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i
CONTENTS
Forward ........................................................................... i
Introduction ...................................................................... 1
Chlorine, Chlorine Chemicals, and Chlorides ............................ 2
Chlorine Gas
Chlorine Chemicals
Chlorides
Bromine, Iodine, and Fluorine ............................................... 4
Resistance to Waters ........................................................... 5
Fresh Water – Steam
Seawater
General Corrosion
Erosion
Stress Corrosion Cracking
Corrosion Fatigue
Biofouling/MIC
Crevice Corrosion
Galvanic Corrosion
Acids ............................................................................... 8
Oxidizing Acids
Nitric Acid
Red Fuming Nitric Acid
Chromic Acid
Reducing Acids
Hydrochloric Acid
Sulfuric Acid
Phosphoric Acid
Hydrofluoric Acid
Sulfurous Acid
Other Inorganic Acids
Mixed Acids
A l k a l i n e M e d i a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
I n o r g a n i c S a l t S o l u t i o n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
O r g a n i c C h e m i c a l s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
O r g a n i c A c i d s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
O x y g e n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
H y d r o g e n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
S u l f u r D i o x i d e a n d H y d r o g e n S u l f i d e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
N i t r o g e n a n d A m m o n i a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
L i q u i d M e t a l s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
A n o d i z i n g a n d O x i d a t i o n T r e a t m e n t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
T y p e s o f C o r r o s i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
General Corrosion
Crevice Corrosion
Stress Corrosion Cracking
Anodic Breakdown Pitting
Hydrogen Embrittlement
Galvanic Corrosion
R e f e r e n c e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
A p p e n d i x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
INTRODUCTION
Many titanium alloys have been Titanium offers outstanding resistance Titanium and its alloys provide excellent
developed for aerospace applications to a wide variety of environments. resistance to general localized attack
where mechanical properties are the In general, TIMETAL Code 12 and under most oxidizing, neutral and
primary consideration. In industrial TIMETAL 50A .15Pd extend the inhibited reducing conditions. They also
applications, however, corrosion usefulness of unalloyed titanium to remain passive under mildly reducing
resistance is the most important property. more severe conditions. TIMETAL 6-4, conditions, although they may be
The commercially pure (c.p.) and alloy on the other hand, has somewhat less attacked by strongly reducing or
grades typically used in industrial service resistance than unalloyed titanium, but complexing media.
are listed in Table 1. Discussion of is still outstanding in many environments Titanium metal’s corrosion resistance is
corrosion resistance in this brochure will compared to other structural metals. due to a stable, protective, strongly
be limited to these alloys. Recently, ASTM incorporated a series of adherent oxide film. This film forms
In the following sections, the resistance new titanium grades containing 0.05% instantly when a fresh surface is
of titanium to specific environments is Pd. (See Table 1 below.) These new exposed to air or moisture. According to
discussed followed by an explanation of grades exhibit nearly identical corrosion Andreeva(1) the oxide film formed on
the types of corrosion that can affect resistance to the old 0.15% Pd grades, titanium at room temperature
titanium. The principles outlined and the yet offer considerable cost savings. TIMET immediately after a clean surface is
data given should be used with caution is pleased to offer these new titanium exposed to air is 12-16 Angstroms thick.
as a guide for the application of titanium. grades: 16 (TIMETAL 50A .05Pd), After 70 days it is about 50 Angstroms.
In many cases, data were obtained in the 17 (TIMETAL 35A .05Pd), and It continues to grow slowly reaching a
laboratory. Actual in-plant environments 18 (TIMETAL 3-2.5 .05Pd). thickness of 80-90 Angstroms in 545
often contain impurities which can exert Throughout this brochure, wherever days and 250 Angstroms in four years.
their own effects. Heat transfer information is given regarding Grade 7 The film growth is accelerated under
conditions or unanticipated deposited (TIMETAL 50A .15Pd), these new strongly oxidizing conditions, such as
residues can also alter results. Such grades may be substituted. As always, heating in air, anodic polarization in an
factors may require in-plant corrosion this information should only be used as electrolyte or exposure to oxidizing
tests. Corrosion coupons are available a guideline. TIMET technical agents such as HNO3, CrO3 etc.
from TIMET for laboratory or in-plant representatives should be consulted to The composition of this film varies from
testing programs. A tabulation of assure proper titanium material TiO2 at the surface to Ti2O3, to TiO at
available general corrosion data is given selection. Additional information the metal interface.(2) Oxidizing
in the Appendix. concerning these new grades may be conditions promote the formation of
obtained from TIMET. TiO2 so that in such environments the
film is primarily TiO2. This film is
transparent in its normal thin
configuration and not detectable by
visual means.
Ta bl e 1 A study of the corrosion resistance of
Titanium alloys commonly used in industry titanium is basically a study of the
properties of the oxide film. The oxide
TIMET film on titanium is very stable and is
Designation ASTM UNS Ultimate Tensile Yield Strength (min.) Nominal
TIMETAL Grade Designation Strength (min.) 0.2% Offset Composition
only attacked by a few substances, most
notably, hydrofluoric acid. Titanium is
35A 1 R50250 35,000 psi 25,000 psi C.P. Titanium*
capable of healing this film almost
50A 2 R50400 50,000 psi 40,000 psi C.P. Titanium*
instantly in any environment where a
65A 3 R50550 65,000 psi 55,000 psi C.P. Titanium*
trace of moisture or oxygen is present
75A 4 R50700 80,000 psi 70,000 psi C.P. Titanium*
6-4 5 R56400 130,000 psi 120,000 psi 6% AI, 4% V
because of its strong affinity for oxygen.
50A .15Pd 7 R52400 50,000 psi 40,000 psi Grade 2+0.15% Pd Anhydrous conditions in the absence of
3-2.5 9 R56320 90,000 psi 70,000 psi 3.0% AI, 2.5% V a source of oxygen should be avoided
35A .15Pd 11 R52250 35,000 psi 25,000 psi Grade 1+0.15% Pd since the protective film may not be
Code 12 12 R53400 70,000 psi 50,000 psi 0.3% Mo, 0.8% Ni
regenerated if damaged.
50A .05Pd 16 R52402 50,000 psi 40,000 psi Grade 2+0.05% Pd
35A .05Pd 17 R52252 35,000 psi 25,000 psi Grade 1+0.05% Pd
3-2.5 .05Pd 18 R56322 90,000 psi 70,000 psi Grade 9+0.05% Pd
1
CHLORINE, CHLORINE
CHEMICALS AND CHLORIDES
||{{
,,
zyy
{{
nature of moist chlorine passivates FIGURE 1
titanium resulting in low corrosion rates P R E L I M I N A R Y D ATA R E F L E C T I N G
in moist chlorine. P E R C E N T WAT E R C O N T E N T
N E C E S S A R Y T O PA S S I VAT E
Dry chlorine can cause rapid attack on U N A L L O Y E D T I TA N I U M I N
titanium and may even cause ignition if CHLORINE GAS
,,
zyy
moisture content is sufficiently low
220
(Table 2).(3) However, one percent of (104)
,,
zyy
|{{
180
(82)
T E M P E R AT U R E ° F ( ° C )
AREA OF
160 U N C E R TA I N T Y
(71)
POSITIVE
REACTION
140
Ta bl e 2 (60)
,,
zyy
|{{
NO
RESISTANCE OF TITANIUM TO CHLORINE 120
REACTION
(49)
*Welded Samples
2
The temperature-pH relationship defines
Table 3
crevice corrosion susceptibility for
TIMETAL 50A, TIMETAL Code 12, and resistance of unalloyed titanium to
TIMETAL 50A .15Pd in saturated corrosion by aerated Chloride solutions
sodium chloride brines (Figures 2, 3, (R EF. 17)
and 4). Corrosion in sharp crevices in Concentration Temperature Corrosion Rate
near neutral brine is possible with Chloride % °F (°C) mpy (mm/y)
unalloyed titanium at about 200°F Aluminum chloride 5-10 140 (60) 0.12 (0.003)
(93°C) and above (Figure 2). Lowering 10 212 (100) 0.09 (0.002)
the pH of the brine lowers the 10 302 (150) 1.3 (0.033)
temperature at which crevice corrosion 20 300 (149) 630 (16.0)
is likely, whereas raising the pH reduces 25 68 (20) 0.04 (0.001)
crevice corrosion susceptibility. However, 25 212 (100) 258 (6.55)
crevice corrosion on titanium is not 40 250 (121) 4300 (109.2)
likely to occur below 158°F (70°C). The Ammonium chloride All 68-212 (20-100) <0.5 (<0.013)
Barium chloride 5-25 212 (100) <0.01 (<0.000)
presence of high concentrations of
Calcium chloride 5 212 (100) 0.02 (0.001)
cations other than sodium such as Ca + 2
10 212 (100) 0.3 (0.008)
or Mg + 2, can also alter this relationship 20 212 (100) 0.6 (0.015)
and cause localized corrosion at lower 55 220 (104) 0.02 (0.001)
temperatures than those indicated in 60 300 (149) <0.01 (<0.000)
the diagrams. 62 310 (154) 2-16 (0.051-0.406)
TIMETAL Code 12 and TIMETAL 50A 73 350 (177) 84 (2.13)
Cupric chloride 1-20 212 (100) <0.5 (<0.013)
.15Pd offer considerably improved
40 Boiling 0.2 (0.005)
resistance to crevice corrosion compared
Cuprous chloride 50 194 (90) <0.1 (<0.003)
to unalloyed titanium (Figures 3 and 4). Ferric chloride 1-20 70 (21) Nil
These alloys have not shown any 1-40 Boiling <0.5 (<0.013)
indication of any kind of corrosion in 50 Boiling 0.16 (0.004)
laboratory tests in neutral saturated 50 302 (150) <0.7 (<0.018)
brines to temperatures in excess of 600°F Lithium chloride 50 300 (149) Nil
(316°C). TIMETAL Code 12 maintains Magnesium chloride 5 212 (100) 0.03 (0.001)
excellent resistance to crevice corrosion 20 212 (100) 0.4 (0.010)
down to pH values of about 3. Below pH 50 390 (199) 0.2 (0.005)
3, TIMETAL 50A .15Pd offers distinctly Manganous chloride 5-20 212 (100) Nil
Mercuric chloride 1 212 (100) 0.01 (0.000)
better resistance than TIMETAL Code 12.
5 212 (100) 0.42 (0.011)
TIMETAL Code 12 or TIMETAL 50A .15Pd
10 212 (100) 0.04 (0.001)
will resist crevice corrosion in boiling, 55 215 (102) Nil
low pH salt solutions which corrode Nickel chloride 5-20 212 (100) 0.14 (0.004)
TIMETAL 50A (Table 4). Potassium chloride Saturated 70 (21) Nil
Saturated 140 (60) <0.01 (<0.000)
Stannic chloride 5 212 (100) 0.12 (0.003)
Stannous chloride Saturated 70 (21) Nil
Sodium chloride 3 Boiling 0.01 (0.000)
20 165 (74) 0.01 (0.000)
29 230 (110) 0.01 (0.0003)
Saturated 70 (21) Nil
Saturated Boiling Nil
Zinc chloride 20 220 (104) Nil
50 302 (150) Nil
75 392 (200) 24 (0.610)
80 392 (200) 8000 (203.2)
3
BROMINE IODINE
AND FLUORINE
FIGURE 2
E F F E C T O F T E M P E R AT U R E a n d P H
The resistance of titanium to bromine on Crevice Corrosion of
and iodines is similar to its resistance to u n a l l o y e d T i ta n i u m ( T I M E T A L 5 0 A )
i n S at u r at e d N a C L B r i n e
chlorine. It is attacked by the dry gas
14
but is passivated by the presence of
,,,,
yyyy
yyyy
,,,,
moisture. Titanium is reported to be 12
IMMUNE
resistant to bromine water.(4)
10
Titanium is not recommended for use in
,,,,
yyyy
,,,,
yyyy
contact with fluorine gas. The possibility 8
of formation of hydrofluoric acid
pH
even in minute quantities can lead to 6
,,,,
yyyy
,,,,
yyyy
very high corrosion rates. Similarly,
4 CREVICE CORROSION
the presence of free fluorides in acid
aqueous environments can lead to 2
12
yyyy
,,,,
IMMUNE
10
,,,,
yyyy
8
pH
,,,,
yyyy
4
2
CREVICE CORROSION
0
100 200 300 400 500 600
(38) (93) (149) (204) (260) (316)
T E M P E R AT U R E ° F ( ° C )
FIGURE 4
E F F E C T O F T E M P E R AT U R E a n d PH
on Crevice Corrosion of
TIMETAL 50A .15PD
i n S at u r at e d N a C L B r i n e
14
yyyy
,,,,
12
IMMUNE
10
,,,,
yyyy
8
pH
,,,,
yyyy
4
CREVICE CORROSION
2
0
100 200 300 400 500 600
(38) (93) (149) (204) (260) (316)
T E M P E R AT U R E ° F ( ° C )
4
R E S I S TA N C E T O WAT E R S
5
Erosion
Titanium has the ability to resist erosion
by high velocity seawater (Table 6).
Velocities as high as 120 ft./sec. cause
only a minimal rise in erosion rate.(14) The
presence of abrasive particles, such as
sand, has only a small effect on the
corrosion resistance of titanium under
conditions that are extremely detrimental
to copper and aluminum base alloys
(Table 7). Titanium is considered
one of the best cavitation-resistant
materials available for seawater
service (15) (Table 8).
Ta bl e 7
erosion of unalloyed titan ium in seawater
containing suspended solids
( RE F. 1 5 )
Ta bl e 8
erosion of unalloyed titanium in seawater Loc ations
( RE F. 1 5 )
6
Stress Corrosion Microbiologically
Cracking Influenced Corrosion
TIMETAL 35A and TIMETAL 50A are Titanium, uniquely among the common
essentially immune to stress-corrosion engineering metals, appears to be
cracking (SCC) in seawater. This has immune to MIC. Laboratory studies
been confirmed many times as reviewed confirm that titanium is resistant to the
by Blackburn et al. (1973).(16) Other most aggressive aerobic and anaerobic
unalloyed titanium grades with oxygen organisms.(55) Also, there has never
levels greater than 0.2% may be been a reported case of MIC attack
susceptible to SCC under some on titanium.
conditions. Some titanium alloys may be Crevice Corrosion
susceptible to SCC in seawater if
highly-stressed, pre-existing cracks are Localized pitting or crevice corrosion is
present. TIMETAL 6-4 ELI (low oxygen a possibility on unalloyed titanium in
content) is considered one of the best of seawater at temperatures above 180°F
the high strength titanium-base alloys (82°C). TIMETAL Code 12 and
for seawater service.(17) TIMETAL 50A .15Pd offer resistance to
crevice corrosion in seawater at
Corrosion Fatigue temperatures as high as 500°F (260°C)
Titanium, unlike many other materials, and are discussed more thoroughly in
does not suffer a significant loss of the section on chlorides.
fatigue properties in seawater.(11,18,19) This Galvanic Corrosion
is illustrated by the data in Table 9.
Titanium is not subject to galvanic
Biofouling corrosion in seawater, however, it may
Titanium does not display any toxicity accelerate the corrosion of the other
toward marine organisms. Biofouling can member of the galvanic couple
occur on surfaces immersed in seawater. (see Galvanic Corrosion).
Cotton et al. (1957) reported extensive
biofouling on titanium after 800 hours
immersion in shallow seawater.(11) The
integrity of the corrosion resistant oxide
film, however, is fully maintained under
marine deposits and no pitting or crevice
corrosion has been observed.
It has been pointed out that marine
fouling of titanium heat exchanger
surfaces can be minimized by
maintaining water velocities in excess of
2 m/sec.(20) Chlorination is recommended
for protection of titanium heat
Table 9
exchanger surfaces from biofouling
where seawater velocities less than EFFECT OF SEAWATER ON
2 m/sec are anticipated. FATIGUE PROPERTIES OF TITANIUM
(R E F. 11, 19)
7
ACIDS
Oxidizing Acids
Titanium is highly resistant to oxidizing
acids over a wide range of
concentrations and temperatures.
Common acids in this category include
nitric, chromic, perchloric, and
hypochlorous (wet Cl2) acids. These
Ta bl e 1 0 oxidizing compounds assure oxide film
C OR ROS ION OF T ITAN IUM AN D S TAI NL E SS ST E E L stability. Low, but finite, corrosion rates
H EAT I N G S U R FAC E S E X PO S E D TO B OI L I NG from continued surface oxidation may
90% N I T RIC AC ID (2 1 5° F) be observed under high temperature,
( RE F. 2 3 ) highly oxidizing conditions.
Corrosion Rate – mpy (mm/y) Titanium has been extensively utilized
Metal Type 304L for handling and producing nitric acid (4,21)
Temperature °F (°C) TIMETAL 50A Stainless Steel in applications where stainless steels
240 (116) 1.1-6.6 (0.03-0.17) 150-518 (3.8-13.2) have exhibited significant uniform or
275 (135) 1.6-6.1 (0.04-0.15) 676-2900 (17.2-73.7) intergranular attack (Table 10). Titanium
310 (154) 1.0-2.3 (0.03-0.06) 722-2900 (18.3-73.7) offers excellent resistance over the full
concentration range at sub-boiling
temperatures. At higher temperatures,
Ta bl e 1 1 however, titanium’s corrosion resistance
is highly dependent on nitric acid purity.
effect of chromium on corrosion of In hot, very pure solutions or vapor
sta i n l es s s t e e l an d t itan ium in boi l i ng
condensates of nitric acid, significant
hno 3 ( 68% * )
general corrosion (and trickling acid
( RE F. 2 3 ) condensate attack) may occur in the 20
Corrosion Rate – mpy (mm/y) to 70 wt.% range as seen in Figure 5.
Percent Type 304L Under marginal high temperature
Chromium (Annealed) TIMETAL 50A
conditions, higher purity unalloyed
0.0 12-18 (0.30-0.46) 3.5-3.8 (0.09-0.10) grades of titanium (i.e., TIMETAL 35A)
0.0005 12-20 (0.30-0.51) — are preferred for curtailing accelerated
0.005 60-90 (1.5-2.3) 0.9-1.6 (0.022-0.041)
corrosion of weldments.
0.05 980-1600 (24.9-40.6) —
0.01 — 0.1-1.4 (0.003-0.036) On the other hand, various metallic
species such as Si, Cr, Fe, Ti or various
*Exposed for three 48-hr. periods, acid changed each period. precious metal ions (i.e., Pt, Ru) in very
minute amounts tend to inhibit high
temperature corrosion of titanium in nitric
Ta bl e 1 2
acid solutions (Table 11). Titanium often
effect of dis s olv e d t itan ium o n t h e exhibits superior performance to stainless
c or ros ion r at e of u n al lo y e d ti tani um i n steel alloys in high temperature metal-
boi l i ng n i tr ic ac id s olu t io n s contaminated nitric acid media, such as
( RE F. 2 2 ) those associated with the Purex Process
Titanium Ion Corrosion Rate – mpy (mm/y) for U3O8 recovery. Titanium’s own
Added (mg/l) 40% HNO3 68% HNO3 corrosion product Ti +4, is a very potent
0 29.5 (0.75) 31.8 (0.81) inhibitor as shown in Table 12. This is
10 — 0.8 (0.02) particularly useful in recirculating nitric
20 8.6 (0.22) 2.4 (0.06) acid process streams, such as stripper
40 1.9 (0.05) 0.4 (0.01) reboiler loops (Table 10), where effective
80 0.8 (0.02) 0.4 (0.01) inhibition results from achievement of
steady-state levels of dissolved Ti +4.
Duration of Test: 24 hours
8
FIGURE 5
R e s i s ta n c e o f T i ta n i u m t o P u r e N i t r i c a c i d
40
(1.02)
TIMETAL CODE 12
TIMETAL 50A
32
(0.81)
C O R R O S I O N R AT E – M P Y ( M M / Y )
24
(0.61)
16
(0.41)
8
(0.20)
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
B O I L I N G W T. % H N O 3
* Samples suspended in vapors above boiling 70% HNO3 Azeotrope. 144 hour exposure.
9
Red Fuming Nitric Acid
Although titanium in general has
excellent resistance to nitric acid over
FIGURE 6 a wide range of concentrations and
EFFECT OF Acid composition on the Pyrophoric temperatures, it should not be used with
R e a c t i o n w i t h U n a l l o y e d T i ta n i u m i n R e d F u m i n g red fuming nitric acid. A pyrophoric
yyyyyyyy
,,,,,,,,
Nitric Acid
reaction product can be produced
40
resulting in serious accidents. An
investigation of these accidents has
,,,,,,,,
yyyyyyyy
shown that the pyrophoric reaction is
always preceded by a rapid corrosive
POSITIVE REACTION
attack on the titanium.(24,25) This attack
,,,,,,,,
yyyyyyyy
is intergranular and results in a surface
residue of finely divided particles of
metallic titanium. These are highly
,,,,,,,,
yyyyyyyy
pyrophoric and are capable of detonating
30
in the presence of a strong oxidizing
agent such as fuming nitric acid.
,,,,,,,,
yyyyyyyy
A R E A O F U N C E R TA I N T Y
It has been established that the water
content of the solution must be less
than 1.34% and the NO2 content
,,,,,,,,
yyyyyyyy
greater than 6% for the pyrophoric
reaction to develop. This relationship is
shown in Figure 6.(24)
,,,,,,,,
yyyyyyyy
NO2 %
NO REACTION
Chromic Acid
20 The data on chromic acid is not as
,,,,,,,,
yyyyyyyy
extensive as that on nitric acid. However,
the corrosion resistance of titanium to
chromic acid appears to be very similar
,,,,,,,,
yyyyyyyy
to that observed in nitric acid. This is
shown by the data in Table 14 and by
service experience.
,,,,,,,,
yyyyyyyy
Reducing Acids
Titanium offers moderate resistance to
10 reducing acids such as hydrochloric,
sulfuric, and phosphoric. Corrosion
rates increase with increasing acid
concentration and temperature. The
TIMETAL 50A .15Pd alloy offers best
1 2
resistance to these environments,
H2O % followed by TIMETAL Code 12,
unalloyed titanium, and TIMETAL 6-4.
Ta bl e 1 4
10
Hydrochloric Acid Severe corrosion damage on titanium clean titanium surfaces, it is
equipment has resulted from cleaning recommended that sufficient ferric
Iso-corrosion data illustrate that
procedures utilizing pure hydrochloric chloride be added to effectively inhibit
TIMETAL 50A offers useful corrosion
acid or acid inhibited with amines. If corrosion of the titanium.
resistance to about 7% hydrochloric acid
hydrochloric or sulfuric acid is used to
at room temperature; TIMETAL Code 12
to about 9% HCl; and TIMETAL 50A
FIGURE 7
.15Pd to about 27% (See Figure 7). This
resistance is significantly lowered at near C o r r o s i o n o f T i ta n i u m A l l o y s i n N at u r a l ly
|||
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,,,
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{{{
A e r at e d H C L S o l u t i o n s
boiling temperatures.
275
Typical corrosion rate data for (135)
zzz
|||
,,,
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{{{
BOILING POINT
Small amounts of certain multi-valent
metal ions in solution, such as ferric ion, 225
(107)
can effectively inhibit the corrosion of
titanium in hydrochloric acid (Figures 8, 9,
10). When sufficient ferric ion is present,
T E M P E R AT U R E ° F ( ° C )
200
TIMETAL 50A, TIMETAL Code 12 and (93)
zzz
|||
,,,
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{{{
TIMETAL 50A .15Pd show similar
corrosion resistance. Other metal ions
175
such as Cu +2, Ni +2, Mo +6, and Ti+4, also (79)
zzz
|||
,,,
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{{{
hypochlorite, or chromate ions, also have
been shown to be effective inhibitors.
These have allowed titanium to be 125
(52)
successfully utilized in many hydrochloric
acid applications.
100
(38)
75
(24) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
WEIGHT % HCl
Ta bl e 1 5
CORROSION OF TITANIUM IN DILUTE PURE HYDROCHLORIC ACID
Corrosion Rate – mpy (mm/y)
Wt. FeCl3 TIMETAL TIMETAL TIMETAL TIMETAL
% HCL added Temp. 50A 6-4 Code 12 50A .15Pd
1 — Room Nil — 0.2 (0.005) 0.1 (0.003)
2 — Room Nil — 0.1 (0.003) 0.2 (0.006)
3 — Room 0.5 (0.013) — 0.5 (0.013) 0.4 (0.010)
5 — Room 0.2 (0.005) — 0.5 (0.013) 0.6 (0.015)
8 — Room 0.2 (0.005) — 0.2 (0.005) 0.1 (0.025)
1 — Boiling 85 (2.16) — 1.4 (0.036) 0.8 (0.020)
2 — Boiling 280 (7.11) 260 (6.60) 10.0 (0.254) 1.8 (0.046)
3 — Boiling 550 (14.0) 520 (13.2) 400 (10.2) 2.7 (0.069)
5 — Boiling 840 (21.3) 1030 (26.2) 1500 (38.1) 10.0 (0.254)
8 — Boiling >2000 (>50.8) 1900 (48.3) 3000 (76.2) 24.0 (0.610)
3 2g/l 200°F (93°C) 0.2 (0.005) — 1.0 (0.025) 0.1 (0.003)
4 2g/l 200°F (93°C) 0.4 (0.010) — 2.0 (0.050) 0.3 (0.008)
11
FIGURE 8
Effect of Ferric Ions on the Corrosion of TIMETAL 50A,
5 mpy ( 0 . 1 2 7 mm/ y) I s o - C or r o s io n L i n e
125
0 ppm Fe+3
BOILING POINT
107
93
T E M P E R AT U R E ( ° C )
79
66
52
38
24
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
WEIGHT % HCl
12
FIGURE 9
Effect of Ferric Ions on the Corrosion of TIMETAL Code 12,
5 mpy ( 0 . 1 2 7 mm/ y) I s o - C or r o s io n L i n e
125
0 ppm Fe+3
BOILING POINT
107
93
T E M P E R AT U R E ( ° C )
79
66
52
38
24
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
WEIGHT % HCl
13
FIGURE 10
E f f e c t of F e r r ic Io n s o n t h e C or r o s io n of T I M E T A L 5 0 A . 1 5 p d,
5 mpy ( 0 . 1 2 7 mm/ y) I s o - C or r o s io n L i n e
125
0 ppm Fe+3
BOILING POINT
107
93
T E M P E R AT U R E ( ° C )
79
66
52
38
24
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
WEIGHT % HCL
14
FIGURE 11
I s o - C o r r o s i o n C h a rt f o r T i ta n i u m A l l o y s i n
Sulfuric Acid H 2S O 4 S olu t io n s
Titanium is resistant to corrosive attack 250
(121)
by dilute solutions of pure sulfuric acid
at low temperatures. At 32°F (0°C),
5 mpy (0.127 mm/y) ISO-CORROSION LINES
unalloyed titanium is resistant to
concentrations of about 20 percent TIMETAL 50A .15Pd
sulfuric acid. This decreases to about 5 225
(107)
TIMETAL CODE 12
TIMETAL 50A
percent acid at room temperature
(Figure 11). TIMETAL 50A .15Pd is
resistant to about 45 percent acid at
room temperature. In boiling sulfuric
200
acid, unalloyed titanium will show high (93)
75
(24) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
W E I G H T % H 2 S O 4 ( N A T U R A L LY A E R A T E D )
Table 16
Corrosion Rate
% H2SO4 Addition Temperature °F (°C) mpy (mm/y)
20 None 210 (99) >2400 (>61.8)
20 2.5 Grams Per Liter 210 (99) <2 (<0.051)
Copper Sulfate
20 16 Grams Per Liter Boiling 5 (0.127)
Ferric Ion
15
Phosphoric Acid TIMETAL 50A .15Pd offers significantly Hydrofluoric Acid
improved resistance. At room
Unalloyed titanium is resistant to Titanium is rapidly attacked by
temperature, 140°F (60°C), and boiling
naturally aerated pure solutions of hydrofluoric acid of even very dilute
TIMETAL 50A .15Pd will resist
phosphoric acid up to 30 percent concentrations and is therefore not
concentrations of about 80, 15 and 6
concentration at room temperature recommended for use with hydrofluoric
percent, respectively, of the pure
(Figure 12). This resistance extends to acid solutions or in fluoride containing
phosphoric acid. TIMETAL Code 12 offers
about 10 percent pure acid at 140°F solutions below pH 7. Certain
somewhat better resistance to phosphoric
(60°C) and 2 percent acid at 212°F complexing metal ions (i.e., Al +3, Cr +6)
acid than unalloyed titanium, but not as
(100°C). Boiling solutions significantly may effectively inhibit corrosion in
good as TIMETAL 50A .15Pd.
accelerate attack. dilute fluoride solutions.
The presence of multi-valent metal ions,
Sulfurous Acid
such as ferric or cupric, or oxidizing
species can be used to inhibit titanium Corrosion of unalloyed titanium in
corrosion in phosphoric acid. sulfurous acid is low: 0.02 mpy
(0.0005 mm/y) in 6 percent
concentration at room temperature.
Samples exposed to sulfurous acid (6
FIGURE 12
percent sulfur dioxide content) 212°F
C o r r o s i o n o f T i ta n i u m A l l o y s i n n at u r a l ly a e r at e d (100°C) showed a corrosion rate of
H 3p O 4 S olu t io n s
0.04 mpy (0.001 mm/y).
250
(121) Other Inorganic Acids
Titanium offers excellent resistance to
5 mpy (0.127 mm/y) ISO-CORROSION LINES
corrosion by several other inorganic
TIMETAL 50A .15Pd acids. It is not significantly attacked by
225 TIMETAL CODE 12 boiling 10 percent solutions of boric or
(107) TIMETAL 50A
hydriodic acids. At room temperature,
low corrosion rates are obtained on
exposure to 50 percent hydriodic and
40 percent hydrobromic acid solutions.(30)
200
(93) Mixed Acids
The addition of nitric acid to hydrochloric
T E M P E R AT U R E ° F ( ° C )
100
(38)
75
(24) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
WEIGHT % H3PO4
16
ALKALINE I N O R G A N I C S A LT
MEDIA SOLUTIONS
Table 17
Table 18
17
ORGANIC CHEMICALS
Ta bl e 1 9
RESISTANCE OF UNALLOYED TITANIUM TO ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
( RE F. 4 )
18
ORGANIC ACIDS
19
OXYGEN
FIGURE 13
Titanium has excellent resistance to
gaseous oxygen and air at temperatures
I g n i t i o n a n d P r o pa g at i o n L i m i t s o f U n a l l o y e d
T i ta n i u m i n H e l i u m - O x y g e n a n d S t e a m - O x y g e n M i x t u r e s up to about 700°F (371°C). At 700°F it
( R E F. 3 6 ) acquires a light straw color. Further
2200 heating to 800°F (426°C) in air may
result in a heavy oxide layer because of
increased diffusion of oxygen through
the titanium lattice. Above 1,200°F
(649°C), titanium lacks oxidation
1800 S TAT I C T E S T S resistance and will become brittle. Scale
forms rapidly at 1,700°F (927°C).
Titanium resists atmospheric corrosion.
Twenty year ambient temperature tests
1400 produced a maximum corrosion rate of
0.0010 mpy (2.54 x 10-5 mm/y) in a
T O TA L P R E S S U R E P S I
IGNITION
REGION marine atmosphere and a similar rate in
industrial and rural atmospheres.(34)
DYNAMIC
1000 TESTS Caution should be exercised in using
titanium in high oxygen atmospheres.
Under some conditions, it may ignite
and burn. J.D. Jackson and Associates
P R O PA G AT I O N
reported that ignition cannot be induced
(HELIUM-OXYGEN)
600 even at very high pressure when the
oxygen content of the environment was
less than 35%.(35) However, once the
P R O PA G AT I O N
(STEAM-OXYGEN) reaction has started, it will propagate in
200 atmospheres with much lower oxygen
P R O PA G AT I O N
REGION levels than are needed to start it. Steam
as a diluent allowed the reaction to
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 proceed at even lower O2 levels. The
VOLUME PERCENT OXYGEN
temperature, oxygen pressure, and
concentration limits under which ignition
and propagation occur are shown in
FIGURE 14
Figures 13 and 14. When a fresh
E f f e c t o f T e m p e r at u r e o n S p o n ta n e o u s i g n i t i o n o f titanium surface is exposed to an oxygen
R u p t u r e d u n a l l o y e d t i ta n i u m i n O x y g e n
atmosphere, it oxidizes rapidly and
( R E F. 3 6 )
exothermically. Rate of oxidation
2192
(1200) depends on O2 pressure and
concentration. When the rate is high
1832
(1000)
enough so that heat is given off faster
than it can be conducted away, the
surface may begin to melt. The reaction
1472
T E M P E R AT U R E ° F ( ° C )
(800)
becomes self-sustaining because, above
IGNITION
the melting point, the oxides diffuse
rapidly into the titanium interior,
1112
(600)
allowing highly reactive fresh molten
titanium to react at the surface.
752
(400)
NO IGNITION
392
(200)
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
OXYGEN PRESSURE PSI
20
HYDROGEN
The surface oxide film on titanium acts 1. The pH of the solution is less than 3. There must be some mechanism for
as an effective barrier to penetration by 3 or greater than 12; the metal generating hydrogen. This may be a
hydrogen. Disruption of the oxide film surface must be damaged by galvanic couple, cathodic protection
allows easy penetration by hydrogen. abrasion; or impressed potentials are by impressed current, corrosion of
When the solubility limit of hydrogen in more negative than -0.70V.(39) titanium, or dynamic abrasion of the
titanium (about 100-150 ppm for 2. The temperature is above 170°F surface with sufficient intensity to
TIMETAL 50A) is exceeded, hydrides (77°C) or only surface hydride films depress the metal potential below
begin to precipitate. Absorption of will form which, experience indicates, that required for spontaneous
several hundred ppm of hydrogen results do not seriously affect the properties evolution of hydrogen.
in embrittlement and the possibility of of the metal. Failures due to
cracking under conditions of stress. hydriding are rarely encountered
Titanium can absorb hydrogen from below this temperature. (There is
environments containing hydrogen gas. some evidence that severe tensile
At temperatures below 170°F (77°C) stresses may promote hydriding at
hydrogen pickup occurs so slowly that it low temperatures.) (39)
has no practical significance, except in
cases where severe tensile stresses are
present.(37) In the presence of pure
hydrogen gas under anhydrous
conditions, severe hydriding can be Table 22
expected at elevated temperatures and
e f f ec t of VARIOUS SURFAC E T RE ATME NT S ON
pressures. This is shown by the data in
AB S ORP T ION OF DRY AND OX YG E N- FRE E H Y DROGEN
Table 22. These data also demonstrate BY UNAL L OY E D T I TANI UM*
that surface condition is important to
hydrogen penetration. Hydrogen Hydrogen Pickup ppm
Titanium is not recommended for use in Temperature Pressure Freshly Iron
°F (°C) psi Picked Contaminated Anodized
pure hydrogen because of the
possibility of hydriding if the oxide film 300 (149) Atmospheric 0 0 0
is broken. Laboratory tests (Table 23) 300 (149) 400 58 174 0
300 (149) 800 28 117 0
have shown that the presence of as
600 (316) Atmospheric 0 0 0
little as 2% moisture in hydrogen gas
600 (316) 400 2,586 5,951 516
effectively passivates titanium so that 600 (316) 800 4,480 13,500 10,000
hydrogen absorption does not occur.
This probably accounts for the fact that
*96 hour exposures. Oxygen was removed by passing hydrogen over an incandescent platinum filament
titanium is being used successfully in and then through silica gel to remove moisture.
many process streams containing
hydrogen with very few instances of
hydriding being reported. Table 23
21
SULFUR DIOXIDE
AND HYDROGEN SULFIDE
Most of the hydriding failures of Titanium is resistant to corrosion by TIMETAL 50A, TIMETAL 75A, TIMETAL
titanium that have occurred in service gaseous sulfur dioxide and water 50A .15Pd and TIMETAL Code 12
can be explained on this basis.(38) saturated with sulfur dioxide (Table 24). stressed to 98 percent of yield strength in
In seawater, hydrogen can be produced Sulfurous acid solutions also have little this environment survived a 30-day room
on titanium as the cathode by galvanic effect on titanium. Titanium has temperature exposure.
coupling to a dissimilar metal such as demonstrated superior performance in In addition, C-ring specimens of these
zinc or aluminum which are very active wet SO2 scrubber environments of same grades of titanium were subjected
(low) in the galvanic series. Coupling to power plant FGD systems. to a stress corrosion cracking test as
carbon steel or other metals higher in Titanium is not corroded by moist or dry specified in ASTM G38-73 Standard
the galvanic series generally does not hydrogen sulfide gas. It is also highly Recommended Practice. Two series of
generate hydrogen in neutral solutions, resistant to aqueous solutions containing tests were run: one with the specimens
even though corrosion is progressing on hydrogen sulfide. The only known stressed to 75% of yield, and the other
the dissimilar metal. The presence of detrimental effect is the hydriding stressed to 100% of yield. The specimens
hydrogen sulfide, which dissociates problem discussed in the previous were exposed in an ASTM synthetic
readily and lowers pH, apparently allows section. In galvanic couples with certain seawater solution saturated with H2S and
generation of hydrogen on titanium if it metals such as iron, the presence of CO2 at 400°F (204°C). Solution pH was
is coupled to actively corroding carbon H2S will promote hydriding. Hydriding, 3.5 and specimens were exposed for 30
steel or stainless steel. however, does not occur in aqueous days. There were no failures and no
Within the range pH 3 to 12, the oxide solutions containing H2S if unfavorable evidence of any corrosion.
film on titanium is stable and presents a galvanic couples are avoided. For Titanium is highly resistant to general
barrier to penetration by hydrogen. example, titanium is fully resistant to corrosion and pitting in the sulfide
Efforts at cathodically charging corrosion and stress cracking in the environment to temperatures as high as
hydrogen into titanium in this pH range NACE* test solution which consists of 500°F (260°C). Sulfide scales do not
have been unsuccessful in short-term oxygen-free water containing about form on titanium, thereby maintaining
tests.(38) If pH is below 3 or above 12, 3,000 ppm dissolved H2S, 5 percent good heat transfer.
the oxide film is believed to be unstable NaCl, and 0.5 percent acetic acid
and less protective. Breakdown of the (pH 3.5). Tensile specimens of
oxide film facilitates access of available
hydrogen to the underlying titanium
*National Association of Corrosion Engineers
metal. Mechanical disruption of the film
(i.e. iron is smeared into the surface)
permits entry of hydrogen at any pH
Table 24
level. Impressed currents involving
cathodic potentials more negative than Corrosion of Unalloyed Titanium by
-0.7V in near neutral brines can result in Sulfur-Containing Gases
hydrogen pickup in long-term (R EF. 33)
exposures.(39) Furthermore, very high
Temperature Corrosion Rate
cathodic current densities (more Gas °F (°C) mpy (mm/y)
negative than -1.0V SCE) may
Sulfur dioxide (dry) 70 (21) Nil
accelerate hydrogen absorption and
Sulfur dioxide (water saturated) 70 (21) <0.1 (<0.003)
eventual embrittlement of titanium in
Hydrogen sulfide (water saturated) 70 (21) <5.0 (<0.127)
seawater even at ambient temperatures.
Hydriding can be avoided if proper
consideration is given to equipment
design and service conditions in order
to eliminate detrimental galvanic
couples or other conditions that will
promote hydriding.
22
NITROGEN AND AMMONIA L I Q U I D M E TA L S
Titanium reacts with pure nitrogen to The formation of ammonium chloride Titanium has good resistance to many
form surface films having a gold color scale could result in crevice corrosion of liquid metals at moderate temperatures.
above 1,000°F (538°C). Above 1,500°F TIMETAL 50A at boiling temperatures as In some cases at higher temperatures it
(816°C), diffusion of the nitride into shown in Table 25. TIMETAL Code 12 dissolves rapidly. It is used successfully in
titanium may cause embrittlement. and TIMETAL 50A .15Pd are totally some applications up to 1,650°F (899°C).
Jones et al. (1977) have shown that resistant under these conditions. This Kane cites the use of titanium in molten
titanium is not corroded by liquid crevice corrosion behavior is similar to aluminum for pouring nozzles, skimmer
anhydrous ammonia at room that shown in Figures 2 and 4 for rakes and casting ladles.(4) However,
temperature.(40) Low corrosion rates are sodium chloride. rapidly flowing molten aluminum can
obtained at 104°F (40°C).(41) Titanium erode titanium and some metals such as
also resists gaseous ammonia. cadmium can cause stress corrosion
However, at temperatures above 302°F cracking. Some data for titanium in liquid
(150°C), ammonia will decompose and metals is reported in Table 26.
form hydrogen and nitrogen. Under
these circumstances, titanium could
absorb hydrogen and become
embrittled. The high corrosion rate
experienced by titanium in the
ammonia-steam environment at 428°F
(220°C) in Table 25 is believed to be
associated with hydriding.
Table 25 also contains data which
illustrate the resistance of titanium to
ammonium hydroxide. Excellent
resistance is offered by titanium to
concentrated solutions (up to 70%
NH4OH) to the boiling point.(41)
Ta bl e 2 5
**No corrosion experienced on TIMETAL 50A, TIMETAL Code 12 or TIMETAL 50A .15Pd.
**No corrosion on TIMETAL Code 12 or TIMETAL 50A .15Pd; crevice corrosion on TIMETAL 50A.
23
ANODIZING AND
O X I D AT I O N
T R E AT M E N T S
24
TYPES OF CORROSION
25
If the use of passivating agents or metal outside the crevice acting as the these metals have proven to be quite
anodic protection is not feasible, cathode as shown in Figure 16.(48) Metal effective in suppressing crevice corrosion.
TIMETAL Code 12 or TIMETAL 50A .15Pd dissolves at the anode under the Alloying with elements such as nickel,
may solve the problem since these alloys influence of the resulting current. molybdenum, or palladium is also an
are much more corrosion resistant than Titanium chlorides formed in the crevice effective means of overcoming crevice
the commercially pure grades. are unstable and tend to hydrolize, corrosion problems. This is demonstrated
Crevice Corrosion forming small amounts of HCl. This by the performance of TIMETAL Code 12
reaction is very slow at first, but in the and TIMETAL 50A .15Pd alloys which are
This is a localized type of attack that very restricted volume of the crevice, it
occurs only in tight crevices. The much more resistant to crevice corrosion
can reduce the pH of the solution to than commercially pure grades.
crevice may be the result of a values as low as 1. This reduces the
structural feature such as a flange or potential still further until corrosion Stress Corrosion
gasket, or it may be caused by the becomes quite severe. Cracking (SCC)
buildup of scales or deposits. Figure 15 This mode of corrosion is characterized
shows a typical example of crevice Although crevice corrosion of titanium
is most often observed in hot chloride by cracking under stress in certain
corrosion under a deposit. environments. Titanium is subject to
solutions, it has also been observed in
Dissolved oxygen or other oxidizing iodide, bromide, fluoride and sulfate this form of corrosion in only a few
species present in the solution are solutions.(44) environments such as red fuming nitric
depleted in restricted volume of solution acid, nitrogen tetraoxide and absolute
in the crevice. These species are The presence of small amounts of multi- methanol.(50) In most cases, the
consumed faster than they can be valent ions in the crevice of such metals addition of a small amount of water
replenished by diffusion from the bulk as nickel, copper or molybdenum, which will serve to passivate the titanium. (51)
solution.(44) As a result, the potential of act as cathodic depolarizers, tends to Titanium is not recommended for use
the metal in the crevice becomes more drive the corrosion potential of the in these environments under
negative than the potential of the metal titanium in the crevice in the positive anhydrous conditions.
exposed to the bulk solution. This sets direction. This counteracts the effect of
oxygen depletion and low pH and The TIMETAL 6-4 alloy is subject to SCC
up an electrolytic cell with the metal in in chloride environments under some
the crevice acting as the anode and the effectively prevents crevice corrosion.
Gaskets impregnated with oxides of circumstances. TIMETAL 35A and
TIMETAL 50A appear to be immune
FIGURE 16 to chloride SCC.
S c h e m at i c D i a g r a m o f a c r e v i c e c o r r o s i o n c e l l Anodic Breakdown
( R E F. 4 8 )
Pitting
This type of corrosion is highly localized
and can cause extensive damage to
equipment in a very short time. Pitting
+
Na O2 OH e occurs when the potential of the metal
O2 exceeds the breakdown potential of the
CI O2 OH e protective oxide film on the titanium
Na
+ surface.(52) Fortunately, the breakdown
M+ M+
M+
potential of titanium is very high in most
O2 CI
CI M+
CI
M+ CI environments so that this mode of failure
H+
CI M+
M+
is not common. The breakdown potential
CI CI
O2 O2 O2 CI
CI
in sulfate and phosphate environments is
H+
M+ CI
in the 100 volt range. In chlorides it is
OH OH OH M+ M+
M+ about 8 to 10 volts, but in bromides and
M+
iodides it may be as low as 1 volt.
Increasing temperature and acidity tend
to lower the breakdown potential so that
e
under some extreme conditions the
potential of the metal may equal or
exceed the breakdown potential and
spontaneous pitting will occur. This
type of corrosion is most frequently
encountered in applications where an
anodic potential exceeding the
26
breakdown potential is impressed on the
metal. An example is shown in Figure 17.
This is a close-up view of the side plate
of a titanium anode basket used in a zinc
plating cell. It was a chloride electrolyte
and the cell was operated at 10 volts
which is about 1-2 volts above the
breakdown potential for titanium in this
environment. Extensive pitting
completely destroyed the basket.
This type of pitting is sometimes caused
inadvertently by improper grounding of
equipment during welding or other
operations that can produce an anodic
potential on the titanium.
This type of corrosion can be avoided in
most instances by making certain that no
impressed anodic currents approaching
the breakdown potential are applied to
the equipment.
Another type of pitting failure that is
sometimes encountered in commercially
pure titanium is shown in Figure 18. The
specimen in Figure 18 showed scratch
marks which gave indications of iron Figure 17. - Anodic Breakdown Pitting of Titanium
when examined with an electronprobe.
It is believed the pit initiated at a point
where iron had been smeared into the
titanium surface until it penetrated the
TiO2 protective film.
Potential measurements on mild steel
and unalloyed titanium immersed in a
saturated brine solution at temperatures
near the boiling point gave a potential
difference of nearly 0.5 volt. This is
sufficient to establish an electrochemical
cell in which the iron would be
consumed as the anode. By the time the
iron is consumed, a pit has started to
grow in which acid conditions develop
preventing the formation of a passive
film and the reaction continues until the
tube is perforated.(53)
This type of pitting appears to be a
high temperature phenomenon. It has
not been known to occur below 170°F
(77°C). It has not been induced on
TIMETAL Code 12 or TIMETAL 50A .15Pd
in laboratory tests. These two alloys are
believed to be highly resistant to this type
of attack. However precautions should be
taken with all titanium alloys to remove
or avoid surface iron contamination, if the Figure 18. - Unalloyed Titanium Tube which has been perforated by
application involves temperatures in Pitting in Hot Brine
excess of 170°F (77°C).
27
The most effective means of removing The oxide film which covers the surface Titanium is being used extensively with
surface iron contamination is to clean of titanium is a very effective barrier to very few problems in oil refineries in
the titanium surface by immersion in hydrogen penetration, however, many applications where the process
35% HNO3 – 5% HF solution for two to titanium can absorb hydrogen from streams contain hydrogen.
five minutes followed by a water rinse. hydrogen containing environments A more serious problem occurs when
Hydrogen Embrittlement under some circumstances. cathodically impressed or galvanically
Titanium is being widely used in At temperatures below 170°F (77°C) induced currents generate atomic
hydrogen-containing environments and hydriding occurs so slowly that it has no (nascent) hydrogen directly on the
under conditions where galvanic couples practical significance, except in cases surface of titanium. The presence of
or cathodic protection systems cause where severe tensile stresses are present. moisture does not inhibit hydrogen
hydrogen to be evolved on the surface In the presence of pure anhydrous absorption of this type.(38)
of titanium. In most instances, no hydrogen gas at elevated temperatures Laboratory investigations and experience
problems have been reported. However, and pressures, severe hydriding of have demonstrated that three conditions
there have been some equipment titanium can be expected. Titanium is usually exist simultaneously for hydriding
failures in which embrittlement by not recommended for use in pure of unalloyed titanium to occur:
hydride formation was implicated. hydrogen because of the possibility of
hydriding if the oxide film is broken. 1. The pH of the solution is less than
An example of a hydrided titanium tube Laboratory tests, however, have shown 3 or greater than 12; the metal
is shown in Figure 19. This is a that the presence of as little as 2% surface must be damaged by
photomicrograph of a cross section of moisture in hydrogen gas effectively abrasion; or impressed potentials are
the tube wall. The brown-black passivates titanium so that hydrogen more negative than -0.70V.(39)
needle-like formations are hydrides. absorption does not occur even at 2. The temperature is above 170°F
Note the heavy concentration at the pressures as high as 800 psi and (77°C) or only surface hydride films
bottom which indicates the hydrogen temperatures to 315°F (157°C). It is will form, which experience indicates
entered from this surface. believed that the moisture serves as a do not seriously affect the properties
source of oxygen to keep the protective of the metal. Failures due to
oxide film in a good state of repair. hydriding are rarely encountered
below this temperature.(37) (There is
some evidence that severe tensile
stresses may promote diffusion at
low temperatures.)
3. There must be some mechanism for
generating hydrogen. This may be a
galvanic couple, cathodic protection
by impressed current, corrosion of
titanium, or dynamic abrasion of the
surface with sufficient intensity to
depress the metal potential below
that required for spontaneous
evolution of hydrogen.
Most of the hydriding failures of
titanium that have occurred in service
can be explained on this basis.(38)
Hydriding can usually be avoided by
altering at least one of the three
conditions listed above. Note that
accelerated hydrogen absorption of
titanium at very high cathodic current
densities (more negative than -1.0V
SCE) in ambient temperature seawater
represents an exception to this rule.
Magnification 75X
28
Galvanic Corrosion FIGURE 20
The coupling of titanium with dissimilar G a lva n i c S e r i e s o f Va r i o u s M e ta l s i n F l o w i n g Wat e r
metals usually does not accelerate the at 2 . 4 t o 4 . 0 m/ s f o r 5 t o 1 5 d ay s at 5 ° t o 3 0 ° C
( R E F. 5 6 )
corrosion of the titanium. The exception
is in reducing environments where V O LT S V E R S U S S A T U R A T E D C A L O M E L R E F E R E N C E E L E C T R O D E
(ACTIVE) (NOBLE)
titanium does not passivate. Under
-1.6 -1.4 -1.2 -1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 +0.2
these conditions, it has a potential
GRAPHITE
similar to aluminum and will undergo
P L AT I N U M
accelerated corrosion when coupled to
Ni-Cr-Mo ALLOY C
other more noble metals. T I TA N I U M
S TA I N L E S S S T E E L - T Y P E S 3 1 6 , 3 1 7
0.0V versus a saturated calomel
NICKEL-COPPER ALLOYS 400, K-500
reference cell(56) which places it high on
S TA I N L E S S S T E E L - T Y P E S 3 0 2 , 3 0 4 , 3 2 1 , 3 4 7
the passive or noble end of the series.
S I LV E R
COPPER
(anode) severe corrosion may result.
TIN
Because titanium is usually the cathodic N AVA L B R A S S , Y E L L O W B R A S S , R E D B R A S S
member of any galvanic couple, ALUMINUM BRONZE
flow. This may result in the formation MILD STEEL, CAST IRON
ALUMINUM ALLOYS
generally stable and cause no
BERYLIUM
problems. If the temperature is above
ZINC
170°F (77°C), however, hydriding can
MAGNESIUM
cause embrittlement.
N O T E : G R E E N B O X E S I N D I C AT E A C T I V E B E H AV I O R O F A C T I V E - PA S S I V E A L L O Y S
In order to avoid problems with galvanic
corrosion, it is best to construct
equipment of a single metal. If this is
not practical, use two metals that are
close together in the galvanic series,
insulate the joint or cathodically protect
the less noble metal. If dissimilar metals
are necessary, construct the critical parts
out of titanium, since it is usually not
attacked, and use large areas of the less
noble metal and heavy sections to allow
for increased corrosion.
29
FIGURE 21
T h e d i s s i m i l a r M e ta l s P r o b l e m
(REF 11)
2 5 0 0 H O U R I N S E AWAT E R
10/1 1/10
Ti A N O D E / C AT H O D E Ti
A R E A R AT I O
mpy (mm/y)
G A LV A N I C 10 (.254) 2
AT TA C K
ADDITION 3
NORMAL
UNCOUPLED 8 (.203)
CORROSION
1
6 (.152)
4 (.102) 4
6 5
9
2 (.051)
2
8 7
3 4 5
6 7 10
8
9 10
0 0
30
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Behavior of Metals,” Naval Promisel, Pergamon Press, London,
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Technical Association of the Pulp p. 763, (1966). 23. T.F. Degnan, “Materials for
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Colorado, 1970. Service in Seawater, Brine and Other Sulfuric Acids,” Process Industries
Natural Aqueous Environments: The Corrosion, NACE, Houston, Texas,
6. Corrosion Resistance of Titanium, p. 229, (1975).
Imperial Metal Industries (Kynoch) Corrosion, Erosion and Galvanic
Ltd., Birmingham, England, (1969). Corrosion Characteristics of Titanium 24. L.L. Gilbert and C.W. Funk,
in Seawater, Polluted Inland “Explosions of Titanium and Fuming
7. P.C. Hughes, and I.R. Lamborn, Waters and in Brines,” Titanium Nitric Acid Mixtures,” Metal
“Contamination of Titanium by Information Bulletin, Imperial Progress, Nov. 1956, pp. 93-96.
Water Vapor,” Jr. of the Institute Metal Industries (Kynoch) Limited,
of Metals, 1960-61 Vol. 89, 25. H.B. Bomberger, “Titanium
May (1970). Corrosion and Inhibition in Fuming
pp. 165-168.
16. M.J. Blackburn, J.A. Feeney and Nitric Acid,” Corrosion, Vol.13,
8. L.C. Covington, W.M. Parris, and T.R. Beck, “Stress-Corrosion Cracking No. 5, May 1957, pp. 287-291.
D.M. McCue, “The Resistance of of Titanium Alloys”, pp. 67-292 in
Titanium Tubes to Hydrogen 26. Handbook on Titanium Metal,
Advances in Corrosion Science and 7th Edition, Titanium Metals Corp.
Embrittlement in Surface Technology, Vol. 3, Plenum Press,
Condensers,” paper No. 79 of America.
New York (1973).
Corrosion/79, March 22-26, 1976, 27. F.L. LaQue, “Corrosion Resistance
Houston, Texas. 17. F.W. Fink and W.K. Boyd, “The of Titanium,” Report on Corrosion
Corrosion of Metals in Marine Tests, Oct. 1951, Development and
9. F.M. Reinhart, “Corrosion of Environments,” DMIC Report 245,
Materials in Hydrospace, Part III, Research Division, The International
May, (1970). Nickel Co., Inc., 67 Wall St., New
Titanium and Titanium Alloys,”
U.S. Naval Civil Engineering Lab., 18. D.R. Mitchell, “Fatigue Properties York, New York.
Tech. Note N-921, Port Hueneme, of Ti-50A Welds in 1-inch Plate,” 28. “Design Away Corrosion with
California, (Sept. 1967). TMCA Case Study W-20, Titanium,” Mallory-Sharon Titanium
March (1969). Corp., April 1956.
10. H.B. Bomberger, P.J. Cambourelis,
and G.E. Hutchinson, “Corrosion 19. A.G.S. Morton, “Mechanical 29. Summary of Green Sheet Data
Properties of Titanium in Marine Properties of Thick Plate (Ti-75A), Allegheny Ludlum Steel
Environments,” J. Electrochem. Ti-6A1-4V,” MEL Report 266/66, Corp., Jan. 1, 1957.
Soc., Vol. 101, p. 442, (1954). (January 1967).
30. Corrosion Data Survey (Metals
Section), 5th Edition; National
Assn. of Corrosion Engineers,
Houston, Texas.
31
31. E.G. Haney, G. Goldberg, 39. H. Satoh, T. Fukuzuka, 49. L.C. Covington, “The Role of Multi-
R.E. Emsberger, and W.T. Brehm, K. Shimogori, and H. Tanabe, Valent Metal Ions in Suppressing
“Investigation of Stress Corrosion “Hydrogen Pickup by Titanium Held Crevice Corrosion of Titanium,”
Cracking of Titanium Alloys,” Cathodic in Seawater.” Paper Titanium Science and Technology,
Second Progress Report, Mellon presented at 2nd International Vol. 4, Ed. by R.I. Jaffee and
Institute, under NASA Grant Congress on Hydrogen in Metals, H.M. Burte, Plenum Press,
N6R- 39-008-014 (May, 1967). June 6-11, 1977, Paris, France. New York, (1973).
32. C.M. Chen, H.B. Kirkpatrick and 40. D.A. Jones and B.E. Wilde, 50. W.K. Boyd, “Stress Corrosion
H.L. Gegel, “Cracking of Titanium Corrosion Performance of Some Cracking of Titanium Alloys—An
Alloys in Methanolic and Other Metals and Alloys in Liquid Overview.” Paper presented at
Media.” Paper presented at the Ammonia, Corrosion, Vol. 33, the International Symposium on
International Symposium on Stress p. 46 (1977). Stress Corrosion Mechanisms in
Corrosion Mechanisms in Titanium 41. Unpublished TIMET data. Titanium Alloys, Jan. 27-29, 1971,
Alloys, Jan. 27, 28, and 19, 1971, Georgia Institute of Technology,
Georgia Institute of Technology, 42. D. Schlain, “Corrosion Properties of Atlanta, Georgia.
Atlanta, Georgia. Titanium and its Alloys,” p. 131,
Bulletin 619, Bureau of Mines, 51. E.G. Haney, G. Goldberg,
33. D.W. Stough, F.W. Fink and R.S. U.S. Department of Interior, R.E. Emsberger, and W.T. Brehm,
Peoples, “The Corrosion of (1964), p. 32 “Investigation of Stress Corrosion
Titanium”, Battelle Memorial Cracking of Titanium Alloys,”
Institute, Titanium Metallurgical 43. R.S. Sheppard, D.R. Hise, P.J. Second Progress Report, Mellon
Laboratory, Report No. 57, (1956). Gegner and W.L. Wilson, Institute, under NASA Grant
“Performance of Titanium vs. N6R- 39-008-014 (May, 1967).
34. L.C. Covington, and R.W. Schutz, Other Materials in Chemical Plan
“Resistance of Titanium to Exposures,” Corrosion, Vol. 18, 52. F.A. Posey and E.G. Bohlmann,
Atmospheric Corrosion,” Paper p. 211t (1962). “Pitting of Titanium Alloys in Saline
No. 113, Corrosion/81, Toronto, Waters.” Paper presented at the
Ontario, Canada, April 6-10, 1981. 44. John C. Griess, Jr., “Crevice Second European Symposium on
Corrosion of Titanium in Aqueous Fresh Water from the Sea, Athens,
35. J.D. Jackson, W.K. Boyd, and P.D. Salt Solutions,” Corrosion, Vol. 24,
Miller, “Reactivity of Metals with Greece, May 9-12, 1967.
No. 4, April 1968, pp. 96-109.
liquid and Gaseous Oxygen,” DMIC 53. L.C. Covington and R.W. Schultz,
Memorandum 163, Jan. 15, 1963, 45. R.W. Shultz and L.C. Covington,“ “The Effects of Iron on the Corrosion
Battelle Memorial Institute. Effect of Oxide Films on the Resistance of Titanium,” ASTM STP
Corrosion Resistance of Titanium,” 728, ASTM, 1981, pp. 163-180.
36. Fred E. Littman and Frank M. Corrosion, Vol. 37, No. 10,
Church, “Reactions of Metals with October, 1981. 54. Data supplied by Robert Smallwood,
Oxygen and Steam,” Stanford E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Co.
Research Institute to Union Carbide 46. T. Fukuzuka, K. Shimogori, (Inc.), Wilmington, Delaware.
Nuclear Co., Final Report AECU- H. Satoh, F. Kanikubo and H. Hirose,
“Application of Surface Air- 55. P. Wagner and B. Little, “Impact of
4092 (Feb. 15, 1959). Alloying on Microbiologically
Oxidizing for Preventing Titanium
37. I.I. Phillips, P. Pool and L.L. Shreir, for Hydrogen Embrittlement in the Influenced Corrosion—A Review,”
“Hydride Formation During Cathodic Chemical Plant.” Paper presented at Materials Performance, Volume 32,
Polarization of Ti.-II. Effect of the ASTM Symposium on Industrial No. 9, Sept. 1993, pp. 65-68.
Temperature and pH of Solution on Applications of Zirconium and 56. F.L. LaQue, Marine Corrosion, Causes
Hydride Growth,” Corrosion Science, Titanium, Oct. 15-17, 1979, New and Prevention, John Wiley and Sons,
Vol. 14, pp. 533-542 (1974). Orleans, LA. New York, NY, 1975, p. 179.
38. L.C. Covington, “The influence of 47. J.B. Cotton, “Using Titanium in FOR FURTHER READING
Surface Condition and Environment the Chemical Plant,” Chemical
on the Hydriding of Titanium,” ASM Metals Handbook Ninth Edition,
Engineering Progress, Vol. 66, Vol. 13, “Corrosion of Titanium and
Corrosion, Vol. 35, No. 8, pp. 378- No. 10, p. 57, (1970).
382 (1979) August. Titanium Alloys,” pp. 669-706.
48. M.G. Fontana and N.D. Greene, J.S. Grauman, “Titanium-Properties and
Corrosion Engineering, McGraw-Hill Application for the Chemical Process
Book Co., (1967). Industry”, Encyclopedia of Chemical
Processing and Design, Vol. 58, Marcel
Dekker, Inc., NY, NY, 1997, pp. 123-
146. (Reprints available from TIMET)
32
APPENDIX
These data were determined in laboratory tests and are intended only as a guide. Since service conditions may be dissimilar, TIMET recommends testing under the
anticipated operating conditions. C = Concentration % T = Temperature °F (°C) R = Corrosion rate, mpy (mm/y)
Media C T R Media C T R
Acetaldehyde 75 300 (149) 0.02 (0.001) Arsenous oxide Saturated Room Nil
100 300 (149) Nil Barium carbonate Saturated Room Nil
Acetate, n-propyl — 188 (87) Nil Barium chloride 5 212 (100) Nil
Acetic acid 5 to 99.7 255 (124) Nil 20 212 (100) 0.01 (0.000)
33-vapor Boiling Nil 25 212 (100) Nil
65 250 (121) 0.1 (0.003) Barium hydroxide Saturated Room Nil
58 266 (130) 15.0 (0.381)
Barium hydroxide 27 Boiling Some
Acetic acid 99.7 255 (124) 0.1 (0.003) small pits
Acetic acid + 109 ppm Cl 31.2 Boiling 10.2 (0.259) Barium nitrate 10 Room Nil
Acetic acid + 106 ppm Cl 62.0 Boiling 10.7 (0.272) Barium fluoride Saturated Room Nil
Acetic anhydride 99.5 Boiling 0.5 (0.013) Benzaldehyde 100 Room Nil
Acidic gases containing CO2, — 100-500 <1.0 (<0.025) Benzene (traces of HCl) Vapor 176 (80) 0.2 (0.005)
H2O, Cl2, SO2, SO3, H2S, (38-260) & liquid
O2, NH3
Benzene (traces of HCl) Liquid 122 (50) 1.0 (0.025)
Adipic acid + 15-20% glutaric 25 390 (199) Nil
Benzene Liquid Room Nil
+ 2% acetic acid
Benzene + trace HCl, — 176 (80) 0.2 (0.005)
Adipic acid 67 450 (232) Nil
NaCl and CS2
Adipyl chloride (acid — — Nil
Benzoic acid Saturated Room Nil
chlorobenzene solution)
Bismuth Molten 1500 (816) High
Adiponitrile Vapor 700 (371) 0.3 (0.008)
Bismuth/lead Molten 572 (300) Good
Aluminum chloride, aerated 10 212 (100) 0.09 (0.002)*
resistance
Aluminum chloride, aerated 25 212 (100) 124 (3.15)*
Boric acid Saturated Room Nil
Aluminum chloride, non-aerated 10 302 (150) 1.3 (0.033)*
Boric acid 10 Boiling Nil
25 212 (100) 258 (6.55)*
Bromine Liquid 86 (30) Rapid
Aluminum Molten 1250 (677) 6480 (164.6)
Bromine, moist Vapor 86 (30) <0.1 (<0.003)
Aluminum fluoride Saturated Room Nil
Bromine, gas dry — 70 (21) Dissolves
Aluminum nitrate Saturated Room Nil
rapidly
Aluminum sulfate Saturated Room Nil
Bromine-water solution — Room Nil
Aluminum sulfate + 1% H2SO4 Saturated Room Nil
Bromine-methyl alcohol solution 500 ppm 140 (60) 1.2 (0.030)
Amines, synthesis of organic — 300-400 15 (0.381) some
(149-204) cracking
Ammonium acid phosphate 10 Room Nil Bromine in methyl alcohol 5 — 757 (19.2)
Ammonium aluminum chloride Molten 662-716 Very rapid N-butyric acid Undiluted Room Nil
(350-380)
Calcium bisulfite Cooking 79 (26) 0.02 (0.001)
Ammonia anhydrous 100 104 (40) <5.0 (<0.127) liquor
Ammonia, steam, water — 431 (222) 440 (11.2) Calcium carbonate Saturated Boiling Nil
Ammonium acetate 10 Room Nil Calcium chloride 5 212 (100) 0.02 (0.005)*
Ammonium bicarbonate 50 212 (100) Nil 10 212 (100) 0.29 (0.007)*
Ammonium bisulfite, pH 2.05 Spent 159 (71) 0.6 (0.015) 20 212 (100) 0.61 (0.015)*
pulping 55 220 (104) 0.02 (0.001)*
liquor 60 300 (149) <0.1 (<0.003)*
62 310 (154) 2.0 and 16
Ammonium carbamate 50 212 (100) Nil
(0.051 and
Ammonium chloride Saturated 212 (100) <0.5 (<0.013) 0.406)*
Ammonium chlorate 300 g/l 122 (50) 0.1 (0.003) 73 350 (177) 84 (2.13)*
(+ 215-250 g/l NaCl) Calcium hydroxide Saturated Room Nil
(+ 36 g/l NaClO4)
Calcium hydroxide Saturated Boiling Nil
Ammonium fluoride 10 Room 4.0 (0.102)
Calcium hypochlorite 2 212 (100) 0.05 (0.001)
Ammonium hydroxide 28 Room 0.1 (0.003) 6 212 (100) 0.05 (0.001)
Ammonium nitrate 28 Boiling Nil 18 70 (21) Nil
Ammonium nitrate 28 Boiling Nil Saturated — Nil
+ 1% nitric acid slurry
Ammonium oxalate Saturated Room Nil Carbon dioxide 100 — Excellent
Ammonium perchlorate 20 190 (88) Nil Carbon tetrachloride 99 Boiling 0.18 (0.005)
Liquid Boiling Nil
Ammonium sulfate 10 212 (100) Nil
Vapor Boiling Nil
Ammonium sulfate Saturated Room 0.4 (0.010)
Chlorine gas, wet >0.7 H2O Room Nil
+ 1% H2SO4
>0.95 H2O 284 (140) Nil
Aniline 100 Room Nil <1.5 H2O 392 (200) Nil
Aniline + 2% AlCl3 98 316 (158) >50 (>1.27) Liquid Room Nil
Aniline + 2% AlCl3 98 600 (316) 840 (21.3) water on
surface
Aniline hydrochloride 5 212 (100) Nil
Aniline hydrochloride 20 212 (100) Nil
Antimony trichloride 27 Room Nil
*May corrode in crevices
Aqua regia 3:1 Room Nil
**TIMETAL Code 12 and TIMETAL 50A .15Pd immune
Aqua regia 3:1 175 (79) 34.8 (0.884)
33
Ti ta n i um Cor ro s io n R at e D ata – T i me t al C omme rc i al ly P ure G rade s
These data were determined in laboratory tests and are intended only as a guide. Since service conditions may be dissimilar, TIMET recommends testing under the
anticipated operating conditions. C = Concentration % T = Temperature °F (°C) R = Corrosion rate, mpy (mm/y)
Media C T R Media C T R
Chlorine saturated water Saturated 207 (97) Nil Ferrous chloride + 0.5% HCl 30 175 (79) 0.2 (0.006)
Chlorine header sludge and — 207 (97) 0.03 (0.001) + 3% resorcinal pH 1
wet chlorine Ferrous sulfate Saturated Room Nil
Chlorine gas, dry <0.5 H2O Room May react Fluoroboric acid 5-20 Elevated Rapid
Chlorine dioxide 5 in steam 180 (82) <0.1 (<0.003) Fluorine, commercial Gas-liquid Gas 109(43) 18-34
+ H2O and air gas alternated Liquid (0.457-0.864)
Chlorine dioxide 15 110 (43) Nil -320 (-196)
12
+ some HOCl and wet Cl2 Fluorine, HF free Liquid -320 (-196) 0.08 (0.002)
12
Chlorine dioxide in steam 5 210 (99) Nil Gas
Chlorine monoxide Up to 15 110 (43) Nil Fluorine, HF free Liquid -320 (-196) <0.43 (0.011)
+ some HOCl, Cl2 & H2O Fluorine, HF free Gas -320 (-196) 0.42 (0.011)
Chlorine trifluoride 100 <86 (30) Vigorous Fluorosilicic acid 10 Room 1870 (47.5)
reaction Food products — Ambient No attack
Chloracetic acid 30 180 (82) <5.0 (<0.127) Formaldehyde 37 Boiling Nil
Chloracetic acid 100 Boiling <5.0 (<0.127) Formamide vapor — 572 (300) Nil
Chlorosulfonic acid 100 Room 7.5-12.3 Formic acid, aerated 10 212 (100) 0.18
(0.191-0.312) (0.005)**
Chloroform Vapor & Boiling 0.01 (0.000) 25 212 (100) 0.04
liquid (0.001)**
Chloropicrin 100 203 (95) 0.1 (0.003) 50 212 (100) 0.04
(0.001)**
Chromic acid 10 Boiling 0.1 (0.003)
90 212 (100) 0.05
15 75 (24) 0.2 (0.006)
(0.001)**
15 180 (82) 0.6 (0.015)
50 75 (24) 0.5 (0.013) Formic acid, non-aerated 10 212 (100) >50 (>1.27)**
50 180 (82) 1.1 (0.028) 25 212 (100) 96 (2.44)**
50 Boiling 126 (3.20)**
Chromium plating bath 240 g/l 171 (77) 58.3 (1.48)
90 212 (100) 118 (3.00)**
containing fluoride plating salt
Formic acid 9 122 (50) <5 (<0.127)
Chromic acid + 5% nitric acid 5 70 (21) <0.1 (<0.003)
Furfural 100 Room Nil
Citric acid 10 212 (100) 0.36 (0.009)
25 212 (100) 0.03 (0.001) Gluconic acid 50 Room Nil
50 140 (60) 0.01 (0.000) Glycerin — Room Nil
50 aerated 212 (100) <5.0 (<0.127) Hydrogen chloride, gas Air mixture Ambient Nil
50 Boiling 5-50
Hydrochloric acid, aerated 5 95 (35) 1.5 (0.038)
(0.127-1.27)
10 95 (35) 40 (1.02)
62 300 (149) Corroded
20 95 (35) 175 (4.45)
Copper nitrate Saturated Room Nil 37.5 95 (35) 1990 (50.6)
Copper sulfate 50 Boiling Nil Hydrochloric acid 1 Boiling >100 (>2.54)
Copper sulfate + 2% H2SO4 Saturated Room 0.7 (0.018) 3 Boiling 550 (14.0)
Cupric carbonate Saturated Ambient Nil 5 Boiling 400 (10.2)
+ cupric hydroxide Hydrochloric acid, 3 374 (190) >1120 (>28.5)
Cupric chloride 20 Boiling Nil nitrogen saturated
40 Boiling 0.2 (0.005) Hydrochloric acid, 5 374 (190) >1120 (>28.5)
55 246 (119) 0.1 (0.003) nitrogen saturated
(Boiling) Hydrochloric acid, 10 374 (190) >1120 (>28.5)
Cupric cyanide Saturated Room Nil nitrogen saturated
Cuprous chloride 50 194 (90) <0.1 (<0.003) Hydrochloric acid,
Cyclohexylamine 100 Room Nil oxygen saturated 3 374 (190) >1120 (>28.5)
5 374 (190) >1120 (>28.5)
Cyclohexane (plus traces of — 302 (150) 0.1 (0.003)
10 374 (190) >1120 (>28.5)
formic acid)
chlorine saturated 5 374 (190) <1 (<0.025)
Dichloroacetic acid 100 212 (100) <0.5 (<0.013) 10 374 (190) >1120 (>28.5)
Dichloroacetic acid 100 Boiling 0.29 (0.007) Hydrochloric acid, 200 ppm Cl2 36 Room 17.0 (0.432)
Dichlorobenzene + 4-5% HCl — 355 (179) 4 (0.102) Hydrochloric acid,
Diethylene triamine 100 Room Nil + 1% HNO3 5 100 (38) Nil
Ethyl alcohol 95 Boiling 0.5 (0.013) + 1% HNO3 5 200 (93) 3.6 (0.091)
+ 5% HNO3 5 100 (38) 0.84 (0.025)
Ethyl alcohol 100 Room Nil
+ 5% HNO3 5 200 (93) 1.2 (0.030)
Ethylene dichloride 100 Boiling 0.2-5.0 + 10% HNO3 5 100 (38) Nil
(0.005-0.127) + 10% HNO3 5 200 (93) 7.2 (0.183)
Ethylene diamine 100 Room Nil + 3% HNO3 8.5 176 (80) 2.0 (0.051)
Ferric chloride 10-20 Room Nil + 5% HNO3 1 Boiling 2.9 (0.074)
10-30 212 (100) <0.5 (<0.127) + 5% HNO3 + 1.7 g/l TiCl4 1 Boiling Nil
10-40 Boiling Nil Hydrochloric acid
50 236 (113) Nil + 2.5% NaClO3 10.2 176 (80) 0.37 (0.009)
(Boiling) + 5.0% NaClO3 10.2 175 (79) 0.25 (0.006)
50 302 (150) 0.1 (0.003)
Ferric sulfate • 9 H2O 10 Room Nil *May corrode in crevices
**TIMETAL Code 12 and TIMETAL 50A .15Pd immune
34
Ti ta n i um Cor ro s io n R at e D ata – T i me t al C omme rc i al ly P ure G rade s
These data were determined in laboratory tests and are intended only as a guide. Since service conditions may be dissimilar, TIMET recommends testing under the
anticipated operating conditions. C = Concentration % T = Temperature °F (°C) R = Corrosion rate, mpy (mm/y)
Media C T R Media C T R
Hydrochloric acid, Mercuric cyanide Saturated Room Nil
+ 0.5% CrO3 5 100 (38) Nil Mercury 100 Up to Satisfactory
+ 0.5% CrO3 5 200 (93) 1.2 (0.031) 100 (38)
+ 1% CrO3 5 100 (38) 0.72 (0.018) 100 Room Nil
+ 1% CrO3 5 200 (93) 1.2 (0.031) — 700 (371) 119.4 (3.03)
Hydrochloric acid, Mercury + Fe — 700 (371) 3.12 (0.079)
+ 0.05% CuSO4 5 100 (38) 1.56 (0.040)
Mercury + Cu — 700 (371) 2.48 (0.063)
+ 0.05% CuSO4 5 200 (93) 3.6 (0.091)
+ 0.5% CuSO4 5 100 (38) 3.6 (0.091) Mercury + Zr — 700 (371) 1.28 (0.033)
+ 0.5% CuSO4 5 200 (93) 2.4 (0.061) Mercury + Mg — 700 (371) 3.26 (0.083)
+ 1% CuSO4 5 100 (38) 1.2 (0.031) Methyl alcohol 91 95 (35) Nil
+ 1% CuSO4 5 200 (93) 3.6 (0.091)
Nickel chloride 5 212 (100) 0.17 (0.004)
+ 5% CuSO4 5 100 (38) 0.8 (0.020)
+ 5% CuSO4 5 200 (93) 2.4 (0.061) Nickel chloride 20 212 (100) 0.11 (0.003)
+ 0.05% CuSO4 5 Boiling 2.5 (0.064) Nickel nitrate • 6 H20 50 Room Nil
+ 0.5% CuSO4 5 Boiling 3.3 (0.084) Nitric acid, aerated 10 Room 0.19 (0.005)
Hydrochloric acid, 20 Room 9.69 (0.246)
+ 0.05% CuSO4 10 150 (66) 0.68-1.32 30 Room 0.17 (0.004)
(0.017-0.025) 40 Room 0.08 (0.002)
+ 0.20% CuSO4 10 150 (66) Nil 50 Room 0.08 (0.002)
+ 0.5% CuSO4 10 150 (66) Nil-0.68 60 Room 0.02 (0.001)
(0.023) 70 Room 0.18 (0.005)
+ 1% CuSO4 10 150 (66) 0.68 (0.023) 10 104 (40) 0.10 (0.003)
+ 0.05% CuSO4 10 Boiling 11.6 (0.295) 20 104 (40) 0.21 (0.005)
+ 0.5% CuSO4 10 Boiling 11.4 (0.290) 30 122 (50) 0.61 (0.015)
+ 0.2% CuSO4 10 Boiling 9.0 (0.229) 40 122 (50) 0.64 (0.016)
+ 0.2% organic amine 50 140 (60) 1.46 (0.037)
Hydrofluoric acid 1.48 Room Rapid 60 140 (60) 1.56 (0.040)
70 158 (70) 1.56 (0.040)
Hydrofluoric acid, anhydrous 100 Room 5.0-50
40 392 (200) 24 (0.610)
(0.127-1.27)
70 518 (270) 48 (1.22)
Hydrofluoric-nitric acid 1-HF Room Rapid 20 554 (290) 12 (0.305)
-15 HNO3
Nitric acid, non-aerated 35 176 (80) 2-4
Hydrogen peroxide 3 Room <5 (<0.127) (0.051-0.102)
6 Room <5 (<0.127) 70 176 (80) 1-3
30 Room <12 (<0.305) (0.025-0.076)
Hydrogen sulfide, steam and 7.65 200-230 Nil Nitric acid 17 Boiling 3-4
0.077% mercaptans (93-110) (0.076-0.102)
Hydroxy-acetic acid — 104 (40) 1.2 (0.031) 35 Boiling 5-20
Hypochlorous acid + ClO2 and 17 100 (38) 0.001 (0.000) (0.127-0.508)
Cl2 gases 70 Boiling 2.5-37
(0.064-0.940)
Iodine, dry gas — 70 (21) <4 (<0.102)
Nitric acid, white fuming — Room 0.1 (0.003)
Iodine in water + potassium iodide — Room Nil
Liquid Room Nil
Iodine in alcohol Saturated Room Pitted or vapor
Lactic acid 10-85 212 (100) <5.0 (<0.127) — 180 (82) 6.0 (0.152)
Lactic acid 10 Boiling <5.0 (<0.127) — 252 (122) <5.0 (<.127)
— 320 (160) <5.0 (<.127)
Lead — 1500 (816) Attacked
Nitric acid, red fuming <about Room Ignition
Lead — 615-1100 Good
2% H2O sensitive
(324-593)
Nitric acid, red fuming >about Room Not ignition
Lead acetate Saturated Room Nil
2% H2O sensitive
Linseed oil, boiled — Room Nil
Nitric acid + 0.1% CrO3 40 Boiling 0.12-0.99
Lithium, molten — 600-900 Nil (0.003-0.025)
(316-482)
Nitric acid + 10% FeCl3 40 Boiling 4.8-7.4
Lithium chloride 50 300 (149) Nil (0.122-0.188)
Magnesium Molten 1400 (760) Limited Nitric acid + 0.1% K2Cr2O3 40 Boiling Nil-0.62
& 1750 resistance (Nil-0.016)
(954)
Nitric acid + 10% NaClO3 40 Boiling 0.12-1.40
Magnesium chloride 5-20 212 (100) <0.4 (0.003-0.036)
(<0.010)*
Magnesium chloride 5-40 Boiling Nil
Magnesium hydroxide Saturated Room Nil
Magnesium sulfate Saturated Room Nil
Manganous chloride 5-20 212 (100) Nil
Maleic acid 18-20 95 (35) .06 (0.002)
Mercuric chloride 1 212 (100) 0.01 (0.000)
5 212 (100) 0.42 (0.011)
10 212 (100) 0.04 (0.001)
*May corrode in crevices
Saturated 212 (100) <5 (<0.127) **TIMETAL Code 12 and TIMETAL 50A .15Pd immune
35
Ti ta n i um Cor ro s io n R at e D ata – T i me t al C omme rc i al ly P ure G rade s
These data were determined in laboratory tests and are intended only as a guide. Since service conditions may be dissimilar, TIMET recommends testing under the
anticipated operating conditions. C = Concentration % T = Temperature °F (°C) R = Corrosion rate, mpy (mm/y)
Media C T R Media C T R
Nitric acid, saturated with 33-45 245 (118) Nil Silver nitrate 50 Room Nil
zirconyl nitrate Sodium 100 to 1100 Good
Nitric acid 65 260 (127) Nil (593)
+ 15% zirconyl nitrate Sodium acetate Saturated Room Nil
Nitric acid + 179 g/l NaNO3 20.8 Boiling 5-11.6 Sodium aluminate 25 Boiling 3.6 (0.091)
and 32 g/l NaCl (0.127-0.295)
Sodium bifluoride Saturated Room Rapid
Nitric acid + 170 g/l NaNO3 27.4 Boiling 19-115
Sodium bisulfate Saturated Room Nil
and 2.9 g/l NaCl (0.483-2.92)
Sodium bisulfate 10 150 (66) 72 (1.83)
Oil well crudes, — Ambient 0.26-23.2
varying amounts of abrasion (0.007-0.589) Sodium bisulfite 10 Boiling Nil
Oxalic acid 1 98.6 (37) 12 (0.025) Sodium bisulfite 25 Boiling Nil
1 Boiling 4247 (107.9) Sodium carbonate 25 Boiling Nil
25 140 (60) 470 (11.9) Sodium chlorate Saturated Room Nil
Saturated Room 20 (0.508)
Sodium chlorate 0-721 g/l 104 (40) 0.1 (0.003)
Perchloryl fluoride 100 86 (30) 0.07 (0.002) + NaCl 80-250 g/l
+ liquid ClO3 + Na2Cr2O3 14 g/l
Perchloryl fluoride 99 86 (30) Liquid carbon 0.3-0.9 g/l
+ 1% H2O 11.4 (0.290) Sodium chloride Saturated Room Nil
Vapor
Sodium chloride pH 1.5 23 Boiling Nil*
0.1 (0.003)
Sodium chloride pH 1.2 23 Boiling 28 (0.711)*
Phenol Saturated 70 (21) 4.0 (0.102)
solution Sodium chloride, titanium in 23 Boiling Corrosion
contact with teflon in crevice
Phosphoric acid 10-30 Room 0.8-2
(0.020-0.051) Sodium chloride, pH 1.2 23 Boiling Nil*
30-80 Room 2-30 some dissolved chlorine
(0.051-0.762) Sodium citrate Saturated Room Nil
1 Boiling 10 (0.254) Sodium cyanide Saturated Room Nil
10 Boiling 400 (10.2)
Sodium dichromate Saturated Room Nil
30 Boiling 1030 (26.2)
10 176 (80) 72 (1.83) Sodium fluoride Saturated Room 0.3 (0.008)
Phosphoric acid + 3% nitric 81 190 (88) 15 (0.381) Sodium hydrosulfide + unknown 5-12 230 (110) <0.1 (<0.003)
acid and 16% water amounts of sodium sulfide
and polysulfides
Phosphorous oxychloride 100 Room 0.14 (0.004)
Sodium hydroxide 5-10 70 (21) 0.04 (0.001)
Phosphorous trichloride Saturated Room Nil
10 Boiling 0.84 (0.021)
Photographic emulsions — — <5.0 (<0.127) 28 Room 0.1 (0.003)
Pthalic acid Saturated Room Nil 40 176 (80) 5.0 (0.127)
Potassium bromide Saturated Room Nil 50 135 (57) 0.5 (0.0127)
73 265 (129) 7.0 (0.178)
Potassium chloride Saturated Room Nil
50-73 370 (188) >43 (>1.09)
Potassium chloride Saturated 140 (60) <.01 (0.000)
Sodium hypochlorite 6 Room Nil
Potassium dichromate — — Nil
Sodium hypochlorite 1.5-4 150-200 1.2 (0.030)
Potassium ethyl zanthate 10 Room Nil + 12-15% NaCl + 1% NaOH (66-93)
Potassium ferricyanide Saturated Room Nil + 1-2% sodium carbonate
Potassium hydroxide 13 85 (29) Nil Sodium nitrate Saturated Room Nil
+ 13% potassium chloride Sodium nitrite Saturated Room Nil
Potassium hydroxide 50 80 (29) 0.4 (0.010) Sodium perchlorate 900 g/l 122 (50) 0.1 (0.003)
10 Boiling <5.0 (<0.127)
Sodium phosphate Saturated Room Nil
25 Boiling 12 (0.305)
50 Boiling 108 (2.74) Sodium silicate 25 Boiling Nil
50 to 465-710 40-60 Sodium sulfate 10-20 Boiling Nil
anhydrous (241-377) (1.02-1.52) Sodium sulfate Saturated Room Nil
Potassium iodide Saturated Room Nil Sodium sulfide 10 Boiling 1.08 (0.027)
Potassium permanganate Saturated Room Nil Sodium sulfide Saturated Room Nil
Potassium perchlorate 20 Room 0.12 (0.003) Sodium sulfite Saturated Boiling Nil
(Ti specimen cathodic)
Sodium thiosulfate 25 Boiling Nil
Potassium perchlorate 0-30 122 (50) 0.1 (0.003)
Sodium thiosulfate 20 Room Nil
+ NaClO4, 600-900 g/l
+ 20% acetic acid
KCl, 0-500 g/l, NaCl,
0-250 g/l, NaClO3, 6-24 g/l Soils, corrosive — Ambient Nil
Potassium sulfate 10 Room Nil Stannic chloride 5 212 (100) 0.12 (0.003)
Potassium thiosulfate 1 — Nil Stannic chloride 24 Boiling 1.76 (0.045)
Propionic acid Vapor 374 (190) Rapid Stannic chloride, molten 100 150 (66) Nil
Pyrogaltic acid 355 g/l Room Nil Stannic chloride Saturated Room Nil
Salicylic acid sodium salt Saturated Room Nil Steam + air — 180 (82) 0.01 (0.000)
Seawater — 76 (24) Nil
Seawater, 4 1⁄ 2-year test — — Nil *May corrode in crevices
**TIMETAL Code 12 and TIMETAL 50A .15Pd immune
Sebacic acid — 464 (240) 0.3 (0.008)
36
Ti ta n i um Cor ro s io n R at e D ata – T i me t al C omme rc i al ly P ure G rade s
These data were determined in laboratory tests and are intended only as a guide. Since service conditions may be dissimilar, TIMET recommends testing under the
anticipated operating conditions. C = Concentration % T = Temperature °F (°C) R = Corrosion rate, mpy (mm/y)
Media C T R Media C T R
Steam + 7.65% hydrogen sulfide — 200-230 Nil Tartaric acid 10-50 212 (100) <5 (<0.127)
+ 0.17% mercaptans (93-110) 10 140 (60) 0.10 (0.003)
Stearic acid, molten 100 356 (180) 0.1 (0.003) 25 140 (60) 0.10 (0.003)
50 140 (60) 0.02 (0.001)
Succinic acid 100 365 (185) Nil
10 212 (100) 0.13 (0.003)
Succinic acid Saturated Room Nil 25 212 (100) Nil
Sulfanilic acid Saturated Room Nil 50 212 (100) 0.2-0.49
Sulfamic acid 3.75 g/l Boiling Nil (0.005-
0.0121)
Sulfamic acid 7.5 g/l Boiling 108 (2.74)
Terepthalic acid 77 425 (218) Nil
Sulfamic acid + .375 g/l FeCl3 7.5 g/l Boiling 1.2 (0.030)
Tetrachloroethane, 100 Boiling 0.02 (0.001)
Sulfur, molten 100 464 (240) Nil
liquid and vapor
Sulfur monochloride Major 395 (202) >43 (>1.09)
Tetrachloroethylene + H2O — Boiling 5 (0.127)
Sulfur dioxide, water saturated Near 100 Room 0.1 (0.003)
Tetrachloroethylene 100 Boiling Nil
Sulfur dioxide gas + small amount 18 600 (316) 0.2 (0.006)
Tetrachloroethylene, 100 Boiling 0.02 (0.001)
SO3 and approx. 3% O2
liquid and vapor
Sulfuric acid, aerated with air 1 140 (60) 0.3 (0.008) stabilized with ethyl alcohol
3 140 (60) 0.5 (0.013)
Tin, molten 100 930 (499) Resistant
5 140 (60) 190 (4.83)
10 95 (35) 50 (1.27) Titanium tetrachloride 99.8 572 (300) 62 (1.57)
40 95 (35) 340 (8.64) Titanium tetrachloride Concen- Room Nil
75 95 (35) 42 (1.07) trated
75 Room 427 (10.8) Trichloroacetic acid 100 Boiling 573 (14.6)
75 Boiling 6082 (154.5)
Trichloroethylene 99 Boiling 0.1-5
1 212 (100) 0.2 (0.005)
(0.003-0.127)
3 212 (100) 920 (23.4)
5 212 (100) 810 (20.6) Uranium chloride Saturated 70-194 Nil
80 Room 316 (8.03) (21-90)
80 Boiling 7460 (189.5) Uranyl ammonium 20.9 165 <0.1 (<0.003)
Concen- Room 62 (1.57) phosphate filtrate + 25%
trated chloride + 0.5% fluoride,
Concen- Boiling 212 (5.38) 1.4% ammonia
trated + 2.4% uranium
Sulfuric acid, aerated with nitrogen 1 212 (100) 282 (7.16) Uranyl nitrate 120 g/l U Boiling 0.012 (0.000)
3 212 (100) 830 (21.1) containing 25.3 g/l Fe3+,
5 212 (100) 1060 (26.9) 6.9 g/l Cr3+, 2.8 g/l Ni2+,
Sulfuric acid 1 Boiling 700 (17.8) 5.9 molar NO3, 4.0 molar H+,
5 Boiling 1000 (25.4) 1.0 molar Cl-
Sulfuric acid Uranyl sulfate + 3.1 molar Li2SO4 3.1 molar 482 (250) <0.078
+ 0.25% CuSO4 5 200 (93) Nil + 100-200 ppm O2 (<0.020)
+ 0.25% CuSO4 30 100 (38) 2.4 (0.061) Uranyl sulfate + 3.6 molar Li2SO4, 3.8 molar 662 (350) 0.22-17
+ 0.25% CuSO4 30 200 (93) 3.48 (0.088) 50 psi O2 (0.006-0.432)
+ 0.5% CuSO4 30 100 (38) 2.64 (0.067) Urea-ammonia reaction mass — Elevated No attack
+ 0.5% CuSO4 30 200 (93) 32.4 (0.823) temp. and
+ 1.0% CuSO4 30 100 (38) 0.78 (0.020) pressure
+ 1.0% CuSO4 30 200 (93) 34.8 (0.884)
Urea + 32% ammonia, 28 360 (182) 3.1 (0.079)
+ 1.0% CuSO4 30 Boiling 65 (1.65)
+ 20.5% H2O, 19% CO2
+ 0.5% CrO3 5 200 (93) Nil
+ 0.5% CrO3 30 200 (93) Nil Water, degassed — 600 (316) Nil
Sulfuric acid vapors 96 100 (38) Nil Water, river, saturated — 200 (93) Nil
96 150 (66) Nil with Cl2
96 200-300 0.4-0.5 Water, synthetic sea — 95 (35) Nil
(93-149) (0.010-0.013) X-ray developer solution — Room Nil
Sulfuric acid, Zinc, subjected to zinc 100 Molten Withstood
+ 10% HNO3 90 Room 18 (0.457) ammonium chloride preflux several
+ 30% HNO3 70 Room 25 (0.635) thousand
+ 50% HNO3 50 Room 25 (0.635) contact cycles
+ 70% HNO3 30 Room 4.0 (0.102)
Zinc chloride 20 220 (104) Nil*
+ 90% HNO3 10 Room Nil
50 302 (150) Nil*
+ 90% HNO3 10 140 (60) 0.45 (0.011)
75 392 (200) 24 (0.610)*
+ 50% HNO3 50 140 (60) 15.7 (0.399)
80 392 (200) 8000 (203.2)*
+ 20% HNO3 80 140 (60) 62.5 (1.59)
Zinc sulfate Saturated Room Nil
Sulfuric acid saturated 45 75 (24) 0.13 (0.003)
with chlorine
62 60 (16) 0.07 (0.002)
5 374 (190) <1 (<0.025)
82 122 (50) >47 (>1.19)
Sulfuric acid + 4.79 g/l Ti +4 40 212 (100) Passive
Sulfurous acid 6 Room Nil
Tannic acid 25 212 (100) Nil
*May corrode in crevices
**TIMETAL Code 12 and TIMETAL 50A .15Pd immune
37
C or ros ion R at e D ata f or T im e t al 50A .1 5P d
These data were determined in laboratory tests and are intended only as a guide. Since service conditions may be dissimilar, TIMET recommends testing under the
anticipated operating conditions. C = Concentration % T = Temperature °F (°C) R = Corrosion rate, mpy (mm/y)
Media C T R Media C T R
Aluminum chloride 10 212 (100) <1 (<0.25) Sodium chloride brine — 200 (93) 0.0005
25 212 (100) 1 (0.25) (0.000)
Calcium chloride 62 310 (154) Nil Sodium chloride 10 374 (190) <1 (<0.025)
73 350 (177) Nil Sulfuric acid, 5 Room <1 (<0.025)
Chlorine, wet — Room Slight gain N2 saturated 10 Room 1 (0.025)
Chlorine, H2O saturated. — Room <1 (<0.025) 40 Room 9 (0.229)
60 Room 34 (0.864)
Chromic acid 10 Boiling Slight gain
80 Room 645 (16.4)
Ferric chloride 30 Boiling Slight gain 95 Room 68 (1.73)
Formic acid 50 Boiling 3 (0.076) 5 158 (70) 6 (0.152)
Hydrochloric acid, 1-15 Room <1 (<0.025) 10 158 (70) 10 (0.254)
H2 saturated 20 Room 4 (0.102) 40 158 (70) 87 (2.21)
25 Room 11 (0.279) 60 158 (70) 184 (4.67)
1 158 (70) 3 (0.076) 80 158 (70) 226 (5.74)
5 158 (70) 3 (0.076) 96 158 (70) 62 (1.57)
10 158 (70) 7 (0.178) 1 374 (190) 5 (0.127)
15 158 (70) 13 (0.330) 5 374 (190) 5 (0.127)
20 158 (70) 61 (1.55) 10 374 (190) 59 (1.50)
25 158 (70) 169 (4.29) 20 374 (190) 355 (9.02)
3 374 (190) 1 (0.025) Sulfuric acid, 1 374 (190) 5 (0.127)
5 374 (190) 4 (0.102) O2 saturated 5 374 (190) 3 (0.076)
10 374 (190) 350 (8.89) 10 374 (190) 5 (0.127)
15 374 (190) 1620 (41.1) 20 374 (190) 59 (1.50)
Hydrochloric acid, 1 and 5 158 (70) <1 (<0.025) 30 374 (190) 2440 (62.0)
air saturated 10 158 (70) 2 (0.050) Sulfuric acid, 1 and 5 374 (190) <1 (<0.025)
15 158 (70) 6 (0.152) Cl2 saturated 10 374 (190) 2 (0.05)
20 158 (70) 26 (0.660) 20 374 (190) 15 (0.38)
25 158 (70) 78 (1.98) 30 374 (190) 3060 (77.7)
Hydrochloric acid, 3 374 (190) 5 (0.127) Sulfuric acid, 5 158 (70) 3 (0.08)
O2 saturated 5 374 (190) 5 (0.127) air saturated 10 158 (70) 4 (0.10)
10 374 (190) 368 (9.34) 40 158 (70) 37 (0.94)
Hydrochloric acid, 3 and 5 374 (190) <1 (<0.025) 60 158 (70) 392 (10.0)
Cl2 saturated 10 374 (190) 1140 (29.0) 80 158 (70) 447 (11.4)
96 158 (70) 83 (2.1)
Hydrochloric acid 5 Boiling 7 (0.178)
10 Boiling 32 (0.813) Sulfuric acid 5 Boiling 20 (0.05)
15 Boiling 267 (6.78) 10 Boiling 59 (1.5)
20 Boiling 770 (19.6) 20 Boiling 207 (5.3)
Hydrochloric acid Sulfuric acid
+ 5 g/l FeCl3 10 Boiling 11 (0.279) + 0.5 g/l Fe2 (SO4)3 10 Boiling 7 (0.18)
+ 16 g/l FeCl3 10 Boiling 3 (0.076) + 16 g/l Fe2 (SO4)3 10 Boiling <1 (<0.025)
+ 16 g/l FeCl3 20 Boiling 113 (2.87) + 16 g/l Fe2 (SO4)3 20 Boiling 6 (0.15)
+ 16 g/l CuCl2 10 Boiling 5 (0.127) + 40 g/l Fe2 (SO4)3 40 Boiling 87 (2.2)
+ 16 g/l CuCl2 20 Boiling 146 (3.71) Sulfuric acid 15 Boiling 25 (0.64)
Nitric acid 30 374 (190) 94 (2.39) + 15% CuSO4
30 482 (250) Slight gain Sulfuric acid + 10% FeSO4 23 to 212 84 (2.13)
65 Boiling 26 (0.66) 11% solids, and 170 g/l TiO2 (100)
65 374 (190) Slight gain Sulfuric acid + 0.01% CuSO4 30 Boiling 1090 (27.7)
65 482 (250) Slight gain + 0.05% CuSO4 30 Boiling 1310 (33.3)
Nitric acid, unbleached 60 Boiling 15.5 (0.394) + 0.50% CuSO4 30 Boiling 79 (2.01)
Phosphoric acid 10 Boiling 5.8 (0.147) + 1.0% CuSO4 30 Boiling 69 (1.75)
38
C or ros ion R at e D ata f or T im e t al C ode 1 2
These data were determined in laboratory tests and are intended only as a guide. Since service conditions may be dissimilar, TIMET recommends testing under the
anticipated operating conditions. C = Concentration % T = Temperature °F (°C) R = Corrosion rate, mpy (mm/y)
Media C T R Remarks
Ammonium hydro-oxide 30 Boiling Nil No hydrogen pick-up
Aluminum chloride 10 Boiling Nil 500 hours
Aqua regia (1 part HNO3 Boiling 24 (0.610)
-3 parts HCl)
Ammonium chloride 10 Boiling Nil 500 hours
Chlorine cell off-gas — 190 (88) .035 (0.001) 3700 hours
Citric acid 50 Boiling 0.5 (0.013)
Formic acid 45 Boiling Nil Natural aeration
Formic acid 88 Boiling Nil Natural aeration
Formic acid 90 Boiling 20.5 (0.521) Natural aeration
Hydrochloric acid 5 120 (49) 0.1 (0.003)
Hydrochloric acid 5 150 (66) 0.2 (0.005)
Hydrochloric acid 5 200 (93) 1176 (29.9)
Hydrochloric acid 2 200 (93) 1.2 (0.031)
HCl + 2 g/l FeCl3 3.32 196 (91) 1.0 (0.025)
HCl + 2 g/l FeCl3 4.15 196 (91) 2.3 (0.058)
Sulfuric acid 0.54 Boiling 0.6 (0.015)
Sulfuric acid 1.08 Boiling 35.4 (0.899)
Sulfuric acid 1.62 Boiling 578 (14.7)
Vapor above boiling HNO3 — — 0.8 (0.020)
MgCl2 Saturated Boiling Nil 500 hours
Sodium Sulfate 10 Boiling Nil Acidified to pH 1
5% NaOCl + 2% NaCl + 4% NaOH — Boiling 2.4 (0.061) 500 hours
NaCl Saturated 600 (316) Nil 500 hours
39
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