Lighting design

Different lighting technologies will be studied in order to apply the most appropriate one for each part of the station. The main objective is finding a balance among the implementation costs (lamp post price), the operating costs (better luminous efficacy, lumen/W) and the required safety standards (quick restarts when electric system failures). Usually luminance is directly retiled to each area and the kind of activities that are taking place. Below we state a proposal of average levels to fulfill according to each area:

Rooms Platforms Technical cabins Lobby Corridor stairs escalators toilet Fire exits Changing room Cleaning room Private room Waiting room Store Ventilation area Septic tank Pit Tunnel

Illuminance 300 lux 300 lux 200 lux 200 lux 200 lux 250 lux 150 lux 150 lux 150 lux 150 lux 150 lux 150 lux 75 lux 50 lux 50 lux 50 lux 50 lux

There could be specific situations for example communication pits between the lobby and the platform, which because of their deepness and/or height need a different light-emitting process in order to give the user a feeling of safety and avoid having a claustrophobic sensation.

Fire and life safety

Fire extinguishing system.

Each of the stations will be designed with an own fire extinguishing system. It consists on an addressable fire detection system and its particular devices (sirens, push buttons, optical sensors, thermal sensors, E/S modules, fire detections systems, etc). In order to be able to execute a centralized management of all the stations switchboards which will be connected to a redundant optical fiber net. The fire extinguishing system will be designed for each specific station, so that the integration of the needs of other installation is allowed (escalators, lifts, economy fare limits, PA system, etc)

Fire protection system.

The stations will be provided with a fire protection system, which are appropriate to each different risk associated to the diriment rooms in each station. Those protections could be: Mist water system to protect specific stations rooms and escalators. Mobile dry powder fire-extinguishers system ABC class (and CO2 fire -extinguishers in areas where there is a risk of electrical based fire), embedded into a host wall and inside standardized cabins either in public areas or in the relevant technical room. Manual extinguishing system through implement in every station a dry riser, including main pipes in the landing valves outside the station, lobbies, pits, platform edges and fire exits

Access Control System. We will evaluate the possibility of providing all the stations with an access control system to critical areas: communications room, technical cabins, inner and outward emergency doors and access doors to the station. We will also consider including access doors automation, through the implementation with the control access system, together with the control of other fixed systems.

Electrical and Mechanical (including services in the tunnels)

We will design an electrical architecture following the same criteria for all the stations of the Red Line, with the integration of the concepts mentioned next:

Double electrical supply in medium voltage. Each transformer will be supplied by a ring of medium voltage, all of them coming from different electrical substations if possible. Double electrical supply in low voltage: including a commutation in low tension that allows the system getting electric energy from one of the two transformers available, each of the designed to withstand the 100% of the load of the station. Three-phase supply for 400V and 230V. Safety supply through UPS (uninterruptible power source). Possibility of using diesel generator for safety systems.

Also when designing the electrical architecture, this one will be conceived with the objective of having one more safety point in all the group, in a way that any electrical inconvenience will be isolated and will not be able to run upwards affecting other circuits. The measures taken are:

High safety circuits with High Safety Cables (HS and +HS) Independent Magneto thermal protection and residual -current device for each line Design of protections in order to get a complete selectivity before circuits and residual-current devices.

Elevators, Escalators and Platform Edge Screens and Doors

Elevators and escalators will be dimensioned with the main objective of obtaining an easy station access linking the street and the platforms. They will have all the necessary issues for their remote operation from the Stationmasters booth and form the main place of remote control fixed system to the rest of the station as well as from the Control Position of the subway line. In every station the possibility of standardizing, for instance 1000kg load capacity in all the stations that means with a capacity for 13 people. In the elevators with outdoors access counting on the corresponding aedicule and in the inner route, when possible we will consider the lifts areas as glazed, to avoid a claustrophobic feeling. All these electromechanical devices will have their own technical room which will include the entire maneuver and power circuits and the programmable automat and the variable-frequency drive so that they are all easily accessible. The platform edge screens and doors are becoming more and more implemented in undergrounds, mainly with the automatic driving and the fulfill a double use: on one hand they give a higher safety standard and on the other hand they help to improve the HVAC for the whole station as it remains independent from the tunnel.

HVAC and Tunnel Ventilation

Due to its importance for the fact of being a safety system and because of clearly determining the different areas in the station, the main objectives that should be followed in order to guarantee appropriate ventilation in the station are as follows: To guarantee the minimums of air renewal inside the tunnel in order to avoid the polluted atmospheres, and at the same time extract the heat generated by the system allowing a comfortable environment while the tunnel maintenance. Additionally we will need an air supply system on the platforms to keep good environmental conditions (temperature, air cleanliness) appropriate in usual working conditions. These volume flows, together with an induced draught though out the access, will be taken to the outside part. If there was a fire we propose allowing the peoples evacuation in the appropriate environmental conditions, creating and over pressure in the access and evacuation routes, especially in the fire exits with an efficient extraction to the extractions pits.

Furthermore, there will be a ventilation study including all the different parts of the station in usual working conditions and in emergency situation together with the calculations of the station evacuation. A solution that guarantees the evacuation of the whole passengers if a fire, making the smoke way independent from the evacuation routes.

Structural and geotechnical

The dominantly sandy sequence overlying the Yafo Formation that forms the upper layer in Tel Aviv is known as the Kurkar Group of Pleistocene age, forming the Coastal Plain aquifer of Israel. The two terms Kurkar Group aquifer and Coastal Plain aquifer are synonymous. It consists of marine calcareous sandstones deposited in near-shore environments, indurated eolianites, sandy loam, fossil soils, swamp mud, and alluvial and colluvial deposits. Such layers are cemented by CaCO3 and are characterized by its sheet-like cross bedding, reinforced by partial cementation. Recent studies reveal that the Yafo Formation constitutes a potential risk factor for the fresh waters of the overlying Coastal Plain (Kurkar Group) aquifer. The saline waters could penetrate massively into the Kurkar Group aquifer as a result of excessive pumping of fresh waters to result in lowering of its water levels. One of the main activities to be developed in the project will be the geotechnical description of the surroundings of the stations. With that purpose a test drilling campaign as well as the necessary essays. In the mentioned campaign the hidrogeological analysis will be essential.Piezometers are to be executed as well as a continuous assessment in order to check any seasonal variations. Considering all the data obtained we propose using our own software DINS (Datos INtegrados del Subsuelo).This programme consists on the integration of the geotechnical data in a geographical base. The programme allows the introduction of all the data related to a geotechnical campaign, drilling tests, in situ essays and lab georeferenced essays., that is places on their real position on the earth surface (x, y, y) and n this way, be able to provide the density and aptitude of the exploration and working with the data to get dynamic and updated analysis. We must highlight that water is a main element in the stations design, and it will require a whole campaign and hidrogelogical study to show the seasonal barrier effect and the efforts that water could develop against the structures. It is also possible the effect of a chloride attack in concrete in front of the possibility of having the phenomenon observed in the area. The treatments derived from the hidrogeological conditionants change according to each specific problem. Talking about siphoning or breaking the bottom of the excavation in a baffled area ,there would be considered low-pressure injections (in the case of grained soil) or jet grouting (cohesive soils), while if there could be any loose of material because of the joints between baffles or honeycombs the solution would involve injections in the extrados or joints injections The complexity of the project, with several constrictive typologies, ends the urban layout surrounding in which it is placed makes unavoidable the application of auscultation systems. The project itself will define, among other aspects, the sort of devices needed, the limits allowed for each different issue, the criteria needed to define the frequencies of readings to be done and the methodology to follow regarding register, transmission and information process.

Another factor to consider will be the estimate of the movements or subsidence induced in the work site as well as evaluating the possible damages that could be made in the surroundings and according to these, establishing which actions are to be taken from the point of view of the design, the building process and the different ways of working with the soil so that they can low any possible affectation to admissible levels. To these geotechnical factors, we must add the ones originated by the seismic regulation and specially any indications provided either by the Administration or by the safety experts in order to certify its use as a shelter if needed. Due to the geology of the areas and the deepness of the stations, the execution proposal of stations and access using the cut-and-cover system seems excellent. In order to minimize the urban impact, the deadlines, and the affectation of the nearby constructions, different building methods will be studied. The alternatives would be, either descendent-ascendant method (throughout anchorages or provisional cross beams)or the descendant method throughout building cross beams and/or definite slabs.