UNIVERSITY OF PORTSMOUTH SCHOOL OF EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES BGS367 Landslides Sl!"e S#a$ili#% Ge!#e&'ni&al Sl!

"e S#a$ili#% Anal%sis( R!&) Fall Ha*a+d Anal%sis

Ge!l!,i&al Ha*a+ds En,inee+in, Ge!l!,%

RocFall Sl!"e S#a$ili#% Anal%sis A typical rock fall landslide hazard analysis can be performed utilising the ROCFALL s!-#.a+e "+!,+a/. The analysis consists of the following steps: 1. Defining the slope. 2. Defining the slope materials. 3. Assigning the materials to the slope segments. . Defining the rock starting locations !seeders". #. $omputing the analysis. %. &raphing the results. 'n addition( )arriers and Data $ollectors can be defined( as discussed in Tutorial 2. This *uick +tart Tutorial will take you through the basic steps 1 , % outlined abo-e( to perform a simple ROCFALL analysis. Pa+# 0( De-inin, T'e Sl!"e .hen the /0$1A22 program is started( a new blank document is already opened. This allows you to begin creating a model immediately. The initial -iew shown on your screen is known as the slope -iew. The user can create a new document at any time( by selecting the New option from the File menu or the toolbar. Li/i#s )efore defining the slope( set the limits of the drawing region( so that we can see the slope being created as we enter the geometry. Select: View Limits Enter the following minimum ( !"# $"% an& ma'imum (("# )% ' * coor&inates in the View Limits &ialog. +hese limits will a,,ro'imatel* center the slo,e in the &rawing region# when *ou enter it as &escri-e& -elow. De-ine Sl!"e To create the slope( select Define +lope from the +lope menu or the toolbar. Select: Slo,e .efine Slo,e Enter the following coor&inates in the ,rom,t line at the -ottom right of the screen. Enter /erte' 0enter1&one2: " " Enter /erte' 0enter1&one2: $.3 43!.! Enter /erte' 0enter1&one2: 5.6 43!.! Enter /erte' 0enter1&one2: 7.8 4!(.( Enter /erte' 0enter1&one2: 3$.( !) Enter /erte' 0enter1&one2: !3.$ 4!$.) Enter /erte' 0enter1&one2: ,ress Enter

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9ote that pressing the :nter key enters each coordinate pair. .hen the last -erte; has been entered( pressing the :nter key again adds the slope to screen. De-ine Sl!"e !"#i!n1 The slope can also be created graphically in /0$1A22( by simply clicking the left mouse button at the desired coordinates while using Define +lope. !The &rid and &rid +nap options are helpful for entering e;act coordinates graphically." Reset the slo,e /iew -* selecting 9oom All from the tool-ar (or *ou can ,ress the F! function :e* to 9oom All%. Pa+# 2( De-inin, Ma#e+ials To define the slope material properties( select <aterial :ditor from the toolbar or the +lope menu. Select: Slo,e ;aterial E&itor 'n the <aterial :ditor dialog( you will notice that a number of default materials ha-e been pre= defined for your con-enience. >owe-er( for this tutorial( we will define three new materials( as described below. 3. Select the A&& -utton in the ;aterial E&itor &ialog# an& notice that <New ;aterial= a,,ears in the E'isting ;aterials list. !. Change the name of this new material to +*,e One# an& enter the ,ro,erties gi/en -elow: Na/e Rn C!e--i&ien# !N!+/al Res#i#3#i!n 4/ean 5 sd6 718 5 7173 717 5 7173 719 5 7173 R# C!e--i&ien# !Tan,en#ial Res#i#3#i!n 4/ean 5 sd6 718 5 7173 718 5 7173 719 5 7173 P'i F+i&#i!n An,le 4/ean 5 sd6 37 5 7 37 5 7 37 5 7 Sl!"e R!3,'ness 4sd6 7 7 7 C!l!3+

T%"e One T%"e T.! T%"e T'+ee

Bla&) G+een Pin)

$. Re,eat ste,s 3 an& ! to &efine two more new materials name& +*,e +wo an& +*,e +hree. See +a-le a-o/e for ,ro,erties. (. >hen *ou are finishe& entering all of the ,ro,erties# select the .one -utton in the ;aterial E&itor &ialog. ?ou are now rea&* to assign the material ,ro,erties to the slo,e. 90T:: ? +tandard de-iations are 90T mandatory. 'f you would like a property specified @e;actlyA by itBs mean -alue( then simply enter a standard de-iation of 7.7 !zero" for that property. ? +lope colours ha-e no bearing on the analysis. They are simply used for identification purposes. Pa+# 3( Assi,nin, Ma#e+ials <aterial properties are assigned to the slope segments with the +lope :ditor dialog( a-ailable in the +lope menu. Cou can also in-oke the +lope :ditor dialog by doubleclicking on a slope -erte;. !<aterials can also be assigned graphically with the mouse". Select: Slo,e Slo,e E&itor 2etBs assign our newly defined materials !Type 0ne( Type Two and Type Three" as follows:

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1. @n the Slo,e E&itor &ialog# &ou-le clic: the mouse in the SECON. row of the ;aterial column# an& select +*,e One from the &ro, &own list of a/aila-le materials. +his will assign the material +*,e One to the SEA;EN+ -etween /ertices 3 an& !. !. .ou-le clic: the mouse in the +B@R. row of the ;aterial column# an& select +*,e +wo. +his will assign the material +*,e +wo to the SEA;EN+ -etween /ertices ! an& $. $. Crocee& in this manner# until the materials are assigne& as shown in the ta-le -elow. Clic: OD when &one. Ve+#e: 0 2 3 > 9 6 ; 4/6 71777 31077 61777 ?1877 031>77 201377 S# de< 717 717 717 717 717 717 Y 4/6 71777 =021277 =021277 =2>1>77 =29177 =231977 S#d de< 717 717 717 717 717 717 Ma#e+ial T%"e One T%"e T.! T%"e One T%"e T'+ee T%"e T'+ee

G+a"'i&al Me#'!d !- Assi,n/en# Although we illustrated the slope material assignment using the +lope :ditor dialog( material assignment can also be done graphically with the mouse( using The @AssignA toolbar button !the @paintbrushA button" in the toolbar( in conDunction with the pull=down list of material names. 'n most cases you will find it easier to graphically assign materials( rather than use the +lope :ditor dialog. To assign materials graphically( simply: 3. Select the Assign tool-ar -utton. !. Select a material from the list in the tool-ar. $. Select slo,e segments with the left mouse -utton. (;ulti,le segments can -e selecte& with a selection win&ow. Clic: AN. BOL. the left mouse -utton an& &rag to create a win&ow%. (. >hen finishe&# ,ress the Enter :e* or right clic: the mouse an& select .one. Tip: 'f you right=click the mouse on a slope segment and select Assign <aterial( this will display the +lope :ditor dialog( with the current material for the clicked=on segment already highlighted. Ese the +lope :ditor dialog as described pre-iously( to assign a different material. Da#a Ti"s @Data tipsA( which appear when you place the cursor for a few moments o-er entities of the model( are a useful feature of /0$1A22. 1or e;ample( if you place the cursor o-er a segment of the slope( the material properties of the slope segment will be displayed. 'f you place the cursor directly o-er a -erte; of the slope( the data tip will display the ;=y coordinates of the -erte; !and the standard de-iations used( if any". Data tips allow you to Fuickly check on model properties onscreen while -iewing the model( without ha-ing to return to the data input dialogs( etc. Data tips are a-ailable for all /0$1A22 model entities( also including seeders( barriers and data collectors. Pa+# >( De-inin, R!&) Seede+s The final mandatory step to complete a /0$1A22 model is to define the initial conditions for the rocks !location( mass and -elocity". /ock starting locations can be defined as either: ? G0'9T+ !Add Goint +eeder option" or ? 2'9:+ !Add 2ine +eeder option". 1or this tutorial( we will simply add a single point seeder !ie. All rocks will originate from one location".

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Select A&& Coint See&er from the tool-ar or the Roc:s menu. Select: Roc:s A&& Coint See&er 3. Right clic: the mouse an& select Verte' Sna, from the ,o,u, menu. !. ;o/e the cursor near the first slo,e /erte' (ie. +he /erte' at "# "%. >hen the cursor is close to the /erte'# it will <sna,= to the e'act location of the /erte' (since we turne& Verte' Sna, on in ste, 3%. $. >hen the cursor (-lue cross% is sna,,e& to the /erte'# clic: the left mouse -utton# an& the .efine @nitial Con&itions &ialog will a,,ear. Enter a ;ean BoriEontal /elocit* 1 3.) an& a stan&ar& &e/iation 1 ".3). Lea/e all other ,arameters. Select OD when &one. 9ote that @data tipsA are also a-ailable for the rock seeder. >o-er the mouse o-er the point seeder at !7 ( 7" and you should see the initial conditions we Dust defined. Pa+# 9( C!/"3#e R!&)-all T+a@e&#!+ies To run the /0$1A22 analysis( select the $ompute option from the /ocks menu or the toolbar. Select: Roc:s Com,ute The calculation should only take a few seconds or less. /emember that by default( /0$1A22 uses /andom number generation during the analysis( and therefore results will be different each time the analysis is run. /eproducible results can be obtained by using the Gseudo=/andom option( as discussed later in this tutorial. 1or this analysis( the default number of #7 rocks was used. This simulation parameter is found in the GroDect +ettings dialog( and will be discussed later in this tutorial. Pa+# 6( G+a"'in, #'e Res3l#s The horizontal location of endpoints is one of the most common and easily understood results from a /0$1A22 analysis. Select: Ara,h En&,oints )y default( when a graph is first generated in /0$1A22( it is presented in a +plit Hiew format( with the slope shown in the lower half of the screen as a -isual reference. !90T: that the slope is -ertically compressed in this -iew( ie. the I and C a;es are not to the same scale". The +plit Hiew mode can be toggled on or off at any time( by selecting the +plit Hiew option from the toolbar or the &raph menu. The graph is now ma;imized in the -iew. Select: Ara,h S,lit View C'a+# P+!"e+#ies /ight=click on the graph and select $hart Groperties. The $hart Groperties dialog allows the user to customize the -ertical and 3 or horizontal ranges( as well as a;is and graph titles. This is left as an optional e;ercise. S#a#is#i&s /ight=click on the graph and select +tatistics. A dialog displaying graph statistics will be displayed. +croll down to -iew the information in the +tatistics dialog. 9otice the $opy button in the +tatistics dialog. +electing this button allows you to copy the information in the +tatistics dialog( to the .indows clipboard. 1rom the clipboard( it can be pasted into word processing or spreadsheet programs( for further analysis( or report writing.
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C!"% Ra. Da#a 'n the :dit menu( you will notice a $opy /aw Data option. This allows the user to copy the raw data used to generate graphs( to the .indows clipboard. 1rom the clipboard( the raw data can be pasted into word processing or spreadsheet programs( for further analysis( or report writing. This allows you( for e;ample( to perform @customA analyses that are not a-ailable with /0$1A22. 1or instance you could copy the @rawA data associated with the rock endpoints into your spreadsheet( sort the data and fit an unusual probability distribution to the data. En<el!"e G+a"'s Jinetic :nergy !Total( Translational( and /otational"( Helocity and )ounce >eight en-elopes can also be generated for /0$1A22 analyses. Select: Ara,h Ara,h En/elo,e The &raph :n-elope dialog appears. 't has a drop down list of the -arious en-elopes that can be plotted. +elect Total Jinetic :nergy from the list and click on the $reate &raph button to -iew the results. N!#e( :ach graph is initially generated with the +plit Hiew option toggled 09. This can be toggled 09 or 011 at any time( as described earlier for the :ndpoints graph. .hen the Jinetic :nergy( Helocity or )ounce >eight graphs are initially generated( a new -iew is created for each graph. 0nly one -iew of each graph type can e;ist. 'f these graph types are re=selected A1T:/ a graph has been created( the acti-e -iew will simply re-ert to the selected graph. A new -iew will 90T be generated in this case. Dis#+i$3#i!n G+a"'s Jinetic :nergy !Total( Translational( and /otational"( Helocity and )ounce >eight distribution graphs can be generated. The distribution graphs show the distribution of results at I locations !horizontal locations" along the slope. Select: Ara,h Ara,h .istri-ution The &raph Distribution dialog( with a drop down list of distribution graphs( will appear. Select +otal Dinetic Energ* from the &ro,&own list an& select Create Ara,h. 9ote the following properties of the distribution graph: A thick -ertical line on the slope marks the I location of the data sampling. To sample data at other locations( simply click the left mouse button anywhere on the slope. The -ertical line will indicate the selected position( and the graph will immediately be updated. 'f you click A9D >02D the left mouse button on the slope( you can drag the -ertical line marker along the slope( and the graph will be updated as the line is mo-ed. The sampling location can also be mo-ed with the left3right arrow keys( or the mouse wheel !if your mouse has a mouse wheel". Ad@3s#in, #'e Sa/"lin, L!&a#i!ns The I locations of the data sampling are determined by the horizontal e;tent of the slope di-ided by the 9umber of +ampling 'nter-als in the GroDect +ettings dialog. 'n general( these I locations will not be round numbers. To obtain round numbers for the I locations of the data sampling on the distribution graphs( you can:

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? AdDust the 9umber of +ampling 'nter-als in the GroDect +ettings dialog( and 3 or ? <odify the total I e;tent of the slope !eg. e;tend or shorten the first or last segment so that the total horizontal e;tent of the slope is a round number." :IA<G2:: if the total I e;tent of the slope is #7 meters( and the 9umber of +ampling 'nter-als is 177( this will pro-ide sampling at 7.# meter inter-als along the slope". Distributions at e;act I locations can also be obtained by defining Data $ollectors at the desired locations( and graphing the results for the collector!s". Tilin, #'e Vie.s 'f you wish( you can now tile the -iews. Select: >in&ow +ile Verticall* Re=+3nnin, #'e Anal%sis Cou can re=run the analysis by re=selecting the $ompute option as many times as desired. Select: Roc:s Com,ute All -iews and graphs will be updated with the cumulati-e results of all rocks thrown. 9ote that the total number of rocks thrown is displayed in the status bar. !1or e;ample( if you selected $ompute fi-e more times( the status bar would indicate 377 rocks thrown". Clea+in, #'e R!&) Pa#'s To start a new /0$1A22 analysis with a clean slate( select the $lear /ock Gaths option from the toolbar or the /ocks menu. Select: Roc:s Clear Roc: Caths This will erase all e;isting rock paths on the slope( and erase all pre-iously collected data. Any graph -iews that may ha-e been open will indicate @9o Data A-ailableA. 9ote that /0$1A22 automatically clears the rock paths any time that changes are made to the model( which would in-alidate the currently displayed results. 1or e;ample( if a new material is assigned to a slope segment( /0$1A22 will automatically reset the rock paths. P+!@e&# Se##in,s 1or this *uick +tart tutorial( we ha-e so far used the default simulation parameters. 2etBs now change some of the simulation parameters in the GroDect +ettings dialog( and re=run the analysis. Select: Roc:s CroFect Settings Change the Num-er of Roc:s to +hrow to )""# an& change the Num-er of Sam,ling @nter/als to 3"". Select OD. Re run the anal*sis again (select Com,ute%# an& ,lot gra,hs as -efore. 9ote the speed of the analysis !#77 rocks should still only take a few seconds to compute". 't is important to note that the 9umber of +ampling 'nter-als is used during the /0$1A22 calculations( and determines the freFuency of data collection along the rock paths( and also affects the speed of the analysis. Any time the 9umber of +ampling 'nter-als is changed( a new /0$1A22 analysis must be performed !pre-ious results will automatically be erased".

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Pse3d!=Rand!/ Si/3la#i!n )y default( /0$1A22 uses true /andom number generation to sample the input data distributions you ha-e defined for material properties etc. This means that each time $ompute is selected( the analysis results will be different( and different rock paths will be generated. This is because a different @seedA number is used each time the random number generator is called. >owe-er( there may be times when you wish to generate reproducible results for a /0$1A22 analysis. The Gseudo=/andom option in the GroDect +ettings dialog allows this. Gseudo=/andom simulation means that the +A<: KseedK number is always used to generate random numbers for the sampling of the input data distributions. This results in identical sampling of the input data distributions( each time the analysis is run !with the same input parameters". This can be useful for demonstration purposes( the discussion of e;ample problems( etc. To demonstrate Gseudo=/andom sampling: Select: Roc:s CroFect Settings Select the Cseu&o Ran&om o,tion an& select OD. Now select Com,ute se/eral times. 9otice that the rock paths D0 90T $>A9&: when $ompute is selected( because the input data sampling is now Gseudo=/andom instead of /andom. 1inally( notice that in the GroDect +ettings dialog( a userspecified seed number can be entered for the Gseudo= /andom option. $hanging the seed number will gi-e different analysis results. >owe-er( for a gi-en seed number( results will always be the same !ie. Gseudo= /andom". E:"!+#in, I/a,es 'n /0$1A22( -arious options are a-ailable for e;porting image files. The :;port 'mage 1ile option in the 1ile menu or the right=click menu( allows the user to sa-e the current -iew directly to one of four image file formats. The current -iew can also be copied to the .indows clipboard using the $opy option in the toolbar or the :dit menu. In-! Vie.e+ The 'nfo Hiewer option in the 1ile menu and the toolbar( displays a summary of all /0$1A22 model parameters in its own -iew. This includes: ? +lope geometry ? +lope materials ? +eeder properties ? +imulation parameters ? )arrier and collector properties Select: File @nfo Viewer The 'nfo Hiewer information can be copied to the clipboard using the $opy option in the toolbar or the :dit menu( or by right=clicking in the -iew and selecting $opy to $lipboard. The 'nfo Hiewer information can also be sent directly to your printer using the Grint option in the 1ile menu. 90T: that analysis results are 90T recorded in the 'nfo Hiewer. >owe-er( as discussed earlier in this tutorial: ? &raph results can be copied to the clipboard with the $opy /aw Data option in the :dit menu. ? &raph statistics are a-ailable with the +tatistics option in the &raph menu. Sa<in, ROCFALL M!dels )efore concluding this *uick +tart Tutorial( we will sa-e our /0$1A22 model. Select: File Sa/e DG&3<L. !Hersion 3( 2778"
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