 mm, total length - 480 mm, weight - 480 gr.
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Dados morfométricos: comprimento total 370 mm, asa 270 mm, cauda
96 mm, cabeça 80 mm, bico 34 mm, tarso 52 mm, dedo médio com
unha 16,6 mm e peso 340g.
& Tipling 1997). Sangster et al. 2002, stipulate that the P. mauretanicus
differs from the P. yelkouan by the skull’s anatomy (citing Walker et
al.1990 and Heidrich et al. 1998) and considers the P. yelkouan a distinct
species from the P. mauretanicus, and neither to be a subspecies of the P.
puffinus, and mitocondrial DNA analysis indicates that these forms are
separate monophiletic species. This is currently the consensus view of
the taxonomy of this group. P. mauretanicus breeds in the Mediterranean
on the Balearic Islandsof Spain and is considered in critical danger of
extinction by the IUCN (2004) and by BirdLife International (2004).
According to Oro et al. (2004), P. mauretanicus has a small population,
approximately 2,000 pairs, and the decline of these colonies is one of the
principal threats to the species survival. P. mauretanicus spans from the
Mediterranean Sea to the north coast of France at the Bay of Vizcaya,
and can be found sporadically in the north of Africa (Yesó, 2003). The
incidence of the P.mauretanicus on the coast of Bahia could be linked to
thermal fronts in the ocean. A more intense study of seabirds that appear
on the beaches of the Brazilian coast should yield better information
about the movements of these birds in the South Atlantic. Morphometric
data: total length 370 mm, wing 270 mm, tail 96 mm, head 80 mm, beak
34 mm, tarsus 52 mm, middle toe with claw 16,6 mm and weight 340g..
HYDROBATIDAE
Oceanites oceanicus (Kuhl, 1820)
Alma-de-mestre (Wilson’ Storm-Petrel)
HYDROBATIDAE
Oceanites oceanicus (Kuhl, 1820)
Wilson' Storm-Petrel
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A skeleton of this species still with its feathers was found on the beach at
Mangue Seco (11° 27 ‘ S, 37° 27 ‘ W), in 1997. In 1999, five specimens
were collected: a female stored in the RG collection; a skin and three
skeletons stored in the collection at MCNC. Morphometric data: weight
38g, total length 190 mm, wing 163 mm, tail 70 mm, beak 13 mm,
tarsus 37 mm.
One specimen of this species has been collected at Mangue Seco (11° 27
‘ S, 37° 27 ‘ W). This incomplete skin is stored in the MCNC collection,
N 124. (Lima et al, 2002) This was the first record record of this species
in Brazil. Morphometric data: wing 165 mm, tail 75 mm, beak 17 mm,
tarsus 40 mm.
One specimen of this species was collected in 1997 at Mangue Seco (11° 27’
S, 37° 27’ W), and stored in the MCNC collection (N 576). Teixeira et al.,
1988, relate that they saw an individual of this species 370 km off the coast
of Espírito Santo. M. V. Petry relates that he found a species on the seashore
around 20 kms from N. Pinhal, in September, 1990 and that its cranium is
stored in the collection at UNISINOS (Belton, 2000). Olmos (2000) reviewed
the literature and found that the first record record for Brazil was collected
on the coast of Bahia by Sperling in 1855 and is stored in the collection of
Berlin’s Natural History Museum. The specimen stored in the MCNC is the
second record record of this species for Brazil. Morphometric data: wing 163
mm, tail 78 mm, beak 19 mm, tarsus 42 mm.
One specimen of this species has been collected in north coastal Bahia: a
skeleton with feathers on the beach at Mangue Seco (11° 27 ‘ S, 37° 27 ‘
W), in 1997. The skeleton disappeared and there is only a photograph of
the specimen.
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SPHENISCIDAE
Spheniscus magellanicus (Forster, 1781).
Pinguim-de-Magalhães (Magellanic Penguin)
SPHENISCIDAE
Spheniscus magellanicus (Forster, 1781).
Magellanic Penguin
PHAETHONTIDAE
Phaethon aethereus aethereus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Rabo de Palha (Red-billed Tropicbird)
PHAETHONTIDAE
Phaethon aethereus aethereus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Red-billed Tropicbird
SULIDAE
Sula dactylatra dactylatra (Lesson, 1831)
(Masked Booby)
SULIDAE
Sula dactylatra dactylatra (Lesson, 1831).
Masked Booby
Four specimens have been collected in north coastal Bahia: two in 1994
and two in 1998. One specimen is in the RG collection and a male specimen
is part of the collection of the MCNC (N 544), which was collected on the
23rd of March, 1999 in Salvador (12° 55 ‘ S, 38° 21 ‘ W). Morphometric
data: total length 800 mm, tail 210 mm, beak 140 mm, tarsus 51 mm
(male).
Two specimens are stored in the collection at MCNC (N 187 and 188),
both male. Morphometric data: weight 860g, total length 750 mm, wing
420 mm, tail 146 mm, beak 105 mm, tarsus 59 mm.
PHALACROCORACIDAE
Phalacrocorax bransfieldensis (Murphy, 1936).
(Antarctic Shag)
250 g, comprimento total 745 mm, asa 300 mm, cauda 123 mm, bico 56
mm, tarso 67 mm.
PHALACROCORACIDAE
Phalacrocorax bransfieldensis (Murphy, 1936)
Antarctic Shag
One specimen has been collected on the north coast of Bahia: on the beach
at Barra Itariri, (11° 51 ‘ S, 37° 34 ‘ W). The bird was collected by a local
merchant who took off the band and threw it away. The juvenile specimen
had been banded by Marco Fávero of he Universidade Nacional Arruinam
del Plata in Punta Armonía, Nelson Island, Shetland Islands, South
Antarctica, band AA 4765. This is the first record record of this species in
Brazil. (Lima et al. 2002). Morphometric data: weight 3 250g, total length
745 mm, wing 300 mm, tail 123 mm, beak 56 mm, tarsus 67.
Essa espécie tanto vive na água doce, como no litoral, nas proximidades
dos manguezais. Busca seu alimento mergulhando na água e erguendo a
cabeça para fora d’água para observar ao seu redor. Pode ser observada
em grandes ou pequenos bandos. Costuma empoleirar-se nas árvores ao
redor do seu hábitat, ou aproveitar artefatos utilizados por pescadores
para pousar. Os biguás podem se reproduzir nas colônias mistas de
garças. Dados morfométricos: comprimento total 720 mm, asa 300 mm,
cauda 178 mm, bico 60 mm, tarso 60 mm.
The Neotropical Cormorant lives in both fresh and salt water, often
around mangroves. It dives for food and then raises its head out of the
water to scan its surroundings. These birds can be observed in large or
small groups. They normally perch on trees by the shore or on posts or
snags in the water. It has been known to reproduce in heron colonies.
Morphometric data: total length 720 mm, wing 300 mm, tail 178 mm,
beak 60 mm, tarsus 60 mm.
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FREGATIDAE
Fregata magnificens (Mathews, 1914).
Tesourão (Magnificent Frigatebird)
FREGATIDAE
Fregata magnificens (Mathews, 1914).
Magnificent Frigatebird
One individual of this coastal species was captured on August 16, 1999,in
the interior of Bahia:in the city of Bom Jesus da Lapa, 750 kms from the
coast. The bird must have followed the San Francisco River and become
disoriented, perhaps having been blown off course by strong winds.
During the winter months, these birds are very common along the coast
of Bahia and can be seen flying over the city of Salvador about 5 to 10
kms from the coast. However, this was the only specimen of this species
found over a period of 17 years of research. The bird was treated, banded
and 20 days later released on the beach at Arembepe. The band-type
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Ardeidae
Ardea cocoi (Linné, 1766).
Garça-moura (White-necked Heron)
Ardeidae Family
Ardea cocoi (Linnaeus, 1766).
White-necked Heron
This is the biggest Brazilian heron. In the Pantanal, it can be seen in big
groups because of the ready availability of food sources. On the north coast
of Bahia, this migratory species appears during the rainy season when there
are extensive flooded areas. It is very rare on the north coast, however.
Morphometric data: total length 990 mm, wing 410 mm, tail 178 mm, beak
152 mm, tarsus 166 mm.
Uma das características que a distinguem da Egretta albus é seu porte que
é menor, seu bico é preto e seus dedos são amarelos. Vive tanto na água
doce, como na salgada e alimenta-se de peixes e anfíbios. Reproduzem-se
em colônias com outras espécies de garças. O ninho é confeccionado de
gravetos e tem a forma de tigela rasa. A postura pode constar de dois a
quatro ovos de cor azulada. Os filhotes mais novos são às vezes jogados
para fora do ninho pelos irmãos mais velhos e podem morrer por falta de
alimento, levando assim muita desvantagem com relação aos seus irmãos
mais velhos. Dados morfométricos: comprimento total 590 mm, asa 250
mm, cauda 90 mm, bico 79 mm, tarso 91 mm.
length 590 mm, wing 250 mm, tail 90 mm, beak 79 mm, tarsus 91 mm.
No litoral norte da Bahia, os locais onde essa espécie pode ser avistada
são nos manguezais de Mangue Seco, onde busca alimento junto com
diversas outras espécies de garças e de maçaricos. A coloração azulada
dessa espécie é que a distingue das demais espécies de garças existentes
no litoral norte. Dados morfométricos: asa 237 mm, cauda 81 mm,
bico 82 mm, tarso 80 mm.
On the north coast of Bahia, the locale where this species is most often
seen is the mangroves around Mangue Seco, where it forages with other
heron species and king fishers. Dark blue coloring distinguishes adults
from the other herons present on the north coast. Immatures are all-
white and can be distinguished by shape and the color of the legs and bill.
Morphometric data: wing 237 mm, tail 81 mm, beak 82 mm, tarsus 80
mm.
nest but could be banded. In all the nests where the change was made,
the chicks were banded with colored bands. The swapped chicks were
accepted, which proves the adults can recognize the nests but are unable
to recognize their progeny. This nest management showed that it could
be an effective tool in reducing chick mortality rates in colonies of B. ibis
where there are large age differences between siblings. Relocating chicks
of the same age and weight from different nests could reduce competition
between individuals of different ages. This technique facilitates banding in
colonies, since it is not necessary to place average-weight chicks (between
50g to 100g) in their original nests. They can be randomly reintroduced in
different nests which greatly reduces the time spent in the banding process
and cuts down greatly on the amount of time a banding team needs to
stay within a breeding colony. Using this management technique, it was
observed that that the mortality rate for the banded birds that were part
of the experiment was 1.57%, which is considered normal, compared with
the natural mortality in colonies of B. ibis, which can be much higher.
The average weight between siblings varied between a minimum two and
maximum four in the 190 nests was the following: the lowest average was
30g (n=4 ;26g/36g); the highest average was 207.5g (150g/250g) where
there was a wide discrepancy between sibling weights and where the
average weight was 87.5g (22g/148). We can therefore observe that the
first ones are at a real disadvantage in competition for food in relation
to the older siblings. Of the 77 nests with a total of 170 eggs, we gathered
the following averages: one egg (n=16; 20.78%), two eggs (n=25; 32.45%),
three eggs (n=34; 44,15%) and four eggs (n=4; 2.6%), with an average egg
weight of 25.07g, average diameter of 4.31cm x 3. 25cm. This data differs
from that collected in the 1996 campaign when the average weight was
found to be 34.7g (n=9). Morphometric data: wing 230 mm, head 105
mm, beak 57 mm, tail 88 mm, tarsus 77 mm.
This species occurs in wetlands, lakes and rivers. Its coloring is perfect for
camouflage which enables the bird to stay perfectly still for long periods of
time and wait for the perfect moment to dive on its prey. It lays two bluish
eggs which weigh an average of 13.8 g and measure 37 mm x 29 mm.
Chicks are born with gray plumage and immature chicks are brownish
in color. The nests are made of twigs. They can live alone or in pairs.
Morphometric data: weight 165g, total length 400 mm, wing 185 mm, tail
57 mm, beak 57 mm, tarsus 49 mm.
This species occurs throughout the mangroves of north coastal Bahia, and
is most easily observed around Mangue Seco. A semi-nocturnal species,
during the day it tends to remain hidden in the interior of the mangrove
vegetation. They make their nests from twigs and lay two to three greenish
eggs. It is common to see crustacean leftovers in the nest which have been
offered to the chicks. The juveniles have a plumage pattern much like
the preceding species, so shape is the key distinction. The feces have a
particularly putrid smell. Morphometric data: total length 640 mm, wing
300 mm, tail 118 mm, beak 71 mm, tarsus 100 mm.
This heron has a long neck and lives in wetlands surrounded by vegetation.
Despite its large size, the bird is difficult to see because it tends to remain
hidden in dense vegetation. The best time to see them is when they fly,
after being spooked by the presence of humans. They feed on fish and
amphibians. The backs of adult birds are brownish-gray and juveniles are
yellow interspersed with black stripes. Morphometric data: weight 1 kg, total
length 690 mm, wing 295 mm, tail 130 mm, beak 105 mm, tarsus 100 mm.
A small yellow heron with black and rust colored stripes. It lives in wetlands
full of vegetation where,like the preceding species, it is very difficult to
see. It was recordedfirst recorded in Bahia in 1984. Morphometric data:
weight 75 mm, total length 305 mm, wing 115 mm, tail 45 mm, beak 50
mm, tarsus 41 mm.
morfométricos: peso 75 mm, comprimento total 305 mm, asa 115 mm,
cauda 45 mm, bico 50 mm, tarso 41 mm.
A small yellow heron with black and rust colored stripes. It lives in wetlands
full of vegetation where,like the preceding species, it is very difficult to
see. It was recordedfirst recorded in Bahia in 1984. Morphometric data:
weight 75 mm, total length 305 mm, wing 115 mm, tail 45 mm, beak 50
mm, tarsus 41 mm.
Familía Cochlearidae
Cochlearius cochlearius cochlearius (Linné, 1766)
Arapapá (Boat-billed Heron)
Família Cochlearidae
Cochlearius cochlearius cochlearius (Linné, 1766)
Boat-billed Heron
Threskiornithidae
Eudocimus ruber (Linné 1758)
Guará (Scarlet Ibis)
Threskiornithidae Family
Eudocimus ruber (Linnaeus, 1758).
Scarlet Ibis
Ciconidae
Mycteria americana (Linné, 1758).
Cabeça-seca (Wood Stork)
Ciconidae Family
Mycteria americana (Linné, 1758).
Wood Stork
This species is rarely seen on the north coast, withonly two records of a
few individuals each: once in Guarajuba and the Santa Helena dam and
the other on lakes in Arembepe. Adults have a black beak while that of
juveniles has a pink tone. Morphometric data: total length 910 mm, wing
480 mm, tail 170 mm, beak 240 mm, tarsus 220 mm.
Cathartidae
Sarcoramphus papa ( Linné 1758 )
Urubu-rei (King Vulture)
Cathartidae Family
Sarcoramphus papa (Linnaeus, 1758).
King Vulture
have been observed at one roost. Morphometric data: total length 690 mm,
wing 550 mm, tail 230 mm, head 125 mm, beak 35 mm, tarsus 100 mm.
This is the most abundant vulture along the north coast, where it frequents
all types of habitats except dense forests. On beaches, these birds can be
seen feeding on dead seabirds. The largest concentrations of this species are
around garbage dumps and sanitary landfills throughout the municipalities
the north coast. Its abundance close to Salvador’s airport is worrying to
officials there, who are trying to get them away from airplane approach
paths. It lays one to two greenish eggs that are dotted with brown dots.
Adult as well as juvenile vultures have a very efficient defense mechanism:
when they are caught, they regurgitate the contents of their stomach. The
stench this vomit produces is so strong that the capturer is driven to nausea.
We have observed groups of vultures eat members of their own species when
they find them on the highway after being run over by a vehicle. On another
occasion, we saw a flock kill one of its own members. Morphometric data:
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weight 2 kg, total length 560 mm, wing 420 mm, tail 165 mm, head 112
mm, beak 54 mm, tarsus 80 mm.
Anatidae
Dendrocygna bicolor (Vieillot, 1816 ).
Mareca-caneleira (Fulvous Whistling-Duck)
Anatidae Family
Dendrocygna bicolor (Vieillot, 1816).
Fulvous Whistling-Duck
This is a migratory species that visits the northern coast during winter.
It arrives at the end of March and stays until the end of September. Small
groups may arrive before winter as long as flooded marshy areas can be
found. They breed in the region and we’ve discovered nests with more
than 12 chicks. [Pedro: this implies that they breed in winter in Brazil. Is
this right?] This is an abundant species in the north coast region and only
Anas bahamensis are more plentiful. Often the white on the face, chin and
throat becomes dirty with mud making them seem brown. Due to heavy
hunting pressure, they are extremely skittish. They reproduce between the
months of April and June and the chicks are very similar to the White-
cheeked pintail aside from the ring around its nape does not reach its
neck. We have witnessed hybrids of this species in captivity, the result
of paring with D. autumnalis. Morphometric data: weight 750g, total
length 440 mm, wing 225 mm, tail 63 mm, beak 51 mm, tarsus 60 mm.
This species occurs in small groups along the north coast between April
and September. Among its most distinguishing characteristics is the strong
red coloring and the adults’ beak and tarsus. When it flies, a large white
wing-stripe is conspicuous. Sick relates that flocks of the D. autumnalis
don’t mix with the White-faced Whistling-Duck, but on the northern
shore, they live and forage with other ducks, including the White-faced.
We have seen various hybrids, the result of crossing D. viduata with the
D. autumnalis, which hatched in a private zoo on the northern coast. The
species also breeds in the region and the chick is similar in appearance
to the preceding species, although it has a black stripe that goes from its
nape to the hind neck. Morphometric data: weight- 550g a 750g, total
length 460 mm, wing 240 mm, tail 70 mm, beak 46 mm, tarsus 51 mm.
This is the most abundant duck along the northern coast. At CETREL
between April and September, flocks estimated at 2,000 to 3,000 individuals
visit the flooded areas. Many such flocks occur around marshy areas of
the northern coast, particularly in the flooded areas around Conde. They
reproduce in regions where they can construct their nests far from the
water. The male is bigger and has a longer red stripe on its beak. A male
of this species which was banded at CETREL, was killed by hunters in
Jequié, in the interior of Bahia. Its nest can be built far from water and
we have found eight eggs in one nest that weigh 33 grams and measure
46 mm x 37 mm. Morphometric data: weight 400g, total length 415 mm,
wing 193 mm, beak 38,5mm, tarsus 44,6mm.
É uma das espécies mais raras no litoral norte, ficando atrás somente da
Oxyura dominica. O local de maior concentração dessa espécie no litoral
norte está situado numa lagoa, no município de Candeias. A plumagem
da fêmea tem a cor marrom acinzentado e tem uma mancha branca
próxima ao olho; o macho é preto brilhante e tem os olhos vermelhos.
Essa espécie também se reproduz na região. Dados morfométricos: asa
210 mm, cabeça 96 mm, cauda 51 mm, bico 46 mm, tarso 39 mm.
This is one of the rarest ducks on the northern Bahia coast (only the
Masked Duck is less common). The place with the highest concentration
of this species along the north coast is the municipality of Candeias. The
female’s plumage is a gray brown color and a white swath next to the eye.
The male is mostly blackish with red eyes. This species also reproduces in
the region. Morphometric data: wing 210 mm, head 96 mm, tail 51 mm,
beak 46 mm, tarsus 39 mm.
This is a small duck. The male has a red bill and tarsus and the female’s
bill is bluish. When they fly, both sexes show a white wing-stripe. It is
common along the northern shore, occuring in pairs or small groups of
less than 10 individuals. [Pedro: I have seen much larger flocks (~50) in
the interior of Minas Gerais.] They reproduce in the region and construct
their nests at some distance from bodies of waters. Morphometric data:
weight 340g, total length 370 mm, wing 180 mm, tail 60 mm, beak 39
mm, tarsus 37 mm (male).
This duck is uncommon along the northern shore. The male is markedly
larger than the female and has a pronounced casque on its bill that enlarges
during the breeding season. The adults’ size and black-and-white coloring
make them unmistakable when seen well; immature birds are somewhat
less distinctive. Flocks fly in an “Indian line” led by an adult male. We
have never found a Comb Duck nest in the region. Morphometric data:
total length 720 mm, wing 365 mm, tail 140 mm, beak 46 mm.
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This is a relatively rare species in the north coast region. The numbers
for this species have been decreasing in Bahia, the result of heavy hunting
pressure. Another alarming development is the coupling of wild and
domestic populations. According to Sick the offspring of wild ducks are
completely black whereas those of domesticated ones are streaked with
yellow. The chicks we have observed in the north shore region have the
coloring of ducks that came from domestic stocks. Nests are constructed in
tree cavities and steep riverbanks. The eggs are white and generally weigh
around, 55.0 g, and measure 57 mm x 44 mm. Morphometric data: total
length 630 mm, wing 300 mm, tail 145 mm, head 188 mm, beak 40 mm,
tarsus 68m and weight 2.5 kg for females; for males, weight 2.800kg, total
length 760 mm, wing 390 mm, tail 190 mm, beak 54 mm, tarsus 70 mm.
Pandionidae
Pandion haliaetus (Linnaeus, 1758).
Águia-pescadora (Osprey)
Pandionidae Family
Pandion haliaetus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Osprey
Accipitridae
Elanus leucurus (Vieillot, 1818).
Gavião-peneira (White-tailed Kite)
Accipitridae Family
Elanus leucurus (Vieillot, 1818)
White-tailed Kite
Though not abundant, this is one of the more common raptors in the
region. It can be observed alone or in pairs that hunt together. When on
the lookout for prey, the White-tailed Kite hovers in the air as if suspended
by a string. When it spots a mouse, lizard, or other small prey, it will
often swoop up and down until the opportune moment to strike presents
itself. It is frequently seen in open fields or grasslands, and can be seen
in Salvador, hunting in barren land or open air sewers [?] on the beach.
Morphometric data: total length 275 mm, wing 190 mm, tail 75 mm, beak
40 mm, tarsus 38 mm.
EEven smaller than the American Kestrel, this, the country’s smallest
raptor, can be seen in diverse areas of the north coastal region. It
feeds on small birds, lizards and small reptiles. It soars at impressive
heights and with its circular flight pattern it is sometimes mistaken for
a swallow. The nest of this uncommon species is shaped like a shallow
bowl. The bird is clumsy and therefore its nest must be protected by
both parents, who attack anything that approaches. Morphometric
data: weight 85 g, total length 240 mm, wing 163 mm, tail 96 mm, beak
17 mm, tarsus 27 mm.
The gray-headed kite frequents the intact forests of the northern coast.
It feeds on a wide range of range small animals, including insects, frogs,
lizards and small birds. It is a skittish bird and difficult to see. We
recorded this bird in some high sandy coastal forest in Bahia’s lower south
region (Ituberá). There is a specimen of this species stored in CETREL’s
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collection. Morphometric data: wing 318 mm, tail 220 mm, beak 32 mm,
tarsus 42 mm.
data: weight 135g, total length 305 mm, wing 200 mm, tail 150mm, beak
16 mm, tarsus 40 mm.
The Snail Kite can be found in Salvador in the Pituaçu city park and
is widely distributed throughout the north coast region. It lives in
wetlands, where its principal food source, a mollusk known locally as
‘aruá’ (Pomacea, Ampullariidae) occurs. During the winter rainy season,
we often find flocks the of size which depends on the extensiveness of
the wetland and availability of food. R. sociabilis is highly predictable
in occurrence as it is always associated with wet environments and has
singular foraging habits. Morphometric data: total length 4230 mm, wing
342 mm, tail 150mm, beak 31 mm, tarsus 44 mm.
É uma espécie florestal que foi vista pela primeira vez em um ecossistema
de cerrado no litoral norte da Bahia. Um espécime dessa espécie
acostumou-se a predar os pintos que eram utilizados como alimento das
aves de rapina em treinamento no Centro de Triagem da Cetrel. Esse
exemplar freqüentou o local por uma semana e depois desapareceu.
Dados morfométricos: peso 175 g, comprimento total 374 mm, asa 193
mm, cauda 155 mm, bico 20 mm, tarso 50 mm.
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This is one of the biggest hawks in the north coastal region, where it is
associated with open areas. The female is markedly bigger than the male.
Two other features help to distinguish the sexes. When the birds glide,
the female wings are more round and robust than the narrower male
wings. Also, the male’s call is a much higher tone than the the female’s.
Though this species primarily hunts for ground-dwelling prey, including
armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus), lizards, and snakes, it also hunts for
arboreal animals like marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). These it captures
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in dives or straight flight. The breeding season starts in April with the
cleaning and construction of the nest; the chicks hatch in August. Two
eggs are laid, and the older chick kills its younger sibling. Morphometric
data: weight 765g, total length 468 mm, wing 390 mm, tail 180mm, beak
37 mm, tarsus 100 mm.
This is a shy forest hawk about the same size as the Roadside Hawk.
The gray coloring of its back and its lower body being gray and white
intersected gray stripes is confusing to someone observing it and makes
it difficult to ascertain its real coloring when the bird is flying within the
forest. When the bird is perched its true coloration is more evident. After
repeated observations of this species, its flight pattern becomes its most
distinctive characteristic. Morphometric data: total length 410 mm, wing
255 mm, tail 166 mm, beak 34 mm, tarsus 66 mm.
This mimics the flight of a Turkey Vulture. It differs in that its head is
covered in black plumage, whereas the vulture has a bare head. When it is
flying with vultures, the key fieldmarks are the feathered head and three
whitish stripes on the tail. It is not common but can sometimes be seen
within the city of Salvador. Morphometric data: total length 430 mm,
wing 207 mm, beak 24 mm, tarsus 70 mm.
This is the most common hawk in Bahia’s north coast region and is known
as the “chick snatching” hawk. It is well adapted to all the ecosystems of
the north coast: savanna, sandy coastal forests and dry forests. It also
adapts well to suburban and urban environments such as Salvador. It
has a wide color variation of plumage that goes from light brown to dark
gray. Eye coloring also varies from being yellow or orange. The nest is in
the form of a bowl and made of twigs and it lays two eggs which weigh
31.5 grams and measure 44 mm x 37 mm. The chick’s first feathering
is cream colored. The species is causing problems in outlying parts of
Salvador because the birds attack people who pass too close to their nests.
Morphometric data: weight 240g, total length 258 mm, wing 158 mm, tail
83 mm, beak 14 mm, tarsus 58 mm.
This species of hawk is much more common in the caatinga (dry thorn
forest) ecosystem, where we have even seen a nest attached to a cactus.
This is a medium sized bird which is distinguishable through its chestnut-
colored scapulars and the white base and tip of its tail. It is not common
along the northern Bahia coast. Morphometric data: weight 900g, total
length 530 mm, wing 345 mm, tail 330 mm, beak 25 mm, tarsus 93 mm.
This is a large hawk that lives in open areas where it hunts for its main
food sources: insects, lizards, snakes, iguanas, etc.. It is very common to
see it hunting for food on the ground. An immature savanna hawk has an
orangish breast and abdomen crossed with black barring. When it flies,
we can observe its long, broad wings and heavy flight. Morphometric
data: total length 494 mm, wing 397 mm, tail 182 mm, beak 33 mm,
tarsus 110 mm.
This is a large bird with long legs. It is not common in the north coast
region. The presence of this species in the northern shore region was
confirmed when a juvenile specimen that had been shot was turned over
to us. The bird died and was stored in CETREL’s collection. Morphometric
data: total length 590 mm, wing 390 mm, tail 240 mm, beak 46 mm,
tarsus 220 mm.
This hawk has a long, bluish-gray tail and long legs which are the perfect
tool to seek out food in the cavities of bromeliads. We have seen the Yellow-
headed Caracara (Milvalgo chimachima) steal a frog that had just been
caught by a G. caerulescens. It occurs in diverse places within the north
coast region but is not abundant. Morphometric data: wing 300 mm, tail
230 mm, beak 20 mm, tarsus 80 mm.
Falconidae
Herpetotheres cachinnans (Linné, 1758).
Acauã (Laughing Falcon)
O falcão acauã é uma espécie de falcão muito conhecida pelo seu canto
que é prolongado e seguido de um som que soa como se a ave estivesse
pronunciando o seu nome. Esse canto é ouvido com mais freqüência ao
anoitecer e ao amanhecer. Costuma cantar em dueto e um dos pássaros
responde ao som do outro. É facilmente reconhecido pela máscara
negra no rosto, que se une ao boné negro da cabeça. Alimenta-se de
cobras e às vezes podemos vê-lo voando com uma cobra nas garras. Já
observamos um casal reproduzindo-se numa cavidade de um penhasco.
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Dados morfométricos: asa 240 mm, cabeça 68 mm, cauda 156 mm, bico
21.5mm, tarso 49 mm.
Falconidae Family
Herpetotheres cachinnans (Linnaeus, 1758).
Laughing Falcon
This species of hawk is most known for its call which is prolonged and
ends with what sounds like its name in Portuguese, “acua.” It calls in the
early mornings and early evenings, and usually calls in a duet with its
mate, with one calling and the other responding. It is easily recognizable
by its black mask and black cap on its head. The species feeds on snakes
and often can be seen flying clasping a snake in its claws. We have seen
a pair nesting in the crevice of a cliff. Morphometric data: wing 240 mm,
head 68 mm, tail 156 mm, beak 21.5mm, tarsus 49 mm.
This species is typical of the intact forests along the north Bahia coast
and can be seen both within the forests and at the edges. The tail and
feathers are long and the tail has three white bars. The breast and
abdomen plumage can be either white or yellowish. Inside the forest, the
bird can be observed jumping from branch to branch with great agility.
Morphometric data: total length 257 mm, wing 255 mm, tail 330 mm,
beak 20 mm, tarsus 80 mm.
TThis species occurs within forests and most of the time the bird is
identified by its call because it is very difficult to actually see. It calls at
dawn, when someone approaches it rapidly moves unnoticed to another
spot. Morphometric data: weight 168g, total length 330 mm, wing 180
mm, tail 175 mm, beak 15 mm, tarsus 60 mm.
This is a common species. It lives in open areas, often where there are cattle
from which it extracts ticks and flea larva to feed on. In one instance, a
Yellow-headed Caracara became fixated with catching ticks embedded in
a capybara, on which it left a large dorsal wound. It returned repeatedly
to the wound and extracted large pieces of flesh. It is common to see this
species, together with the Southern Caracar and vultures, scavenging for
dead animals on roads, highways or on beaches. It takes advantage of
fishermen’s catch and will swoop down to steal fish caught in nets or
discarded scraps at the edge of the water. Juveniles have dark coloration
overlaid with strong yellow bars. Morphometric data: weight 280g; total
length 374 mm; wing 267 mm; tail 171 mm; beak 20 mm; tarsus 58 mm.
This is one of the most common raptors in open areas and can be seen
along roads and highways looking for road-kill. It feeds on worms and is
known to sift through cattle feces in search of such organisms. We have
observed large flocks of this species (around 80 individuals) sweeping
across slush farms [Pedro: what’s a slush farm?] in industrial areas,
probably on the lookout for worms. Several times we have witnessed the
Southern Caracara following a hunting Peregrine Falcon hoping to steal
its catch. It is quite successful in doing this but when it fails, it contents
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itself with the leftovers. The juveniles are darker than adults. The nest
is made of twigs and shaped like a large bowl. We have seen up to three
eggs, which are a clear brown color sprinkled with dark streaks. The
chicks’ plumage is black and yellow. Morphometric data: weight 690g,
total length 420 mm, wing 380 mm, tail 210 mm, beak 39 mm, tarsus 89
mm (male).
The first record of the Peregrine Falcon in Bahia was a specimen collected
by E. Garbe in the city of Barra in 1908. In 1984, we recorded the species
in Salvador and today we have records of the bird in several regions of the
state, including the north shore region and in Mangue Seco, where it can
be seen frequenting an area of sandbars at the mouth of the Rio River Real
[Pedro: what is the name of this river?]. In this type of habitat, it feeds on
king fishers and terns, including the endangered Roseate Tern. It feeds on
a wide array of birds, amongst which are domestic pigeons,, mockingbirds,
and House Sparrows. It usually hunts when the sun is less intense in the
mornings and evenings, spending the rest of the day perched in a shaded
place. In the late afternoon, it sometimes hunts bats. Morphometric data:
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weight 477g, total length 395 mm, wing 305 mm, tail 140 mm, beak 27
mm, tarsus 42 mm (male). Weight 800g, total length 475 mm, wing 340
mm, tail 175 mm, beak 28 mm, tarsus 54 mm (female).
Essa espécie ocorre nas áreas abertas, onde podem delimitar o seu
território. Vive normalmente em casal. Alimenta-se de diversas
espécies de aves, tais como Colaptes melanochloros, Guira guira,
Leptotila verreauxi e pombos domésticos e morcegos no crepúsculo.
Aproveita-se dos ninhos das outras aves, para realizar sua postura e os
filhotes possuem a plumagem na cor cinza escura. Pode caçar sozinho
ou em dupla. Certa vez, tivemos a ocasião de observar um bando desses
pássaros que se encontravam no solo catando alimento e ao perceberem
a sombra de um indivíduo da espécie F. femoralis, todos voaram de
uma só vez para um local seguro na copa de uma árvore. No entanto,
um Guira guira que decolou atrasado, foi predado em pleno ar. Dados
morfométricos asa 163 mm, cauda 100 mm, bico 18 mm, tarso 44 mm.
The Aplomado Falcon occurs in open areas and normally both sexes
defend their territory. It feeds on various species of birds such as: Green-
barred Woodpecker, Guira Cuckoo, Leptotila verreauxi White-tipped
Dove, and domestic pigeons. The bird lays its eggs in nests already made
by other species. The chick’s plumage is dark gray. The Aplomado Falcon
hunts alone or in pairs. We once saw a group of birds on the ground
looking for food and when they perceived the presence of a F. femoralis,
they all flew to the safety of a tree canopy nearby. A Guira Cuckoo that
was late in taking off was caught by the falcon in mid-air. One of the
most spectacular scenes we’ve witnessed was that of a pair of F. femoralis
attacking a flock of domestic pigeons. Their strategy was to separate one
of the birds from the general flock and the male would fly above it while
the female remained below to wait for the pigeon to tire. At the first sign
of fatigue, the unfortunate pigeon was easy prey.
Morphometric data wing 163 mm, tail 100 mm, beak 18 mm, tarsus 44
mm.
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This is the smallest falcon of the north shore area in Bahia, where it
inhabits open areas. It feeds on lizards, grasshoppers and small birds.
For nest sites it uses tree cavities, termite mounds, riverbanks, palm
trees snags, nests abandoned by the Caatinga Cacholote (Pseudoseisura
cristata), and even slots in air-conditioners on office buildings. It lays
from two to five eggs and the incubation period is 30 days. Chicks are
born with completely white plumage. Sexual dimorphism is very evident.
The male has a gray crown at the top of its head, the speculum of its
wings is gray, and the end of its tail has a black bar about 10 mm wide.
The female’s plumage is rust-colored and its tail has several black stripes.
These differences can be observed when the chick’s tail is more than 10
mm since only then is it possible to distinguish the black bar at the end
of the males’ tails. Morphometric data: weight 90g, total length 260 mm,
wing 175 mm, tail 125 mm, beak 13 mm, tarsus 41 mm (male).
Galliformes
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Penelope superciliaris
jacupemba (Spix, 1825).
Rusty-margined Guan
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Cracidae
Penelope superciliaris jacupemba (Spix, 1825).
Jacupemba (Rusty-margined Guan)
Cracidae Family
Penelope superciliaris jacupemba (Spix, 1825)
Rusty-margined Guan
This is the biggest cracid in the northern coastal region. It is very skittish
and difficult to see. Sensing an intruder in its habitat, these guans flee
and disappear easily. Hunting has had a major impact on this species in
the region. Morphometric data: total length 618 mm, wing 239 mm, tail
267 mm, beak 30 mm, tarsus 78 mm.
This species occurs in the diverse ecosystems of the north coast region
such as savannas, high forest and sandy coastal forest. Groups of several
individuals call together at dawn, and often roost together in the same
tree. The nest is bowl-shaped and the eggs are white. These birds are
heavily targeted by hunters. Morphometric data: wing 176 mm, tail 200
mm, beak 25 mm, tarsus 60 mm.
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Aramidae
Aramus guarauna guarauna ( Linné, 1766 ).
Carão (Limpkin)
Aramidae Family
Aramus guarauna guarauna ( Linné, 1766 ).
Limpkin
This species occurs throughout the northern coast region in flooded areas
and at the banks of some rivers (eg., Capivara River). From a distance,
the bird appears all dark but at closer range one can see a white throat
and streaks of white on its neck and head. In the rainy periods, we often
observe many of these birds around wetlands or ephemerally flooded
areas, but when these areas dry up the birds disappear. They feed on
aquatic gastropods, the same food source consumed by the Snail Kite.
Morphometric data: total length 650 mm, wing 340 mm, tail 170 mm,
beak 125 mm, tarsus 125 mm.
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Rallidae
Pardirallus nigricans nigricans (Vieillot, 1819)
Saracura-sanã (Blackish Rail)
Rallidae Family
Pardirallus nigricans nigricans (Vieillot, 1819)
Blackish Rail
Essa espécie ocorre nas áreas alagadiças espalhadas pelo litoral norte.
Muito arisca, vive embrenhada no meio da vegetação e sua presença
só é detectada através de sua sonorização. Dados morfométricos: peso
90comprimento total 292 mm, asa 133 mm, cauda 50 mm, bico 48 mm,
tarso 43 mm.
This species occurs in flooded areas spread along the northern Bahia
shore. It is very skittish and lives embedded in the vegetation; its presence
can only be detected by its vocalization. Morphometric data: weight 90g,
total length 292 mm, wing 133 mm, tail 50 mm, beak 48 mm, tarsus 43
mm.
This species occurs in wetlands areas in the middle of mature forests. Its
almost uniform coloring makes identification easy. It is very skittish and
difficult to see. Morphometric data: total length 218 mm, wing 127 mm,
tail 56 mm, beak 27 mm, tarsus 42 mm.
320 mm, asa 155 mm, retrizes 65 mm, cabeça 71 mm, cúlmen 40 mm,
tarso 54 mm.
The presence of the little wood rail has been noted on slushy beaches, in
mangroves and their adjacent forests. (Sick, 1997). Pinto (1964) collected
a male sample of the species in the Caatinga, in the municipality of
Bonfim, Bahia state. According to communities where the bird occurs, it
does not make any type of sound or call, and is therefore considered to
be deaf. It occurs in dry and far removed environments in the interior of
the Caatinga. It can be seen in flocks of more than 15 members. The nest
is very similar to that of Aramides cajanea, and is shaped like of bowl
and made of twigs. One such nest was found on May 13, 2005 located
under the leaves of a bush about three meters from the ground. It lays two
white eggs speckled with red dots, which measure 39 mm X 31 mm with
an average weight of 23.5g. We found two other abandoned nests in the
vicinity. Morphometric data: weight 230 g, Total length 320 mm, wing
155 mm, retrizes 65 mm, head 71 mm, culmen 40 mm, tarsus 54 mm.
This bird occurs all along the north Bahia coastal region from the STIEP
dunes in Salvador to Mangue Seco. It is the most common wWood rRail
and its call is often sung in a duet; one calls and the other responds. The
calls, most common at dusk and dawn, consist of various repetitions and
can last a few minutes. This species lives near water sources but also has
been known to colonize areas far from water. The species’ nests are bowl
shaped and in one we have seen three white eggs speckled with brown.
The chicks are born with black plumage. The juvenile’s neck is not all
gray and the lesser wing coverts are spotted with black and white whereas
those of adults are black. Morphometric data: total length 340 mm, wing
190 mm, tail 75 mm, tarsus 78 mm and beak 46 mm. The average weight
is 370g.
This species is very common in north coastal region wetlands with dense
vegetation, preferably where there is an abundance of rush vegetation. It
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lives hidden in the midst of this vegetation and is often run over when
attempting to cross highways. Morphometric data: weight 85g, total
length 220 mm, wing 100 mm, tail 45 mm, head 55 mm, beak 26 mm,
tarsus 35 mm.
These data were taken from a pair that was run over on a highway. Both
had developed mandibles. Morphometric data: total length 178 mm, wing
82 mm, retrizes 43 mm, head 42 mm, beak 19 mm e weight 50g.
This species occurs in the dry forests of the north Bahia coastal region as
well as in savanna and sandy coastal forests. It is adapted to a dry climate
far away from bodies of water. It has olive brown coloring and red legs
and eyes. These are very territorial birds. It will come out of hiding as
soon as it hears a peep from other members of the species. They are also
skittish and difficult to see. Its nest is like a cake decorated with grass,
with a lateral entrance. The nest can either be on the ground or in the
branches of ground vegetation. It lays three pure white eggs that measure
33 mm x 25 mm and weigh an average of 11.3g. The incubation period is
25 days, when the chicks are born, they abandon the nest within hours.
The chicks are born with black plumage. Morphometric data: weight 56g,
total length 175 mm, wing 88 mm, tail 27 mm, beak 17 mm, tarsus 38
mm.
Essa espécie ocorre na orla das matas espalhadas pelo litoral norte.
É muito difícil de ser observada. São aves de pequeno porte e têm o
bico vermelho e a garganta branca. Dados morfométricos: peso 41g,
comprimento total 203 mm, asa 100 mm, cauda 35 mm, bico 35 mm,
tarso 22 mm.
This species occurs along the forests next to the shore in the north Bahia
coastal region. It is difficult to see. These are small birds and have a red
beak and white throat: weight 41g, total length 203 mm, wing 100 mm,
tail 35 mm, beak 35 mm, tarsus 22 mm.
During the study period, the species laid between three and five eggs
(N=11). The incubation period is 19 to 22 days with an interval of two
days between each lay. The average egg weight (N=20) was 13.85 ± 1. 35,
the average length (N=20) 3.68 cm ± 0.15 and average width (N=20) 2.66
± 0.08. The distance between nests was around 5 meters and they were
constructed within the vegetation (grassy) by both the males and females
and are made of dry or recently cut vegetation. A recently hatched chick
weighs and average of 8.7 g, whereas its two siblings weighed 9.2 g e 10.7
g. When they hatch, the chicks have a black plumage, pinkish skin, a blue
upper ocular region, and a scarlet frontal shield. The batch of chicks stays
in the nest for four days, helped and protected by the male and female
and demonstrate certain characteristics such as getting out of the nest
to ruffle its feathers, and call all at the same time. In the study area, the
G. chloropus is preyed on by (Dusicyon sp.), boa constrictors/anacondas
(Eunectes murinus), Buteo albitailtus and Tyto alba. When they are
incubating the eggs and perceive the presence of a potential predator, they
slowly leave the nest and swim away wagging their tail feathers. When
they are a long way from the nest, they fly clumsily. It is a migratory
species which disappears when the lakes and lagoons dry up and then
come back in the rainy season. We once found a wounded female (shot by
a hunter) on the ground. A male was next to it and only left it when he
perceived our presence. Morphometric data: weight 400g, total length
327 mm, wing 168 mm, tail 70 mm, beak 25 mm, tarsus 51 mm.
The intensely bright blue adult lives hidden within vegetation where it
reproduces. It differs from the common gallinule because it is rarely seen
in open areas, preferring the safety inside the dense vegetation. It has
a bluish coloring on the shield above its beak and the legs are yellow.
It can be seen perched on rush branches. The species is migratory and
much less abundant in the north coast region of Bahia than the Ccommon
gGallinule. Morphometric data total length 270 mm, wing 165 mm, tail
63 mm, head 60 mm, beak 30 mm, tarsus 72 mm e weight 190g.
This is very similar looking to the previous species though its plumage
is paler and its slender frame looks like that of a yYoung Porphyrula
martinica. It was described for the first time in Bahia from a sighting
in Pituaçú city park in Salvador. Today, we can see this species in
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Heliornithidae
Heliornis fulica (Boddaert, 1783).
Picaparra (Sangrebe)
Heliornithidae Family
Heliornis fulica (Boddaert, 1783).
Sangrebe
In the north coast region, the only record we have of this bird is of an
individual that slammed against a wall in Salvador. The bird died and was
collected by Francisco Pedro and is stored in CETREL’s collection. Up to
this point, this is the only record for the region. Morphometric data: total
length: 300 mm, wing 142 mm, tail 90 mm, beak 30 mm, tarsus 21 mm.
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Jacanidae
Jacana jacana jacana ( Linné, 1758 ).
Jaçanã (Wattled Jacana)
Jacanidae Family
Jacana jacana jacana ( Linné, 1758 ).
Wattled Jacana
This is a common and abundant species in the north coast region of which
the male is markedly smaller than the female. The male is responsible
for incubating the eggs. The eggs are chestnut brown colored with yellow
streaks. We have seen up to five eggs being laid. During copulation, the
male uses its long toes to support himself on the female’s back. The species
is distributed around rivers, lakes and marshy areas in the spread over
the north coast region. When flooded areas used by the wattled jacana
dry up, they migrate to other more humid areas. The juvenile is yellow.
Morphometric data: total length 230 mm, wing 132 mm, tail 49 mm,
head 56 mm, beak 28 mm, tarsus 56 mm e weight 90g (male), weight
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152g, total length 254 mm, wing 142 mm, tail 45 mm, beak 31 mm, tarsus
68 mm (female).
Rostratulidae
Nycticryphes semicollaris ( Vieillot, 1816 ).
Narceja-de-bico-torto (South American painted-Snipe )
Rostratulidae Family
Nycticryphes semicollaris (Vieillot, 1816 ).
South American painted-Snipe
The only record for the north shore region is of an individual that was
caught in a closed mist net one night. That happened in 1992 next to an
industrial lake on the grounds of CETREL. The bird died and was stored
in Rolf Grantsau’s collection. This is the first record in the state of Bahia
for this species. That was 13 years ago and the species has never been
seen again. Morphometric data: wing 103 mm, tail 50 mm, beak 38 mm,
tarsus 40 mm.
Haematopodidae
Haematopus palliatus palliatus ( Temminck, 1820 ).
Piru-piru ( American Oystercatcher )
Haematopodidae Family
Haematopus palliatus palliatus ( Temminck, 1820 ).
American Oystercatcher
This is not common in Bahia’s north coastal region. The records are
made in Mangue Seco where there is a local population estimated to
number around nine individuals. They occur in mangrove vegetation and
reproduce in sand banks. A pair was observed in the mangroves around
Sauipe. It lays two eggs with an average weight of 38g and measure 56
mm x 377mm. We have seen a medium sized chick still unable to fly in the
same nest as a single egg. Morphometric data: weight 520g, total length
430 mm, wing 250 mm, beak 86 mm, head 127 mm, tarsus 63 mm.
Charadriidae
Vanellus chilensis lampronotus (Wagler, 1827 ).
Quero-quero (Southern Lapwing)
Charadriidae Family
Vanellus chilensis lampronotus (Wagler, 1827 ).
Southern Lapwing
This is the most common representative of this family and always occurs
in open areas in various ecosystems such as savanna, mangroves and
coastal sand forests. The nest is a cavity which contains little material
and the birds generally lay three to four eggs although we have come upon
a nest with seven eggs. As soon as they hatch, the chicks are quite active
but when warned by their parents of a possible predator, they remain
motionless for long periods of time in the midst of the vegetation. To throw
off possible nest predators, the parents pretend to have a broken wing and
drag themselves along the ground. These are noisy birds which are always
voluble, principally when an intruder enters its territory, whether it be
night or day. Morphometric data: weight 224g, total length 330 mm, wing
210 mm, tail 96 mm, beak 29 mm, tarsus 75 mm.
in the mangroves. Morphometric data: weight 196g, total length 264 mm,
wing 193 mm, tail 71 mm, beak 33 mm, tarsus 49 mm.
This is also a visitor from the US, similar to the previous species described
without the black strip on its axil. Its occurrence on the north coast of
Bahia is rare, having only one record of an individual in 1992 visiting the
industrial area of the Polo Petrochemical industrial plant, about 10 kms
in from the shore. Morphometric data: weight 90g, total length 253 mm,
wing 180 mm, tail 63 mm, beak 24 mm, tarsus 45 mm.
This is another North American visitor that occurs throughout the north
coastal region on the beaches and mangroves. It can also be seen at some
distance from the sea in fresh-water lakes. The biggest groups can be
seen around Mangue Seco. They arrive in the middle of October and
stay until the middle of April though some stay for the whole year. Their
reproductive plumage, which we can observe in the month of March as they
are preparing to migrate to their reproductive colonies, the individuals
have their neck rings and top of their heads tinted black and the base of
the beak tinted yellow. Morphometric data: weight 30g, total length 168
mm, wing 144 mm, tail 55 mm, beak 12 mm, tarsus 24 mm (female).
Scolopacidae
Arenaria interpres morinella (Linné, 1758).
Vira-pedra (Ruddy Turnstone)
Scolopacidae
Arenaria interpres morinella (Linné, 1758).
Ruddy Turnstone
These are migratory birds from North America and as the name would
indicate, are solitary. We have, however, observed groups of up to ten
individuals. They occur all throughout the north coast region, on the
beach, around rivers and marshy areas, including sewage treatment plants.
They are nervous birds, always raising and lowering their head and tail
and often bury their heads to look for food in the mud. Morphometric
data: weight 52g, total length 220 mm, wing 129 mm, tail 49 mm, beak
29 mm, tarsus 32 mm.
This is another migratory halcyon from North America and very similar
to the previous species, though it’s much larger and has a longer, slightly
upturned beak. It occurs in the mangroves with other halcyon species and
in flooded areas as well. It occurs throughout the northern coastal region.
Morphometric data: weight 193g, total length 330 mm, wing 180 mm, tail
75 mm, beak 58 mm, tarsus 65 mm.
This is another halcyon visitor from North America and occurs throughout
the northern coastal region’s mangroves. The species likes the interior of the
mangroves. When at rest, the plumage is pale gray and it has a white strip
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on its wing that is easy to see when the bird flies. During the reproductive
phase, various black, round blotches appear on its breast and the beak is
redder. These characteristics are apparent when the bird is observed in the
middle of April. Morphometric data: weight 32/62g, total length 185mm,
wing 102 mm, tail 48 mm, beak 25 mm, tarsus 23 mm.
These are small halcyon migrants from North America. Its principal
characteristics are: thin beak and greenish legs. They occur in large groups
in the mangroves at Mangue Seco where they arrive in the middle of October
and fly out in mid-April. Morphometric data: weight 23/27g, total length
135 mm, wing 92 mm, tail 37 mm, beak 28 mm, tarsus 17 mm.
This is a halcyon whose rump and superciliar stripe are white and its tarsus
is yellowish-green, coloring which often cannot be discerned because of
the mud which covers the bird. This species visits CETREL’s artificial
lakes annually and groups of up to 80 individuals can be observed. It
occurs both along the shore and around lakes some distance from the
coast. Morphometric data: weight 46g, total length 195 mm, wing 124
mm, tail 48 mm, beak 26 mm, tarsus 24 mm (female).
É uma espécie que precisa ser confirmada no litoral norte. Até o presente
momento, foi feita uma única observação dessa espécie, mas ainda não
foi capturada em redes, durante as campanhas de anilhamento. Tem
o tarso na cor verde amarelada. Ocorre em áreas alagadiças. Dados
morfométricos: asa 140 mm, cauda 65 mm, bico 28 mm, tarso 28 mm.
It is one of the most abundant halcyon species along the north coast of
Bahia, and arrives in the middle of October and stays until mid-April. It
has a black tarsus. The best places to see it is in the mangroves of Mangue
Seco and the sand banks there. Morphometric data: weight 24g, total
length 160 mm, wing 95 mm, tail 44 mm, beak 21 mm, tarsus 21 mm
(female), weight 23g, total length 155 mm, wing 95 mm, tail 42 mm, beak
18 mm, tarsus 20 mm (male).
This is the largest halcyon migrant. It has a large, curved beak suitable
for capturing certain crab species inside their dens (during low tide). It
occurs in numerous groups in the mangroves of Mangue Seco. At high tide,
with other groups of halcyons, it gathers on sand banks. Morphometric
data: wing 217 mm, tail 98 mm, beak 82 mm, head 122 mm, tarsus 98
mm.
mangroves and sand banks. When it flies, a large white stripe on its back
can be seen. Morphometric data: total length 260 mm, wing 150 mm, tail
55,5mm, head 85 mm, beak 59 mm, tarsus 35 mm, weight 100g.
Essa espécie tem um grande porte, mas é difícil de ser observada. Difere da
espécie anterior por não levantar vôo quando um intruso penetra no seu
habitat. Vive em áreas alagadiças com muita vegetação. O único registro
que possuímos é o de um indivíduo que se chocou durante a noite contra
um prédio na cidade de Salvador. Dados morfométricos: comprimento
total: 970 mm, asa 400 mm, bico 92 mm, tarso 40 mm (fêmea).
This species is large but difficult to see. It differs from the previous species
because it doesn’t fly off when an intruder enters its habitat. It lives in
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flooded areas with lots of vegetation. The only record of this species
we have is of an individual who crashed against a building at night in
Salvador. Morphometric data: total length: 970 mm, wing 400 mm, beak
92 mm, tarsus 40 mm (female).
Recurvirostridae
Himantopus mexicanus (Linnaeus, 1758 ).
Pernilongo (Black-necked Stilt).
Recurvirostridae Family
Himantopus mexicanus (Linnaeus, 1758 ).
Black-necked Stilt.
difficulty. They can use their long legs to help them swim. Morphometric
data: wing 210 mm, tail 70 mm, beak 61 mm, tarsus 110 mm.
STERCORARIIDAE
Catharacta antarctica antarctica (Lesson, 1831).
Gaivota-rapineira-grande (Antarctic Skua )
STERCORARIIDAE
Catharacta antarctica antarctica (Lesson, 1831).
Antarctic Skua
A female specimen was collected in Mangue Seco on June 13th, 1998 and
stored in the RG collection (RG 9989); a male specimen was collected in
Salvador (12° 55 ‘ S, 38° 21 ‘ W) on the 5th of June 5, 1998 and stored
in MCNC’s collection (N 576). Before this there had been one record of
the specie’s occurrence for Bahia, in June of 1982. Another debilitated
specimen was found, treated and then set free. One specimen of the C.
antartica is stored in the collection of ACEM 034, after it was found on
Grajaú beach, in the state of Paraná, on the 7th of November 7, 1992.
Morphometric data: weight 1.711kg, total length 580 mm, wing 390 mm,
tail 144 mm, beak 50 mm, tarsus 70 mm. (female).
mm, cabeça 64 mm, bico 45 mm, tarso 60 mm, dedo médio com unha
70 e peso 800g (macho).
Five specimens were collected on the northern coast of Bahia: two skins
were collected on the 16th of May 16, 1998 and stored in the collection
at MCNC (N 429 and N 580) and three skeletons are in the osteological
collected of MCNC (N 002, 003 and 004). The three specimens of
Catharacta recorded and stored in the RG collection and in the MCNC
collection eliminate all the doubts relative to the identification of these
species (Dante, 1985, 1987). On May 22, 2001, we collected a specimen on
the beach at Lauro de Freitas, Bahia, which was banded with a German
band. The bird had been banded while it was still in the nest in Antarktis
- Stat. Jubany (62° 45 ‘ S, 58° 40 ‘ W) on February 8th, 2001. The bird
had traveled a distance of 5718 km. Morphometric data: total length 510
mm, wing 370 mm, tail 147 mm, head 64 mm, beak 45 mm, tarsus 60
mm, middle toe with claw 70 and weight 800g (male).
Foram coletados oito espécimes, de 1994 a 1999. Uma pele foi depositada
na coleção de Werner Bokermann e uma se encontra na coleção do
MCNC (N 581). Uma ave de coloração escura, juvenil de primeiro ano
(Olson & Larsen 1994), macho (MCNC 581) foi encontrada morta na praia
de Mangue Seco (11° 23, 34° 33’W) no dia 11 de novembro 1989. Dados
morfométricos: comprimento total 460 mm, asa 320 mm, cauda 195 mm,
cabeça 76 mm, bico 31 mm, tarso 46 mm peso 400g; sexo: fêmea.
EEight specimens were collected between 1994 and 1999. One skin was
stored in Werner Bokermann’s collection and one is in the collection at
MCNC (N 581). One male juvenile bird about a year old, (MCNC 581),
had dark coloring and was found dead (Olson & Larsen 1994) on the
beach at (11° 23, 34° 33’W) on 11th of November 11, 1989. Morphometric
data: total length 460 mm, wing 320 mm, tail 195 mm, head, 76 mm,
beak 31 mm, tarsus 46 mm weight 400g; sex: female.
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Two individuals of this species were found in 2000 on Bahia’s north coast
and are stored in the MCNC collection. Morphometric data: total length
490 mm, wing 358 mm, tail 158 mm, beak 42 mm, tarsus 55.7 mm.
(female).
LARIDAE
Larus dominicanus (Lichtenstein, 1823).
Gaivotão (Kelp Gull)
LARIDAE
Larus dominicanus (Lichtenstein, 1823).
Kelp Gull
TThis species is only listed in this study because a specimen was observed
at Mangue Seco in 1994, even though this bird had never been found
among the dead birds that resulted from the sea bird mortality phenomena
in Bahia. Morphometric data: weight 1000g, total length 600 mm, wing
395 mm, tail 160 mm, beak 48 mm, tarsus 57 mm.
STERNIDAE
Sterna hirundinacea ( Lesson, 1831 ).
Trinta-réis-de-bico-vermelho (South American Tern)
STERNIDAE
Sterna hirundinacea ( Lesson, 1831 ).
South American Tern
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110g, comprimento total 340 mm, asa 240 mm, cauda 150 mm,
bico 37 mm, tarso 18 mm.
Among the representatives of the Sternidae family that visit the Brazilian
coast during the northern winter period, the Sterna hirundo is the most
common migrant species and has the most recorded numbers of individuals
coming from North America. (Cordeiro et al.1996, Hays et al. 1997). The
period of highest concentration of this species on the Brazilian coast
occurs between the months of October and April and sporadic occurrences
can be recorded in other months, though these are likely to be young birds
not yet able to reproduce (Sick 1997). The recovery of banded birds
provides us with much important information for the conservation of
their wintering grounds according to Sick (1979), in his exposition on the
migration of birds to South America, which was one of the first works to
focus on the migratory movements of the S. hirundo on this continent.
Lara-Resende and Leal (1982) presented data about the recovery of birds
in Brazilian territory with foreign bands between the years 1928 and
1980, which included information about the S. hirundo species. Other
publications report more specifically other encounters with this species in
Brazil (Lara-Resende 1983; Cordeiro et al. 1996). And Hays et al. (1997)
report of recoveries of the S. hirundo with American bands in Brazil (Rio
Grande do Sul) and Argentina. Lima (1996) and Hays et al. (1999) report
on the recovery of S. hirundo with American and European bands on the
north coast of Bahia, having been the first to relate the trans-Atlantic
movement (east-west) of the species. Azevedo Júnior et al. (2001) report
on a few cases of recovery on the coast of Pernambuco state. The objective
of this work is to spread information about the birds of the S. hirundo
species that were banded in North and South America and Europe and
recovered on the coast of Bahia between 1995 and 2004. This information
is fundamental for conservation plans and management of overnight
roosting locales and points where the species seeks its food generally in
North Eastern Brazil and specifically in Bahia. The data presented is a
result of the recovery of the S. hirundo coming from North America,
Europe and South America during the period between 1995 and 2004
during the inventory and banding studies of migratory and resident bird
species that use the coastal environments for feeding and roosting along
the coast of Bahia. The work started in January of 1995 on the extreme
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most northerly point of the coast of Bahia, that is at the mouth of the Rio
River at Mangue Seco (11° 27’ S, 37° 21’ W) and was expanded in 1998
all the way down the coast to the south of the state at Corumbal (Porto
Seguro) (16° 45’ S, 39° 06’ W). tThe other work locales were Cacha Prego
(Itaparica island) (13° 49’ S, 39° 10 W), Ponta do Curral (Morro de São
Paulo Island), Baia de Camamu (Ituberá) (13° 07 s, 38° 48 W). To map
the coast of Bahia and chose the points where the birds would be caught,
transport was carried out by schooner and single-engine plane. Up until
1998, only birds caught at Mangue Seco were banded. From then on, the
birds caught in Corumbal, Cacha Prego, Ponta do Curral and Baía de
Camamu were also banded. The capture and banding was done from
October to April each year in campaigns that lasted from three to ten
days at each point, from 16:00 to 0.05 hrs. For the capture of the birds,
mist nets were used (12 m x 2,5 m, 36 mm openings) and to mark the
birds, bands provided by Centro Nacional de Pesquisa para Conservação
das Aves Silvestres (National Center for Research and Wild Bird
Conservation) (CEMAVE) were used. In order to estimate the number of
individuals that visited the study areas, censuses were carried out in the
first hours of the morning at sunrise and at the end of the afternoon at
sunset, times at which when the largest groups can be observed. These
observations were made with Zeiss and Bushnell 10 x 40 binoculars, and
a telescopic sight Kawa TSN2 60x. In parallel to the field work, educational
campaigns were undertaken with the local communities who lived in the
same area of the terns, and included lectures, distribution of posters and
informal conversations. From 1995 to 2004, 827 individuals of the S.
hirundo banded in North and South America and Europe were caught on
the coast of Bahia. Of this total, 727 (88 %) were from North America, 70
(8.5%) from South America and 32 (3.9%) from Europe. Of the 727 birds
of North American origin, up to this point we have managed to gather
information about 648 of them and of this total, 310 (47.83%) were
banded in New York, 234 (36.11%) in Connecticut, 13 (2%) in
Massachusetts and 91 (14.06%) in other points in North America (Figure
2). Of the 70 individuals from South America, 65 (93 %) were banded in
Brazil and only five (7%) in Argentina. Of the 32 birds from Europe, 31
(97%) were from Portugal and only one (3%) was from Spain. Of the 827
birds recovered, only two occurred more than once: 9802-48975 in
February of 1995 and 2000 in Mangue Seco, and 9822-89119 in January
and March 2002, also in Mangue Seco. The four locales of the study were
visited by other members of the Sternidae family and genus Sterna: Sterna
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IIn 1994, three individuals of this species were collected on the north
coast of Bahia: two are part of RG (9513) collection, and the other was
collected in Salvador in June of 1994 and another was collected in August
of 1995 in Mangue Seco and stored in the RG (N 9547) and a third,
female, was collected in Mangue Seco (11° 27 ‘ S, 37° 27 ‘ W) on the 3rd
of August, 1996 and stored in the MCNC (N 14) collection. Research
studies about the Sternidae family point to the presence of nine species.
However, the S. paradisae was only found as one of the species involved
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in the phenomena of shore bird mortality and has never been observed
roosting with other members of this family in the sand banks of the coast
of Bahia. Morphometric data: 80g, total length 360 mm, wing 265 mm,
tail 164 mm, beak 34 mm, tarsus 12 mm.
The roseate tern is one of the representatives from the Laridae family
that visits the Brazilian coast during the northern coast and Bahia is
the southern most point of occurrence documented for the species (Pinto
1978, Sick 1997). Populations that reproduce in Canada, the US and
the Caribbean are considered in danger of extinction and there is little
information about their wintering grounds along the Atlantic Coast (U.
S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1987), although since the 1970s, several
expeditions to search for the species have been undertaken by American
researchers to discover landing points along the Brazilian coast (Hays
com. pess. 1996). There was little information about recoveries along
the Brazilian coast, and when that happened, they were thought of as
accidental (Hamilton 1981). On the Brazilian coast, various human
activities are causing an impact on these rest points used by representatives
Laridae family, particularly having to do with tourism. Activities related
to entertainment, such as loud noise, stalls being set up on the beach to
sell snacks and drinks, a high concentration of motorized boats and even
the construction of mansions on sand banks belonging to the Brazilian
merchant navy where access is supposedly restricted, are among the
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principal factors of impact that could alter the use of these migratory
stopping points of the shore and limícolas birds on the Brazilian coast
(Azevedo Júnior & Larrazabal 1997). In 1995, at the start of the survey
and monitoring of migratory birds that visited the mouth of the Rio River
in Mangue Seco (Jandaíra, Bahia), we found a concentration of 10,000
terns composed of nine different members of the Laridae family, among
which was the endangered Sterna dougallii. This finding represents the
largest concentration of the species in the south Atlantic (Hays et. al.
1997, 1999). The purpose of this study is to publicize information about
individuals from the S. dougallii banded in North America and Europe
and recovered along the coast of Bahia between 1995 and 2004. This
data is fundamental for conservation and management purposes for the
wintering grounds used by the species especially on the coast of Bahia.
The inventory and banding work of migratory and resident species that
use the coast of Bahia for feeding and roosting started in January 1995, on
the extreme point of the north coast of Bahia, that is at the mouth of the
River Real in Mangue Seco (11° 27’ S, 37° 21’ W), and were enlarged in
1998 to encompass the whole coast all the way south to Corumbal (Porto
Seguro) (16° 45’ S, 39° 06’W). The other study locations were: Cacha
Prego (Itaparica Island) (13° 07’ S, 38° 48’ W), Ponta do Curral (Morro
de São Paulo - Valença), The Bay of Camamu (Ituberá) (13° 49’ S, 39° 10’
W). To map the coast of Bahia and chose the points to capture the birds,
for transport we used schooners and single-engine planes. Until 1998,
only birds caught in Mangue Seco were banded. After that, birds captured
in Corumbal, Cacha Prego, Ponta do Curral and the Bay Camamu started
to be banded. The capture and banding were carried out between October
and to April each year in campaigns that lasted from three to ten days at
each point, from 16:00 to 0.05 hrs. For the capture of the birds, mist nets
were used (12 m x 2.5 m, 36 mm openings) and to mark the birds, bands
provided by Centro Nacional de Pesquisa para Conservação das Aves
Silvestres (National Center for Research and Conservation of Wild Birds)
(CEMAVE) were used. In order to estimate the number of individuals
that visited the study areas, censuses were carried out in the first hours
of the morning at sunrise and at the end of the afternoon at sunset, times
at which the largest groups can be observed. These observations were
made with Zeiss and Bushnell 10 x 40 binoculars, and a telescopic sight
Kawa TSN2 60x. In parallel to the fieldwork, educational campaigns
were undertaken with the local communities who lived in the same area
of the terns, and included lectures, distribution of posters and informal
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in Bahia between 1995 and 2004, during which there were 268 recoveries
of S. dougallii from reproductive colonies in North America and Europe
show the importance of the northeastern Brazilian coast as a migration
route for representatives of the Laridae family. A comparison between the
data about recoveries made between 1927 and 1979 presented by Nisbet
(1984) and the data published here shows that the 10 years of studies
in Bahia were responsible in making the coast of Bahia as a principal
site outside of North America for the recovery of Sterna dougallii, with
more recoveries than Central America and South America. Comparing
the recoveries in Bahia (268) with those of Guiana (247) (Nisbet, 1984)
which was the country outside North America with the biggest number
of recoveries, we have 7.83% more recoveries on the coast of Bahia. If
we compare the data from Latin American countries with the highest
recuperation numbers, Bahia accounts for 45.9% (268) of this total (584).
The number of recoveries on the coast of Bahia, contrary to Hamilton’s
(1981) assumption, the presence of the Sterna dougallii on the Brazilian is
as frequent as the occurrences of S. hirundo, at least down to the southern
coast of Bahia. The two individuals of S. dougallii banded in Bahia and
recovered in the Azores (Portugal) and a bird banded in England and
recovered on the coast of Bahia recorded, for the first time, the east/west
movement of the species as was already indicated by the species S. hirundo
(Hays et al. 1999, Azevedo-Júnior et al., 2001). Additionally, it indicates
that populations from different continents are overlapping on a spatial
and temporal scale, and using for resources, feeding sources, roosting and
resting the Brazilian coast during the northern winter. Benck & Maurício
(2002) report that the places with populations of around 10,000 birds are
conservation areas of global important. Mangue Seco and Cacha Prego
host populations estimated at around 10,000 birds and together with the
birds at Corumbal, Ponta do Curral the Bay of Camamu, according to the
recovery data presented, figure as important migration locations for the
species S. dougallii, and other representatives of the Laridae along the
Brazilian coast. Management of these areas is a conservation priority.
These measures should consist of joint action between authorities,
national and international NGOs, researchers and the local communities.
Morphometric data: weight 100g, total length 340 mm, wing 225 mm, tail
155 mm, beak 38 mm, tarsus 18 mm. (female).
Eight dead specimens of this species were found along the north coast of
Bahia. Two specimens are part of the RG (RG 9479) collection and were
collected at Praia do Forte on July 28, 1994, and the specimen RG 10010
was collected on the 24th of March 24, 1999 in Arembepe. A specimen was
prepared and stored in the MCNC (N 344) collection. This species, similar
to the S. paradisaea, was only observed as one of the species involved in
the mortality phenomena of shore birds in Bahia. Only in 1995 did we
observe one adult individual together with group of representatives from the
Sternidae family in Mangue Seco. Morphometric data: weight 150g, total
length 415 mm, wing 275 mm, tail 136 mm, beak 45 mm, tarsus 24 mm.
This is the smallest Brazilian tern species. During the reproductive period, its
beak acquires an intense yellow coloration when it is not in the reproductive
period, the beak is yellow which differentiates it from the S. antilarum which
during the reproductive period has black coloring on the point of its beak.
It occurs in certain lakes and lagoons in the north coast region of Bahia
but the largest concentration of these birds is at the estuary of the River
Rio and Mangue Seco. It looks very like the S. antilarum, with whom it can
be confused but differs because the S. antilarum beak is totally black as
is its winter plumage when it visits the north coast and it mixes with the
S. superciliaris. Small groups of the bird reproduce in the sand banks at
Mangue Seco. Morphometric data: weight 62g, total length 234 mm, wing
187 mm, tail 79 mm, beak37mm, tarsus 17mm.
This migrant species from the United States and Central America visits
our coast between the end of October and returns at the end of March or
mid-April. A marked characteristic of this species which is distinguishes
it from the S. superciliaris is the coloring of the beak which is totally black
during the time it spends in Brazilian territory. These birds can also have
black coloring on the end of their beak in the middle of April when they
are returning to their reproductive colonies. Morphometric data: total
length 217 mm, wing 157 mm, tail 73 mm, beak 32 mm, tarsus 13 mm.
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These are visitors from North and Central America and are very similar
to the previously described species, differing only in the color of their
beak which is black with a yellow point. The two species can easily be
confused when the beak is not showing. We have caught an individual of
this species with a band from the United States. Morphometric data: total
length 345 mm, wing 282 mm, tail 118 mm, beak 49 mm, tarsus 26 mm
(female).
Bahia. Dados morfométricos: peso 90g, comprimento total 357 mm, asa
245 mm, cauda 115 mm, bico 43 mm, tarso 28 mm.
Twelve specimens were collected between 1994 and 1999 on the north
coast of Bahia; three are stored in the RG: RG 9528 collection which were
found in Salvador on February 18th, 1994. RG 9544 was collected on the
north coast of the state on the 10th of October, 1995 and RG 9899 was
collected in Salvador on the 24th of May 24, 1998. Five specimens are in
the MCNC collection, three of which were found with bands. As happens
with the S. paradisaea and S.fuscata, these birds do not mix with other
representatives of the family on the sand banks along the coast of Bahia.
Morphometric data: weight 90g, total length 357 mm, wing 245 mm, tail
115 mm, beak 43 mm, tarsus 28 mm.
Columbiformes
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Columbidae
Columba livia domestica (Gmelin, 1789).
Pombo-doméstico (Rock Dove)
Columbidae Family
Columba livia domestica (Gmelin, 1789).
Rock Dove
This is a domesticated species and the most well known group is the
Belgium pigeon or “messenger” pigeon. Pigeons were introduced here
and today can be found spread along the whole north coast. The great
majority of this species is wild and with time has been able to adapt to
urban life and become a great pest. It can transmit an infinite number
of diseases to humans and other wild bird species such as Columbina
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This is the largest pigeon species along the north coast, and only loses out in
terms of size to a few domestic pigeons. It lives in the canopy of preserved
forests where it feeds on small fruits. Characteristics such as the sparkling
scales on its neck and its red beak help to identify the species. It is much
sought after by hunters. Morphometric data: weight 252g, total length 330
mm, wing 126 mm, tail 111 mm, beak 21 mm, tarsus 20 mm (male).
This is a large species common is the regions of caatinga (dry shrub forest)
and the western savanna region of the state and has become a pest because
of the abundance of food sources in the form of soy. On the north coast
of Bahia, this species occurs as a species introduced by environmental
organs. Currently, the population is still small. Weight 320g.
This is a large bird and abundant in the north coast region of Bahia, and it
also occurs in almost all the state’s ecosystems: savanna, dry forest, sandy
coastal forests and at forest edges. Its nest is bowl-shaped and clumsily
constructed and can be built in dry branches, trees or bushes. It can be
seen in pairs or in large groups. It likes the ‘jurubeba’ fruits and is one of
the fruit’s dispersers. The nest is made of twigs and it lays a single white
egg that weighs 11.2g and measures 40mm x 37mm. The chick hatches
covered with a yellow plumage. Morphometric data: weight 210g, total
length 230 mm, wing 180 mm, tail 100 mm, beak 18 mm, tarsus 36 mm.
This is a small pigeon that occurs all along the north coastal region in
open areas of the savanna or sandy coastal forests. Its neck is covered
with shining scales, and it lives on the ground where it looks for food and
reproduces. The nest is built on the ground with dry grass and in a shaded
area under small bushes or within shrubs. It lays two eggs which weigh
an average of 3.1g and measure 22 mm x 16.5 mm. Morphometric data:
weight 36g, total length 155 mm, wing 75 mm, tail 60 mm, beak 12 mm.
This is one of the most common and known recognized birds along the
northern coast of Bahia and occurs in the majority of the ecosystems:
the savanna, the sandy coastal forests and forest edges. It also lives in
Salvador and the gardens within the city. The nest is bowl-shaped and
the species lays two pure white eggs that weigh an average of 3.6g and
measure 24 mm x 17 mm. It can build a nest in less than one week and it
will also re-use the same nest. We have seen a ruddy ground-dove using
the abandoned nest of a smooth-billed ani. Similar to other species of this
family, the chicks are sometimes placed on the edge of the nest to function
as a protective barrier. Many people have gotten into the habit of feeding
this species which has led to an increase in its population in Salvador.
Morphometric data: weight 45g, total length 150 mm, wing 85 mm, tail
58 mm, beak 10 mm, tarsus 18 mm (female).
This is very distinct bird due to its completely barred plumage. Its call is also
well known and sounds like “fogo-apagou”. When it flies, it makes a sound
like the rattle of a rattlesnake. The scaled dove occurs all along the northern
coastal region principally close to the shore. It lays two white eggs which weigh
an average 3.5g and measure 22 mm x 17 mm, in a bowl shaped nest very
similar to that of the ruddy-ground dove. Morphometric data: total length 205
mm, wing 95 mm, tail 82 mm, beak 13 mm, tarsus 13 mm.
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the neck is bright blue and the feet very red. It lives in the interior of the
forests in shady areas. Morphometric data: weight 140g, total length 274
mm, wing 140 mm, tail 90 mm, beak 15 mm, tarsus 15 mm.
Psittacidae
Diopsittaca nobilis cumanensis (Lichtenstein, 1832 ).
Maracanã-nobre (Red-shouldered Macaw)
Psittacidae Family
Diopsittaca nobilis cumanensis (Lichtenstein, 1832 ).
Red-shouldered Macaw
This species is commonly seen along the Avenida Paralela, a main avenue
in the city of Salvador, where we can see groups of 20 or more individuals.
Another place where we can see this species is in the few forests that still remain
in municipality of Lauro de Freitas. We have seen this species reproducing in
a hollow palm snag. In the north coast region, we can observe small groups
spread around various municipalities. It has a blue forehead and a whitened
beak and face. Morphometric data: weight 210g, total length 369 mm, wing
205 mm, tail 180 mm, beak 34 mm, tarsus 19 mm.
trees in which to reproduce. It lays two to four eggs that are pure white.
We can observe groups of up to 30 individuals flying from one side of the
road to the other. Morphometric data: weight 100g, total length 275
mm, wing 159 mm, tail 130 mm, beak 22 mm, tarsus 12 mm.
This species occurs in northwest of the state on the border with Piauí state.
However, it was observed in Salvador, nesting in the hollow of a coconut tree
in the city’s zoo. This could have been a result of being introduced by the state
environmental authorities or it could have been a result of some birds that
escaped from the zoo itself. Morphometric data: weight 90g, total length 260
mm, wing 140 mm, tail 142 mm, beak 22 mm, tarsus 10 mm.
This is the most common and abundant parakeet on the northern coast
and occurs in almost all the ecosystems, including the mangroves. It has
very distinguishing characteristics, such as a forehead and region around
the eyes which are an orangey yellow. It reproduces in termite mounds
where is digs an entrance and a large cavity within the mound where it
lays its eggs. Nests abandoned by the A. aurea can be subsequently used
by the specie of F. sparverius and Otus choliba. It lays 3 to 5 white eggs.
During the reproductive period, we observed that they moved around
in pairs and after some time can form groups of up to 300 individuals.
They usually gather in large groups to roost in locales that can be used
for several years. We have seen a group of more than 200 birds attack a
Buteo albitailtus that came close to its roosting site. Morphometric data:
weight 75g, total length 230 mm, wing 140 mm, tail 120 mm.
This is the smallest Brazilian psittacede and common in almost all the
northern coast habitats. The sexual dimorphism is very accentuated. The
male has a large blue swath on its wings and rump while the female is
clear green with a yellowish tone on its head. It reproduces in small tree
cavities previously dug out by woodpeckers and also takes over abandoned
rufous hornero nests ((F. rufus.). During the reproductive period, they
live in pairs but at other times go around in large flocks that can number
in the dozens. On more than one occasion, we have observed completely
yellow members of this species. Morphometric data: weight 25g, total
length 81 mm, wing 36 mm, tail 26 mm, beak 12 mm (male).
This is a completely green parakeet with a long tail. As with the following
two species described, this bird occurs in the city of Salvador and everything
points to the fact that it was introduced by the state environmental organs
or was the result of captive birds escaping. It has adapted itself to survive
in the downtown central area of Salvador and we can observe numerous
and loud groups around several species of palm trees spread throughout
the center of town. Morphometric data: weight 48g, total length 252 mm,
wing 125 mm, tail 120 mm, beak 21 mm, tarsus 14 mm.
Similar to the previous species, this bird was either introduced by the state
environmental authorities or escaped from captivity. The species originally
comes from the Amazon and is all green with whitish yellow secondaries and
coverts. It can also be observed in Salvador, in the forests around the city zoo
and the surrounding areas. The bird is traded by traffickers of wild animals
and maybe this is one of the principal reasons for the bird’s presence in the
city of Salvador. Morphometric data: weight 55g, total length 233 mm, wing
122 mm, tail 91 mm, beak 16 mm, tarsus 13 mm.
It is a species that like the others described above was introduced into
the city of Salvador. It differs, however, from the previous two because it
is pure green with a large sulfur-yellow speculum. Morphometric data:
weight 69g, total length 233 mm, wing 123 mm, tail 110 mm, beak 20
mm, tarsus 14 mm.
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It is very parrot shaped, but its flight is its most distinguishing feature
as its wings go way under its body. It can be seen in good size forests
distributed throughout the north coast region. It moves about in pairs or
little groups and the lower tail coverts are reddish. Morphometric data:
weight 300g, total length 250 mm, wing 173 mm, tail 73 mm, beak 25
mm, tarsus 17 mm.
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É uma espécie que ocorre nas caatingas da Bahia. No litoral norte foi
introduzida pelos órgãos ambientais e através de fuga de cativeiros.
Ocorre dentro da cidade de Salvador (matas do entorno do Hospital São
Rafael ), na Reserva de Sapiranga na Praia do Forte e se reproduzem em
ambas as localidades. Dados morfométricos: peso 264g, comprimento
total 294 mm, asa 176 mm, cauda 97 mm, bico 30 mm, tarso 20 mm.
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This is a species that naturally occurs in the caatinga dry shrub forests
of Bahia. On the north coast, it was introduced by state environmental
authorities and also from parrots that escaped from captivity. It occurs
within the city of Salvador (in the forests around the São Rafael Hospital),
and in the Sapiranga reserve in Praia do Forte and they reproduce in both
locations. Morphometric data: weight 264g, total length 294 mm, wing
176 mm, tail 97 mm, beak 30 mm, tarsus 20 mm.
It is the most common and abundant parrot in the northern coastal region
and can be seen in savannas, coastal sand forests and the mangroves
spread along the coast. It starts to clean its nests in June and lays its eggs
between November and December. The chicks fledge between March and
April. It lays two to four pure white eggs that weigh an average of 15g and
measure 35 mm x 30 mm. It reproduces in the hollows of ‘caibeira’ trees
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Cuculidae
Piaya cayana pallescens (Cabanis & Heine, 1862).
Alma-de-gato (Squirrel Cuckoo)
Cuculidae Family
Piaya cayana pallescens (Cabanis & Heine, 1862).
Squirrel Cuckoo
of this family. Morphometric data: Weight 92g, total length 432 mm, wing
196 mm, tail 274 mm, beak 32 mm, tarsus 38 mm (male).
This is a common bird in open areas of the north coast region and feeds
on invertebrates, amphibians and reptiles. Its bowl-shaped nest is made
of twigs and lined with dry leaves. We have observed that the guira
cuckoo uses the same nest for several years. On the first day after they
hatch, the chicks are given small portions of food that are put inside their
beaks; after the third day, they receive larger portions that are put either
at the opening of the beak or regurgitated deep inside the beak. After
the fifth day, the chicks become competitive and at the first sign of their
parent’s arrival, they advance in their direction to quickly receive the
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food. The competition between the chicks increases every day and the one
who has more success in grabbing the food obviously has an advantage
and develops more rapidly. From the tenth day and until they fledge, the
more developed chicks use a more elaborate strategy to obtain food: they
position themselves on branches above the nest and intercept food from
the parents before they get to the nest. The smaller less developed chicks
use a different strategy, that of waiting inside the nest in the hope that
they’ll receive food from one member of the group. This was a highly
flawed strategy as we observed that the parent birds delivered food 10
times to the chicks that were outside the nest and only once to the two
chicks that stayed in the nest. Even then, this food was stolen by other
larger group members. Out of a total of six chicks, one who was unable to
compete for food died after the eighth day, three developed well and two
were in very bad state. Morphometric data: weight 150g, total length 392
mm, wing 168 mm, tail 220 mm, beak 27 mm, tarsus 37 mm (female).
Strigiformes
Aves do Litoral Norte 178
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Tytonidae
Tyto alba tuidara ( Gray, 1769 ).
Coruja-da-igreja (Barn Owl)
Tytonidae Family
Tyto alba tuidara (Gray, 769).
Barn Owl
This is the most common owl species and is known throughout Brazil. In
the north coast region, it occurs in the diverse ecosystems found there. It
feeds on rats, bats, and birds (we have seen them feeding on species such
as the thrush (Turdus), and we’ve also found the skeletal remains of the
common gallinule (Gallinula chloropus). They reproduce in hollow tree
cavities, church towers, abandoned buildings and in the rooves of houses.
They lay from two to five white eggs. In the Brazilian northeast, these
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owls are associated with bad luck which leads to people killing adult s
birds and chicks when they come across them. These owls usually hunt in
barren land or at the opening of sewage ducts in beaches etc.. There are
two types of plumages: one that is all yellow and the other yellow but with
a white breast. This is not related to sexual dimorphism. Morphometric
data: total length 330 mm, wing 297 mm, tail 129 mm, head 78 mm, beak
22 mm, tarsus 78 mm and weight 390g.
Strigidae
Otus choliba decussata (Lichtenstein, 1823 ).
Corujinha-do-mato (Tropical Screech Owl)
Strigidae Family
Otus choliba decussata (Lichtenstein, 1823 ).
Tropical Screech Owl
This is a small owl species that occurs throughout the north coast region
including within the city of Salvador, which feeds on insects and small
birds. It normally lays two white eggs in hollow tree cavities. However,
we have found nests with three eggs all of which hatched and the chicks
survived. There are two types of plumage: one grayish, the other with a
reddish tint. Inside the nests, we have found insects which are obviously
part of its diet. Morphometric data: weight 115g, total length 210 mm,
wing 160 mm, tail 85 mm, beak 19 mm, tarsus 20 mm.
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Coruja de grande porte vive nas matas e sua identificação é mais através
do som do que através de visualização. É muito difícil de ser avistada.
Já observamos um indivíduo dessa espécie atropelado na estrada. Dados
morfométricos: asa 360 mm, cauda 175 mm, bico 42 mm, tarso 67 mm.
This is a large owl that lives in the forests and is more often identified
through its vocalization rather than by sighting because it is extremely
difficult to see. We once saw an individual of this species that had been
run over. Morphometric data: wing 360 mm, tail 175 mm, beak 42 mm,
tarsus 67 mm.
É uma espécie que ocorre nas matas altas. Uma de suas características
mais marcantes é a cor da face em branco puro. Os filhotes possuem a
penugem branca com disco facial preto. Essas aves são comercializadas
por traficantes de animais. Dados morfométricos: peso 750g,
comprimento total 423 mm, asa 332 mm, cauda 187 mm., bico 41 mm,
tarso 55 mm.
This bird looks very much like the species that is described next but it is
smaller and has a short tail. It differs from the G. brasilianum through
its white dots on the top of its head and several furrows. There are two
types of plumage: one gray, the other reddish. It is an extraordinary
hunter of small birds. It lays three to four eggs that weigh an average of
7.6g and measure 27,5 mm x 23,5 mm. Inside the nest, we have found
many remains of birds that are part of its diet including: Sicalis flaveola,
Thraupis sayaca, Volatinia jacarina. The majority of times, the parents
take the headless birds into the nest. We have also found butterfly wings,
lizards and rats inside the nest. Morphometric data: weight 70g, total
length 160 mm, wing 91 mm, tail 48 mm, beak 10 mm, tarsus 26 mm.
This is a very common species of owl and occurs throughout the north
coast region and in Salvador itself (on the dunes at STIEP, 1988). It also
occurs in the savanna and sandy coastal forests ecosystems where they
burrow big dens below the sand and where they reproduce. During the
reproductive period, we often find beetle skeletons at the entrance of
the den. It is active both at night and during the day. At dusk, we have
observed the bird perched on fence posts and electric posts in a hunting
stance. Morphometric data: weight 152g, wing 170 mm, tail 80 mm, beak
17 mm, tarsus 47 mm (male).
É uma coruja que se destaca pelas suas grandes “orelhas”, que na realidade
são tufos de penas. Habita o cerrado, a restinga e a borda das matas.
Alimenta-se de roedores, morcegos e já a observamos num poleiro
perto de uma lagoa em busca de alguma presa. Esse local é também
freqüentado pela T. alba. O ninho é no solo, onde já encontramos, por
duas vezes, dois filhotes. Dados morfométricos: peso 530 comprimento
total 380 mm, asa 275 mm, cauda 138 mm, bico 39 mm, tarso 52 mm.
This owl species is distinguishable by its large ears which in reality are
tufts of feathers. It lives in the savanna, the sandy coastal forests and at
forest edges. It feeds on rodents, bats and we have even seen it perched
next to a lagoon in search of food. This place is also frequented by the T.
alba. The nest is on the ground where we have twice found two chicks.
Morphometric data: total length 530 mm, wing 275 mm, tail 138 mm,
beak 39 mm, tarsus 52 mm.
This is a little known owl species. The first record for this species in Bahia
occurred in 1992, when we found a nest in the hollow of a tree in an area
of savanna habitat in Camaçari. Inside the nest there was a chick that we
banded, and also various bat skulls. This is a rare species and the only
record we have of the bird was that one. Thirteen years have passed and
we have never found another nest, even though we have put dozens of
artificial nests around the locale where we saw the first one. Morphometric
data: wing 143 mm, tail 67 mm, beak 22 mm, tarsus 31 mm.
Caprimulgiformes
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Nyctibiidae
Nyctibius griseus griseus ( Gmelin, 1789 ).
Urutau (Common Potoo)
Nyctibiidae Family
Nyctibius griseus griseus ( Gmelin, 1789 ).
Common Potoo
This potoo is the most common and well-known in the north coast
region. The local community refers to it as the “mother of the moon.”
This nocturnal bird feeds on insects it captures in full flight with its large
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mouth. The male is much bigger and heavier than the female and is normally seen perched in
an erect stance on fence posts or on branches in dry trees. The bird is difficult to spot due to its
incredible camouflage that makes it blend into the tree perfectly. It lays a solitary white egg in
hollow cavities at the end of branches or posts. The chick’s plumage at birth is white but as time
passes it becomes a light gray tone with wisps of white. From the time they hatch until they abandon
the nest, the chicks are capable of clinging onto the branch on which they are born. The parents
cover the chicks with their own bodies to protect them from the sun, rain or potential predators.
Morphometric data: weight 178g, total length 340 mm, wing 260 mm, tail 180 mm, beak 18 mm,
tarsus 11 mm (female), weight 178g, total length 360 mm, wing 261 mm, tail 188 mm, beak 22 mm,
tarsus 12 mm (male).
O registro dessa espécie para o litoral norte é de um exemplar que foi atropelado e veio a óbito
no município de Mata de São João (Sauípe). Essa ave encontra-se na coleção de Rolf Grantsau.
Esse registro precisa ser confirmado, pois as medidas condizem com a espécie, no entanto, sua
coloração é mais clara e talvez se trate de um indivíduo jovem. Visitando o tipo no Museu de
História Natural de Nova York e outros exemplares na Filadélfia, pudemos constatar que o nosso
espécime é realmente diferente. Dados morfométricos: peso 75 g, comprimento total 307 mm,
asa 240 mm, cauda 172 mm, bico 21 mm, tarso 11 mm.
The only record for this species is of an individual that was run-over in the municipality of Mata
de São João (Sauípe). This bird is in Rolf Grantsau’s collection. This record has to be confirmed
because though its dimensions match the species, the coloring is clearer than normally and it might
be a juvenile individual. From visits to the New York Museum of Natural History and examining
other examples in Philadelphia, we can see our specimen is really different. Morphometric data:
weight 75g, total length 307 mm, wing 240 mm, tail 172 mm, beak 21 mm, tarsus 11 mm.
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Caprimulgidae
Chordeiles pusillus pusillus (Gould, 1861)
Bacurauzinho (Least Nighthawk)
Caprimulgidae Family
Chordeiles pusillus pusillus (Gould, 1861)
Least Nighthawk
This is the smallest nightjar in the north coastal region and is easily
recognizable by its diminutive size and because it is the only nightjar in
the region that starts to fly slightly before sunset in an erratic pattern, up
and down and flying in circles. In the beginning, we can see only one or two
individuals but afterwards other birds arrive to form a group. Both sexes
have a white stripe on the wing and the male has a white point on its tail.
During the day, the birds roost in little furrows in open area. They lay their
eggs on the ground in a shady place. Morphometric data: weight 25g, total
length 160 mm, wing 130 mm, tail 61 mm, beak 4.5 mm, tarsus 10 mm.
A migratory species, there are few records of the bird in the north coast
region. Two of these birds that had been run over were handed over to
us. This is considered a large and robust nightjar and characterized
by it white belly and throat which are visible when it flies. When this
bird flies during the day, it can be confused with the Vanellus chilensis.
Morphometric data: weight 160g, total length 280 mm, wing 230 mm, tail
105 mm, beak 10 mm, tarsus 26 mm.
This is one of the most well known nightjars in the north coastal region
and occurs in open areas in the middle of forests, in the savanna and sandy
coastal forests. It is often seen in the middle of roads, especially dirt tracts,
seeking food during the evening. The male has a white stripe on its wing
and the external tail feathers are also white but only visible when the bird
is flying. They lay one egg that weigh an average of 9g amid dry leaves on
the ground and the chick is born with a brown plumage. We designed an
experiment to see whether the parents were capable of carrying the chick
to some other location were it to be discovered predators. We put a small
wooden fence about 15 centimeters high around a very immature chick
still in its nest and observed it for two weeks. The parents continued to
feed the chick within the fence until it was able to fly. This proved that the
parents were incapable of transporting their chick. What in fact happens
is that if a person or animal discovers the nest, the parents will flee and
then call in attempts to try and lure the chick to safety. But since the
chick’s coloration is a perfect camouflage, it is rare that their hiding place
is discovered. Morphometric data: weight 69g, total length 282 mm, wing
160 mm, tail 141 mm, beak 10 mm, tarsus 26 mm (female).
Essa espécie que vive na orla das matas tem grande porte e costuma
pousar em troncos e galhos de árvores. Não é uma espécie muito
comum e nas campanhas de anilhamento é o bacurau que mais cai na
rede, sendo que o N. albicollis e o C. rufus caem raramente na rede,
apesar de ouvirmos sua vocalização. Dados morfométricos: peso 52 g,
comprimento total 263 mm, asa 175 mm, cauda 122 mm, bico 15 mm,
tarso 20 mm.
It is a large species that lives on the edge of forests and often lands on
the trunks and branches of trees. It is not a common species but on our
banding campaigns, it is the nightjar that most gets caught in the mist
nets. Despite hearing lots of vocalizations, N. albeakllis and the C. rufus
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rarely fall into the net. Morphometric data: weight 52g, total length 263
mm, wing 175 mm, tail 122 mm, beak 15 mm, tarsus 20 mm.
Essa espécie foi acrescentada à lista das aves do litoral norte há pouco
tempo (2003) e nunca foi capturada por rede nas nossas campanhas de
anilhamento. Em menos de uma semana, recebemos três exemplares
dessa espécie, vindos de locais diferentes: um foi capturado em Sauípe,
um em Camaçari e o outro em Salvador. Costuma pousar em galhos
ao anoitecer, e daí se desloca em busca de alimento (insetos). Dados
morfométricos: peso 40g, comprimento total 219 mm, asa 150 mm,
cauda 98 mm, bico 14 mm, tarso 13 mm.
This species was added to the bird list for the north coastal area a short
time ago (2003) and has never been caught in the mist nets used in our
banding campaigns. In less than three weeks, we received three specimens
of this species all coming from different places: one was captured in
Sauipe, one in Camaçari and the other in Salvador. They usually land
on branches at nightfall and from there move around looking for food
(insects). Morphometric data: weight 40g, total length 219 mm, wing 150
mm, tail 98 mm, beak 14 mm, tarsus 13 mm.
Apodidae
Chaetura meridionalis (Hellmayr, 1907).
Andorinha-do-temporal (Ashy-tailed Swift)
Apodidae Family
Chaetura meridionalis (Hellmayr, 1907).
Ashy-tailed Swift
This species has a short tail and tarsus and is adapted to afix itself to walls
but it does not land on branches. It’s a species that occurs within the city
of Salvador where it can be seen flying high or near the ground looking
for insects. We have found a nest of the species fixed on the wall of an
artificial water source which was used frequently by people from the local
community to fetch water. It does not occur in the savanna or the coastal
sandy forests of the north coast region. Morphometric data: weight 16g,
total length 103 mm, wing 140 mm, beak 8 mm, tarsus 5 mm.
ainda não foi vista em bandos. O seu ninho é construído nos troncos
de árvores lisas e nos telhados das residências, abandonadas ou não.
Já encontramos dois desses ninhos, sendo um deles num galpão
abandonado no meio da floresta e o outro numa oficina, onde o
movimento de pessoas era intenso. O ninho pode medir mais de 50 cm.
Ambos os ninhos estavam fixados, um debaixo de uma laje e o outro
debaixo de uma telha eternite, confeccionados com paina aglutinada
e com o formato de um pé de meia, com a entrada na parte inferior.
Na parte superior interna havia uma plataforma onde se realizava a
postura de dois ovos de cor brancos puro. Dados morfométricos: peso
22g, comprimento total 150 mm, asa 120 mm, cauda 55 mm, bico 5.5
mm, tarso 11 mm.
This occurs in preserved forest areas above which it flies looking for food.
Its tail is forked and it is a solitary bird that has never been seen in
groups. The nests are built on the trunks of smooth trees and in the roofs
of houses, abandoned or not. We have found two of these nests, one in an
abandoned hangar in the middle of the forest and another in a workshop
where the activities of humans were intense. The nest can measure up to
50cm. Both the nests were attached, one under a cement slab and the other
on an asbestos roof and were made of glued together floss in the shape
of a sock with the entrance in the lower part. On the inside upper part,
there is a platform where two pure white eggs are laid. Morphometric
data: weight 22g, total length 150 mm, wing 120 mm, tail 55 mm, beak
5.5 mm, tarsus 11 mm.
Trochilidae
Glaucis hirsuta hirsuta (Gmelin, 1788 ).
Balança-rabo-de-bico-torto (Rufous-breasted Hermit)
É uma espécie que ocorre no interior das florestas ou visita os jardins nas
proximidades do seu habitat. Possui o bico torto e longo e a mandíbula
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Trochilidae Family
Glaucis hirsuta hirsuta (Gmelin, 1788 ).
Rufous-breasted Hermit
This is a species that occurs in the interior of the forest but also visits
gardens around its habitat. It has a long, bent beak and a yellow mandible.
We have seen nests built on the underside of coconut palm tree frond.
Morphometric data: weight 12g, total length 178 mm, wing 64 mm, tail
76 mm, beak 33 mm.
This humming bird species lives on forest edges and also visits domestic
gardens. It has a long tail with a white spot on the end and its throat is
cinnamon colored. It usually enters houses very quickly and then leaves
at utmost speed as well. In some places it is known as the “house-cleaning
humming bird”. Nests are assembled in rock gorges, balconies, on roof
wires, power lines or the palm fiber used to make kiosks. From the first
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day of life, like other hummingbird species, the chicks cling to the inside of
the nest if we try and remove them. They abandon the nest after 20 days.
Morphometric data: weight 12g, total length 178 mm, wing 600, tail 76
mm, beak 33 mm.
This is the smallest hummingbird in the north coast region and in Brazil.
The male has a black breast and yellow mandible. It lives in the interior of
forests or their edge and can visit domestic gardens located near forested
areas. We have seen a nest hung below the leaf a heliconia flower. The
chicks when they are feathered are almost invisible inside of the nest
because their color is exactly the same as that of the nest. These are
fearless birds that get very close to people, especially when they approach
a nest. It usually has a perch spot in the middle of the forest from where
it calls. Morphometric data: weight 1.9g, total length 102 mm, wing 35
mm, tail 30 mm, beak 22 mm.
body and is dark on the center of its body. Morphometric data: weight 7g,
total length 118 mm, wing 64 mm, tail 38 mm, beak 22 mm.
door. This is likely a result of the combative nature of the birds, which
fight one another for access to flowers, and one is always chasing another
possible competitor, at high speed. This obviously exposes them to lots of
dangerous situations. In Arembepe, they appear in mid-January during
the flowering of the Stryphnodendron pulcherri tree and stay for around
two weeks until the inflorence tapers off and the first fruits appear.
Morphometric data: weight 3.9g, total length 93 mm, wing 52 mm, tail
27 mm, beak 16 mm (female), weight 3.5g, total length 92, wing 57 mm,
tail 34 mm, beak 16 mm (male).
The male has a scintillating blue chin and the female has her under parts
white, streaked with green. It lives in the preserved forests of north coastal
region of Bahia. Morphometric data: total length 88 mm, wing 49 mm,
tail 26 mm, beak 16 mm.
This is one of the most common humminbirds in the north coast region.
It likes very small flowers. The male is a brilliant green color, the base of
its beak is red and the beak itself has a white ridge. The female’s back is
green, its chin and abdomen are dirty white. In the Caatinga, it builds
its nest at the foot of a perilous plant called cansanção which delivers a
mighty sting and itchy rash for any creature that brushes up against it
and so protects the species from predators. In the sandy coastal forests, it
makes its nests in a variety of different plants usually about two meters
off the ground. We have found a nest with four eggs; the hummingbird re-
used an old nest and laid two new eggs on the two old ones that had failed
to hatch. Morphometric data: weight 3.1g, total length 87mm, wing 50
mm, tail 26 mm, beak 16 mm (male).
It lives in the forests of the north coast region. The male is a brilliant
green color, its cap is blue, its crissum white and its tail is forked. The
female’s underbelly is dirty white. They will visit gardens that are close to
forest edges. Morphometric data: weight 4g, total length 110 mm, wing 50
mm, tail 39m, beak 19 mm.
Essa espécie ocorre nas matas do litoral norte. O macho tem a plumagem
na cor azul-violeta, o bico vermelho com a ponta negra e a fêmea tem
o dorso esverdeado e a parte inferior em branco sujo, além de uma
mancha branca no supercílio. Dados morfométricos: peso 3g, asa 45
mm, cauda 25 mm, bico 16 mm.
This species occurs in the forests of the north coast. The male’s plumage
is violet-blue, its beak red with a black point and the female’s back is
greenish and the underbelly dirty white, and it has a white streak on its
superciliary stripe. Morphometric data: weight 3g, wing 45 mm, tail 25
mm, beak 16 mm.
This is a large hummingbird with white external tail feathers and a black
central region. The male has a blue streak next to its ear. This is not a
common species having been seen only once in a patch of savanna habitat
in CETREL although it is a forest bird that can visit gardens close to
forest edges. Morphometric data: weight 6g, total length 115 mm, wing
68 mm, tail 38 mm, beak 17 mm.
This is a typical species of the sandy, coastal forests although it has never
been seen in the forests of Arembepe, a locale where for many years we have
conducted banding campaigns. It has been observed in the sandy forests
around Subauma in the north coast and it was common in the savanna
around CETREL but has not been seen in a long time. Morphometric
data: wing 60 mm, tail 36 mm.
É uma espécie que ocorre nas áreas abertas (restinga). Possui uma
faixa branca na barriga que se alarga no ventre. A maxila inferior é
cor de carne com a ponta escura. Possui uma mancha verde no branco
da garganta. Dados morfométricos: asa 48 mm, cauda 27 mm, bico 18
mm.
It is a species that occurs in the open areas around sandy, coastal forests.
It has a white stripe on its stomach that gets wider on its abdomen. Its
lower beak is the color of meat with a black point. It has a green streak
at the base of the throat. Morphometric data: wing 48 mm, tail 27 mm,
beak 18 mm.
This subspecies occurs all along the north coast region of Bahia. There
is seen always very close to the shore from Salvador to Mangue Seco. It
visits gardens that are close to the coast and coconut tree flowers. It also
occurs in the mangroves of Mangue Seco. Morphometric data: total length
90 mm, wing 45 mm, tail 25 mm, beak 20 mm.
This bird is a brilliant green color with swathes of white, a red mandible and
the tail is almost black. It occurs in the sandy coastal forests and also visits
gardens. It only appears at certain times of the year. Morphometric data:
weight 3g, total length 90 mm, wing 50 mm, tail 30 mm, beak 17 mm.
This species only occurs in the savanna region of the north coast around
Camaçari. This is a typical species for open areas. It is very quick and
sometimes will fly at high speeds, stop in front of a person and then
immediately disappear again. It feeds on various savanna flower species
such as: Lantana camera, Anacardium occidentale, but prefers smaller
flowers. The male has a bipartite forelock which forms two red horns. It
uses a high post to rest and call. When it gets ready to fly, it stretches one
of its wings and lifts up one of its legs, then stretches out the other wing
and then takes off. Morphometric data: weight 2.5g, total length 83m,
wing 52 mm, tail 45 mm, beak 14 mm.
Trogoniformes
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Trogonidae
Trogon curucui curucui ( Linné, 1766 ).
Surucuá-de-barriga-vermelha (Blue-crowned Trogon)
Trogonidae Family
Trogon curucui curucui ( Linné, 1766 ).
Blue-crowned Trogon
This species occurs in the savanna and sandy coastal forests of the north
coast region from Camaçari to Sauipe. The male has a red breast, yellow
eyelids and the top of its head is a scintillating blue. The female has a
gray belly and it reproduces in termite mounds. The call is very similar
to the black throated trogon. It can occur in the canopy as well as the
lower strata of the sandy, coastal forests and the low, dry, shrub forests.
Morphometric data: total length 240 mm, wing 122 mm, tail 110 mm,
beak 16 mm, tarsus 12 mm (male).
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It lives in the preserved forests of the north coast. The female breast and
that of young birds is gray and both sexes have clear blue eyelids. It lives
in the forest canopy. Its call is very similar to the blue-crowned trogon.
Morphometric data: weight 105g, total length 323 mm, wing 174 mm, tail
168 mm, beak 26 mm, tarsus 17 mm (male).
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Coraciiformes
Alcedinidae
Ceryle torquata torquata ( Linné, 1766 ).
Martim-pescador-grande (Ringed Kingfisher)
Alcedinidae Family
Ceryle torquata torquata ( Linné, 1766 ).
Ringed Kingfisher
It’s the largest king fisher and occurs around lakes, rivers and wetlands
throughout the north coast region and in Salvador. It is often seen on
power lines that pass over bodies of water. It fishes in these areas. The
females’ lower and upper abdomen and tail feathers are chestnut covered.
It feeds on fish and can often be seen around commercial fish farms.
It reproduces in crevices, often a fair distance from any water. When
flying from one spot to another, it makes a lot of noise and is constantly
sonorous. Morphometric data: weight 200g, total length 395 mm, wing
190 mm, tail 105 mm, beak 77 mm, tarsus 19 mm.
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It is bigger than the green king fisher and the male’s breast is rust-colored.
It occurs in environments similar to the ringed king fisher although it can
be seen by rivers within forests. Morphometric data: total length 290 mm,
wing 131, tail 70 mm, beak 63 mm, tarsus 10 mm.
It is our smallest king fisher and it difficult to see. It lives in flooded areas
where the vegetation is dense. The female has a white belt around its
breast. We have observed this species in an area of mangrove, where it fed
on fish stuck in the holes within reefs.
Piciformes MENU
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Galbulidae
Galbula ruficauda rufoviridis (Cabanis, 1851).
Bico-de-agulha-de-rabo-vermelho (Rufous-tailed jacamar)
Galbulidae Family
Galbula ruficauda rufoviridis (Cabanis, 1851).
Rufous-tailed jacamar
Bucconidae
Bucco maculatus maculatus ( Gmelin, 1788 ).
Rapazinho-dos-velhos (Spot-backed Puffbird)
Bucconidae Family
Bucco maculatus maculatus ( Gmelin, 1788 ).
Spot-backed Puffbird
The swallow-wing has a very short tail, black plumage and white lesser
wing coverts. It lives on forest edges, and perches on dry trunks from where
it scans its surroundings. When it flies, it keeps its wing points open in
the same way vultures do. They usually fly in circles and then return to
their perching post. They catch insects while in full flight and reproduce in
crevices dug out of cliff faces. Morphometric data: weight 56g, total length
210 mm, wing 83 mm, tail 32 mm, beak 20 mm, tarsus 14 mm.
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Ramphastidae
Ramphastos vitellinus ariel ( Vigors, 1826 ).
Tucano-de-bico-preto (Channel-billed Toucan)
Ramphastidae Family
Ramphastos vitellinus ariel ( Vigors, 1826 ).
Channel-billed Toucan
This toucan species occurs in the preserved forests of the north forest
region and we have recorded its presence in the forests of Guarajuba, in
the municipality of Camaçari. It reproduces in tree hollows and the bird’s
presence in an area is easily detectable because of its call. Often we can
hear another individual respond to a call. They get their food from the
upper canopy. Morphometric data: wing 186 mm, tail 153 mm, beak 109
mm, tarsus 43 mm.
This species has a reddish stripe on its belly and a white upper beak. It
lives in the canopy of the preserved forests of the north coast region of
Bahia. These are birds much pursued by hunters and bird traffickers. It
is the largest species of toucan in the north coast region and occurs in
the same forests around Guarajuba as the previous species and all the
way up to the preserved forests in the extreme north point of the state.
It feeds on tree fruits and reproduces in the hollows of trees and termite
mounds. The disappearance of forests and the trees with hollows suitable
for reproduction within these forests is doing great harm to the species.
Morphometric data: weight 155g, total length 398 mm, beak 107 mm,
tarsus 36 mm.
Picidae
Colaptes campestris campestris ( Vieillot, 1818 ).
Pica-pau-do-campo (Campo Flicker)
Picidae Family
Colaptes campestris campestris ( Vieillot, 1818 ).
Campo Flicker
This is the most common woodpecker species in the north coast region of
Bahia. The male’s malar region has a red streak. It seeks its food on the
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ground and often digs for ants. It can live in small groups which can be
made up of members of the same family. They reproduce in tree cavities
and termite mounds. It lays two to four pure white eggs. Through the use
of colored bands, we have observed that chicks from one brood help to look
after the chicks of the next brood. Morphometric data: weight 125g, total
length 290 mm, wing 155, tail 113 mm, beak 32 mm, tarsus 30 mm.
It occurs all throughout the north coast region from Salvador to Mangue
Seco in open areas, savannas, sandy coastal forests and on forest edges.
The male has a red stripe on its mandible. It reproduces in hollow tree
cavities that the bird itself digs, but will also use artificial nests. They are
commonly seen in the tops of coconut trees or on the ground looking for
food. We have seen three white eggs laid which weighed an average of 6.1g
and measured 29 mm x 20 mm. Morphometric data: weight 73g, total
length 270 mm, wing 122 mm, tail 95 mm, beak 23 mm, tarsus 24 mm.
Essa espécie foi descrita pela primeira vez para o estado da Bahia na
região da Chapada Diamantina. É muito parecida com a espécie a seguir,
diferindo por possuir manchas negras transversais no peito e abdome
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This species was described for the first time in the state of Bahia in the
region known as the Chapada Diamantina. It is very similar looking to the
spotted piculet and is differentiated from it by the transversal black streaks
on its breast and abdomen whereas the P. pygmaeus has several white balls
on a brown background. The species needs to be confirmed for the north
coast region .We have seen this species in the state of Sergipe (Lagarto).
This is the smallest species in the north coast region. It has accentuated
sexual dimorphism: the male has a red stripe on its forehead and the
female’s head is all black with white spots. It normally lives in pairs and
usually constructs its nests in rotted tree cavities where it drills a hole
big enough for it to enter inside. We have seen a pair use the same trunk
several times but always digging a new nest. It occurs in the savanna,
the sandy coastal forest and the Atlantic Rainforest. Morphometric data:
weight 9.5g, total length 100 mm, wing 55 mm, tail 24 mm, beak 10 mm,
tarsus 12 mm (female). The Picumnus pygmaeus distinctus described by
Pinto & Camargo (1961) for the Recôncovo region of Bahia was in fact a
juvenile P. p. pygmaeus.
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This species occurs on forest edges and in mature sandy coastal forests. It
is a solitary bird and is not abundant. As with the previous two species, the
male has a red strip across its maxilla. They do not tolerate any invasion
of its territory by an individual of the same species. Morphometric data:
total length 274 mm, wing 140 mm, tail 83 mm, tarsus 27 mm.
It looks very much like the red-capped woodpecker but is bigger and has
greater wing coverts splashed with yellow. The top of the male’s head is
red. It occurs in the savanna, in the sandy, coastal forests and the forest
edges that extend from Salvador to Mangue Seco. Morphometric data:
weight 23g, total length 148 mm, wing 76 mm, tail 41 mm, beak 15 mm,
tarsus 17 mm.
It is very similar to the previous species, though smaller and it has a red
chin and various red swathes on its wings. It occurs only in the mature
and preserved forests of the north coast region. Morphometric data:
weight 37g, total length 188 mm, wing 98 mm, tail 62 mm, beak 21 mm,
tarsus 17 mm (male).
This is not common and is rarely seen in the north coast region. It occurs
in the savanna of Camaçari and looks like the Dryocopus lineatus, with
which it can be confused but can be differentiated by its black rather than
the white chin the D. lineatus has. The top of the female’s tuft is black,
whereas the male’s is all red. It usually digs holes in the Craibeira, tree
where it builds its nest. These hollow cavities are used by other birds
such as Otus choliba, Glaucidium brasilianum, Falco sparverius and
Amazonas amazonas. Morphometric data: weight 74g, total length 286
mm, wing 184 mm, tail 92 mm, beak 41 mm, tarsus 32 mm.
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Subordem Suboscines
Suboscines Suborder
Rhinocryptidae
Merulaxis stresemanni (Sick, 1960).
Entufado-baiano (Stresemann’s Bristlefront)
Apesar de essa espécie ter sido registrada através de dois exemplares
coletados entre 1831 e 1838 no Recôncavo da Bahia, de Salvador a Ilhéus,
até o presente momento ainda não registramos essa espécie para o litoral
norte.
Rhinocryptidae Family
Merulaxis stresemanni (Sick, 1960)
Stresemann’s Bristlefront
Even though this species had been recorded from two specimens collected
between 1831 and 1838 in the Recôncavo region of the Bay of Salvador and
Ilhéus, to this point we have never recorded this species for the northern
coastal region.
As with the previous species, even though there is historic record of the
species for Salvador, we have never seen it in the forests of the northern
coastal region. The species closest to it that occurs is the S. psychopompus
described by Teixeira & Carnevalli in 1989, in Valença and Ilhéus, on the
south coast of Bahia. We have also observed this species in Ituberá and
close to Valença. Morphometric data: weight 18g, total length 115 mm,
wing 52 mm, tail 36 mm, beak 11 mm, tarsus 20 mm.
Passeriformes MENU
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Formicariidae
Taraba major stagurus(Lichtenstein, 1823).
Choró-boi (Great Antshrike)
Formicariidae Family
Taraba major stagurus (Lichtenstein, 1823).
Great Antshrike
This large species has accented sexual dimorphism: the upper part of the
males is black and the lower part white whereas in the females the upper
body is rust colored and the lower part dirty white. Both sexes have red eyes.
We have observed this species in a re-growth forest previously occupied by
a stretch of Atlantic Rainforest (Candeias) and in the dry, shrub forests a
long distance from water. Morphometric data: weight 55g, total length 270
mm., wing 90 mm, tail 85 mm, beak 26 mm, tarsus 34 mm (male).
This species also has an accentuated sexual dimorphism: the male has
a black cap whereas that of the female is chestnut colored. It occurs in
forested regions including within the city of Salvador. Its nest is a basket
built on a forked pole with the edges covered with lichen. It lays two white
eggs splashed with rust-colored dots. During the reproductive period, the
pairs emit a very low noise like the meow of a kitten and this sound is
repeated several times in a duet around the nest. Morphometric data:
weight 31g, total length 195 mm, wing 88 mm, tail 78 mm, beak 16 mm,
tarsus 27 mm (male), weight 28g, total length 190 mm, wing 83 mm, tail
74 mm, beak 15 mm, tarsus 16 mm (female).
This occurs in the mature, sandy, coastal forests of the north coast region
from Sauipe to Mangue Seco. The male is gray with a black cap and the
female is clear brown with a chestnut colored cap. It also occurs in the
dry, shrub forests (caatinga) of Bahia (Raso da Catarina). Morphometric
data: weight 23g, total length 170 mm, wing 72 mm, tail 68 mm, beak 16
mm, tarsus 23 mm (male).
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The male has a black cap and the female a reddish one. It occurs in the
sandy, coastal forests of the northern coastal region from Salvador ((in
the STIEP dunes) up to Mangue Seco. The nest is a basket built on a
forked post. It is a very distrustful species. All the nest we found were
taken apart by the pair to be constructed elsewhere. Morphometric data:
weight 16g, total length 170 mm, wing 65 mm, tail 63 mm, beak 16 mm,
tarsus 17 mm.
This occurs in the Atlantic Rainforest of the north coastal region, often
in the lower and middle strata of the forest. The male is grayish and
the female is brown. It accompanies mixed species flocks and these are
nervous birds, always swishing its long tail. Morphometric data: weight
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18g, total length 158 mm, wing 65 mm, tail 61 mm, beak 16 mm, tarsus
16 mm (male), weight 16g, total length 158 mm, wing 66 mm, tail 63 mm,
beak 16 mm, tarsus 17 mm (female).
This species occurs in the Atlantic Forest of the northern coastal region
in tree coppices and forest canopies. It is very distinctive because of its
chestnut colored wings and a yellow abdomen with a large superciliary
stripe. Morphometric data: weight 11g, total length 124 mm, wing 52
mm, tail 47 mm, beak 14 mm, tarsus 17 mm.
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This bird occurs in the Atlantic Forest of the north coast region in
preserved forests. This species had only before been recorded in the dry,
shrub forest biome in Bahia and Piauí.
Up until this point, this species has only been seen in the savanna area
of the north coast region (Camaçari), and also in Salvador itself in a
savanna area that borders the Atlantic Rainforest in the Pituaçu city
park. It has an accentuated sexual dimorphism; the male has a black strip
that goes from the chin to the abdomen and its back, head and wings are
chestnut colored. The female has a white breast with streaks of black. It
can occur together with the white-fringed antwren and is often confused
with it, although this bird has a grayish upper part rather than reddish.
Morphometric data: weight 12g, total length 145 mm, wing 50 mm, tail
63 mm, beak 12 mm, tarsus 20 mm (female).
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It is one of the most common antbirds of the north coast region and can
be found from the coast of Salvador to Mangue Seco. It lives in dense
savanna, the sandy, coastal forests and forest edges in pairs or small
family groups. It is always emitting sounds in a duet when it is looking for
food in the middle of the vegetation or in clusters of bromeliads or even
on the ground amongst dry leaves. Its nest is a basket fixed to a fork post
and is placed about 60cm above the ground. Morphometric data: weight
10.5g, total length 132 mm, wing 50 mm, tail 51 mm, beak 12 mm, tarsus
20 mm (female).
This species occurs in the Atlantic Forest in the north coast region and
the forests around the Industrial Center at Aratu (Simões Filho) up to the
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Bú Reserve at Entre Rios. The male is all black with white scales and the
female is brown with yellow scales. It is seen close to the ground and can
look for food on the ground. Morphometric data: weight 10g, total length
130 mm, wing 55 mm, tail 54 mm, beak 15 mm, tarsus19 mm (female).
É uma espécie que vive no solo das florestas e possuem pernas longas.
O macho e a fêmea são iguais, e sua coloração lhes proporciona uma
perfeita camuflagem no interior da floresta. Reproduz-se nos ocos dos
troncos. Dados morfométricos: peso 55g, comprimento total 208 mm,
asa 86 mm, cauda 58 mm, bico 17 mm, tarso 32 mm.
This species lives on the forest floor and has long legs. The male and female
have the same coloring which gives them perfect camouflage inside the
forests. It reproduces in hollow tree cavities. Morphometric data: weight 55g,
total length 208 mm, wing 86 mm, tail 58 mm, beak 17 mm, tarsus 32 mm.
Conopophagidae
Conopophaga melanops nigrifrons (Pinto, 1943).
Cuspidor-mascarado (Black-cheeked Gnateater).
Conopophagidae Family
Conopophaga melanops nigrifrons (Pinto, 1943).
Black-cheeked Gnateater
in the lower southern part of Bahia (Ituberá) with the pair collected
in Sauípe and verified that the pair from Sauípe was the subspecies
Conopophaga m. nigrifrons. The female is very different from the male
and has a whitened throat, an orangey breast and a white belly, which are
different from the perspicillata which has an orange breast and belly. The
male has a white strip that extends from its throat and goes all the way
to its crissum, while the perpicillata species has a gray collar ring which
separates the throat from the breast. The pair is stored in Rolf Grantsau’s
collection: 10424 Male, 03-05-98, feet. 20g/ ct. 117/ wing 65/ head. 28/
cul. 15/ tars. 27 mm, Female, 03-05-1998, feet. 27g/ ct. 113/ wing 65/ ca.
30/ cul. 15/ tars. 26 mm. Silveira et al (2003) recommends that corridors
should be created through reforestation, to link the fragments of Atlantic
Rainforest in the state of Alagoas in order to preserve endemic species and
those threatened with extinction. The ecological corridors being created
by the businessmen of the Pólo Petrochemical group of Camaçari with the
support of the state’s governor’s Office, local farmers and hotel chains,
will link forest remnants in the municipality of Lauro de Freitas with
those of Sauípe. This will be fundamentally important not only for this
species but also other species and endemics threatened with extinction.
The variegated antpitta is a large size earthly species that lives in the
forest soil being very difficult to be spotted. Its voice resembles the hard
rasping sound of a frog’s croak. It was first discovered in September 2006
in the Sauípe woods of the Northern coast of Bahia. Morphometric data:
Weight 130g; Total length 200mm.
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Furnariidae
Furnarius rufus (Gmelin, 1788).
João-de-barro (Rufous Hornero)
Furnariidae Family
Furnarius rufus (Gmelin, 1788).
Rufous Hornero
Essa espécie ocorre próximo à água, nos córregos e lagos. Possui uma
grande faixa branca que sai do loro, passa pelo olho e vai até a nuca. As
pontas das penas da cauda 5, 4, e 3, são na cor negra. O seu ninho pode
ser semelhante ao da F. rufus e também pode ocupar ninhos abandonados
da Pseudoseisura cristata. A espécie colonizou o cerrado do litoral
norte há pouco tempo, cerca de quatro anos, e vem colonizando a área
rapidamente. Já observamos uma disputa entre F. rufus e F. leucopus
pelo mesmo ninho, quando os casais se revezavam na construção de um
ninho. Dados morfométricos: peso 35g, comprimento total 170 mm,
asa 84 mm, cauda 55 mm, tarso 28 mm.
This species occurs near water by streams or lakes. It has a large white
streak that goes from the lores, passes by the eye and ends at the nape.
The point of tails 5, 4, and 3 are black. The nest can look similar to the
F. rufus but it can also occupy abandoned nests of the Pseudoseisura
cristata. The species colonized the savanna areas of the north coast region
only four years ago and has been colonizing the area rapidly. We have
seen a fight between a F. rufus and F. leucopus for the same nest when the
pairs were taking turns constructing the nest. Morphometric data: weight
35g, total length 170 mm, wing 84 mm, tail 55 mm, tarsus 28 mm.
This species occurs in the savanna, the sandy, coastal forests and the re-
growth forests of the north coast region. It’s cap, wings and tail are chestnut
colored. It can be seen alone or in pairs looking for food on the lower
stratum of the forest. It builds its nest with twigs in the form of a cake
with a funnel shaped entrance. It lays three pure white eggs that weigh 2.3
grams and measure 20 mm x 15 mm. Morphometric data: weight 11.5g,
wing 55 mm, tail 70 mm, beak 11 mm, tarsus 20 mm (male).
The discovery of this species in the north coast region that occurred in
2003 was from an individual captured in a mist net. It is not common.
It occurs in the savanna around Cetrel and in the sandy, coastal forests
near wetlands in Arembepe. A characteristic of this species is a small
black streak on its throat which is only visible when the bird is calling.
Morphometric data: weight 16g, total length 170 mm, wing 56 mm, tail
93 mm, beak 12 mm, tarsus 20 mm.
This species occurs in the north coast region is the secondary forests of
Simões Filho, and lives in the lower stratum of the forest. Its call imitates
that of the S. frontalis. It has a black streak on its throat and a white
superciliary stripe. Morphometric data: weight 9.to 5g, total length 140
mm, wing 42 mm, tail 60 mm, beak 11.5mm, tarsus 17 mm.
This bird always lives near water, whether by lakes, on the side of rivers
or marshes. The yellow-chinned spinetail lives in pairs and calls in a
duet. It has a yellow streak on its throat that is difficult to see. Its nest
is a pile of twigs and the entrance is in the lower part in the form of a
tube. It removes the chick’s feces from the nest and takes them far away.
Morphometric data: weight 14g, total length 140 mm, wing 55 mm, beak
14 mm, tarsus 20 mm,
This bird is recognized by its hanging nest made of thorny twigs which
can be of various sizes. In the north coast region this bird can be seen
in Simões Filhos. The pair builds new nests on top of old ones, hence
the nests become bigger and bigger. It often has a “reserve” nest in the
upper part of the old nest where the pair sleeps. Even though the nests are
constructed in high places, the birds live on the ground in pairs and look
for food under dry leaves. It removes its chick’s feces and takes them far
away. Morphometric data: weight 24.5g, wing 62 mm, tail 70 mm, beak
11 mm, tarsus 20 mm (male).
In a similar manner to the common thornbird, it’s the nest of the species
that make it distinct. Several nests can be found on the same tree and
are constantly visited by various individuals. The nest is constructed
with twigs that are sometimes so big that the bird has trouble carrying
them. It lays two white eggs which weigh an average of 5.4g. and measure
27.5mm x 20mm. Once we saw an individual of the species trying to carry
the primary feather of a vulture; as it was flying, the wind retarded its
forward progress. The chicks, before abandoning the nest, have a grayish
crown. It occurs in the diverse regions of the north coast region, including
savanna and the sandy coastal forests. Morphometric data: wing 97 mm,
tail 93 mm, beak 16 mm, tarsus 30 mm.
This species occurs in the Atlantic Rainforest of the north coast region
and in the mature sandy, coastal forests of Sauípe. Though its beak is
very similar, it is smaller than the streaked xenops and its abdomen is
uniformly brown. Often is hangs on branches, but it also moves vertically
around a tree trunk and looks like a small woodpecker. Morphometric
data: total length 107 mm, wing 58 mm, tail 46 mm, beak 14 mm, tarsus
15 mm (male).
Dendrocolaptidae
Dendrocincla turdina (Lichtenstein, 1820).
Arapaçu-liso (Thrush-like Woodcreeper)
Dendrocolaptidae Family
Dendrocincla turdina (Lichtenstein, 1820)
Plain-winged Woodcreeper
É uma espécie que ocorre na restinga e nas matas altas do litoral norte. É
muito comum, e pode ser observada quando está pousada verticalmente
nos troncos das árvores, ou quando se locomove de uma árvore para a
outra. O seu dorso é na cor verde e tem uma mancha negra nas asas, que
é bem visível quando voa. Dados morfométricos: comprimento total
157 mm, asa 83 mm, cauda 78 mm, bico 14 mm, tarso 17 mm.
It is a species that occurs in the sandy, coastal forests and the mature
forests of the north coast region. It is very common and can be seen when
it lands vertically on a tree trunk or moves from one tree to another. It
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has a green abdomen and a black streak on its wings, which is easy to see
when the bird is flying. Morphometric data: total length 157 mm, wing 83
mm, tail 78 mm, beak 14 mm, tarsus 17 mm.
It occurs in all the north coast region in the sandy, coastal forests, the
savanna and Atlantic Rainforest. It reproduces in tree cavities and in
artificial nests made of PVC. This woodcreeper puts some pieces of dry
bark in the interior of the nests. There are two white eggs, that weigh
around 5,6g and measure 26 X 19 mm. The incubation period is 18 days.
The chicks are born with a black plumage covering the back and the
top of its head. The beak and its interior are a strong yellow color but
as they mature, they become tinged with red. Before they abandon the
nest, the chicks communicate with their parents with very distinct calls.
Morphometric data: weight 31g, total length 220 mm, wing 95 mm, tail
75 mm, beak 25 mm, tarsus 22 mm.
This species occurs in the Atlantic Forest sections of the north coast region.
One of the distinguishing characteristics of this species is the yellow on
its throat and a thin, curved, beak. It occurs in all strata of the forest, at
ground level (2 meters) or the tree canopy. Morphometric data: weight
54g, total length 255 mm, wing 109 mm, tail 92 mm, beak 35 mm.
This species occurs in the savanna and the sandy, coastal forests of the
north coast region, always in places where trees are sparse. It has a large
superciliary stripe and the lower parts of its body are pure white. This
bird is often seen moving between trees in open fields. Morphometric
data: weight 30g, total length 202 mm, wing 89 mm, tail 72 mm, beak 32
mm, tarsus 21 mm (female).
This occurs in the Atlantic Rainforest of the north coast region. It has a
straight, black beak and striped breast. It usually occurs in the forest canopy
but has been known to come down to the lower strata. Morphometric
data: weight 60g, total length 293 mm, wing 119 mm, tail 110 mm, beak
35 mm, tarsus 27 mm.
peso 20g, comprimento total 218 mm, asa 85 mm, cauda 77 mm, bico
31 mm, tarso 19 mm.
This occurs in the Atlantic Rainforests areas of the north coast region and
in mature sandy, coastal forest. It has a big, yellow superciliary stripe. It
moves about in mixed species flocks and occurs in diverse strata of the
forest. Morphometric data: weight 20g, total length 218 mm, wing 85
mm, tail 77 mm, beak 31 mm, tarsus 19 mm.
Tyrannidae
Camptostoma obsoletum (Temminick, 1824).
Risadinha (Southern Beardless-Tyrannulet)
Tyrannidae
Camptostoma obsoletum (Temmnick, 1824).
Southern Beardless-Tyrannulet
This species occurs in the diverse ecosystems of the north coast region:
savanna, sandy, coastal forest, forest edges and domestic gardens. One of
its calls is very characteristic and sounds like a little laughter. Its call also
sounds like the Euphonia chlorotica. It always lives in pairs and visits
all the forest’s strata and in the coastal sand forests is very close to the
ground. Its nest is very similar in appearance to the nest of the Coereba
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flaveola, although it is less organized. It lays two white eggs with little
pink dots which weigh an average of 1.1g and measure 16.5 mm x 12 mm.
The incubation period is 16 days. Morphometric data: total length 117
mm, wing 56 mm, tail 49 mm, tarsus 14,5 mm, weight 6g.
É uma espécie difícil de ser observada. Essas aves convivem com a espécie
Elaenia cristata nas restingas do litoral norte e na borda das matas.
Não é abundante. Pode ocorrer inclusive em jardins, nas proximidades
da restinga. As coberteiras das asas têm duas faixas marrons. Dados
morfométricos: peso 12g, comprimento total 143 mm, asa 65 mm,
cauda 60 mm, bico 10 mm, tarso 15 mm.
This species is difficult to see. It lives together with the Elaenia cristata
in the sandy coastal forests of the north coast region and at forest edges.
It is not an abundant species, but can occur in gardens that are close
to sandy, coastal forests. It has two brown stripes on its wing coverts.
Morphometric data: weight 12g, total length 143 mm, wing 65 mm, tail
60 mm, beak 10 mm, tarsus 15 mm.
The only register of this species for the north coast region occurred in
1997 when an individual was captured in a mist net set up in a mangrove.
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It has a yellow abdomen and yellow crest at the top of its head. In the
dry, shrub forest habitat (caatinga) this is a migratory species and occurs
in large groups with the Elaenia albiceps, another migratory species.
Morphometric data: weight 13g, total length 130 mm, wing 61 mm, tail
55 mm, beak 8 mm.
This is a very common species that occurs in the diverse ecosystems of the
north coast region: at forest edges, in the savanna and the sandy, coastal
forests. It has a white tuft of feathers that is so small that it can only be
seen if the bird is held in a person’s hand. The bird’s call is very distinct.
It can occur together with other species of the genus, such as the Elaenia
cristata cristata. It has two white stripes on the wings. The nest is shaped
like a bowl and often looks like a hummingbird nest. It is made of spider’s
webs and lichen. The bird lays two white eggs with brown streaks on the
tips that weigh an average of 2.9 g and measure 21 mm X 16 mm. The
chick is born with gray plumage. Morphometric data: weight 20g, total
length 165 mm, wing 72 mm, tail 64 mm, beak 11 mm, tarsus 19 mm.
A Elaenia albiceps é uma migrante austral que viaja do Cone Sul até os
Andes colombianos e Região Amazônica (Sick, 1997). Os nossos dados
de captura e de observação dessa espécie no Raso da Catarina (caatinga
de Jeremoabo), detectaram-na entre os meses de abril, maio e junho
de 2002 indicando o pico de migração dessa espécie na região. Depois
desse período, as aves abandonaram a área por completo. Nas campanhas
de anilhamento realizadas no mês de fevereiro de 2003, capturamos
quatro aves dessas na floresta semidecidual, sugerindo que alguns
indivíduos chegam à região em meados de fevereiro. Nas campanhas
de anilhamento realizadas no ano de 2002, de abril a junho, foram
capturados e anilhados 228 indivíduos dessa espécie na Serra Branca.
Os nossos dados preliminares apontam para uma extensão temporal da
espécie durante a migração para a região Nordeste, que, segundo Marini
e Cavalcanti (1990), seria entre maio e julho. Na restinga do litoral
norte, registramos essa espécie através da captura de um indivíduo no
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Destaca-se das demais espécies Elaenia pelo seu grande porte e por
possuir três faixas esbranquiçadas nas asas. Normalmente, o topete
não tem branco. Ocorre no cerrado, na restinga e na borda das matas.
A melhor maneira de se identificar essa espécie é através da sua
vocalização que é bem característica. O seu ninho é mais rústico em
comparação as duas espécies anteriores, a postura consta de dois ovos
branco com pintas vermelhas pesando 2,7 g e medindo 22 mm x 11 mm.
Pode conviver com outras espécies da Elaenia. Dados morfométricos:
peso 21g, comprimento total 178 mm, asa 82 mm.
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This is distinguishable from the other Elaeina species through its large
size and the three whitish stripes it has on its wings. Normally the crest
has no white. It occurs in the savanna, the sandy, coastal forests and
forest edges. The best way to identify this species is through its distinct
vocalization. Its nest is much more rustic compared with those of the
two previously described species and it lays two white eggs with red dots
which weigh 2.7 grams and measure 22 mm x 11 mm. It can live together
with other Elaenia species. Morphometric data: weight 21g, total length
178 mm, wing 82 mm.
This occurs in the Atlantic Rainforest, savanna and sandy coastal forests
of the north coast region of Bahia. It has a big., black streak at the side
of its head and two yellow stripes each side of its wings. One of the most
distinguishing features of this species is that it lifts one of its wings up
during the ceremony. Morphometric data: weight 11g, total length 137
mm, wing 64 mm, tail 56 mm, beak 14 mm, tarsus 18 mm (male).
A small species that measures only 110 mm, its throat and abdomen are
an intense yellow and its superciliary stripe is also yellow as are the two
stripes on the wings. It has a long tail and occurs at forest edges and
can range from being on the ground to the middle stratum of the forest.
Morphometric data: total length 120 mm, wing 49 mm, tail 48 mm, beak
10 mm, tarsus 17 mm.
This is very similar to the species which follows and is about the same
size, though the belly is intense yellow and the throat and breast are
streaked. It occurs in the diverse ecosystems of the north coast region: the
savanna, the sandy, coastal forests and it exploits both the lower strata
of the forest and the canopy as well. Morphometric data: weight 8g, total
length 113 mm, wing 51 mm, tail 41 mm, beak 13 mm, tarsus 17 mm.
It occurs in the savanna and sandy coastal forests of the north coast region.
The eye coloring can vary greatly; juveniles have dark eyes and we’ve
observed adults with yellow-orange eyes during the reproductive period.
Its nest is hanging, similar to the Todirostrum, though constructed much
closer to the ground. Once we had the opportunity to observe a pair of this
species from the building of its nest until the eggs hatched. This pair was
atypical: the nest was attached to the foot of a cactus about 10 cms off the
ground in an open and very sunny area. We observed that the pair only sat
on the eggs after the sun had gone down and the temperature decreased,
between 16:00 at 8:30 the next morning. We measured the temperature
of the area (the nest in question was constructed on a sand dune) during
the hottest period of the day and the ground temperature was around 60
degrees centigrade and inside the nest around 38 degrees centigrade. We
observed the incubation period for around 20 days but after this period
the pair abandoned the nest. When we opened the eggs, the chicks were
very close to hatching. This phenomena in similar circumstances should
be studied is order to be able to conclude whether this was an isolated
incident or in fact these birds use the ground temperature to save energy.
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Morphometric data: total length 103 mm, wing 49 mm, tail 41 mm, head
29 mm, beak 13 mm, tarsus 20,5 mm e weight 7g.
This species occurs in the mature sandy coastal forests in the north coast
region around Sauípe, and frequents both the upper and lower strata of
the forest. The abdomen of the bird is uniformly olive-green, the belly is
whitish and the breast is gray tinged with green, the iris is yellowish and
the tail is short. It also occurs in the savanna area around Camaçari.
Morphometric data: weight 6g, total length 100 mm, wing 42 mm, tail 34
mm, beak 11 mm, tarsus 18 mm.
ninhos entre abril e julho na Costa Rica. Cruz & Andrews registraram
a ocorrência de 52 ninhos na Venezuela, entre maio e outubro, com
picos entre junho (N=26) e agosto (N=15).
Dados morfométricos
Entre 1991 a 2005 foram capturados e anilhados 32 indivíduos da
espécie T. cinereum, 10 na área de estudo e 22 na área da caatinga
em Jeremoabo, Bahia. Abaixo, alguns dados sobre esses indivíduos.
Haverschmidt (1952) encontrou 6,9g e 6,6g para macho e fêmea,
respectivamente, no Suriname.
A menor distância entre ninhos ativos: 30m, um ninho com ovo e outro
em construção.
Interações interespecíficas
Eupetomena macroura, Chlorostilbon aureoventris e Phaethornis
pretrei pilharam material vegetal de dois ninhos em construção.
Um ninho em construção foi ocupado por uma Hyla sp. Essa ocupação foi
seguida de abandono de atividades pelo casal.
Manutenção
Uma T. cinereum tomou um “banho” com as gotas de água de orvalho
depositadas na parte superior das folhas da Byrsonima sp, tendo voado
ao encontro das folhas e umedecido as penas do corpo.
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Alimento
A espécie Todirostrum cinereum foi observada ofertando dípteros e
lepidoptera (Hesperiidae – Urbanus sp. ).
Visitação do ninho
Para entrar ou sair no ninho, a T. cinereum pode fazê-lo diretamente,
sem pousar no ninho. No ninho, quando os filhotes tinham seis dias
de vida, os adultos entraram por completo dentro dele, para alimentá-
los. Daí em diante, a alimentação passou a ser oferecida na entrada do
ninho, mas a cabeça e o peito do filhote ficavam no interior da câmara.
Quando os filhotes estavam próximos de abandonar o ninho (cerca de
16 a 18 dias) os adultos ficaram na parte externa do ninho, oferecendo-
lhes alimento da entrada.
Confecção do ninho
Ao construir o ninho, a T. cinereum realiza diversos movimentos
acrobáticos ao redor do ramo de sustentação ou sobre o ninho, para
confeccionar a parte de fixação. Pode ainda pairar no ar, arrumando e
colocando mais peças nas partes externas laterais ou inferiores do ninho.
Para forrar a câmara oológica, a T. cinereum utiliza-se de penas das
espécies Fluvicola nengeta, Anas bahamensis e Dendrocygna viduata,
entre outras. Além disso, em alguns ninhos, foi encontrado o material
vegetal que reveste as sementes de uma planta introduzida.
Cinco casais que tiveram seus ninhos predados entre novembro de 2004 e
março de 2005, iniciaram imediatamente a construção de novos ninhos.
Até março, nenhuma dessas tentativas foi bem sucedida. Três casais
iniciaram a nova construção, um dia após a predação de seus ninhos.
Os cinco casais utilizaram a mesma árvore do ninho anteriormente
predado.
Manifestações sonoras
Ao chegar ao ninho, a T. cinereum emite sons ou fica em silêncio.
Há diferenças entre as vocalizações do casal e também
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Filhotes
Ao nascer, o filhote pesava 0,829g. Apresentava plumas visíveis apenas
na região orbital e os olhos fechados. A cor da pele era alaranjada clara,
o bico amarelado e a parte interna do bico, em amarelo escuro. As
órbitas eram grandes e proporcionais ao tamanho do bico. As unhas
eram brancas e o tarso e os dedos tinham a cor alaranjada do corpo.
É possível observarmos parte da rede de sua circulação periférica.
Filhotes com 17 dias exibem a cabeça fora do ninho. Filhotes com 18
dias, já apresentam a plumagem completa de um adulto e têm a íris
escura e apenas alguns canos na região nasal.
Dimorfismo
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Longevidade
Um indivíduo da espécie T. cinereum capturado na área do CETAS em
4/10/2001, foi fotografado na mesma área em dezembro de 2004.
Cópula
Foi possível observarmos duas tentativas de cópula, no mesmo dia,
de um casal que estava com o ninho ativo de um ovo. Os adultos
movimentaram-se pelo interior de uma Byrsonima sp, emitindo
trinados. Então, de uma altura de 1,50 m do solo e num ramo de 2 cm,
o macho subiu na fêmea vocalizando, a 2,5 m do ninho. Vinte minutos
depois, foi observada uma nova cópula, na mesma árvore.
The building period for the outer part of the nest of a pair who had had
its nest invaded by a predator was 28 days. After that the pair started to
finish the inner chamber of the nest. Skutch (1930), in his presentation
of nest data collected in Panama, said that the construction of the inner
chamber had taken the most time.
Of the 23 nests that were found, 15 were completely exposed to the sun
during the entire day and eight nests were protected by the vegetation. In
terms of proximity to water within a 100-meter radius, seven were within
this band (three actually on a surface of water) while 16 were outside this
radius.
Another five completed nests were abandoned, but with no sign of predator
manipulation and so we did not consider them to be predator victims. Of
these nests, three were empty, one had two eggs and a chick, and the third
had three eggs. From this nest, one egg was on the ground but was still
being incubated by the parent birds. Four days after this case was found,
the nest was abandoned. As there were no signs that the nest was removed
by a predator, we can postulate that it was taken away by the adults. The
nests that were abandoned without any sign of predator manipulation
could have been a result of our intervention and inspection.
Morphometric Data:
From 1991-2005 we caught and banded 32 T. cinereum, 10 from our
study area and 22 from a region of the Caatinga in Jeremoabo in Bahia.
Below we present specific data about these individuals. In Suriname,
Haverschimidt (1952) found males and females that weighed 6.9g to 6.6g,
respectively.
Tail Feathers
Weight (N=16) Wing (N=9) Retriz (N=7) Beak (N=9) Tarsus (N=9)
Nests
The average height of the nests from ground level is 2.6m (± 1,4, N=21).
The average morphometric data from the nest (N=5) is the following:
height: 290 mm (±36.05); frontal width 67.6mm (± 2.5); lateral width:
85 mm (± 16.86); the height of the upper part of the entrance 105 mm (±
47.1); height of the lower part of the entrance: 189 mm (± 35.07); width
of the entrance: 27.6mm (± 2.88); height of the entrance: 26.6mm (±
4.21). Average weight of the five nests is 14.17g (± 1.95).
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The smallest distance between the active nests was 30 meters. One of the
nests had an egg, the other was being built.
The components of the T. cinereum nest are very diverse both in size as
well as type of material, and depend of the environment around them.
We found dry leaves, grass stalks, and fragments and entire leaves of
Melastomataceae, Malvaceae, Solanaceae, Compositae, fibers of Elaeis
guineensis L., stems of the Passiflora sp, and a variety of dry seeds. Rarely
did we find live vegetation in the nests, even in the recently constructed
ones. Man made material, such as cotton, paper and nylon was added to
the nests.
The internal chamber was at times lined with feathers from the following
species: Sayaca tanager (Thraupis sayaca), white-cheeked pintail (Anas
bahamensis), Ruddy ground dove (Columbina talpacoti), Saffron finch
(Sicalis flaveola) and the masked water tyrant (Fluvicola nengeta). Two
nests’ internal chambers were lined with a smooth material encased with
seeds from an exotic plant. The largest piece we encountered in the T.
cinereum
The direction of the 20 nests’ opening was registered: seven (07) faced
toward quadrant 1; five (05) faced quadrant II and IV and three (03)
faced toward quadrant III.
Eggs, Incubation and Leaving the Nest.
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Nests with three eggs (N=5), two eggs (N=4) and one egg (N=2) were
registered.
The incubation period for two of the nests was 17 days. Data from Central
America registered 17 and 18 days. (Skutch, 1930, 1945; Haverschimidt,
1978). The interval between the laying of eggs was one to two days. The
adult birds were observed during the incubation period inside the nest
in the mornings and afternoons. (Photo 27). One of the adult birds spent
the night inside the nest during the incubation period and for the first
ten days of the chick’s lives. Skutch (1930) related that one of the females
started to sleep in the nest the evening of the first day the first egg was
laid.
Chicks fledged after 18 days. Haverschimidt (1978) found this same phenomena
and relates that after 27 days the chicks were feeding on their own.
Inter-specific interactions
Eupetomena macroura (Photo 33), Chorostilbon aureoventris e Phaethornis
pretei piled plant material for two nests under construction.
A nest being built was occupied by a Hyla sp. This occupation forced the
abandonment of the nest by the pair.
Maintenance
A T. cinereum bathed in the dew droplets that were on the upper surface
of the leaves in a Byrsonima sp., having flown to these moist leaves to wet
its feathers.
Feeding
The Todirostrum cinereum was observed proffering dipterans, Lepidoptera
(Hesperiidae – Urbanus sp.)
Nest Visitation
To enter or leave the nest, the T. cinereum can do it directly without
having to land on the nest. When the chicks had been alive for six days,
the adult birds entered totally into the interior of the nest to feed hem.
After that, food was offered only at the entrance to the nest, although the
head and breast of the chick stayed in the nest’s interior chamber. When
the chicks were close to abandoning the nest (after around 18-20 days),
the adults perched on the external part of the nest and offered them food
at the entrance.
Without leaving the nest, an adult bird worked on the oological chamber
and received material from another individual who quickly left after
delivery.
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Five pairs had their nests invaded by predators between November 2004
and March 2005 and immediately started to construct new nests. Up until
March, none of these attempts had been successful. Three pairs initiated
construction a day after the predator had invaded. All the five pairs used
the same tree to construct another nest after being driven out by the
predator.
Sound Manifestations
Arriving at the nest, the T. cinereum either emits sounds or remains
silent. There are differences between the vocalization of one pair. There is
still another sound that is emitted during the period when the bird visits
the nest, principally when both the individuals are in the tree where the
nest is.
14 day –old chicks emit a spontaneous sound or when the adults are
near the nest. Chicks who are 17 days old emit sound when they are
manipulated or moved.
Chicks
At birth a chick weighed 0.829g. The only visible feathers were in the eye
socket region. Its eyes were closed, the color of its skin was a clear orange
color, the beak a yellowish color though the internal part was a much
darker yellow than that of the beak. The eye socket size was proportional
to the beak size and was gray. It was possible for us to observe a part of
the circulation of the peripheral network. The claws were white and the
tarsus and toes were the same color as the body. Chicks who were 17 days
old poked their heads out of the nest. When they were 18 days old, they
had a complete adult plumage and a dark iris, and only a few slits in the
nasal region.
In one of the successful nests, ten days before the first chick fledged,
another animal removed some of the material at the back of the nest
which made the three chicks fall to the ground. One of the chicks died
immediately probably from exposure to the sun; the second one that fell
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was 18 days old and had full plumage but was unable to fly. The parent
birds gave it food on the ground. The third and youngest chick, fell when
it was 18 days old and was also fed by its parents on the ground. A day
after this observation, not one of the fallen chicks was found. Two days
later, we observed the parent birds constructing a nest on the same species
of tree which suggests that the chicks were victims of predators when they
were outside of the nest.
Dimorphism
One member of the pair (N=6) had a yellow superciliary stripe which
starts at the back part above the eye and extends all the way to the beak
or come together and form a single stripe. This stripe is sometimes visible,
sometimes not. An individual whose stripe is visible also had a yellow
pilium. The other member of the pair didn’t have these yellow stripes.
This could be a distinguishing characteristic between female and male.
Longevity
An individual of the T. cinereum that was caught in the area of CETAS
04/10/2001, was photographed in the same area in December 2004.
Copulation
It was possible for us to observe two copulation attempts on the same day
of a pair that was in an active nest with one egg. The adults were moving
around the inside of a Byrsonima sp, and emitting chirps, when at a height
of 1.5 meters off the ground and on a 2 cm branch, the vocalizing male
mounted the female at a distance of 2.5 meters from the nest. Twenty
minutes later we saw another copulation act on the same tree.
This is a very small and brown tyrant species with a very visible orange
coloring of the top of the adult’s head. The juvenile does not have this
coloring on its head. Its very common in the dry srubland caatinga biome
and also occurs in disturbed fields. It will often come down to the ground
to look for food. It defends its feeding territory by attacking other birds.
We observed the bird attacking a pair of Hemitriccus margaritaceiventar
several times. This species was observed at the edge of an area of savanna
in Cetrel in 2006. Morphometric data: weight 6g, total length 100 mm,
wing 43 mm, tail 38 mm, tarsus 14 mm, beak 7 mm
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Essa espécie tem o bico muito largo e chato e a mandíbula branca. Além
disso, possui um anel branco em volta do olho. Ocorre na Mata Atlântica,
em diversos extratos da floresta. A sua plumagem é esverdeada. Dados
morfométricos: peso 20g, comprimento total 170 mm, asa 79 mm, cauda
70 mm, bico 13 mm, tarso 18 mm (macho).
This species has a very long, flat beak and a white mandible. It also
has a white ring around its eye. It occurs in stretches of the Atlantic
Rainforest and frequents all levels of the forest. Its plumage is greenish.
Morphometric data: weight 20g, total length 170 mm, wing 79 mm, tail
70 mm, beak 13 mm, tarsus 18 mm (male).
This is a very common species throughout the north coast region and
can be found inside stretches of Atlantic Rainforest, in the sandy, coastal
forests and in the savanna areas. In the north coast region, its nest can
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be brown or black and are shaped like a pouch and the entrance is at the
lower end. We have found several nests of this species very close to wasp’s
nests and ant hills that give them perfect protection. We once found four
nests that had fallen inside one bush. The pair used the same location to
reproduce every year. In the north coast region, we have found nests made
of black fiber as well as lighter colored fibers. In two nests, we saw a single
egg that weighed 1.8g and measured 19 mm x 14 mm. The incubation
period is 20 days. Morphometric data: weight 13g, wing 56mm, tail
48mm, beak 10mm, tarsus 17mm.
This is a very small bird that occurs in the stretches of Atlantic Rainforest
in the north coast region, normally in the lower strata of the forest. It has a
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flat beak and the male has a yellow pilium. Morphometric data: weight 7.5g,
total length 102 mm, wing 55 mm, tail 31 mm, beak 10 mm, tarsus 16 mm.
Essa espécie ocorre na Mata Atlântica, sendo fácil de ser reconhecida pelo
amarelo intenso do uropígio que é visível quando a ave está parada, ou
em movimento. É uma ave muito arisca, que está sempre em movimento.
Ocorre no extrato inferior da floresta. Dados morfométricos: peso 11g,
comprimento total 138 mm, asa 64 mm, cauda 53 mm, bico 9 mm, tarso
15 mm.
This species occurs in the open fields of the savanna and the sandy, coastal
forests in the north coast region. The male has a yellow crest which in the
female is lighter. It stays close to the ground and looks for insects there.
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Morphometric data: weight 13g, total length 115 mm, wing 56 mm, tail
50 mm, beak 11 mm, tarsus 15 mm.
Essa espécie ocorre na borda e no interior das florestas, mas sempre no extrato
inferior. Possui duas faixas na cor amarelo claro nas asas e uma mancha
branca ao redor do olho. Dados morfométricos: peso 11g, comprimento
total 142 mm, asa 60 mm, cauda 53 mm, bico 9 mm, tarso 13 mm.
The euler’s flycatcher occurs both within and also at forest edges in the
lower strata. It has two light yellow streaks on the wings and a white
streak across the eye. Morphometric data: weight 11g, total length 142
mm, wing 60 mm, tail 53 mm, beak 9 mm, tarsus 13 mm.
Essa espécie foi registrada uma única vez e era um indivíduo que estava
junto de outro indivíduo da espécie T. savana nas dunas do STIEP em
Salvador, no ano de 1988. O outro registro para o estado da Bahia, foi
no Raso da Catarina (Jeremoabo). O macho tem a cabeça e o ventre na
cor vermelha forte e uma máscara negra cobrindo os olhos. Fêmea e
jovem são pardos e apresentam traços de vermelho ou de amarelo nas
coberteiras inferiores da cauda. Dados morfométricos: comprimento
total 142 mm, cauda 56 mm, bico 12 mm, tarso 14 mm.
This species has only been registered once and it was an individual that
was with another individual of the T. savana species in the sand dunes
at STIEP in Salvador, in 1988. The other register for the state of Bahia
occurred in the Raso da Catarina (Jeremoabo). The male’s head and
abdomen are a strong red color and it has a black mask that covers its
eyes. The female and juveniles are brown and have traces of red or yellow
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in the lower wing coverts. Morphometric data: total length 142 mm, tail
56 mm, beak 12 mm, tarsus 14 mm.
This is a visiting winter species in the south of Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul
and Paraná) from Patagonia. This species was seen in Bahia in 1984 on
the campus of the Federal University of Bahia, where it was looking for
food on the grass of the campus. When we came up close to the bird, it
flew in a low pattern to another place on the ground not far away. This
occurred in the middle of winter on the month of July when there are
fierce storms, and during this period a member of the previous species
was send in Salvador. This was the only register of this species for our
state and the bird was probably accidentally driven off course by a storm.
Morphometric data: total length 130 mm.
This species occurs exclusively in the savanna areas of the north coast region
(Camaçari) and one of its most striking characteristics is its intensely red
eyes. The throat, belly, abdomen and the point of its tail are white. When
the bird flies, we can see a very visible black and white pattern on its
wings. Its nest is bowl-shaped and made of twigs. Morphometric data:
wing 127 mm, tail 82 mm, beak 20 mm, tarsus 30 mm.
This is a species well adapted to water though it is rare in the north coast
region. The only observation we have of the species was registered in 1996.
It was a pair that lived in a mangrove in Mangue Seco. Morphometric
data: weight 10g, total length 130 mm, wing 71 mm, tail 56 mm, beak 14
mm, tarsus 33 mm.
This is a very common bird in the north coast region and occurs in the
diverse ecosystems: savanna, sandy, coastal forests, forest edges and
mangroves. It can live both next to bodies of water or at some distance
from them. It lives in pairs or small, family groups. The nest is ball shaped
with a lateral entrance, It lays three white eggs with chestnut colored
spots that weight an average of 2. 2 g and measure 19.7 mm X 14.5mm.
The nest can be taken over by the Molotrus bonariensis species which is
much bigger, more colorful and weighs 3.7 g and measures 24 mm X 17
mm. This species has been colonizing gardens where there are swimming
pools. Morphometric data: total length 142 mm, wing 76 mm, tail 65 mm,
beak 12 mm.
supports it in the water. It lays two white eggs with small, red spots. The
chicks hatch with a long, clear yellow plumage, imitating a poisonous
lizard. The beak is yellow. Morphometric data: weight 14g, total length
137 mm, wing 63 mm, tail 43 mm, beak 13 mm, tarsus 16 mm (female).
This is a migratory species that was registered in the north coast region
for the first time in 1988. It frequents the Frades Lake in the STIEP
neighborhood. These are solitary birds which always live close to water.
The superciliary stripe and abdominal parts are yellow. Morphometric
data: weight 20g, total length 158 mm, wing 82 mm, tail 65 mm, beak 14
mm, tarsus 17 mm.
This is a species that lives in regions with escarpments and rocky areas
in the north coast region. It lives isolated within Salvador in two
distinct places: in the historic part of town and the Upper City (Praça
da Sé) where there is a rock escarpment that separates the lower and
upper cities. Another locale is in the lower city next to the large old
houses and churches near the Feira de São Joaquim market. It feeds on
insects which it catches in full-flight. The nest is marked by a few rocks
that the bird itself carries to the location. Morphometric data: weight
21g, total length 185 mm, wing 100 mm, tail 70 mm, beak 16 mm,
tarsus 14 mm.
Essa espécie ocorre nas áreas abertas de todo o litoral norte, de Salvador
até Mangue Seco. É comumente observada quando está pousada no
lombo de bois e cavalos ou junto das patas desses animais de onde
aproveita para capturar insetos. Pode freqüentar gramados em busca
de insetos ou acompanhar os cortadores de grama para se aproveitar
dos insetos que são afugentados. Constrói o seu ninho nas hastes das
palmeiras. Dados morfométricos: peso 34g, comprimento total 204
mm, asa 98 mm, cauda 80 mm, bico 17 mm, tarso 31 mm.
It occurs in open areas in all the north coast region from Salvador to
Mangue Seco. The species is often seen perching on the back of cattle or
horses or near their feet to take advantage of the insects that accompany
these animals. It can also be seen in grasslands or where lawns are being
cut to catch the insects that are displaced by this process. It builds its
nests on the trunks of palm trees. Morphometric data: weight 34g, total
length 204 mm, wing 98 mm, tail 80 mm, beak 17 mm, tarsus 31 mm.
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The plumage of this species is gray colored and the juveniles have a little
chestnut coloring in their wings and tail. Their iris is clear. It occurs in
the stretches of Atlantic Rainforest in the north shore region of Bahia in
the tree canopies. Morphometric data: weight 29g, total length 215 mm,
wing 97 mm, tail 82 mm, beak 17 mm, tarsus 21 mm (male).
This is very similar looking to the brown-crested flycatcher and these two
species can live together. It differs from the species to follow because it
does not have rust-colored tail feathers. The specie’s call is very distinct.
It lives in the sandy, coastal forest, areas of savanna and forest edges. It
reproduces in hollow tree cavities and artificial nests. It lays three eggs
that are streaked with chestnut color. Their (the eggs) average weight is
2.6 g and measure 21 mm X 16 mm. The nest is made with feathers of
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other bird species and can even contain snake skins. Morphometric data:
weight 26g, total length 196 mm, wing 83 mm, tail 88 mm, beak 15 mm,
tarsus 20 mm.
This species occurs in the sandy, coastal forests and savanna areas of
the north coast region and differs from the previous species because its
retrices, except for the central ones, are rust colored and this coloring is
also evident in its primaries. Morphometric data: weight 24g, total length
194 mm, wing 88 mm, tail 80 mm, beak 19 mm, tarsus 21 mm.
This species occurs in the Atlantic Rainforests stretches in the north coast
region and is much smaller than the two previous species, and has a more
intense yellowing on its breast. The pilium is blackened. It can exploit
various strata of the forest. Morphometric data: weight 22g, total length
178 mm, wing 65 mm, tail 65 mm, beak 16 mm, tarsus 14 mm.
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This looks very similar to the previous species but unlike the great kiskadee
is has a wide, and large beak. It occurs in the diverse ecosystems of the
north coast region, in the sandy, coastal forests, the savanna areas and
forest edges and it often frequents gardens. Its call is very distinct. Once
we observed a pair of this species picking up twigs to build their nest.
Morphometric data: weight 81g, total length 235 mm, wing 119 mm, tail
81 mm, beak 30 mm, tarsus 19 mm (female).
It looks very much lie the P. sulphuratus, although it is smaller and the
pileum is reddish and not yellow and occurs in the diverse ecosystems of
the north coast region: in the sandy, coastal forests, the savanna areas and
forest edges. The nest is very similar to that of the Pitangus sulphuratus,
although smaller. The eggs weigh an average of 2.8g and measure 21.5mm
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x 16 mm. Morphometric data: weight 28g, total length 180 mm, wing 86
mm, tail 74 mm, beak 14 mm, tarsus 18 mm.
This species occurs in the preserved forests of the north coast region. It
is a large bird with a striated belly and the rump and retrices are rusty-
colored. In the dry, shrub biome of the caatinga (Raso da Catarina) it is
very common. Morphometric data: weight 44g, total length 222 mm, wing
100 mm, tail 80 mm, beak 22 mm, tarsus 20 mm.
This is a very distinct migratory species with a long, forked tail. It arrives
around November in the savanna region of Camaçari and stays there
until the middle of April when it disappears from the area. It even occurs
in Salvador (the sand dunes of STIEP). This species comes to the region
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to reproduce and never before has a register for the species in the region
been mentioned. Its nest is bowl-shaped and built on thick branches. It
lays three white eggs that have small streaks of brown. We have seen
groups of up to 50 which use the same area as a collective roosting site.
Morphometric data: weight 21g, total length 360 mm, wing 113 mm, tail
256 mm, beak 18 mm, tarsus 17 mm.
This is one of the most common and abundant species and occurs on forest
edges, in the savanna and the sandy, coastal forests of the northern coast
region. Its nest is bowl-shaped and can be constructed at various heights
from the ground from two to ten meters. It lays two eggs with various
chestnut colored specks, which weigh an average of 3.0g and measure
25mm x 16mm. The chicks are born with clear yellow plumage and their
beaks are yellow. It’s very similar to the variegated flycatcher but can be
differentiated by its white throat. Morphometric data: weight 30g, total
length 205 mm, wing 97 mm, tail 84 mm, beak 18 mm, tarsus 18 mm.
Dados morfométricos: comprimento total 202 mm, asa 103 mm, cauda
90 mm, bico 20 mm, tarso 18 mm.
This is very similar to the tropical kingbird although it has a white throat
and is a migratory species that was registered for the north coast region
in 1993 during a banding campaign. Even though we have been watching
carefully, because the species can occur unnoticed or be confused with the
T. melancholicus, the species has never been seen since. Morphometric data:
total length 202 mm, wing 103 mm, tail 90 mm, beak 20 mm, tarsus 18 mm.
This species occurs in the dry, shrub vegetation of the caatinga, in the
sandy coastal forests and at forest edges. The male has a black, metallic
coloring while the female has a rusty colored pileum, the end of the tail
has rusty colored spots and the under parts are yellow. The beak is flat
and this species can also occur in the base stratum of the forest, such
as the re-growth sandy, coastal forests in Arembepe. The nest is a large
sphere with a small entrance and the species lays three eggs measuring
20.5 mm x 16 mm and with an average weight of 2.3g. Morphometric
data: weight 16g, total length 158 mm, wing 72 mm, tail 55 mm, beak
12.5mm, tarsus 19 mm (male). Weight 18g, total length 153 mm, wing 72
mm, tail 52 mm, tarsus 18 mm (female).
Pipridae
Pipra rubrocapilla (Temminick, 1821).
Cabeça-encarnada (Red-headed Manakin)
Pipridae Family
Pipra rubrocapilla (Temminick, 1821).
Red-headed Manakin
It occurs in the stretches of the Atlantic Forest and mature sandy, coastal
forests in the north coast region (Sauípe). It is one of the most common
representatives of this family. The male is black with a blue back and crest
and red feet. The juvenile male has a greenish body and a red crest. The
female is greenish. It inhabits the mid-section of the forests though it can
occur at lower levels as well. Morphometric data: Weight 21g, total length
122 mm, wing 70 mm, tail 34 mm, beak 9 mm, tarsus 19 mm (male).
Cotingidae
Xipholena atropurpurea (Wied, 1820).
Anambé-de-asa-branca (White-winged Cotinga)
Cotingidae Family
Xipholena atropurpurea (Wied, 1820).
White-winged Cotinga
It has one of the forest’s most recognizable calls and considered the most
famous call of the Amazon. Often the bird will let out a call and be
answered by another individual in the vicinity. Its plumage is uniformly
gray. It occurs in the forest canopy. Morphometric data: weight 65g, total
length 250 mm, wing 120 mm, tail 115 mm.
It has one of Brazilian birds’ most strident calls and occurs in the canopy
in stretches of preserved Atlantic Rainforest in the north coast region.
It calls only at certain times of the year. The male is all-white with a
bluish barb (small beard) and the juvenile is, similar to the female, a
greenish color though the top of its head is blackened. The call sounds
like a hammer striking an anvil. This species is slowly disappearing due
to deforestation and wild animal traffickers who capture the birds to sell
them to collectors. Morphometric data: weight 158 mm, total length 275
mm, wing 155 mm, tail 70 mm, beak 200m, tarsus 26 mm.
Subordem Ocine
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Ocine Suborder
Hirundinidae
Tachycineta albiventer (Boddaert, 1783)
Andorinha-do-rio (White-winged Swallow)
Hirundinidae Family
Tachycineta albiventer (Boddaert, 1783)
White-winged Swallow
This is a species typically found around rivers banks, lakes and marshy
areas and flies just above the water’s surface looking for insects. It’s
different from the white-rumped swallow (Tachycineta leucorrhoa)
because of its white rump and a wide white stripe on its wings. It can be
seen in the company of other members of the species including the white-
rumped swallow. The juveniles have very pale coloring. It usually perches
on branches near water. Morphometric data: weight 22g, total length 140
mm, wing 96 mm, tail 38 mm, beak 11 mm, tarsus 11 mm.
costa e não possuir o espelho branco da asa. Possui uma faixa branca
que sai da parte superior do bico em direção aos olhos formando um V,
buscam alimentos voando junto com as demais espécies de andorinha.
Costumam pousar junto, em galhos secos separadas das demais espécies.
Dados morfométricos: asa 120 mm, cauda 49 mm, bico 8,5 mm, tarso
12 mm.
This is a migratory species that occurs in the north coast region during
the winter months and is differentiated from the T. albiventer by the large
white area on its back and it has no white mirror on its wing. It has a
white stripe that extends from the upper part of the beak towards its
eyes in the form of a ‘V’. It gets its food while in flight like other swallow
species. It usually perches on dead branches separated from the other
species. Morphometric data: wing 120 mm, tail 49 mm, beak 8.5 mm,
tarsus 12 mm.
area. Based on the banding work performed by Cetrel’s team over four
years in Camaçari, it is known that the P. tapera starts to arrive in the
area in May and leave in August. The recapture of 57 individuals banded
in 1999 during the 2001 campaign, shows the same birds return annually.
Morphometric data: weight 30g, total length 164 mm, wing 123 mm, tail
56 mm, beak 11 mm, tarsus 13 mm (female).
Espécie residente que difere da anterior por não possuir pintas de cor
negra no peito. Vide a subespécie anterior. Dados morfométricos: peso
29g, comprimento total 170 mm, asa 140 mm, cauda 64 mm, bico 10,5
mm, tarso 14 mm e peso 29g.
This resident species differs from the previous one because it does not
have black dots on its tail. See the previous subspecies. Morphometric
data: weight 29g, total length 170 mm, wing 140 mm, tail 64 mm, beak
10,5 mm, tarsus 14 mm e weight 29g.
This is a small swallow and its chin is cinnamon colored and the lower
tail coverts are yellow. It occurs throughout the north coast region near
or away from water. It flies very close to the ground looking for insects
and often perches on fence posts or dry branches and sometimes on the
ground. Morphometric data: weight 16g, total length 130 mm, wing 105
mm, tail 53 mm, beak 8 mm, tarsus 12 mm.
Corvidae
Cyanocorax cyanopogon (Wied, 1821).
Cancã (White-napped Lay)
Corvidae Family
Cyanocorax cyanopogon (Wied, 1821).
White-napped Jay
This is a typical species of the dry, shrub caatinga and savanna biomes but
we have seen groups of this species inside stretches of Atlantic Forest in
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the north coast region at the Santa Helena dam, and also in the savanna
area belonging to Cetrel and in Sauipe. It was probably introduced by the
state environmental authorities. It lays three eggs which weigh an average
of 7.1g and measure 32 mm x 24 mm. This introduction into the Atlantic
Forest biome may cause serious damage to the locally occurring species.
Morphometric data: weight 118g, total length 310 mm, wing 130 mm, tail
135 mm, beak 28 mm, tarsus 45 mm (male).
Troglodytidae
Donacobius atricapillus atricapillus (Linnaeus, 1766).
Japacamim (Black-capped Donacobius)
Troglodytidae Family
Donacobius atricapillus atricapillus (Linnaeus, 1766).
Black-capped Donacobius
This species occurs in wet regions with rush vegetation in the north coast
region. In this type of environment, this species is predominant. It usually
calls in a duet and hides within the rush vegetation, but when they perch
on the higher branches of the rush vegetation or a tree in the middle of
the swamp, they are very visible due to their size (as big as a thrush) and
contrasting colors of yellow and black. Morphometric data: wing 79 mm,
tail 94 mm, beak 15 mm, tarsus 22 mm.
This species occurs in stretches of the Atlantic Rainforest and the mature
sandy, coastal forests of the north coast region always near to rivers. Its
call is very distinct and high and it normally calls in a duet. The nest is
shaped like a ball with a lateral entrance and is sometimes built on the
ground. It lays two white eggs with chestnut colored dots on its rhomb
pole. Morphometric data: wing 57 mm, beak 15 mm, tarsus 22 mm.
Sylvinae
Ramphocaenus melanurus (Vieillot, 1819).
Bico-assovelado (Long-billed Gnatwren)
9g, comprimento total 124 mm, asa 42 mm, cauda 44 mm, bico 23 mm,
tarso 20 mm.
Muscicapidae Family
Sylviinae Sub-family
Ramphocaenus melanurus (Vieillot, 1819)
Long-billed Gnatwren
This occurs at forest edges, in savanna area and in the sandy coastal
forests of the north coast region. The male has a black cap. It is a very
common species and can be seen in the lower and middle strata of the
forest. Its nest is very similar to that of the hummingbird E. macroura,
with an opening of 40 mm X 36 mm, an external height of 42 mm and a
depth of 37 mm. The nest weighs an average of 3.4 g. We found a nest that
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Turdinae
Platycichla flavipes flavipes (Vieillot, 1818).
Sabiá-da-mata (Yellow-legged Thrush)
Turdinae Sub-family
Platycichla flavipes flavipes (Vieillot, 1818).
Yellow-legged Thrush
This species was captured during a banding campaign in a sandy, coastal forest
in Arembepe (Camaçari) in the month of May, together with the previous
species. This is the first register of this species this far north. It is a migratory
species from southern Brazil. Morphometric data: weight 62g, total length
210 mm, wing 118 mm, tail 85 mm, beak 15 mm, tarsus 28 mm.
This species occurs in almost all the ecosystems of the north coast region
including within the city of Salvador. It is an abundant species and in terms
of numbers, loses out only to the pale-breasted thrush. It normally builds
its nest in trees at a certain height above the ground. It lays three eggs and
its reproductive period can start in October and extends until April. It
feeds on tree fruits or looks for food on the ground where it captures some
insects and worms. Morphometric data: weight 68g, total length 252 mm,
wing 114 mm, tail 112 mm, beak 24 mm, tarsus 34 mm (male).
raízes misturadas com lama que lhe proporciona uma boa resistência.
A postura consta de três ovos de cor esverdeada com várias pintas na
cor castanha, pesando em média 6.8 g e medindo 28 mm X 22 mm. Os
filhotes abandonam o ninho com 14 dias. Esse sabiá pode reutilizar o
mesmo ninho, por várias vezes. Na Cetrel temos observado o inicio
da reprodução em meados de novembro e o fim em meados de maio.
Alimenta-se de uma grande variedade de frutos, insetos (formigas),
larvas de moscas, lagartixa, minhocas, gafanhotos e grilos. Quando
os filhotes ainda são pequenos, alimentam-se basicamente de insetos
e minhocas; quando estão com cerca de uma semana de vida, os pais
começam a oferecer-lhes frutas. Os insetos, larvas e minhocas são
apanhados no solo, em locais sombreados. O sabiá procura o alimento
com o bico, escavando o solo até encontrá-lo. Quando encontra uma
minhoca, o sabiá usa o bico para matá-la às bicadas. O sabiá pode
capturar várias minhocas, armazená-las no bico e depois voar para o
ninho para alimentar os filhotes. Na Cetrel, nós utilizamos, há dez anos,
os comedouros artificiais para atrair as aves. Todos os dias, as frutas
são colocadas nos comedouros. Além disso, contamos com uma enorme
quantidade de árvores frutíferas, tais como, mangueiras e cajueiros.
Apesar de tudo isso os pais só oferecem frutas aos filhotes depois de
uma semana de vida. Já observamos dois casais: em um deles, um dos
membros tinha o tarso retorcido em forma de “L” e no outro, um dos
membros não tinha um dos tarsos. Acompanhamos o casal que tinha
o tarso retorcido por mais de cinco anos, e esse casal estava sempre
tentando construir o seu ninho, embora as tentativas tenham sido
todas em vão. Tentaram de tudo: construir o ninho sobre as forquilhas
de árvores, em concavidades nos troncos, em vigas de telhados etc. O
casal que um de seus membros não possuía um dos tarsos conseguiu
reproduzir. Dados morfométricos: peso 60g, comprimento total 228
mm, asa 108 mm, cauda 90 mm, bico 15 mm, tarso 30 mm (fêmea).
This is the most common and abundant thrush in the north coast region
and occurs in almost all the region’s ecosystems: savanna, Atlantic
Rainforest, sandy coastal forests and even within the city of Salvador.
This species adapted itself well to urban environments and constructs
its nest in roofs, street lights, etc.. as long as it is not disturbed. The
nest is bowl-shaped and made of roots mixed with mud, which gives it
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sound resistance. It lays three greenish eggs with chestnut colored spots.
It weighs 6.8 grams and measures 28 mm X 22 mm. The chicks abandon
the nest after 14 days. In Cetrel, we have observed that the reproduction
period starts in the middle of November and ends in the middle of May.
This thrush species uses the same nest several times. It feeds on a wide
array of fruits, insects and small lizards. When the chicks are still small,
they are fed basically on insects and worms. When they are about a week
old, the parent birds start to offer them fruits. The insects, larvae and
fruits are collected in shady points on the ground. The thrush forages for
food with its beak and digs in the ground until it finds the food source.
When it finds a worm, the thrush butts it various times until it kills it. It
can capture various worms and stores them in its beak, then flies to the
nest and feeds its chicks. At Cetrel, we have for ten years used artificial
feeders to attract the birds. Everyday, fruits are put on the feeders and
next to the feeders are several other fruit trees such as mango and cashew
trees. Despite the large offering, the parent birds only give fruit to the
chicks one week after they hatch. We have carefully observed two pairs: in
one of them, one had its tarsus twisted in an “L” shape and the other was
missing one of its tarsus. We accompanied the pair with the twisted tarsus
for five years and the pair was always trying to build a nest and always in
vain. They tried to build the nest on the forked branches of trees, in trunk
cavities, on the beams of roofs, etc.. the pair of which one of the members
was missing a tarsus, was able to reproduce. Morphometric data: weight
60g, total length 228 mm, wing 108 mm, tail 90 mm, beak 15 mm, tarsus
30 mm (female).
Together with the species that follows, the creamy-billed thrush is the least
abundant thrush species in the north coast region though it can occur in
almost all the region’s ecosystems: savanna, Atlantic Rainforest and sandy
coastal forests. It builds its nest in trees and lays three eggs. During the
reproductive period, the male’s beak is tinged with pure yellow. It seeks
food on the ground and also in trees. Morphometric data: weight 57g,
total length 222 mm wing 106 mm, tail 88 mm, beak 20 mm, tarsus 33
mm (male).
Mimidae
Mimus gilvus antelius (Oberholser, 1919).
Sabiá-do-campo (Blue-gray Mockingbird)
Mimidae Family
Mimus gilvus antelius (Oberholser, 1919).
Blue-gray Mockingbird
It only occurs very close to the shore in the north coast region (sandy, coastal
forests) and is a much less robust species than the tropical mockingbird.
Its back is clear, gray. The M. saturninus also occurs together with this
species and shares the same habitat. It feeds on insects and small fruits.
It regurgitates these seeds and in this way serves as a disperser of certain
plant seeds of the sandy, coastal forests. Its nest is shaped like a bowl and
made with twigs held together by grasses and placed under the leaves of
bushes. It lays one or two clear green eggs, with chestnut colored spots
at the pole. The chicks are born with a black plumage. The incubation
period is 15 days and the chicks abandon the nests after around 18 days.
Morphometric data
Muito parecida com a anterior, essa espécie tem a cor mais escura e a
coloração do olho amarelada. Pode conviver no litoral com a espécie
anterior. Ocorre em quase todos os ecossistemas do litoral norte e a
sua alimentação é semelhante a da espécie anterior e também regurgita
sementes atuando como dispersora de determinadas plantas. O ninho e
os ovos são muito parecidos com os de um M. gilvus; a postura consta
de três ovos pesando em média 6.8 g e medindo 30 mm X 21 mm.
Vive em grupos familiares que podem conter até oito indivíduos. Dados
morfométricos: peso 70g, comprimento total 255 mm, asa 100 mm,
cauda 118 mm, bico 20 mm, tarso 35 mm (fêmea).
Motacillidae
Anthus lutescens (Pucheran, 1855)
Caminheiro-zumbidor (Yellowish Pipit)
Motacillidae Family
Anthus lutescens (Pucheran, 1855).
Yellowish Pipit
Vireonidae
Cyclarhis gujanensis cearensis (Baird, 1866).
Pitiguari (Rufous-browed Peppershrike)
Família Vireonidae
Cyclarhis gujanensis cearensis (Baird, 1866).
Rufous-browed Peppershrike
This species occurs in the diverse ecosystems of the north coast region
and visits gardens with trees from Salvador to Mangue Seco. It has a
very distinct song and sings in a duet. These are very aggressive birds
that do not permit the entrance of other birds into their territory. Near
to the time they fledge, the chicks are rusty-brown colored except on
the eyebrows. However, the color near their eyes is a dark color and
not orange. The nest is shaped like a small bowl and built on a forked
branch. We have observed a pair collecting toilet paper from the ground
to line their nest. It lays three eggs. Morphometric data: weight 26g,
total length 160 mm, wing 72 mm, tail 60 mm, beak 16 mm, tarsus 23
mm.
It differs from the V. olivaceus because its eye is dark, not red, and it
occurs in the region’s diverse ecosystems: savanna, Atlantic Rainforest,
sandy coastal forests. Morphometric data: weight 22g, total length 155
mm, wing 69 mm, tail 55 mm, beak 16 mm, tarsus 25 mm.
It occurs in most of the north coast region’s ecosystems but is most common
in the sandy, coastal forests. During its reproductive period, the bird calls
intensely during the day to mark its territory. These are aggressive birds
that do not allow an individual of the same species share its territory.
Morphometric data: weight 9g, total length 115 mm, wing 55 mm, tail 45
mm, beak 10 mm, tarsus 16 mm.
This is a species that lives in wet areas distributed throughout the north
coast region and it hides in the middle of the rush vegetation. This
location is also preferred by the black-capped donacobius (D. atricapilla
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). The female does not have a black mask around its eyes. Morphometric
data: weight 13g, total length 128 mm, wing 61 mm, tail 53 mm, beak 12
mm, tarsus 21,5 mm.
This species occurs in the forests of the north coast region including the
sandy, coastal forests. It lives in the lower strata of the forest and on
the ground where it looks for food. Its call is very distinctive and is a
giveaway for the presence of the species. These are territorial birds which
do not permit the entrance of other individuals of the same species into
its territory. Morphometric data: weight 20g, total length 160 mm, wing
62 mm, tail 65 mm, beak 12 mm, tarsus 22 mm.
Coerebinae
Coereba flaveola chloropyga (Cabanis, 1851).
Cambacica (Bananaquit )
comprimento total 110 mm, asa 53 mm, cauda 29 mm, bico 12 mm,
tarso 16 mm.
Coerebinae Subfamily
Coereba flaveola chloropyga (Cabanis, 1851).
Bananaquit
This is a species that occurs in almost all the ecosystems of the north
coast region: savanna, Atlantic Rainforest, sandy coastal forests and large
urban centers such as Salvador. Its diet is 70% nectar-based and the rest
is made up of insects. It will use hummingbird feeders. The nests are in
the shape of a ball with a lateral entrance. The bananaquit will construct
its nests in diverse locations including on lamp-posts. We know of a pair
that constructs its nest every year on Cetrel’s Christmas tree. It lays three
eggs which weigh an average 1.7g. Morphometric data: weight 12g, total
length 110 mm, wing 53 mm, tail 29 mm, beak 12 mm, tarsus 16 mm.
Subfamília Thraupinae
Schistochlamys ruficapillus capistratus (Wied, 1821)
Bico-de-veludo (Cinamon Tanager)
Thraupinae Sub-family
Schistochlamys ruficapillus capistratus (Wied, 1821)
Cinamon Tanager
It occurs in savanna areas and the sandy, coastal forests of the north coast
region. It has a black mask around its eyes which contrasts strongly with
its plumage. Its nest can be constructed in the middle of small bushes. We
have found a nest at 50 cms height off the ground. It lays two eggs that
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This is a common bird in the dry, shrub biome of the caatinga and in the
savanna of the north coast region and Bahia as a whole. We have observed
the bird frequenting the forests between Baixios and Conde. It usually calls at
dawn and because of this it is known in some regions as “wake-up cowboy.”
The male has a red plate in the middle of its throat; when young, there are
often red spots on the neck. The female is uniformly black. Morphometric
data: wing 118 mm, tail 79 mm, beak 18 mm, tarsus 23 mm.
This species occurs only the areas of savanna in the north coast region
(Camaçari). The male and female are very similar. The juvenile does not
have the intense and brilliant black at the top of its head and on its back.
They usually call in a duet and are very territorial and will not let another
individual of its species enter its territory. In a savanna area, we found
a nest next to two nests of the following species: Tyrannus melancholicus
andThraupis sayaca. The C. hirundinacea was well hidden among the
leaves of the bush and was about three meters off the ground. It lays three
greenish eggs. This particular nest had been taken over by four eggs of
the Molothrus bonariensis. The egg weighs an average of four grams and
measures 232 mm x 18mm. Morphometric data: weight 25g, total length
166 mm, wing 76 mm, tail 66 mm, beak 14 mm, tarsus 22 mm.
This is a species that occurs in almost all the habitats of the north coast
region: savanna, sandy coastal forest, Atlantic Rainforest, disturbed fields
and in big cities such as Salvador. It is very similar to the saffron finch
(Sicalis flaveola). It looks for food either in the forest canopy or on the
ground. Morphometric data: weight 14g, total length 145 mm, wing 67
mm, tail 54 mm, beak 11 mm, tarsus 18 mm.
poças de água. O macho tem o píleo negro e ambos os sexos têm o olho
amarelo, contrastando com a íris negra. Dados morfométricos: peso
16g, asa 71 mm, cauda 45 mm, bico 11 mm, tarso 17 mm (macho).
This species occurs in the savanna, the sandy coastal forests and the
Atlantic Rainforest. It can frequent the forest canopy but also come
down to the ground to look for food or bathe in little pools of water. The
male has a black pileum and both sexes have yellow eyes that contrast
with the black iris. Morphometric data: weight 16g, wing 71 mm, tail 45
mm, beak 11 mm, tarsus 17 mm (male).
This is a species that occurs in almost all the habitats of the north coast
region: savanna, sandy coastal forest, Atlantic Rainforest. The male is
a brilliant black color which contrasts with its white epaulette, and the
white axillaries and lower wing coverts which are very visible when the
bird is in flight. The female and juveniles are brown. In the sandy coastal
forests, they usually build their nests at almost ground level. The nests
are can be placed inside bromeliads, in the fronds of small palm trees
or bushes. This bird will visit feeders. Morphometric data: weight 33g,
total length 188 m, wing 85 mm, tail 78 mm, beak 18 mm, tarsus 25 mm
(female); weight 33g, total length 190 mm, wing 90 mm, tail 80 mm, beak
19 mm, tarsus 25 mm (male).
This is species that occurs in areas of savanna and the open fields of
the north coast region where it is neither abundant nor common. It has
accentuated sexual dimorphism: the male is a uniform reddish color and
the female’s fontal part is bright yellow. It frequents the forest canopy but
will also exploit lower strata of the forest. It will come to feeders if egg
shells are put out. Morphometric data: weight 40g, total length 195 mm,
wing 95 mm, tail 73 mm (female).
This is one of the most beautiful birds in Brazil. The male is black and red
and the female and young are brown. It occurs in the Atlantic Rainforest
and the savanna of the north coast region of Bahia. Its nest is shaped like
a basket and many times made with palm fibers. It lays three greenish
eggs which weigh an average of 2.9g and measure 20.5 mm x 17 mm. Only
the female incubates but after the chicks are hatched, various individuals,
including the males, feed the chicks. Their nests are sometimes taken over
by the Molothrus bonariensis species. It will come to feeders. Morphometric
data: weight 31g, total length 186 mm, wing 83 mm, tail 76 mm, beak
15 mm, tarsus 22 mm, (male); weight 30g, total length 182 mm, wing 82
mm, tail 78 mm, beak 15 mm, tarsus 21 mm (female).
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This is one of the most common and abundant birds in the north coast
region and occurs in almost all the diverse ecosystems: savanna, sandy
coastal forests, the Atlantic Rainforest and large cities (Salvador). Its nest
is shaped like a basket and can be built at various heights including close
to the ground. The sacaya tanager can also build its nest in lamp-posts or
under the rooves of houses. It lays two greenish eggs streaked with diverse
brown spots. The eggs weigh and average of 3.8g and measure 25 mm x 18
mm. They will come to feeders. Morphometric data: weight 30g, total length
173 mm, wing 92 mm, tail 68 mm, beak 15 mm, tarsus 22 mm (male).
This is one of the most colorful birds in the north coast region and it
occurs in the Atlantic Forest, the savanna areas and the sandy, coastal
forests. The male’s plumage is brilliant blue, the tarsus is an intense red
and when it flies, there is an intense yellow visible under its wings. The
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female and juveniles are greenish. Morphometric data: weight 14g, total
length 122 mm, wing 60 mm, tail 33 mm, beak 16 mm, tarsus 13 mm.
It occurs in the Atlantic Rainforest, the areas of savanna and the sandy,
coastal forests of the north coast region. The male has chestnut colored
lower tail coverts, which are clearly visible when the bird is seen from below.
The female has a greenish back and a slightly blue head. Morphometric
data: weight 12g, total length 105 mm, wing 55 mm, tail 37 mm, beak 8
mm, tarsus 15 mm.
This is a species exclusive to the mangroves. The male has a bluish back
and a brownish abdomen; the female and young have a yellowish coloring.
They are in constant motion inside the mangroves and its nest is basket
shaped and is built of the fork off a branch. Morphometric data: weight 12g,
total length 117 mm, wing 63 mm, tail 45 mm, beak 11 mm, tarsus 15 mm.
Subfamília Emberizinae
Zonotrichia capensis matutina (Lichtenstein, 1823).
Tico-tico (Rufous-collared)
Emberizinae Subfamily
Zonotrichia capensis matutina (Lichtenstein, 1823).
Rufous-collared
This is a species that occurs in some regions of the sandy coastal forests
and areas of savanna in the north coast region. It forages for food on the
ground where it moves about in little hops. Its nest is a small basket which
may be built in a bush slightly above the ground. Its coloring is perfect
camouflage for when it is incubating its eggs. Morphometric data: weight
18g, total length 140 mm, wing 60 mm, tail 50 mm, beak 11 mm, tarsus 20.
È uma espécie que ocorre nas regiões abertas, onde existe uma grande
quantidade de campos de gramíneas: cerrado e restinga. O tico-tico
do campo verdadeiro vive no solo, embrenhado no meio de vegetação.
Costuma pousar em pequenos arbustos no meio de gramíneas para
cantar. Possui uma mancha amarela acima do olho e outra mancha
da mesma cor no encontro. Assemelha-se muito a um indivíduo
jovem da espécie Sicalis flaveola. Dados morfométricos: peso 17g,
comprimento total 130 mm, asa 60 mm, cauda 48 mm, bico 11 mm,
tarso 17 mm (macho).
It is a species that occurs in open areas where there are lots of grassy fields
within savanna and sandy, coastal forest areas. The grassland sparrow
lives on the ground hidden in the middle of the vegetation. It will perch
on small bushes to call. It has a yellow streak above the eye. They look
very much like a young Sicalis flaveola. Morphometric data: weight 17g,
total length 130 mm, wing 60 mm, tail 48 mm, beak 11 mm, tarsus 17
mm (male).
This is a species that occurs in the savanna areas of the north coast region
(Camaçari ). It is very distinct because it has a white streak on its tail
which can be seen from below. They have the habit of hiding amid the
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vegetation. They can be seen when they fly; as they gain altitude they
call. They then come back down to the ground. This is a migratory species
and has accentuated sexual dimorphism. The female’s breast is striped.
Morphometric data: weight 10g, total length 120 mm, wing 68 mm, tail
51 mm, beak 10 mm, tarsus 16 mm.
This is one of the most known birds and for that they are sought after
by people who want to keep them in cages. They can live both in large
groups or as isolated pairs in a certain territory. They reproduce in the
hollow cavities of trees, under rooves, and also take advantage of artificial
nests such as wooden boxes, PVC pipes, etc..It is common for people in the
interior to put the skulls of cattle on fence posts for the birds to reproduce
in. The nest is a small basket inside placed inside a cavity. It lays two to
five greenish eggs with several brown dots and weigh an average of 2.0g and
measure 18.5 mm X 14 mm Morphometric data: weight 22g, total length
137 mm, wing 70 mm, tail 54 mm, beak 10 mm, tarsus 13 mm (female).
This is very similar in appearance to the saffron finch although its pileum
is yellow and its chin streaked with black. It lives in groups and looks for
food on the ground. It usually calls when it is flying. This is a migratory
species. Weight 14g.
This finch occurs in the savanna and sandy, coastal forest region in wet
and open areas. It lives on the ground and perches on small bushes to call.
It has a long tail and when it flies, it lifts up its tail. It builds its nest on
the ground in the middle of the vegetation on the ground. The chicks are
born with a gray colored plumage and the inside of its beak is a strong red color.
Morphometric data: weight 60g, wing 65 mm, tail 80 mm, beak 14 mm.
È uma espécie que ocorre nas áreas abertas onde há altos capinzais. O
macho, no período reprodutivo, possui uma plumagem negra brilhante
e a fêmea e os jovens possuem um coloração parda com o peito riscado.
É um pássaro bem característico que costuma cantar na ponta de uma
estaca de onde pula verticalmente e pousa no mesmo local. O ninho é
construído próximo ao solo, no meio da vegetação. Dados morfométricos:
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peso 12g, comprimento total 108 mm, asa 48 mm, cauda 45 mm, bico 9
mm, tarso 13 mm (fêmea); peso 11g, comprimento total 112 mm, asa 52
mm, cauda 48 mm, bico 10 mm, tarso 13 mm (macho).
It occurs in open areas where the grass is high. During the reproductive
period, the male has a brilliantly black plumage and the female and
juveniles are brown with streaks on their breasts. It is a very distinct bird
and calls from fence posts and jumps vertically up to land at the same
place. The nest is built close to the ground in the middle of the vegetation.
Morphometric data: weight 12g, total length 108 mm, wing 48 mm, tail
45 mm, beak 9 mm, tarsus 13 mm (female); weight 11g, total length 112
mm, wing 52 mm, tail 48 mm, beak 10 mm, tarsus 13 mm (male).
This species occurs in open areas in all the north coast region where there
are concentrations of grasslands. The female is brown and its nest is a
little basket where two greenish eggs streaked with dots, which weigh an
average of 1.5g and measure 18mm x 13mm. Both the male and female
help to feed the chicks. We observed the same banded pair construct its
nest in the same bush for three consecutive years. Even though the species
is not endangered, the animal trafficking has caused it real damage as it
is one of the birds most encountered in the traffic and it is currently the
fashion to have a caged one. Morphometric data: weight 10g, total length
112 mm, wing 53 mm, tail 44 mm, beak 9 mm, tarsus 14 mm.
This species occurs in open regions where there are grasslands but it
can also occur in re-growth forests and forest edges. It lives with other
representatives from the same family although in small groups. During the
reproductive period, the pairs distance themselves from the nest and mark
their reproduction territory. The female and the juveniles are brown and
dark. These birds are sold in the illegal wildlife traffic and many breeders
cross this species with the lesser seed finch which produces a hybrid with
lots of different colors. Morphometric data: total length 125 mm, wing 55
mm, tail 45 mm, beak 11 mm, tarsus 13 mm (male).
This species occurs in regions where there are large stretches of grasslands
and also on the edge of swamps and wetlands. During the rainy season,
when the demand for food is large, numerous groups visit the grasslands
of the north coast region but when there is a drought and the grasses
dry up, many of these birds disappear. They build their nest, which is a
small basket, in the middle of the grasses. We have in the past found nests
affixed to the fronds of small palm trees. It lays two eggs which weigh an
average 1.1g and measure 14 mm x 12 mm. The female and the juveniles
are brown.
The lesser-seed finch occurs throughout the north coast region from Lauro
de Freitas to Camaçari etc. This bird is the most sought after species
by people who keep caged birds. The wild populations of these birds
are being reduced drastically. Caged birds reproduce successfully. Many
breeders cross this species with other species such as the S. angolensis X O.
maximiliani, S. angolensis X S. leucoptera. This cross-breeding produces
hybrids of mixed coloring. Morphometric data: weight 15g, total length
130 mm, wing 56 mm, tail 57 mm, beak 12 mm, tarsus 16 mm.
The male has more intense coloring and a black ring; the female has a
brownish breast and an incomplete ring. This species occurs on forest
edges and it is common to see individuals from this species jumping on
the ground. These are very territorial birds and always occupy the same
territory. In our banding campaigns, we have recaptured the same pair
always in the same territory. Their nest is built on the ground and slightly
above the ground. Morphometric data: weight 29g, total length 140 mm,
wing 72mm, tail 60mm, beak 14mm, tarsus 25mm (male)
This species is typical of the dry, shrub caatinga biome. The first register of
this species in the north coast region occurred during a banding campaign
in the sandy coastal forests in Arembepe when an individual fell into a
mist-net. This is a common species in the illegal traffic of wild fauna
and this occurrence could have been of a bird that had escaped from a
cage or one improperly introduced into the area by the environmental
authorities. Morphometric data; weight 15g, total length 130 mm, wing
63 mm, tail 55 mm, beak 12,5 mm, tarsus 16 mm (male).
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This is a species that is typical in the dry, shrub caatinga biome in Bahia.
Today, however, it is spread throughout the diverse regions of the state.
In the north coast region, it occurs from Salvador to Mangue Seco and
is distributed in the sandy, coastal forests, in areas of savanna, in open
fields and even the mangroves. It is one of the most common species in the
illegal traffic of fauna, and this has caused a large negative impact on the
populations of this bird. Its nest is a small basket. It lays two eggs which
weigh an average of 3g and measure 26 mm x 18 mm. We have found
these nests taken over by the Molothrus bonariensis, although the cardinal
threw out a shiny cowbird egg that it found in its nest. Morphometric
data: weight 26g, total length 177 mm, wing 90 mm, tail 75 mm, beak 12
mm, tarsus 27 mm.
Subfamília Emberizidae
Subfamília Parulinae
Emberizidae SubFamily
Parulinae Subfamily
Parula pitiayumi pitiayumi (Vieillot, 1817).
Tropical Parula
This occurs in the forests’ canopy of the north coast region and also in
areas of savanna. The contrast in coloring between the blue on its upper
body and the yellow of its lower body is marked. It also has two white
stripes on its wings. Morphometric data: weight 10g, total length 115
mm, wing 50 mm, tail 42 mm, beak 10 mm, tarsus 16 mm.
Cardinalinae
Caryothraustes canadensis brasiliensis (Cabanis, 1851).
Furriel (Yellow-green Grosbeak)
Cardinalinae Subfamily
Caryothraustes canadensis brasiliensis (Cabanis, 1851).
Yellow-green Grosbeak
This occurs in the Atlantic Rainforest stretches in the north coast region.
Its contrasting coloring is very attention grabbing: strong yellow and a
black mask. It can often be seen in mixed species flocks in fruit tees.
Morphometric data: weight 22g, total length 180 mm, wing 95 mm, tail
75 mm, beak 17 mm, tarsus 29 mm (male).
peso 48g, comprimento total 210 mm, asa 98 mm, cauda 90 mm, bico
21 mm, tarso 25 mm.
This species looks very much like the green-winged saltator and differs
only because its upper parts and two sides of the tail are green. It has two
black stripes on its throat and in the center, the coloration is brownish.
The species occurs in stretches of the Atlantic Rainforest and the savanna
areas of the north coast region. Its call is very different from the green-
winged saltator, although often the birds are caught by traffickers and sold as
if they were the green-winged saltator. Morphometric data: weight 48g, total
length 210 mm, wing 98 mm, tail 90 mm, beak 21 mm, tarsus 25 mm.
This species occurs in the savanna areas of the north coast region and
on some forest edges. This bird is favored by breeders because of its bird
song. The traffickers capture hundreds of these birds and for that reason
the bird is disappearing from many regions. Morphometric data: weight 46g,
total length 225 mm, wing 100 mm, tail 95 mm, beak 18 mm, tarsus 23 mm.
This species is typical of the south of the continent and south of Brazil.
There has only been one register of this species and that happened in 1984
when we found an individual in a savanna area in the municipality of
Dias D'Ávila but it may have escaped from a cage. Morphometric data:
weight 17g, total length 147 mm, wing 69 mm, tail 64 mm, beak 13 mm,
tarsus 18,5 mm.
Essa espécie ocorre nos campos sujos e nas restingas do litoral norte,
inclusive dentro da cidade de Salvador (nas dunas do STIEP). A
plumagem do macho é na cor azul forte e as fêmeas e jovens são pardos.
São aves muito cobiçadas pelos traficantes e muitas vezes, eles capturam
até o ultimo indivíduo. Dados morfométricos: peso 20g, comprimento
total 152 mm, asa 70 mm, cauda 66 mm, bico 13 mm, tarso 19 mm
(fêmea), peso 20g, comprimento total 155 mm, asa 71 mm, cauda 67
mm, bico 13 mm, tarso 20 mm (macho).
This species occurs in the disturbed fields and sandy, coastal forests
of the north coast region and also within Salvador (on the sand dunes
at STIEP). The male plumage is an intense blue color and the females
and juveniles are brown. These birds are strongly sought by traffickers
who will take even the last individual of a region. Morphometric data:
weight 20g, total length 152 mm, wing 70 mm, tail 66 mm, beak 13 mm,
tarsus 19 mm (female), weight 20g, total length 155 mm, wing 71 mm,
tail 67 mm, beak 13 mm, tarsus 20 mm (male).
This species occurs in the savanna areas of the north coast region
(Camaçari). The male’s plumage is an intense blue in contrast to its
yellow beak and yellowish legs. The female’s upper part is brownish-red
and the under parts brownish-white. It lives on the ground between rocks
and vegetation. Morphometric data: weight 12g, total length 140 mm,
wing 60 mm, tail 58 mm, beak 12 mm, tarsus 18 mm (male).
Subfamília Icterinae
Cacicus haemorrhous affini (Swainson, 1834).
Guaxe (Red-rumped Cacique)
Icterinae Subfamily
Cacicus haemorrhous affini (Swainson, 1834)
Red-rumped Cacique
This species occurs in the Atlantic Rainforest of the north coast region
from Guarajuba (Camaçari) all the way to the forests in the extreme
north of Bahia. Its plumage is black/blue and this contrasts with its yellow
beak. Its eyes are blue and the rump is an intense red color. It lives in
groups that can contain more than 10 individuals. The male is markedly
bigger than the female. It builds its nest, which is shaped like a pouch,
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This species occurs in almost all the ecosystems of the north coast region.
It imitates various species of birds, including hawks. Its nest is a small
basket attached to the underside of palm tree fronds and other plant
species. It lays three eggs that weigh an average of 3g and measure 23.5
mm x 17 mm. The chicks are fed insects which are sometimes difficult to
swallow. Morphometric data: weight 33g, total length 214 mm, wing 91
mm, tail 70 mm, beak 20 mm, tarsus 25 mm.
This species occurs in the sandy, coastal forests and areas of savanna. Its
coloring, black and yellow or orange makes it an especially pretty bird
among those in Brazil. Individuals from this species are known to imitate
other bird species and when they are raised in captivity, they can even learn
to sing the national anthem. It doesn’t construct its own nest but rather
occupies the abandoned nests of rufus cacholote (Pseudoseisura cristata),
the great kiskadee (Pitangus sulphuratus) and even the house sparrow
(Passer dometicus) in street lamp-posts. The animal traffic is causing
a significant impact on the species since it is one of the most frequent
bird species targeted and its mortality rate among commercialized birds
is considered the highest. Few caught birds survive and those that do
become sick and quickly die. Morphometric data: total length 260 mm,
wing 105 mm, tail 106 mm, beak 24 mm, tarsus 32 mm; 9 mm (male).
This species prefers wet regions but can also frequent dry places. It feeds
off cattle feed together with the shiny cowbird (Molothrus bonariensis).
It will also visit bird feeders and lives in groups that can be over one
hundred strong. Its sexual dimorphism is very accentuated: the male is
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black with a rusty-colored cap, throat and breast whereas the female is
olivacious brown and the belly and upper parts are streaked with black
Morphometric data: weight 32g, total length 174 mm, wing 95 mm, tail
72 mm, beak 18 mm, tarsus 25 mm.
This species occurs in the wet regions of the north coast region and can
also occur on golf courses and the stretches of grass next to runways at
airports. It flies with its wings and tail open and emits a whir and then
lands on the ground of some vegetation. The female is brown and its
breast tinted and streaked with red. Morphometric data: weight 50g, total
length 193 mm, wing 103 mm, tail 60 mm, beak 20 mm, tarsus 32 mm.
This species occurs in open areas with scattered trees throughout all the
north coast region. It builds its nest in hollow tree cavities or uses the
nests of other species. It also uses PVC as an artificial nest. These birds are
favored by bird breeders and hundreds of these birds are sold in markets
throughout the sate of Bahia. This illegal traffic has had a large impact
on the species since they are very sensitive birds and many die from bad
conditions and ill-treatment. Morphometric data: weight 80g.
This species occurs in open areas with scattered trees. It lives in small
groups and both sexes have similar appearance. It has a brown coloring
with a blackish stripe that goes from its beak to its eyes. Morphometric
data: weight 44g, total length 175 mm, wing 84 mm, tail 62 mm, beak 18
mm, tarsus 26 mm.
This species occurs all along the north coast region and often in large
groups. The male plumage is violet-blue, and depending on the lighting
can be very shiny. The female is smaller and a sooty brown color. It is often
seen in kraals where it feeds on the food given to cattle. It neither builds
nor incubates its nests but rather sponges off other bird’s nests. We have
seen shiny cowbird eggs in the nests of: masked water tyrant (Fluvilcola
nengeta); sayaca tanager (Thraupis sayaca) and the Brazilian tanager
(Ramphocelus bresilius). The eggs of this species and whitish colored
streaked with various brown spots which are very different from those of
the Brazilian tanager, whose eggs are greenish with black dots. The eggs
weigh an average of 4.0g and measure 23 mm x 18.5 mm. Morphometric
data: weight 35g, total length 205 mm, wing 112 mm, tail 75 mm, beak
18 mm, tarsus 23 mm.
Fringillidae
Carduelis yarrellii (Audubon, 1839).
Pintassilgo-do-nordeste (Yellow-Faced Siskin)
Fringillidae Family
Carduelis yarrellii (Audubon, 1839)
Yellow-Faced Siskin
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This differs from the yellow-faced siskin because the head is all black. It
is a migratory species and appears in little groups in certain areas of the
north coast region and then some time later disappears. This species is
also targeted by bird breeders who also cross it with the Belgium canary
to produce a “pintagol.” Morphometric data: weight 11g, total length 105
mm, wing 63 mm, tail 39mm, beak 10 mm, tarsus 12 mm.
Passeridae
Passer domesticus domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758).
Pardal (House Sparrow)
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Passeridae Family
Passer domesticus domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758).
House Sparrow
This species was introduced into Brazil and Bahia. We observed this
species at the beginning of the 1970s where it frequented the city of
Salvador. Today it is spread all throughout the north coast region always
near residential areas. In certain places it causes a lot of damage because
it will steal customer’s food at local restaurants. These birds can transit
multiple diseases to man. The house sparrow is a classical example of
that it is never advisable to introduce any species into an alien habitat.
Morphometric data: weight 24g, wing 67 mm, tail 54 mm, beak 11 mm,
tarsus 17 mm.
Estrildidae
Estrilda astrild astrild (Linnaeus, 1758).
Bico-de-lacre (Common Waxbill)
Estrildidae Family
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Pranchas
tables
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358 Aves
Aves Litoral
Litoral
dodo Norte
Norte
Tinamiformes
Tinamiformers
Tinamidae
Crypturellus parvirostris
Inambu-chororó
Small-billed Tinamou
Foto.: Haroldo
Crypturellus noctivagus
noctivagus
Jaó-do-litoral
Yellow-legged Tinamou
Crypturellus soui
albigularis
Tururim
Little Tinamou
Foto.: Rolf
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Rhynchotus rufescens
catingae
Perdigão
Red-winged Tinamou
Nothura boraquira
Codorna
White-bellied Nothura
Podicipediformes
Podicipediformes
Podicipedidae
Podilymbus podiceps
antarticus
Mergulhão
Pied-billed Grebe
Tachybaptus dominicus
speciosus
Mergulhão-pequeno
Least Grebe
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Spheniscidae
Spheniscidae
Spheniscidae
Spheniscus magellanicus
Pinguim-de-Magalhães
Magellanic Penguin
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Procellariiformes
Procellariiformes
Diomedeidae
Thalassarche
melanophris
Albatroz-de-sobrancelha
Black-browed Albatross
Foto.: Haroldo
Thalassarche
chlororhynchos
Albatroz-de-nariz-amarelo
Yellow-nosed Albatross
Diomedea cauta
Albatroz-de-nariz-
amarelo
Shy Albatross
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Phoebetria fusca
Piau-preto
Sooty Albatross
Phoebetria palpebrata
Albatroz-pardo-de-capa-
clara
Light-mantled Sooty
Albatross
Foto.: Haroldo
Procellariidae
Fulmarus glacialoides
Pardelão-prateado
Southern Fulmar
Foto.: Haroldo
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Daption capense
Pomba-do-cabo
Cape Petrel
Pterodroma incerta
Furabuxo-de-capuz
Hooded or Atlantic Petrel
Pterodroma brevirostris
Lesson, 1831
Furabuxo-de-bico-fino
Kerguelen Petrel
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Furabuxo-de-coroa
Soft-plumaged Petrel
Pachyptila vittata
Prião-de-bico-largo
(Broad-billed Prion)
Foto.: Rolf
Pachyptila desolata
Pardela-de-bico-de-pato
(Dove Prion)
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Pachyptila belcheri
Faigão
Slender-billed Prion
Procellaria aequinoctialis
Pardela-preta
White-chinned Petrel
Procellaria conspicillata
Pardela-preta
White-Chinned Petrel
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Procellaria cinerea
Pardela-cinza
Grey Petrel
Foto.: Haroldo
Calonectris borealis
Pardela-de-bico-amarelo
Cory’s Shearwater
Calonectris edwardsii
Pardela
Cory’s Shearwater
Puffinus gravis
Bobo-grande-de-sobre-
branco
Greater Shearwater
Puffinus griseus
Bobo-escuro
Sooty-Shearwater
Puffinus puffinus
Bobo-pequeno
Manx Shearwater
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Puffinus tnuirostris
Short-tailed shearwater
Oceanites oceanicus
Alma-de-mestre
Wilson’ Storm-Petrel
Pelagodroma marina
hypoleuca
White-faced Storm-Petrel
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Fregetta tropica
Painho
Black-bellied Storm-Petrel
Foto.: Rolf
Oceanodroma leucorhoa
Leach’s Storm-Petrel
Foto.: Rolf
Pelicaniformes
Pelicaniformes
PHAETHONTIDAE
Phaethon aethereus
aethereus
Rabo de Palha
Red-billed Tropicbird
SULIDAE
Sula dactylatra dactylatra
Masked Booby
Sula leucogaster
leucogaster
Brown Booby
PHALACROCORACIDAE
Phalacrocorax
bransfieldensis
Antarctic Shag
Foto.: Aroldo
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372 Aves
Aves Litoral
Litoral
dodo Norte
Norte
Phalacrocorax
brasilianus brasilianus
Biguá
Neotropic Cormorant
FREGATIDAE
Fregata magnificens
Tesourão
Magnificent Frigatebird
Fregata magnificens
Tesourão
Magnificent Frigatebird
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Ciconiformes
Família Ardeidae
Ardea cocoi
Garça-moura
White-necked Heron
Garça-branca-grande
Great Egret
Garça-branca-pequena
Snowy Egret
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374 Aves
Aves Litoral
Litoral
dodo Norte
Norte
Egretta caerulea
Garça-morena
Little Blue Heron
Garça-vaqueira
Cattle Egret
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Socózinho
Green -striated Heron
Nycticorax nycticorax
hoactli
Savacu
Black-crowned Night-
Heron
Nyctanassa violacea
cayennensis
Savacu-de-coroa
Yellow-crowned Night-
Heron
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376 Aves
Aves Litoral
Litoral
dodo Norte
Norte
Tigrisoma lineatum
marmoratum
Socó-boi-verdadeiro
Rufescent Tiger-Heron
Ixobrychus exilis
erythromelas
Socó-vermelho
Least Bittern
Foto.: Rolf
Ixobrychus involucris
Socó-amarelo
Striped-backed Bittern
Cochlearidae
Cochlearius cochlearius
cochlearius
Arapapá
Boat-billed Heron
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Threskiornithidae
Eudocimus ruber
Guará
Scarlet Ibis
Ciconidae
Mycteria americana
Cabeça-seca
Wood Stork
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378 Aves
Aves Litoral
Litoral
dodo Norte
Norte
Coragyps atratus
brasiliensis
Urubu-de-cabeça-preta
Black Vulture
Família Cathartidae
Sarcoramphus papa
Urubu-rei
King Vulture
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Urubu-de-cabeça-
vermelha
Turkey Vulture
Cathartes burrovianus
urubitinga
Urubu-de-cabeça-
amarela
Lesser Yellow-headed
Vulture
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Anseriformes
Anseriformes
Família Anatidae
Dendrocygna bicolor
Mareca-caneleira
(Fulvous Whistling-Duck)
Dendrocygna viduata
Irerê
White-faced Whistling-
Duck
Dendrocygna autumnalis
discolor
Mareca-asa-branca
Black-billed Whistling-
Duck
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Anas bahamensis
bahamensis
Marreca-toicinho
White-cheeked Pintail
Netta erythrophthalma
Paturi-preta
Southern Pochard
Netta erythrophthalma
Paturi-preta
Southern Pochard
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Amazonetta brasiliensis
Marreca-pé-vermelho
Brazilian Duck
Amazonetta brasiliensis
Marreca-pé-vermelho
Brazilian Duck
Sarkidionis melanotos
sylvicola
Pato-de-crista
Comb Duck
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Cairina moschata
Pato-do-mato
Muscovy Duck
Cairina moschata
Pato-do-mato
Muscovy Duck
Oxyura dominica
Marreca-de-bico-preto
Masked Duck
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384 Aves
Aves Litoral
Litoral
dodo Norte
Norte
Oxyura dominica
Marreca-de-bico-preto
Masked Duck
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Falconiformes
Falconiformes
Família Accipitridae
Elanus leucurus
Gavião-peneira
White-tailed Kite
Gampsonyx swainsonii
swainsonii
Gaviãozinho
Pearl Kite
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Leptodon cayanensis
cayanensis
Gavião-de-cabeça-cinza
Gray-headed Kite
Chondrohierax uncinatus
uncinatus
Caracoleiro
Hook-billed Kite
Foto.: Rolf
Harpagus bidentatus
bidentatus
Ripina
Double-toothed Kite
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Rostrhamus sociabilis
sociabilis
Gavião-caramujeiro
Snail Kite
Foto.: Marques
Accipiter bicolor
Gavião-bombachinha-
grande
Bicolored Hawk
Ixobrychus involucris
- Socó-amarelo
- Striped-backed
Bittern.jpg
Foto.: Rolf
Buteo albonotatus
abbreviatus
Gavião-de-rabo-barrado
Zone-tailed Hawk
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388 Aves
Aves Litoral
Litoral
dodo Norte
Norte
Buteo brachyurus
brachyurus
Gavião-de-rabo-curto
Short-tailed Hawk
Foto.: Rolf
Buteo albicaudatus
albicaudatus
Gavião-de-rabo-branco
White-tailed Hawk
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Rupornis magnirostris
nattareri
Gavião-carijó
Roadside Hawk
Buteogallus urubitinga
urubitinga
Gavião-preto
Great Black Hawk
Parabuteo unicinctus
unicinctus
Gavião-de-asa-de-telha
Harris’ Hawk
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390 Aves
Aves Litoral
Litoral
dodo Norte
Norte
Buteogallus meridionalis
meridionalis
Gavião-caboclo
Savanna Hawk
Geranospiza caerulescens
gracilis
Gavião-pernilongo
Crane Hawk
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Família Pandionidae
Pandion haliaetus
Águia-pescadora
Osprey
Falconidae
Herpetotheres cachinnans
Acauã
Laughing Falcon
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Micrastur semitorquatus
semitorquatus
Gavião-relógio
Collared Florest-Falcon
Micrastur ruficollis
ruficollis
Gavião-caburé
Barred Florest-Falcon
Milvago chimachima
chimachima
Carrapateiro
Yellow-headed Caracara
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Caracara plancus
Caracará
Crested Caracara
Falcão-peregrino
Peregrine Falcon
Quiriquiri
American Kestrel
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394 Aves
Aves Litoral
Litoral
dodo Norte
Norte
Galliformes
Cracidae
Penelope superciliaris
jacupemba
Jacupemba
Rusty-margined Guan
Aracuã
Speckled or Variable
Chachalaca
Gruiformes
Família Aramidae
Aramus guarauna
guarauna
Carão (Limpkin)
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Rallidae
Pardirallus nigricans
nigricans
Saracura-sanã
Blackish Rail
Pardirallus maculatus
maculatus
Saracura-carijó
Spotted Rail
Amaurolimnas concolor
castaneus
Saracurinha-da-mata
Uniform Crake
Foto.: Rolf
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Aramides mangle
Saracura-da-praia
Little Wood-Rail
Aramides cajanea
cajanea
Três-potes
Gray-necked Wood-Rail
Porzana albicollis
albicollis
Sanã-carijó
Ash-throated Crake
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Laterallus melanophaius
melanophaius
Pinto-d’água-comum
Rufus-side Crake
Siricora-mirim
Russet-crowned Crake.
Neocrex erythrops
olivacens
Turuturu
Paint-billed Crake
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398 Aves
Aves Litoral
Litoral
dodo Norte
Norte
Porphyriops melanops
melanops
Frango-d’ água-carijó
Spot-flanked Gallinule
Gallinula chloropus
galeata
Porphyrula flavirostris
Frango-d’ água-pequeno
Azure Gallinule
Foto.: Rolf
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Porphyrula martinica
Frango d’ água-azul
Purple Gallinule
Heliornithidae
Heliornis fulica
Picaparra
Sangrebe
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Charadriiformes
Charadriiformes
Jacanidae
Rostratulidae
Nycticryphes semicollaris
Narceja-de-bico-torto
South American painted-
Snipe
Foto.: Rolf
Haematopodidae
Haematopus palliatus
palliatus
Piru-piru
American Oystercatcher
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Charadriidae
Vanellus chilensis
lampronotus
Quero-quero
Southern Lapwing
Pluvialis squatarola
Batuiraçu-de-axila-preta
Black-pollied Plover
Pluvialis dominica
Batuiruçu
Lesser Golder Plover
Foto.: Haroldo
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Charadrius semipalmatus
Batuóra-norte-
americana
Semipalmated Plover
Charadrius collaris
Batuíra-de-coleira
Collared Plover
Charadrius wilsonia-
Subespécie nova em
descrição
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Scolopacidae
Arenaria interpres
morinella
Vira-pedra
Ruddy Turnstone
Maçarico-solitário
Solitary Sandpiper
Tringa flavipes
Maçarico-de-perna-
amarela
Lesser yellow-leg
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Tringa melanoleuca
Maçarico-grande-de-
perna-amarela
Greater yellow-leg
Actitis macularia
Maçarico-pintado
Spotted Sandpiper
Catoptrophorus
semipalmatus
semipalmatus
Maçarico-de-asa-branca
Willet
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Maçarico-de-papo-
vermelho
Red Knot
Calidris minutilla
Maçariquinho
Least Sandpiper
Calidris fuscicollis
Maçarico-de-sobre-
branco
White-rumped Sandpiper
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Calidris melanotos
Maçarico-de-colete
Pectoral Sandpiper
Maçarico-miúdo
Semipalmated Sandpiper
Calidris Alba
Maçarico-branco
Sanderling
Numenius phaeopus
hudsonicus
Maçarico-de-bico-torto
Whimbrel
Limnodromus griseus
griseus
Narceja-de-costas-
brancas
Short-billed Dowitcher
Gallinago undulata
gigantea
Narcejão
Giant Snipe
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408 Aves
Aves Litoral
Litoral
dodo Norte
Norte
Gallinago paraguaiae
paraguaiae
Narceja
Paraguay Snipe
Recurvirostridae
Himantopus mexicanus
Pernilongo
Black-necked Stilt
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STERCORARIIDAE
Catharacta antarctica
antarctica
Gaivota-rapineira-
grande
Antarctic Skua
Catharacta chilensis
Gaivota-rapineira-
chilena
Chilean Skua
Foto.: Haroldo
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Catharacta maccormicki
Gaivota-rapineira-do-sul
South Polar Skua
Stercorarius parasiticus
Gaivota-rapineira-
comum
Artic Skua
Stercorarius longicaudus
Gaivota-rapineira-de-
cauda-comprida
Long-tailed Skua
Foto.: Rolf
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Stercorarius pomarinus
Gaivota-rapineira-
pomarina
Pomarine Jaeger
Laridae
Larus dominicanus
Gaivotão
Kelp Gull
Sternidae
Sterna hirundinacea
Trinta-réis-de-bico-
vermelho
South American Tern
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Trinta-réis-boreal
Common Tern
Sterna paradisaea
Trinta-réis-ártico
Arctic Tern
Trinta-réis-antártico
Antartic Tern
Foto.: Rolf
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Trinta-réis-róseo
Roseate Tern
Trinta-réis-das-rocas
Sooty Tern
Sterna superciliaris
Trinta-réis-anão
Yellow-billed Tern
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Sterna antilarum
Trinta-réis-miúdo
Least Tern
Thalasseus eurygnatha
Trinta-réis-de-bico-
amarelo
Cayenne Tern
Thalasseus sandvicensis
Trinta-réis-de-bando
Sandwich Tern
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Andorinha-do-mar-preta
Brown Noddy
Columbiformes
Pombo-doméstico
Rock Dove
Columba speciosa
Pomba-trocal
Scaled Pigeon
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Columba picazuro
marginalis
Asa-branca
Picazuro Pigeon
Columba cayennensis
Pomba-galega
Pale-vented Pigeon
Columbina passerina
griseola
Rolinha-cinzenta
Ground-Dove
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Columbina minuta
Rolinha-de-asa-canela
Plain-breasted Ground-
Dove
Columbina picui
strepitans
Rolinha-branca
Picui Ground-Dove
Columbina talpacoti
talpacoti
Rolinha-roxa
Ruddy Ground-Dove
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Scardafella squammata
squammata
Fogo-apagou
Scaled Dove
Leptotila verreauxi
approximans
Juriti-pupu
White-tipped Dove
Juriti-gemedeira
Gray-fronted Dove
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Geotrygon montana
montana
Pariri
uddy Quail-Dove
Psittacidae
Psittacidae
Psittacidae
Diopsittaca nobilis
cumanensis
Maracanã-nobre
Red-shouldered Macaw
Aratinga leucophthalmus
leucophthalmus
Maracanã-malhada
White-eyed Parakeet
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Aratinga auricapilla
auricapilla
Jandaia-de-testa-
vermelha
Golden-capped Parakeet
Aratinga jandaya
Aratinga-verdadeiro
Jandaya Parakeet
Aratinga-estrela
Peach-fronted Parakeet
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Forpus crssirotris
flavissemos
Tuim
Blue-winged Parrotlet
Forpus crssirotris
flavissemos
Tuim
Blue-winged Parrotlet
Touit surda
Apuim-de-cauda-
amarela
Golden-tailed parrotlet
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422 Aves
Aves Litoral
Litoral
dodo Norte
Norte
Brotogeris tirica
Periquito-rico
Plain Parakeet
Brotogeris versicolurus
Periquito-de-asa-branca
Canary-winged Parakeet
Pionus maximiliani
maximiliani
Maitaca-bronzeada
Scaly-headed Parrot
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Brotogeris chiriri
Periquito-de-encontro-
amarelo
Chevroned Parakeet
Touit melanonota
Apuim-de-cauda-
vermelha
Black-eared Parrotlet
Foto.: Rolf
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Amazona rhodocorytha
Chauá
Red-browed Parrot
Papagaio-verdadeiro
Turquoise-fronted Parrot
Amazona amazonica
amazonica
Papagaio-do-mangue
Orange-winged Parrot
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Cuculiformes
Cuculiformes
Cuculidae
Piaya cayana pallescens
Alma-de-gato
Squirrel Cuckoo
Crotophaga ani
Anu-preto
Smooth-billed Ani
Guira guira
Anu-branco
Guira Cuckoo
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Saci
Stripe Cukoo
Strigiformes
Strigiformes
Tytonidae
Tyto alba tuidara
Coruja-da-igreja
Barn Owl
Glaucidium brasilianum
brasilianum
Caburé
Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl
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Glaucidium
minutissimum
Caburé-miudinho
Least Pygmy-owl
Corujinha-do-mato
Tropical Screech Owl
Aegolius harrisii
Caburé-acanelado
Buff-fronted Owl
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428 Aves
Aves Litoral
Litoral
dodo Norte
Norte
Pulsatrix perspicillata
pulsatrix
Mucurututu
Spectacled Owl
Rhinoptynx clamator
clamator
Coruja-orelhuda
Striped Owl
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Speotyto cunicularia
grallaria
Coruja-do-campo
Burrowing Owl
Bubo virginianus
macurutu
Jacurutu
Great Horned Owl
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Caprimulgiformes
Caprimulgiformes
Família Nyctibiidae
Nyctibius griseus griseus
Urutau
Common Potoo
Nyctibius leucopterus
Urutau-de-asa-branca
White-winged Potoo
Família
Caprimulgidae
Chordeiles pusillus
pusillus
Bacurauzinho
Least Nighthawk
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Chordeiles pusillus
pusillus
Bacurauzinho
Least Nighthawk
Podager nacunda
Curucão
Nacunda Nighthawk
Nyctidromus albicollis
albicollis
Bacurau
Pauraque
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João-corta-pau
Rufous Nightjar
Caprimulgus parvulus
parvulus
Bacurau-pequeno
Little Nightjar
Hydropsalis torquata
Bacurau-tesoura
Long-traiden Nightjar
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Hydropsalis torquata
Bacurau-tesoura
Long-traiden Nightjar
Apodiformes
Apodiformes
Família Apodidae
Chaetura meridionalis
Andorinha-do-temporal
Ashy-tailed Swift
Panyptila cayennensis
Andorinhão-estofador
Lesser Swallow-tailed
Swift
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Rabo-branco-de-sobre-
amarelo
Planalto Hermit
Besourinho-da-mata
Reddish Hermit
Anthracothorax nigricollis
nigricollis
Beija-flor-de-veste-preta
White-vented Violetear
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Anthracothorax nigricollis
nigricollis
Beija-flor-de-veste-preta
White-vented Violetear
Eupetomena macroura
simoni
Beija-flor-tesoura
Swallow-tailed
Hummingbird
Chrysolampis mosquitus
Beija-flor-vemelho
Ruby-topaza
Hummingbird
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Chrysolampis mosquitus
Beija-flor-vemelho
Ruby-topaza
Hummingbird
Chlorestes notatus
notatus
Beija-flor-de-garganta-
azul
Blue-Chinned Saphire
Chlorestes notatus
notatus
Beija-flor-de-garganta-
azul
Blue-Chinned Saphire
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Chlorostilbon
aureoventris pucherani
Besourinho-de-bico-
vermelho
Glittering-billied Emerald
Chlorostilbon
aureoventris pucherani
Besourinho-de-bico-
vermelho
Glittering-billied Emerald
Thalurania glaucopis
Tesoura-de-fonte-violeta
Violet-capped
Woodnymph
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438 Aves
Aves Litoral
Litoral
dodo Norte
Norte
Thalurania glaucopis
Tesoura-de-fonte-violeta
Violet-capped
Woodnymph
Beija-flor-rojo
White-chnned Sapphire
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Heliothrix aurita
auriculata
Beija-flor-de-bochecha-
azul
Black-eared Fairy
Heliothrix aurita
auriculata
Beija-flor-de-bochecha-
azul
Black-eared Fairy
Amazilia versicolor
versicolor
Beija-flor-de-banda-
branca
Versicolored Emerald
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440 Aves
Aves Litoral
Litoral
dodo Norte
Norte
Família Trochilidae
Glaucis hirsuta hirsuta
Balança-rabo-de-bico-
torto
Rufous-breasted Hermit
Amazilia leucogaster
bahiae
Beija-flor-de-barriga-
branca
Plain-billed Emerald
Amazilia nigricauda
Beija-flor-de-garganta-
verde
Glittering-throated
Emerald
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Beija-flor-de-peito-azul
Sapphirine-spangled
Emerald
Heliactin bilophus
Chifre-de-ouro
Horned Sungem
Heliactin bilophus
Chifre-de-ouro
Horned Sungem
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Trogoniformes
Trogoniformes
Família Trogonidae
Trogon curucui curucui
Surucuá-de-barriga-
vermelha
Blue-crowned Trogon
Família Trogonidae
Trogon curucui curucui
Surucuá-de-barriga-
vermelha
Blue-crowned Trogon
Trogon viridis
melanopterus
Surucuá-de-barriga-
amarela
(Black-throated Trogon)
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Coraciiformes
Coraciiformes
Alcedinidae
Chloroceryle aenea aenea
Arirambinha
Green Kingfisher
Arirambinha
Green Kingfisher
Foto.: Rolf
Martim-pescador-
grande
Ringed Kingfisher
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Chloroceryle amazona
amazona
Martim-pescador-verde
Amazon kingfisher
Chloroceryle americana
americana
Martim-pescador-
pequeno
Green Kingfisher
Chloroceryle americana
americana
Martim-pescador-
pequeno
Green Kingfisher
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Piciformes
Piciformes
Galbulidae
Galbula ruficauda
rufoviridis
Bico-de-agulha-de-rabo-
vermelho
Rufous-tailed jacamar
Galbula ruficauda
rufoviridis
Bico-de-agulha-de-rabo-
vermelho
Rufous-tailed jacamar
Bucconidae
Bucco maculatus
maculatus
Rapazinho-dos-velhos
Spot-backed Puffbird
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446 Aves
Aves Litoral
Litoral
dodo Norte
Norte
João-bobo
White-eared Puffbird
Chelidoptera tenebrosa
brasiliensis
Urubuzinho
Swallow-wing
Ramphastidae
Pteroglossus aracari
aracari
Araçari-de-bico-branco
Black-necked Aracari
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Ramphastos vitellinus
ariel
Tucano-de-bico-preto
Channel-billed Toucan
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448 Aves
Aves Litoral
Litoral
dodo Norte
Norte
Picidae
Celeus flavescens
intercedens
Pica-pau-de-cabeça-
amarela
Blond-creted Woodpecker
Pica-pauzinho-
avermelhado
Red-capped Woodpeeker
Picumnus pygmaeus
pygmaeus
Pica-pau-anão-
pintalgado
Spotted Piculet
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Colaptes campestris
campestris
Pica-pau-do-campo
Campo Flicker
Colaptes melanochloros
nattereri
Pica-pau-verde-barrado
Green-barred
Woodpecker
Campephilus
melanoleucos cearae
Pica-pau-de-topete-
vermelho
Crimson-crested
Woodpecker
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Veniliornis passerinus
taenionotus
Pica-pauzinho-anão
Little Woodpecker
Veniliornis passerinus
taenionotus
Pica-pauzinho-anão
Little Woodpecker
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Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Suboscines
Rhinocryptidae
Merulaxis stresemanni
Foto.: Rolf
Entufado-baiano
(Stresemann’s
Bristlefront)
Scytalopus indigoticus
Macuquinho
White-breasted Tapaculo
Foto.: Rolf
Família Formicariidae
Taraba major stagurus
Choró-boi
Great Antshrike
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452 Aves
Aves Litoral
Litoral
dodo Norte
Norte
Família Formicariidae
Taraba major stagurus
Choró-boi
Great Antshrike
Thamnophilus palliatus
palliatus
Choca-listrada
Lined Antshrike
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Thamnophilus pelzeni
Choca-bate-cabo
Northern Slaty-antshrike
Thamnophilus pelzeni
Choca-bate-cabo
Northern Slaty-antshrike
Thamnophilus torquatus
Choca-de-asa-vermelha
Rufous-capped Antshrike
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Thamnomanes caesius
caesius
Ipecuá
Cinereous Antshrike
Thamnomanes caesius
caesius
Ipecuá
Cinereous Antshrike
Myrmotherula axillaris
luctuosa
Choquinha-de-flanco-
branco
White-Flanked Antwren
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Myrmotherula axillaris
luctuosa
Choquinha-de-flanco-
branco
White-Flanked Antwren
Herpsilochmus
rufimarginatus scapularis
Chorozinho-de-asa-
vermelha
Rufous-wiged Antwren
Foto.: Haroldo
Herpsilochmus pileatus
pileatus
Chorozinho-de-boné
Bahia Antwren
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Herpsilochmus pileatus
pileatus
Chorozinho-de-boné
Bahia Antwren
Papa-formiga-vermelho
Rusty-Backed Antwren
Papa-formiga-vermelho
Rusty-Backed Antwren
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Papa-formiga-pardo
White-Fringed Antwren
Papa-formiga-pardo
White-Fringed Antwren
Drymophila squamata
Pintadinho
Dusky-Tailed Antbird
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Drymophila squamata
Pintadinho
Dusky-Tailed Antbird
(macho / femea)
Pyriglena atra
Olho-de-fogo-rendado
Backed Fire-eye
Pyriglena atra
Olho-de-fogo-rendado
Backed Fire-eye
Foto.: Rolf
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Formicarius colma
ruficeps
Galinha-do-mato
Rufous-capped Antthrush
Conopophagidae
Conopophaga melanops
nigrifrons
Cuspidor-mascarado
Black-cheeked Gnateater
Conopophagidae
Conopophaga melanops
nigrifrons
Cuspidor-mascarado
Black-cheeked Gnateater
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460 Aves
Aves Litoral
Litoral
dodo Norte
Norte
Grallaria varia
intercedens
Tovacuçú-malhado
Variegated Antpitta
João-de-barro
Rufous Hornero
Furnarius leucopus
assimilis
Casaca-de-couro-
amarelo
Pale-legeed Hornero
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Synallaxis frontalis
frontalis
Petrim
Sooty-fronted Spinatail
Synallaxis albescens
albescens
Uipí
Pale-breasted Spinetail
Synallaxis scutatus
scutatus
Estrelinha-preta
Ocher-cheeked Spinetail
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Certhiaxis cinnamomea
cearensis
Curutié
Yellow-chinned Spinetai
Phacellodomus rufifrons
rufifrons
João-de-pau
Common Thornbird
Pseudoseisura cristata
Casaca-de-couro
Rufous Cacholote
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Automolus
leucophthalmus
leucophthalmus
Barranqueiro-de-olho-
branco
White-eyed foliage-
gleaner
Dendrocolaptidae
Xenops minutus minutus
Bico-virado-miúdo
Plain Xenops
Bico-virado-carijó
Streaked Xenops
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Dendrocincla turdina
Arapaçu-liso
Thrush-like Woodcreeper
Sittasomus griseicapillus
olivaceus
Arapaçu-verde
Olivaceous Woodcreeper
Glyphorhynchus spirurus
cuneatus
Arapaçu-de-bico-de-
cunha
Wedge-billed
Woodcreeper
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Xiphorhynchus picus
bahiae
Arapaçu-de-bico-branco
Straight-billed
Woodcreeper
Xiphorhynchus guttatus
guttatus
Arapacú-de-garganta-
amarela
Buff-throated
Woodcreeper
Lepidocolaptes
angustirostris bahiae
Arapaçu-do-cerrado
Narrow-billed
Woodcreeper
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Dendrocolaptes
platyrostris intermedius
Arapaçu-grande
Lepidocolaptes fuscus
tenuirostris
Arapaçu-rajado
Lesser Woodcreeper
Tyrannidae
Camptostoma obsoletum
Risadinha
Southern Beardless-
Tyrannulet
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Phaeomyias murina
murina
Bagageiro
Mouse-colored Tyrannulet
Myiopagis viridicata
viridicata
Greenish Elaenia
Elaenia flavogaster
flavogaster
Guaracava-de-barriga-
amarela
Yellow-bellied Elaenia
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Guaracava-de-topete-
uniforme
Plain-crested Elaenia
Guaracava-de-crista-
branca
White-crested Elaenia
Elaenia spectabilis
spectabilis
Guaracava-grande
Large Elaenia
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Mionectes oleagineus
oleagineus
Abre-asas
Ochre-bellied Flycatcher
Leptopogon
amaurocephalus
amaurocephalus
Cabeçudo
Sepia-capped Flycatcher
Capsiempis flaveola
flaveola
Marianinha-amarela
Yellow Tyrannulet
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Myiornis auricularis
Miudinho
Eared Pygmy-Tyrant
Foto.: Rolf
Hemitriccus striaticollis
Sebinho-rajado-amarelo
Stripe-necked Tody-Tyrant
Hemitriccus
margaritaceiventer
Sebinho-de-olho-de-
ouro
Pearly-vented tody-Tyrant
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Hemitriccus nidipendulus
nidipendulus
Tachuri-campainha
Hangnest Tody-Tyrant
Todirostrum cinereum
cearae
Relógio
Commom Tody-
Flycatcher
Todirostrum fumifrons
fumifrons
Ferreirinho-de-testa-
parda
Smoky-fronted Tody-
Flycatcher
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Euscarthmus meloryphus
meloryphus
Barulhento
Pygmy-Tyrant
Rhynchocyclus olivaceus
Bico-chato-grande
Olivaceous Flatbill
Tolmomyias flaviventris
flaviventris
Bico-chato-amarelo
Yellow-breasted Flycatcer
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Tolmomyias
poliocephalus
Bico-chato
Grey-Crowned Flycatcher
Foto.: Rolf
Platyrinchus mystaceus
mystaceus
Patinho
White-throated Spadebill
Myiobius barbatus
mastacalis
Assanhadinho
Sulphur-rumped
Flycatcher
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474 Aves
Aves Litoral
Litoral
dodo Norte
Norte
Myiophobus fasciatus
Felipe
Bran-colored Flycatcher
Enferrujado
Euler’s Flycatcher
Foto.: Haroldo
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Pyrocephalus rubinus
rubinus
Verão
Vermilion Flycatcher
Lessonia rufa
Colegial
Austral Negrito
Xolmis cinerea
Maria-branca
Gray Montija
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Fluvicola albiventer
Lavadeira-de-cara-
branca
Pied Water-Tyrant
Fluvicola nengeta
nengeta
Lavadeira-mascarada
Masked Water-tyrant
Fluvicola leucocephala
Freirinha
White-headed-Tyrant
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Fluvicola leucocephala
Freirinha
White-headed-Tyrant
Satrapa icterophrys
icterophrys
Suiriri-pequeno
Yellow-browed Tyrant
Machetornis rixosus
Bentevi-do-gado
Cattle Tyrant
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Hirundinea belicosa
Gibão-de-couro
Cliff Flycatcher
Rhytipterna simplex
Vissiá
Grayish Mourner
Maria-cavaleira
Short-crested Flycatcher
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Myiarchus tyrannulus
bahiae
Maria-cavaleira-de-rabo
enferrujado
Brown-crested Flycatcher
Myiarchus tuberculifer
tuberculifer
Maria-cavaleira-
pequena
Dusky -capped Flycatcher
Pitangus sulphuratus
maximillian
Bem-te-vi
Great Kiskadee
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480 Aves
Aves Litoral
Litoral
dodo Norte
Norte
Megarhynchus pitangua
pitangua
Bem-te-vi-de-bico-chato
Boat-billed Flycatcher
Myiodynastes maculatus
solitarius
Bem-te-vi-rajado
Streaked Flycatcher
Bem-te-vizinho
Social Flycatcher
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Empidonomus varius
rufinus
Peitica
Varigated Flycatcher
Legatus leucophaius
Bem-te-vi-pirata
Piratic Flycatcher
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Tesoura
Fork-tailed Flycatcher
Tyrannus melancholicus
melancholicus
Suiriri
Tropical Kingbird
Tyrannus albogularis
albogularis
Suiriri-de-garganta-
branca
White-throated kingbird
Foto.: Rolf
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Pachyramphus viridis
viridis
Caneleiro-verde
Green-backed Becard
Pachyramphus
polychopterus
polychopterus
Caneleiro-preto
White-winged Becard
Pachyramphus
polychopterus
polychopterus
Caneleiro-preto
White-winged Becard
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Pipridae
Pipra rubrocapilla
Cabeça-encarnada
Red-headed Manakin
Pipra rubrocapilla
Cabeça-encarnada
Red-headed Manakin
Chiroxiphia pareola
pareola
Tangará-falso
Blue-backed Manakin
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Manacus manacus
gutturosus
Rendeira
White-bearded Manakin
Manacus manacus
gutturosus
Rendeira
White-bearded Manakin
Machaeropterus regulus
regulus
Tangará-rajado
Striped Manakin
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486 Aves
Aves Litoral
Litoral
dodo Norte
Norte
Machaeropterus regulus
regulus
Tangará-rajado
Striped Manakin
Neopelma pallescens
Fruxu-do-cerradão
Pale-bellied Tyrant-
manakin
Schiffornis turdinus
turdinus
Flautim
Trush-like Schiffornis
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Cotingidae
Xipholena atropurpurea
Anambé-de-asa-branca
White-winged Cotinga
Lipaugus vociferans
Cricrió
Screaming Piha
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488 Aves
Aves Litoral
Litoral
dodo Norte
Norte
Procnias nudicollis
Araponga
Bare-throated Bellbird
Procnias nudicollis
Araponga
Bare-throated Bellbird
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Passeriformes
Passeriformes
Oscines
Hirundinidae
Tachycineta albiventer
Andorinha-do-rio
White-winged Swallow
Tachycineta leucorrhoa
Andorinha-de-sobre
-branco
White-rumped Swallow
Phaeoprogne tapera
fusca
Andorinha-do-campo
Brown-chested Martin
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Phaeoprogne tapera
tapera
Andorinha-do-campo
Brown-chested Martin
Progne chalybea
domesticus
Andorinha-doméstica-
grande
Gray-breasted Martin
Notiochelidon cyanoleuca
cyanoleuca
Andorinha-pequena-de-
casa
Blue-and-White Swallow
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Stelgidopteryx ruficollis
ruficollis
Andorinha-serrador
Southern Rough-winged
Swallow
Hirundo rustica
erythrogaster
Andorinha-de-bando
American Barn Swallow
Corvidae
Cyanocorax cyanopogon
Cancã
White-napped Lay
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Troglodytidae
Donacobius atricapillus
atricapillus
Japacamim
Black-capped Donacobius
Thryothorus genibarbis
genibarbis
Garrinchão-pai-avô
Moustached Wren
Troglodytes musculus
musculus
Curruíra
House Wren
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Muscicapidae
Subfamília
Sylviinae
Ramphocaenus
melanurus
Bico-assovelado
Long-billed Gnatwren
Polioptila plumbea
atricapilla
Balança-rabo-e-chapeu-
preto
Tropical Ganatcher
Subfamília Turdinae
Platycichla flavipes
flavipes
Sabiá-da-mata
Yellow-legged Thrush
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494 Aves
Aves Litoral
Litoral
dodo Norte
Norte
Subfamília Turdinae
Platycichla flavipes
flavipes
Sabiá-da-mata
Yellow-legged Thrush
Turdus subalaris
Sabiá-ferreiro
Eastern Slaty-Thrush
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Sabiá-laranjeira
Rufous-bellied Thrush
Turdus leucomelas
albiventer
Sabiá-branco
Pale-breasted Thrush
Turdus amaurochalinus
Sabiá-poca
Creamy-billed Thrush
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Turdus albicollis
crotopezus
Sabiá-de-coleira
White-necked Thrush
Mimidae
Mimus gilvus antelius
Sabiá-do-campo
Blue-gray Mockingbird
Sabiá-da-praia
Tropical Mockingbird
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Motacillidae
Anthus lutescens
Caminheiro-zumbidor
Yellowish Pipit
Vireonidae
Cyclarhis gujanensis
cearensis
Pitiguari
Rufous-browed
Peppershrike
Juruviara
Red-Yed Vireo
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Hylophilus
amaurocephalus
Vite-vitae-de-olho-cinza
Gray-eyed Greenlet
Emberizidae
Subfamília
Parulinae
Parula pitiayumi
pitiayumi
Mariquita
Geothlypis aequinoctialis
velata
Pia-cobra
Southern Yellowthroat
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Basileuterus flaveolus
Canário-do-mato
Flavescent Warbler
Subfamília
Coerebinae
Coereba flaveola
chloropyga
Cambacica
Bananaquit
Subfamília
Thraupinae
Schistochlamys
ruficapillus capistratus
Bico-de-veludo
Cinamon Tanager
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500 Aves
Aves Litoral
Litoral
dodo Norte
Norte
Sericossypha loricata
Carretão
Scarlet-Throated Tanager
Cypsnagra hirundinacea
hirundinacea
Bandolete
White-Rumped Tanager
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Thlypopsis sordida
sordida
Canário-sapé
Orange-headed Tanager
Hemithraupis ruficapilla
Saíra-de-papo-preto
Rufous-headed Tanager
Foto.: Rolf
Hemithraupis flavicollis
melanoxantha
Saíra-galega
Yellow-Backed Tanager
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502 Aves
Aves Litoral
Litoral
dodo Norte
Norte
Saíra-de-chapéu-preto
Hooded Tanager
Saíra-de-chapéu-preto
Hooded Tanager
Tachyphonus cristatus
brunneus
Tiê-galo
Flame-crested Tanager
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Tachyphonus cristatus
brunneus
Tiê-galo
Flame-crested Tanager
Tachyphonus rufus
Pipira-preta
White-lined Tanager
Tachyphonus rufus
Pipira-preta
White-lined Tanager
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Sanhaço-de-fogo
Hepatic Tanager
Sanhaço-de-fogo
Hepatic Tanager
Ramphocelus bresilius
bresilius
Tiê-sangue
Brazilian Tanager
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Ramphocelus bresilius
bresilius
Tiê-sangue
Brazilian Tanager
Sanhaço-cinzento
Sayaca Tanager
Thraupis palmarum
palmarum
Sanhaço-do-coqueiro
Palm Tanager
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Euphonia chlorotica
chlorotica
Fi-fi-verdadeiro
Purple-Throated
Euphonia
Euphonia chlorotica
chlorotica
Fi-fi-verdadeiro
Purple-Throated
Euphonia
Euphonia violacea
auranticollis
Gaturamo-verdadeiro
Violaceous Ephonia
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Euphonia violacea
auranticollis
Gaturamo-verdadeiro
Violaceous Ephonia
Saíra-amarelo
Burnished-buff Tanager
Saíra-amarelo
Burnished-buff Tanager
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Tangara mexicana
brasiliensis
Cambada-de-chaves
Turquoise Tanager
Tangara velia
Saíra-diamante
Opal-Rumped Tanager
Dacnis cayana
paraguaiensis
Saí-azul
Blue Dacnis
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Dacnis cayana
paraguaiensis
Saí-azul
Blue Dacnis
Saí-azul-de-pernas-
vermelhas
Red-legged Honeycreeper
Saí-azul-de-pernas-
vermelhas
Red-legged Honeycreeper
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Conirostrum speciosum
speciosum
Figuinha-de-rabo-
castanho
Chestnut-Vented Conebill
Conirostrum speciosum
speciosum
Figuinha-de-rabo-
castanho
Chestnut-Vented Conebill
Conirostrum bicolor
bicolor
Figuinha-do-mangue
Bicolored Conebill
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Conirostrum bicolor
bicolor
Figuinha-do-mangue
Bicolored Conebill
Saí-andorinha
Swallow Tanager
Saí-andorinha
Swallow Tanager
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512 Aves
Aves Litoral
Litoral
dodo Norte
Norte
Subfamília
Emberizinae
Zonotrichia capensis
matutina
Tico-tico
Rufous-collared
Ammodromus humeralis
humeralis
Tico-tico-do-campo-
verdadeiro
Grassland Sparrow
Canarinho-rasteiro
Stripe-Tailed Yellow-Finch
Canário-da-terra-
verdadeiro
Saffron Finch
Tipio
Grassland Yellow-Finch
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Emberizoides herbicola
Canário-do-campo
Wedge-Tailed Grass-Finch
Bigodinho
Lined Seedeater
Sporophila nigricollis
nigricollis
Papa-capim
Yellow-Billied Seedeater
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Sporophila nigricollis
nigricollis
Papa-capim
Yellow-Billied Seedeater
Sporophila ardesiaca
Papa-capim-de-barriga-
branca
Dubois’s Seedeater
Sporophila caerulescens
hellmayri
Coleirinho
Double-Collared
Seedeater
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516 Aves
Aves Litoral
Litoral
dodo Norte
Norte
Sporophila albogularis
Brejal
White-Throated Seedeater
Sporophila albogularis
Brejal
White-Throated Seedeater
Sporophila bouvreuil
bouvreuil
Caboclinho
Capped Seedeater
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Sporophila leucoptera
cinereola
Chorão
White-Belled Seedeater
Sporophila leucoptera
cinereola
Chorão
White-Belled Seedeater
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518 Aves
Aves Litoral
Litoral
dodo Norte
Norte
Sporophila angolensis
angolensis
Curió
Lesser Seed-Finch
Sporophila angolensis
angolensis
Curió
Lesser Seed-Finch
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Arremon taciturnus
taciturnus
Tico-tico-da-mata-de-
bico-preto
Pectoral Sparrow
Coryphospingus pileatus
pileatus
Galinho-da-serra
Gray Pileated-Finch
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520 Aves
Aves Litoral
Litoral
dodo Norte
Norte
Coryphospingus pileatus
pileatus
Galinho-da-serra
Gray Pileated-Finch
Paroaria dominicana
Galo-de-campina
Red-cowled Cardinal
Subfamília
Cardinalinae
Caryothraustes
canadensis brasiliensis
Furriel
Yellow-green Grosbeak
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Saltator fuliginosus
Pimentão
Black-throated Grosbeak
Saltator maximus
maximus
Tempera-viola
Buff-throated Saltator
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522 Aves
Aves Litoral
Litoral
dodo Norte
Norte
Trinca-ferro-verdadeiro
Green-winged Saltator
Cyanoloxia
glaucocaerulea
Azulinho
Indigo Grosbeak
Passerina brissonii
brissonii
Azulão-verdadeiro
Ultramarine Grosbeak
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Passerina brissonii
brissonii
Azulão-verdadeiro
Ultramarine Grosbeak
Porphyrospiza
caerulescens
Campanhia-azul
Blue Finch
Porphyrospiza
caerulescens
Campanhia-azul
Blue Finch
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Subfamília
Icterinae
Cacicus haemorrhous
affini
Guaxe
Red-rumped Cacique
Encontro
Epaulet Oriole
Icterus jamacaii
Sofrê
Troupial
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Agelaius ruficapillus
frontalis
Garibaldi
Chestnut-capped
Blackbird
Agelaius ruficapillus
frontalis
Garibaldi
Chestnut-capped
Blackbird
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526 Aves
Aves Litoral
Litoral
dodo Norte
Norte
Leistes superciliaris
Polícia-inglesa
White-browed Blackbird
Leistes superciliaris
Polícia-inglesa
White-browed Blackbird
Pássaro-preto
Chopi Blackbird
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Molothrus bonariensis
bonariensis
Chopim
Shiny Cowbird
Molothrus bonariensis
bonariensis
Chopim
Shiny Cowbird
Molothrus badius
Asa-de-telha
Bay-Winged Cowbird
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528 Aves
Aves Litoral
Litoral
dodo Norte
Norte Aves do Litoral Norte
Família Passeridae
Passer domesticus
domesticus
Pardal
House Sparrow
Família Passeridae
Passer domesticus
domesticus
Pardal
House Sparrow
Família Estrildidae
Estrilda astrild astrild
Bico-de-lacre
Common Waxbill
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Fringillidae
Carduelis yarrellii
Pintassilgo-do-nordeste
Yellow-Faced Siskin
Carduelis magellanicus
icterica
Pintassilgo
Hooded Siskin
Carduelis magellanicus
icterica
Pintassilgo
Hooded Siskin
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Pranchas ninhos
530 Aves do Litoral Norte
nest tables
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Tinamiformes
Rhynchotus rufescens
Nothura maculosa
Podicipediformes
Tachybaptus dominicus
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Spheniscidae
Spenischus magellanicus
Procellariiformes
Calonectris borealis
Pelicaniformes
Phaethon aethereus
aethereu
Sula leucogaster
leucogaster
Phalacrocorax
bransfieldensis
Foto.: Haroldo
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Ciconiformes
Egretta thula
Nyctanassa violacea
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Nycticorax nycticorax
Igrisoma lineatum
marmoratum
Coragyps atratus
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Anseriformes
Dendrocygna autumnalis
Dendrocygna viduata
Anas bahamensis
bahamensis
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Cairina moschata
Falconiformes
Gampsonyx swainsonii
swainsonii
Rostrhamus sociabilis
sociabilis
Buteo albicaudatus
Rupornis magnirostris
nattareri
Parabuteo unicinctus
unicinctus
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Caracara plancus
Falco sparverius
Galliformes
Gruiformes
Laterallus melanophaius
Aramides mangle
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Aramides cajanea
cajanea
Gallinula chloropus
galeata
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Aramus guarauna
guarauna
Sterna superciliaris
Charadrius wilsonia
Subespécie nova em
descrição
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Larus dominicanus
Himantopus himantopus
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Gallinago paraguaiae
Haematopus palliatus
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Thalasseus eurygnatha
Sterna hirundinacea
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Columbiformes
Columba cayennensis
Leptotila verreauxi
approximans
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Columbina picui
strepitans
Columbina passerina
Scardafella squammata
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Columbina minuta
Columbina talpacoti
talpacoti
Columba picazuro
marginalis
Psittacimormes
Aratinga auricapilla
auricapilla
Amazona amazonica
amazonica
Cuculiformes
Guira guira
Crotophaga ani
Capa
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Sair PÁGINA
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Strigiformes
Speotyto cunicularia
grallaria
Glaucidium brasilianum
brasilianum
Aegolius harrsii
Capa
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Caprimulgiformes
Chordeiles pusillus
pusillus
Nyctidromus albicollis
albicollis
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Apodiformes
Heliactin bilophus
Chlorostilbon
aureoventris puucherani
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Chrysolampis mosquitus
Eupetomena macroura
simoni
Panyptila cayennensis
Capa
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Indice Sair
Sair PÁGINA
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Coraciiformes
Piciformes
Picumnus pygmaeus
distinctus
Campephilus
melanoleucos cearae
Capa
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Indice Sair
Sair PÁGINA
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Bucco maculatus
maculatus
Bucco maculatus
maculatus
Colaptes campestris
campestris
Capa
Capa Indice
Indice Sair
Sair PÁGINA
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Passeriformes
Porphyrospiza
caerulescens
Capa
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Indice Sair
Sair PÁGINA
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Machaeropterus regulus
regulus
Fluvicola leucocephala
Tachycineta albiventer
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Icterus jamacaii
Furnarius leucopus
assimilis
Notiochelidon cyanoleuca
cyanoleuca
Foto.: Gabriel Rocha
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Machetornis rixosus
Coryphospingus pileatus
pileatus
Hemitriccus
margaritaceiventer
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Thamnophilus palliatus
palliatus
Certhiaxis cinnamomea
cearensis
Troglodytes musculus
musculus
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Euphonia chlorotica
chlorotica
Cyclarhis gujanensis
cearensis
Ramphocaenus
melanurus
Todirostrum cinereum
cearae
Zonotrichia capensis
matutina
Tyrannus melancholicus
melancholicus
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Fluvicola nengeta
nengeta
Pachyramphus viridis
viridis
Cyanocorax cyanopogon
Synallaxis frontalis
frontalis
Cypsnagra hirundinacea
hirundinacea
Conirostrum bicolor
bicolor
Elaenia spectabilis
spectabilis
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Sporophila albogularis
Pachyramphus
polychopterus
polychopterus
Pyrocephalus rubinus
rubinus
Schistochlamys
ruficapillus capistratus
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Pseudoseisura cristata
Camptostoma obsoletum
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Sporophila bouvreuil
bouvreuil
Tachyphonus rufus
Coereba flaveola
chloropyga
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Polioptila plumbea
atricapilla
Cacicus haemorrhous
affin
Hylophilus
amaurocephalus
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Lepidocolaptes
angustirostris bahiae
Passer domesticus
domesticus
Foto.: Gabriel Rocha
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Molothrus bonariensis
bonariensis
Euphonia violacea
auranticollis
Megarhynchus pitangua
pitangua
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Ramphocelus bresilius
bresilius
Turdus leucomelas
albiventer
Phacellodomus rufifrons
rufifrons
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Polioptila plumbea
atricapilla
Agelaius ruficapillus
frontalis
Tolmomyias flaviventris
flaviventris
Thryothorus genibarbis
genibarbis
Capa
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Sporophila nigricollis
nigricollis
Elaenia flavogaster
flavogaster
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Thraupis palmarum
palmarum
Synallaxis scutatus
scutatus
Sporophila leucoptera
cinereola
Furnarius rufus
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Paroaria dominicana
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Pitangus sulphuratus
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OUTROS ANIMAIS
OTHER ANIMALS
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Herpailurus yagouarondi
Felis tigrina
Callithrix penicillata
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Cebus apella
Artibius jamaicensis
Artibius planirostris
Carollia p. perspicillata
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Glossophaga soricina
Lionycteris spurrelli
Noctilio leporinus
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Saccopteryx bilineata
Artibeus p. planirostris
Iguana iguana
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Boa constrictor
Bothrops leucurus
Caiman yacare
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Chironius flavolineatus
Crotalus durissus
Drymarchoron corais
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Echynanthera occiptolis
Eunectes murinus
Waglerophis merrim
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Geochelone carbonaria
Gymnodactylus g amaral
Phylloctylus mabuia
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Tupinambis teguxin
Caluromys philandes
CAPIVARA
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Chaetomys subspinosus
Coendou insidiosus
Dasyprocta sp
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Didelphis albiventris
Hidrochoerus
hidrochaeris
capivara Hydrochaeris
hydrochaeris
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Monodelphis americana
marsupial
Tayassu tajacu
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Sciurus aestuans
Silvilagus brasiliensis
Nassua nassua
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Tamandua tetradactyla
Dasypus novemcinctus
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Referência Bibliográfica
Reading List
Belton, W. (1982). Aves silvestres do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre. Fundação Zoobotänica
do Rio Grande do Sul
Belton, W. (2000). Aves do Rio Grande do Sul: distribuição e biologia. Editora Unissinos.
Catela, C. (1976). Morte na praia. Revista Veja, N. 28.
GRANTSAU, Rolf. LIMA, Pedro Cerqueira; SANTOS, Sidnei Sampaio dos; LIMA,
Rita de Cássia Ferreira da Rocha (2002). Charadrius crassirostris Spix,
1825 é ma subespécie de Charadrius wilsonia com o nome válido. In: X
CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE ORNITOLOGIA (X CBO) E VIII
ENCONTRO NACIONAL DE ANILHADORES DE AVES (VIII ENAVE),
2002, Fortaleza. Resumos do X Congresso Brasileiro de Ornitologia.
Fortaleza, Ceará: p. 170-171.
Hays, H. and P. C. Lima (1997). Distribution of Roseate Terns along the coast of Brazil.
In:
Proceedings 7th Roseat Tern Workshop, 26-27 April, Horta, Azores, Portugal,
page 21.
HAYS, Helen; NEVES, Verónica; LIMA, Pedro Cerqueira (2002). Bandes Roseate
Terns from different continents trapped in the Azores. Journal of Field
Ornithology, USA, v. 73, n. 2, p. 180-184,
HAYS, Helen; CORMONS, Thomas; LIMA, Pedro Cerqueira; BREMER, Ricardo;
CORMONS, Grace (2003). Following radio-tagged terns off Brazil and
Argentina. In: XXVII ANNUAL MEETING OF THE WATERBIRD
SOCIETY, 2003, Cuiabá. Abstracts XXVII Annual Meeting of the Waterbird
Society. Cuiabá, MT: p. 49.
HAYS, Helen; LIMA, Pedro Cerqueira (1997). Distribution of Roseate Terns along
the coast of Bahia. In: VII ROSEATE TERN WORKSHOP, Horta.
Proceedings. Horta, Açores, Portugal: p. 21.
LIMA, Pedro Cerqueira; SANTOS, Sidnei Sampaio dos; LIMA, Rita de Cássia Ferreira
da Rocha; SAMPAIO, Cláudio Luis Santos; CASTRO, Jaelson de Oliveira;
FONSECA NETO, Francisco Pedro da (1996). Monitoramento das aves
pelágicas do litoral norte da Bahia e primeira ocorrência reprodutiva de
Charadrius wilsonia e Haematopus palliatus na Bahia. In: V CONGRESSO
BRASILEIRO DE ORNITOLOGIA, Campinas. Resumos do V Congresso
Brasileiro de Ornitologia. Campinas, São Paulo: p. 56.
LIMA, Pedro Cerqueira (1996). Uma longa viagem para morrer na praia. Ciência
Hoje, Rio de Janeiro, RJ. v. 20, n. 120, p. 58-61.
LIMA, Pedro Cerqueira; SANTOS, Sidnei Sampaio dos; LIMA, Rita de Cássia
Ferreira da Rocha; MEDEIROS, Celso G; BARRETO, Cid (1997). Reprodução
de Bubulcus ibis (Linnaeus, 1758) e Nycticorax nycticorax (Linaeus, 1758)
numa região de caatinga e registro de alguns endemismos. In:
VI CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE ORNITOLOGIA, Belo Horizonte. Resumos do
VI Congresso
LIMA, Pedro Cerqueira; SANTOS, Sidnei Sampaio dos (1997). A introdução de
ninhadas complementares em ninhos de Falco sparverius. In: VI
CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE ORNITOLOGIA, Belo Horizonte. Resumos do VI
Congresso Brasileiro de Ornitologia. Minas Gerais: p. 76.
LIMA, Pedro Cerqueira; SANTOS, Sidnei Sampaio dos; LIMA, Rita de Cássia
Ferreira da Rocha; MEDEIROS, Celso G; BARRETO, Cid; ALMEIDA, João
M. (1998). Manejo reprodutivo de Bubulcus ibis (Linnaeus, 1758) em
colônia de reprodução. In: VII CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE ORNITOLOGIA,
Rio de Janeiro. Resumos do VII Congresso Brasileiro de Ornitologia. RJ:
p.100.
LIMA, Pedro Cerqueira; SANTOS, Sidnei Sampaio dos (1998). Cetas: uma
ferramenta para o combate ao tráfico de animais. A Tarde - Rural, Salvador,
Bahia. p. 4-5, 21 dez.
LIMA, Pedro Cerqueira (1999). Fauna preservation program at Cetrel S.A and
Camaçari green belt. In:INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON
MANAGEMENT AND OPERATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL
SYSTEMS IN THE CHEMICAL AND PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY.
Salvador. Pre-prints: International ymposium on management and operation
of environmental control systems in the chemical and petrochemical
industry. Salvador, Bahia: 1998. p. 312-323.
LIMA, Pedro Cerqueira; SANTOS, Sidnei Sampaio dos (1999). Cetas: Uma
ferramenta no combate ao tráfico de animais. Atualidades ornitológicas,
Ivaiporã, Paraná. n. 91, p. 6-7.
LIMA, Pedro Cerqueira; SANTOS, Sidnei Sampaio dos (1999). Illegal traffic in
Brazil´s Wildlife. Psitta Scene, United kingdom., v. 11, n. 4, p. 8-9.
LIMA, Pedro Cerqueira; SANTOS, Sidnei Sampaio dos; LIMA, Rita de Cássia
Ferreira da Rocha (1999). As aves migratórias do Litoral Norte da Bahia. A
Tarde - Rural, Salvador, Bahia. p. 4-5, 10 maio
LIMA, Pedro Cerqueira; SANTOS, Sidnei Sampaio dos; LIMA, Rita de Cássia
Ferreira da Rocha (1999). Aves raras e espécies ameaçadas de extinção no
litoral norte da Bahia (E a redescoberta do Nyctibius leucopterus, Wied
1821, após 177 anos). A Tarde - Rural, Salvador, Bahia. p. 4-5, 31 maio.
LIMA, Pedro Cerqueira; SANTOS, Sidnei Sampaio dos; LIMA, Rita de Cássia
Ferreira da Rocha (1999). Os pássaros dançarinos da Bahia. A Tarde - Rural,
Salvador, Bahia. p. 4-5, 25 out.
LIMA, Pedro Cerqueira; SANTOS, Sidnei Sampaio dos; LIMA, Rita de Cássia
Ferreira da Rocha (1999). Os periquitos da Bahia. A Tarde - Rural, Salvador,
Bahia, p. 4-5, 13 dez.
LIMA, Pedro Cerqueira; SANTOS, Sidnei Sampaio dos; LIMA, Rita de Cássia
Ferreira da Rocha (2000). As andorinhas e o fenômeno da migração. A
Tarde - Rural, Salvador, Bahia. p. 4-5, 25 dez.
LIMA, Pedro Cerqueira; SANTOS, Sidnei Sampaio dos; LIMA, Rita de Cássia
Ferreira da Rocha (2000). Os urubus. A Tarde - Rural, Salvador, Bahia. p. 4-5,
07 fev.
LIMA, Pedro Cerqueira; SANTOS, Sidnei Sampaio dos (2001). A Bahia possui 18
espécies catalogadas de pica-paus. A Tarde - Rural, Salvador, Bahia. p. 4-5,
26 fev.
LIMA, Pedro Cerqueira; HAYS, Helen; LIMA, Rita de Cássia Ferreira da Rocha;
SANTOS, Sidnei Sampaio (2001). As gaivotas-róseas da Bahia. A Tarde
- Rural, Salvador, Bahia. p. 4-5, 08 out.
LIMA, Pedro Cerqueira; HAYS, Helen; LIMA, Rita de Cássia Ferreira da Rocha;
SANTOS, Sidnei Sampaio (2001). Recuperação de Sterna dougallii,
anilhadas nos Estados Unidos e Europa. In: IX CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO
DE ORNITOLOGIA, Curitiba. Curitiba, Paraná: p. 257-258.
LIMA, Pedro Cerqueira; HAYS, Helen; LIMA, Rita de Cássia Ferreira da Rocha;
SANTOS, Sidnei Sampaio (2001). Recuperação de Sterna hirundo,
procedentes dos Estados Unidos e Europa. In: IX CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO
DE ORNITOLOGIA, Curitiba. Curitiba, Paraná: p. 256-
257.
LIMA, Pedro Cerqueira; SANTOS, Sidnei Sampaio dos; LIMA, Rita de Cássia
Ferreira da Rocha; ROCHA NETO, Aloísio Ferreira da; LIMA JUNIOR, Péricles
Alves de (2001). Registro de grandes populações de andorinhas na Bahia.
In: IX
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LIMA, Pedro Cerqueira; SANTOS, Sidnei Sampaio dos; LIMA, Rita de Cássia
Ferreira da Rocha (2001). Uso de anilhas de metal em aves silvestres
brasileiras, uma pequena contribuição. In: IX CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE
ORNITOLOGIA, 2001, Curitiba. Curitiba, Paraná: p. 260-261.
LIMA, Pedro Cerqueira; SANTOS, Sidnei Sampaio dos; RIBAMAR, José; FARIA,
Otávio Nolasco de (2002). O tráfico de animais na Bahia. A Tarde - Rural,
Salvador, Bahia: p. 4-5, 26 ago.
LIMA, Pedro Cerqueira; SANTOS, Sidnei Sampaio dos (2004). Ensaio fotográfico
sobre o comportamento reprodutivo do Perna-longa Himantopus
himantopus mexicanus (Muller, 1776). Atualidades ornitológicas, Ivaiporã,
Paraná. v. 120, p. 3.
LIMA, Pedro Cerqueira; GRANTSAU, Rolf; LIMA, Rita de Cássia Ferreira da
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LIMA, Pedro Cerqueira; LIMA, Rita de Cássia Ferreira da Rocha; HAYS, Helen;
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ornitológicas, Ivaiporã, Paraná. v. 122, p. 4.
LIMA, Pedro Cerqueira; HAYS, Helen; LIMA, Rita de Cássia Ferreira da Rocha;
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FREITAS, Daniela (2005). Reprodução de Todirostrum cinereum em área de
cerrado no Leste da Bahia, Brasil. Atualidades ornitológicas, v. 124, p. 3.
LIMA, Pedro Cerqueira & R. Grantsau (2005). Primeiro registro para o Brasil do
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LIMA, Pedro Cerqueira; SANTOS, Sidnei Sampaio dos; LIMA, Rita de Cássia
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